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structures on a floor with a gradual sloping surface or on the side of rounded stalagmites derived from concrete. Most of the calcium carbonate carried by the leachate is deposited as stalactites (when the drop rate is slower than one drop per minute), leaving little in solution to be carried to the
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above or below the original rimstone. Often, rimstone is covered with small, micro-gours on horizontal surfaces. Rimstone basins may form terraces that extend over hundreds of feet, with single basins known up to 200 feet long from Tham Xe Biang Fai in Laos.
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When dams form under running water, they tend to be higher when the passage is steeper. Shallow-gradient dams tend to be lower and more sinuous in nature. Rimstone is one of the most common cave formations, after flowstone,
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ground to create stalagmites, flowstone and gours. The leachate which does reach the ground usually evaporates quickly due to air movement beneath the concrete structure, hence micro-gours are more common.
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leachate solution, which facilitates the chemical reactions to precipitate any calcium carbonate remaining in solution as a stalagmite and micro-gours. This chemical reaction creating
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Rimstone or gours can be formed by the secondary deposits derived from concrete, lime or mortar. These secondary deposits consisting primarily of calcium carbonate, are called
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Macleod, G., Hall, A. J. and
Fallick, A. E., 1990. "An applied mineralogical investigation of concrete degradation in a major concrete road bridge".
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deposition as micro-gours occur when the solution drops to the ground under the concrete structure. Carbon dioxide is absorbed into the
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interface. The turbulence caused by flow over the edge of the building dam may contribute to the outgassing or loss of
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and other minerals that build up in cave pools. The formation created, which looks like stairs, often extends into
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Secondary deposits, which create stalagmites, stalactites, flowstone, rimstone etc., outside the natural
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are leached out of the concrete in solution and redeposited on the underside of a concrete structure.
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The secondary deposits derived from concrete are the result of concrete degradation, where
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Calthemite gours on a small rounded stalagmite – a secondary deposit derived from concrete
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Smith, G. K. (2016). "Calcite straw stalactites growing from concrete structures".
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183:”. These concrete derived secondary deposits cannot be referred to as “
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172:, is different from that which creates speleothems in limestone caves.
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68:(cave formation) in the form of a stone dam. Rimstone is made up of
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and mimics the shapes and forms of cave speleothems to create
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145:, stalagmites, flowstone and gours. Gours form beneath
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Moore, G. W. (1952). "Speleothems – a new cave term".
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30:"Gours" redirects here. For other uses, see
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48:
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85:Rimstone dams form where there is some
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206:"The World's Largest Cave Formations"
187:” due to the definition of the word.
300:The Virtual Cave's page on Rimstone
284:National Speleological Society News
262:Hill, C. A. and Forti, P., (1997).
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179:environment, are referred to as “
53:Rimstone in Cate's Cave, Anguilla
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125:Concrete derived micro-gours
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7:
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264:Cave Minerals of the World
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251:Mineralogical Magazine
238:Cave and Karst Science
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32:Gours (disambiguation)
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266:, Second edition.
253:, Vol. 54, 637–644.
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162:Calcium carbonate
16:(Redirected from
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240:43(1), pp. 4–10.
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204:Dave Bunnell.
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103:carbon dioxide
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60:, also called
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215:December 16,
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315:Speleothems
185:speleothems
181:calthemites
170:calthemites
143:stalactites
139:calthemites
119:stalagmites
115:stalactites
41:Rimstone –
191:References
66:speleothem
45:, Virginia
81:Formation
74:flowstone
18:Gour pool
309:Category
166:alkaline
147:concrete
87:gradient
58:Rimstone
294:Sources
155:calcium
70:calcite
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117:, and
107:water
105:from
95:water
62:gours
268:ISBN
217:2008
177:cave
158:ions
99:rock
91:air
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225:^
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