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Palace was at the centre, (ca. 150 x 140 m), and was surrounded by a double wall, featuring two big courtyards and an axial corridor, as well as a large deposit for products, and inner dwellings which could have been a throne room and audience halls. Near the entry of the
Monumental Palace, there were water sources connected to ceramic pipes, maybe for visitors' ritual cleansing.
1029:: "...in 1972, Professor Victor Sarianidi picked up the first fragments of pottery from the surface of a huge hill named by the local people 'Gonur Depe' ('Grey Hill' in Turkmen). Excavations were not carried out there every year after that: Sarianidi was busy excavating near the Kopet Dagh Mountains, at other sites in ancient Murghab Delta, and in northern Afghanistan..."
284:. A stone statuette that seems to be a horse with saddle was found in burial number 3210 also in the Royal necropolis and was reported by Sarianidi in 2005, and in burial 3310 parts of a stallion's body were found, the stallion lacked its head, rump, and tail, and was considered as a cult burial of a domestic horse by archaeologist Sarianidi in his 2008 publication.
337:
a small temple designated as "the fort" was built, the shape of the building is cruciform, bearing twelve round towers, one in each angle of the cross, these towers had a narrow door each one. As it is a later development, this "fort" was not finished, but is very similar to the "fire temple" in Tepe
546:
at the site during the period 1800-1500 BCE. According to
Lamberg-Karlovsky, the presence at Gonur of Andronovo pottery (the characteristic ceramics of the Eurasian steppes, where the modern horse was domesticated) certainly implies that the horse was known to the BMAC. However, Sarianidi disregards
279:
in
Pakistan. In excavations at a brick-lined burial pit, grave number 3200 of this Royal necropolis, a horse skeleton was found in period I, dated around 2200 BCE along with a four-wheeled wooden wagon with bronze rims. Archaeologist Julio Bendezu-Sarmiento, mentioning N. A. Dubova's (2015) article,
270:
The Royal
Necropolis or Royal Graveyard, located to the southeast in Gonur North, consists of eight underground houses for sepulture and three big pits for the same purpose; artefacts of gold, silver, stone, and bronze were found there, showing the high status of the people buried. In the last phase
258:
The main fortified complex is the almost elliptical sector known as Gonur North, (ca. 330 × 460 m), from ca. 2400 to 1900 BCE, which includes the "Monumental Palace" and annexed buildings, ritual areas and many temples, as well as the "Royal
Necropolis" and various water reservoirs. The Monumental
292:
There is also a Large
Necropolis, with more than three thousand graves of many types in an area of ca. 10 hectares, around 200 m west of Gonur North. Only adults and young people over eight years old were buried in this necropolis, children were buried near houses or in abandoned buildings.
1262:
Shinde, Vasant; Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Mah, Matthew; Lipson, Mark; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Ferry, Matthew; Lawson, Ann Marie; Michel, Megan; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Jadhav, Nilesh (October 2019).
304:
Numerous mosaics compositions have been discovered in the
Necropolis. These were decorating some of the walls, as well as found on many large wooden trunks and boxes that once held rich royal offerings. These mosaics have been dated to the end of the third millennium BC.
280:
comments that this was an "almost complete skeleton of a foal" resting on the wagon with "wheels circled by bronze bands" and radiocarbon-dated to 2250 BCE. So he considers this horse and the wagon are "one and a half century prior" to similar burials of
353:
Considering the data of early research in Gonur Depe and recent stratigraphic studies, conducted from 2014 to 2018, Robert M. Sataev, Nadezhda A. Dubova, and
Muhamed A. Mamedovone mention five periods, or construction horizons, of this settlement:
324:
Gonur South is a smaller, square complex, (ca.130 × 120 m), about 1.5 hectares in size, inhabited between ca. 1900 and 1600 BCE, fortified with two series of massive concentric walls featuring round towers in their perimeters. The so-called
451:-related ancestry. A number of outliers at the site, while also being of majority Iranian Neolithic related ancestry, also had some South Asian-related ancestry and less Anatolian-related ancestry, possibly as a result of contact with the
1232:
Antiquities of East Europe, South Asia and South
Siberia in the context of connections and interactions within the Eurasian cultural space (new data and concepts): Proceedings of the International Conference, November 18–22,
1124:
1018:
601:
1146:
539:, on the northern slopes of the Kopet-Dag mountains. Anau dates back to 6500 BCE. Later settlements like Gonur may have been founded by people who moved there from the Kopet-Dag area because of changing climate.
561:, the type of fort known in this region in the historical period. They may be circular or rectangular and have up to three encircling walls. Within the forts are residential quarters, workshops and temples.
1129:
Urban
Cultures of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Karakhanids, Proceedings of the First International Congress on Central Asian Archaeology held at the University of Bern, 4–6 February 2016
1005:
227:. There he took first pottery shards from surface in 1972, and excavated the site since 1974 to 2013. Sarianidi uncovered a palace, a fortified mud-brick enclosure, and temples with
1166:
515:"... consisted of a huge stone mortar and a pestle, a pressing stone with a half-spheric projection in its centre and next to it a similar one with a half-spheric deepening."
1331:-- The unveiling of a 4,000-year-old civilization calls into question conventional ideas about ancient culture, trade, and religion. November 29, 2006 discovermagazine.com
443:
Genetic sequencing of individuals from Gonur finds that the majority of their ancestry is similar to Neolithic Farmers from the Iranian Plateau, with minor amounts of
329:, also located in Gonur South, is a parallelogram shrine with strong walls, round towers at the corners, and half-towers in the perimeter, that was considered a
431:
III period (c. 3200-2800 BCE) were found in Gonur North in the first period of the site, and three radiocarbon samples from Gonur Depe belong to Geoksjur/
1245:
296:
In the so-called "tomb of a warrior", number 2380 at this necropolis, a mace head made of bronze and featuring a horse with prominent ears was found.
962:
2902:
1458:
671:
250:. The northern part of the complex called Gonur North had a central citadel-like structure about 100 by 180 m (330 by 590 ft) in size.
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Such mosaics are almost unknown elsewhere in ancient East Asia, yet numerous parallels to these Gonur Depe mosaics have been found in
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508:, found similar implements for making soma drink, described as a "pressure set". The finds were made in the Late Bronze layers.
122:
2871:
1006:"Manufacturing and trade of Asian elephant ivory in Bronze Age Middle Asia: Evidence from Gonur Depe (Margiana, Turkmenistan)"
1365:
1078:"The rise of bronze in Central Asia: new evidence for the origin of Bronze Age tin and copper from multi-analytical research"
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of this necropolis, many objects made of elephant ivory were found, and this level is contemporary to late layers in
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Gonur Depe has a total area of about 55 hectares, and is divided by archaeologists in three main sectors:
565:
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1182:
Dubova, Nadezhda A.; Kovaleva, Natalia A.; Veresotskaya, Galina E.; Yuminov, Anatolij M. (2019-11-30).
17:
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1246:"Questioning the Oxus Civilization or Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Culture (BMAC): An overview"
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consisting of a large early Bronze Age settlement. It is the "capital" or major settlement of the
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Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies (EJVS), Vol. 9 (2003) Issue 1c (May 5); archived 10 May 2020
1125:" Gonur Depe – City of Kings and Gods, and the Capital of Margush Country (Modern Turkmenistan)"
191:) is an archaeological site, dated from 2400 to 1600 BCE, and located about 60 km north of
2912:
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2601:
1626:
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1019:"Gonur Depe – City of Kings and Gods, and the Capital of Margush Country (Modern Turkmenistan)"
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by at least fifteen hundred years but linked with what would become the rituals of his faith."
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the departure of the rulers and the use of the palace by common members till its desolation.
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the restoration of the palace after the fire till it ceased as a residence of the rulers.
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1265:"An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers"
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the desolation of the palace till the abandonment of this territory by the people.
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1406:(DVD). PBS Home Video/British Broadcasting Corporation. Event occurs at 0:37.
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489:. According to him, this discovery strengthens the theory that these were the
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553:(1997) points out that the BMAC fortified settlements such as Gonur and
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Sataev, Robert M., Nadezhda A. Dubova, and Muhamed A. Mamedov, (2019).
1167:"Horse domestication history in Turkmenistan and other regions of Asia"
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Urban Cultures of Central Asia from the Bronze Age to the Karakhanids
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1184:"Mosaics from the Bronze Age Necropolis in Gonur Depe, Turkmenistan"
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Sarianidi found what appears to be the boiler for the ritual drink
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the construction of the palace until the "big fire" in the palace.
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the foundation of the site until the construction of the palace.
345:
delta region; over 150 ancient settlements have been found here.
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2011:
1945:
1857:
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There were increasing incursions of nomadic encampments of the
501:
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333:-cult-related precinct by archaeologist Sarianidi. Inside the
215:
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the steppe connection for the presence of the horse in BMAC.
535:
culture (Bactria-Margiana) may have its origin at sites like
478:
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1511:
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The site was most likely abandoned after the course of the
558:
196:
435:
period from narrow walls showing a short-term occupation.
1228:"The internal chronology and periodization of Gonur Depe"
223:
The site was discovered by Greek-Russian archaeologist
1248:, in Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A. Dubova (eds.),
481:. Sarianidi says he also found dishes with traces of
1244:Lyonnet, Bertille, and Nadezhda A. Dubova, (2020).
1343:"The Oxus Civilization / La Civilización del Oxus"
266:Bronze tools from Gonur Depe and other BMAC sites.
1147:"The Oxus Civilization and the northern steppes"
2884:
519:South Turkmenistan also belonged to the area of
1127:, in Christoph Baumer and Mirko Novák (eds.),
312:. Other clear parallels are also found in the
1452:
1340:
1008:in Archaeological Research in Asia 15, p. 15.
956:
1310:
1308:
1131:, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, pp. 29-53.
1466:
813:Turkmenistan in the 16th and 17th centuries
27:Early Bronze Age settlement in Turkmenistan
1459:
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963:
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2770:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1363:"BMAC" in: Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q.,
1305:
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348:
1425:Black Sands (52min, documentary trailer)
1252:, Routledge, London and New York, p. 20.
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341:Gonur is among the largest ruins in the
261:
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2903:Former populated places in Turkmenistan
2617:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1507:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
521:Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex
287:
205:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
14:
2885:
2872:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
1177:
1175:
1156:
1075:
1440:
1366:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1341:Lamberg-Karlovsky, Clifford Charles.
1134:
1110:
1053:
989:
526:
496:The excavations of the settlement of
2898:Archaeological sites in Turkmenistan
427:Two sherds in the Geoksjur style of
2827:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
1382:
1172:
841:Russian conquest and the Great Game
24:
2822:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
1823:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1334:
1250:The World of the Oxus Civilization
1165:Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, (2021).
1151:The World of the Oxus Civilization
1025:, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden,
531:Scholars believe that the ancient
219:Part of the Gonur Depe ruins, 2011
104:Gonur Depe (West and Central Asia)
96:
68:
25:
2924:
2233:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
1376:
1069:
107:Show map of West and Central Asia
1432:from the original on 2021-12-20.
1329:Central Asia's Lost Civilization
932:
851:October Revolution and Civil War
600:
449:Eastern European Hunter-Gatherer
95:
88:
67:
60:
2832:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
2102:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
1422:Anastasis Agathos (June 2010).
1357:
1321:
1255:
1238:
1220:
2867:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
2812:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
1404:The Story of India: Beginnings
1042:. Princeton University Press,
1032:
1011:
319:
253:
210:
13:
1:
1818:Silk Road transmission of art
1169:, in MIRAS 1 (81), pp. 22-24.
1123:Dubova, Nadezhda A., (2019).
1038:Starr, S. Frederick, (2013).
1017:Dubova, Nadezhda A., (2019).
982:
458:
231:which he associated with the
2817:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
467:, which is mentioned in the
7:
1314:Sarianidi, Victor, (2003).
1145:Bonora, Gian Luca, (2020).
571:
438:
10:
2929:
1281:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048
1188:Journal of Mosaic Research
1103:10.3389/feart.2023.1224873
1082:Frontiers in Earth Science
878:Related historical regions
445:Anatolian Neolithic Farmer
299:
2732:
2700:
2497:
2404:
2346:
2318:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
2183:
2115:
2002:
1984:
1881:
1843:
1836:
1800:
1474:
1062:Vidale, Massimo, (2017).
453:Indus Valley Civilisation
168:
158:
153:
116:
54:
45:
35:
2765:Mogao Christian painting
2338:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
2052:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
2042:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
1316:Margiana and Soma-Haoma.
1004:Frenez, Dennys, (2018).
79:Show map of Turkmenistan
76:Location in Turkmenistan
2862:Saksanokhur gold buckle
2750:Hephthalite silver bowl
2627:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
1667:Second Turkic Khaganate
1468:History of Central Asia
1419:Black Sands documentary
1076:Berger, Daniel (2023).
1064:Treasures from the Oxus
939:Turkmenistan portal
2842:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
2602:Alexandria Prophthasia
1627:First Turkic Khaganate
1562:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1235:St. Petersburg, p. 41.
657:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
374:(~2500/2300–2000 BCE)
349:Chronology of the site
267:
220:
188:
2652:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
2027:Karsakpay inscription
1482:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
1066:, I.B. Tauris, p. 20.
568:shifted to the west.
275:in Turkmenistan, and
265:
218:
138:38.21000°N 62.03500°E
2459:Kutlug Timur Minaret
1994:Noin-Ula burial site
1792:Chinese Central Asia
1428:. Urgh Productions.
1385:"Gonur Mouru Region"
1153:, Routledge, p. 749.
792:Early modern history
314:Royal Cemetery at Ur
288:The Large Necropolis
2893:Tells (archaeology)
2852:Siberian Ice Maiden
2642:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
2057:Petrovka settlement
1787:Soviet Central Asia
1712:Great Seljuq Empire
1197:10.26658/jmr.614841
1094:2023FrEaS..1124873B
846:Transcaspian Oblast
491:ingredients of soma
134: /
32:
2802:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2755:Chilek silver bowl
2622:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2298:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
2087:Talapty Settlement
1873:Filippovka kurgans
1762:Khanate of Bukhara
1722:Khwarazmian Empire
1647:Ikhshids of Sogdia
1492:Afanasievo culture
1275:(3): 729–735.e10.
1040:Lost Enlightenment
977:Anau, Turkmenistan
866:After Independence
803:Emirate of Bukhara
710:Rashidun Caliphate
687:Hephthalite Empire
527:Historical context
268:
221:
143:38.21000; 62.03500
30:
2880:
2879:
2857:Ai-Khanoum plaque
2728:
2727:
2532:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
1808:Central Asian art
1782:Russian Turkestan
1777:Chinese Turkestan
1677:Abbasid Caliphate
1641:Anxi Protectorate
1587:Kushano-Sasanians
1552:Macedonian Empire
1547:Achaemenid Empire
1517:Andronovo culture
1497:Sintashta culture
973:
972:
647:Achaemenid Empire
632:Oxus civilization
544:Andronovo culture
425:
424:
418:(~1600–1500 BCE)
407:(~1700–1600 BCE)
396:(~1900–1700 BCE)
385:(~2000–1900 BCE)
282:Sintashta culture
178:
177:
16:(Redirected from
2920:
2847:Seal of Khingila
2775:Penjikent murals
2396:Kalai Kafirnigan
2283:Koi Krylgan Kala
2092:Turkistan (city)
2077:Steppe Geoglyphs
1841:
1840:
1772:Khanate of Khiva
1732:Chagatai Khanate
1687:Saffarid dynasty
1672:Uyghur Khaganate
1461:
1454:
1447:
1438:
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1402:(January 2009).
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1009:
1002:
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958:
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937:
936:
935:
905:Greater Khorasan
861:Turkmenistan SSR
798:Khanate of Khiva
765:Chagatai Khanate
750:Seljuk Turkomans
745:Ghaznavid Empire
682:Kidarite Kingdom
677:Sassanian Empire
662:Parthian dynasty
604:
594:
576:
575:
511:The implements,
473:and also in the
357:
356:
244:Large Necropolis
225:Viktor Sarianidi
149:
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2917:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2837:Afrasiab murals
2780:Sampul tapestry
2724:
2720:Shahr-e Sukhteh
2710:Bandian complex
2696:
2672:Musalla Complex
2552:Tapa-i Kafariha
2493:
2414:Cave of Dzhebel
2400:
2342:
2179:
2111:
2107:Araltobe kurgan
1998:
1980:
1906:Kizilgaha caves
1877:
1863:Pazyryk burials
1845:Southern Russia
1832:
1796:
1682:Tahirid dynasty
1652:Tokhara Yabghus
1557:Seleucid Empire
1532:Pazyryk culture
1487:Yamnaya culture
1470:
1465:
1421:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1383:Eduljee, K. E.
1379:
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1327:Andrew Lawler,
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760:Mongol conquest
740:Oghuz Turkomans
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652:Seleucid Empire
617:Ancient history
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2797:Bimaran Casket
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2786:Sogdian Daēnās
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2760:Gardez Ganesha
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2198:Akchakhan-Kala
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1956:Dunhuang Caves
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1951:Bezeklik Caves
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1916:Subashi Temple
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1502:Vakhsh culture
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1377:External links
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1369:(1997), p. 72.
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835:Modern history
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2745:Orlat plaques
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2469:Monjukli Depe
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2145:Koshoy Korgon
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1911:Kumtura Caves
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1883:Western China
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1868:Salbyk kurgan
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1858:Arzhan kurgan
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1828:Serindian art
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1567:Guiyi Circuit
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1542:Median Empire
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818:Afsharid Iran
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557:resemble the
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2715:Mount Khajeh
2682:Qala-i-Jangi
2662:Khair Khaneh
2567:Khair Khaneh
2474:Namazga-Tepe
2443:
2429:Anau culture
2406:Turkmenistan
2323:Tavka Kurgan
2218:Balalyk Tepe
2135:Burana Tower
2125:Aigyr-Zhal 2
2017:Issyk kurgan
1752:Kart dynasty
1747:Sufi dynasty
1737:Golden Horde
1662:Oghuz Yabgus
1637:Tang dynasty
1602:Hephthalites
1527:Uyuk culture
1424:
1403:
1400:Michael Wood
1388:. Retrieved
1364:
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1022:
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900:Greater Iran
808:Safavid Iran
755:Khwarazmians
626:
593:Turkmenistan
563:
549:
541:
530:
518:
510:
506:Turkmenistan
495:
485:, poppy and
468:
462:
442:
426:
352:
340:
338:Nush-i Jan.
334:
326:
323:
307:
303:
295:
291:
277:Mohenjo-daro
269:
257:
247:
243:
239:
237:
222:
201:Turkmenistan
180:
179:
39:(in Turkmen)
2908:Mary Region
2807:Kabul hoard
2740:Sokh snakes
2692:Surkh Kotal
2657:Haji Piyada
2632:Darra-e Kur
2597:Yemshi Tepe
2592:Tillya Tepe
2587:Tepe Fullol
2577:Tepe Narenj
2572:Tapa Sardar
2562:Fondukistan
2527:Tapa Shotor
2507:Tepe Fullol
2499:Afghanistan
2328:Toprak-Kala
2313:Shahrukhiya
2263:Kampir Tepe
2253:Itchan Kala
2208:Ancient Pap
2165:Shakh Fazil
2037:Krasnyi Yar
1941:Mogao Caves
1901:Kizil Caves
1837:Archaeology
1702:Farighunids
1657:Turk Shahis
1597:Alchon Huns
915:Transcaspia
856:Soviet rule
699:Middle Ages
672:Proto-Turks
591:History of
363:Chronology
320:Gonur South
310:Mari, Syria
254:Gonur North
248:Gonur South
240:Gonur North
233:Zoroastrian
229:fire altars
211:Archaeology
141: /
117:Coordinates
37:Goňur depe
2887:Categories
2687:Rag-i-Bibi
2512:Ai-Khanoum
2444:Gonur Depe
2439:Dev-Kesken
2376:Kafir-kala
2366:Ajina tepe
2348:Tajikistan
2308:Sarmishsay
2293:Kyzyl-Kala
2273:Khalchayan
2258:Kafir-kala
2238:Fayaz Tepe
2223:Burchmulla
2185:Uzbekistan
2175:Tash Rabat
2150:Manas Ordo
2117:Kyrgyzstan
2004:Kazakhstan
1707:Ghaznavids
1612:Ustrushana
1607:Tocharians
1537:Massagetae
983:References
823:Qajar Iran
637:Massagetae
627:Gonur Depe
533:Oxus river
459:Soma drink
273:Altyn Depe
235:religion.
189:Goňur depe
181:Gonur Depe
163:Bronze Age
129:62°02′06″E
126:38°12′36″N
31:Gonur Depe
18:Gonur Tepe
2733:Artifacts
2607:Aq Kupruk
2557:Mes Aynak
2489:Ulug Depe
2424:Altyndepe
2371:Cyropolis
2361:Penjikent
2333:Varakhsha
2268:Kara Tepe
2213:Ayaz-Kala
2203:Akhsikath
2193:Afrasiyab
2140:Issyk-Kul
2130:Balasagun
1976:Beshbalik
1853:Sintashta
1813:Silk Road
1742:Ilkhanate
1697:Ma'munids
1592:Kidarites
1412:368005891
1214:202900673
1206:1309-047X
1048:Zoroaster
920:Turkmenia
770:Ilkhanate
730:Saffarids
611:Antiquity
504:in south
498:Ulug Tepe
366:Features
195:(ancient
2667:Mundigak
2647:Firozkoh
2537:Shotorak
2356:Bunjikat
2248:Hazorasp
2072:Shilikty
2062:Boralday
1986:Mongolia
1921:Dunhuang
1692:Samanids
1622:Farghana
1475:Polities
1430:Archived
1390:23 April
1353:: 21–63.
1299:31495572
910:Khwarazm
895:Margiana
885:Hyrcania
780:Timurids
735:Samanids
725:Tahirids
720:Abbasids
715:Umayyads
582:a series
580:Part of
572:See also
483:cannabis
439:Genetics
207:(BMAC).
169:Cultures
2612:Asqalan
2547:Bimaran
2542:Paitava
2484:Togolok
2419:Abiward
2303:Poykent
2288:Koktepe
2155:Navekat
2032:Kerderi
2022:Jankent
1971:Kashgar
1946:Tumshuq
1891:Bulayïq
1801:Culture
1617:Khuttal
1577:Xiongnu
1347:CuPAUAM
1290:6800651
1090:Bibcode
555:Togolok
551:Mallory
500:, near
487:ephedra
470:Rigveda
429:Namazga
335:Temenos
327:Temenos
300:Mosaics
185:Turkmen
159:Periods
154:History
2677:Nagara
2449:Jeitun
2381:Sarazm
2067:Sawran
2012:Begash
1966:Khotan
1961:Loulan
1572:Yuezhi
1410:
1297:
1287:
1212:
1204:
1021:, in:
890:Sogdia
584:on the
502:Dushak
475:Avesta
447:, and
433:Sarazm
360:Phase
246:, and
242:, the
2522:Hadda
2278:Khiva
2170:Suyab
2160:Özgön
2097:Urpek
2082:Sumbe
2047:Otrar
1936:Rawak
1926:Miran
1896:Kucha
1233:2019,
1230:, in
1210:S2CID
1149:, in
1044:p. 73
1027:p. 29
775:Karts
479:haoma
2702:Iran
2479:Nisa
2464:Merv
2434:Anau
1931:Niya
1512:Saka
1408:OCLC
1392:2013
1295:PMID
1269:Cell
1202:ISSN
559:qila
537:Anau
465:soma
331:Soma
197:Merv
193:Mary
173:BMAC
1285:PMC
1277:doi
1273:179
1192:doi
1098:doi
477:as
199:),
2889::
1351:39
1349:.
1345:.
1307:^
1293:.
1283:.
1271:.
1267:.
1208:.
1200:.
1190:.
1186:.
1174:^
1158:^
1136:^
1112:^
1096:.
1088:.
1086:11
1084:.
1080:.
1055:^
991:^
523:.
493:.
455:.
415:5
404:4
393:3
382:2
371:1
316:.
187::
1643:)
1639:(
1460:e
1453:t
1446:v
1414:.
1394:.
1301:.
1279::
1216:.
1194::
1106:.
1100::
1092::
964:e
957:t
950:v
183:(
20:)
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