556:('rural language'), was actually a mixture of Hindi and Chhattisgarhi rather than Gondi. However, the survey also found younger Gonds had a positive attitude towards speaking Gondi and saving the language from extinction. Another survey from areas throughout the Gond region found younger Gonds felt developing their mother tongue was less important, but there were still large numbers willing to help in its development. Some attempts at revitalization have included children's books and online videos.
307:
319:
75:
53:
42:
64:
530:
This is the result of a language shift from Gondi to regional languages in the majority of the Gondi population, especially those in the northern portion of their range. By the 1920s, half of Gonds had stopped speaking the language entirely. The language is under severe stress from dominant languages
547:
due to their use in education and employment. In order to improve their situation, Gond households adopt the more prestigious dominant language and their children become monolingual in that language. Already in the 1970s, Gondi youth in places with increased contact with wider society had stopped
1761:
Mehta, Devansh; Santy, Sebastin; Mothilal, Ramaravind
Kommiya; Srivastava, Brij Mohan Lal; Sharma, Alok; Shukla, Anurag; Prasad, Vishnu; U, Venkanna; Sharma, Amit; Bali, Kalika (26 January 2021). "Learnings from Technological Interventions in a Low Resource Language: A Case-Study on Gondi".
430:
and by small minorities in neighbouring states. Although it is the language of the Gond people, it is highly endangered, with only one fifth of Gonds speaking the language. Gondi has a rich folk literature, examples of which are wedding songs and narrations.
548:
speaking the language, seeing it as a relic of old times. The constant contact between speakers of Gondi and Indo-Aryan languages has resulted in massive Indo-Aryan borrowing in Gondi, found in vocabulary, grammar and syntax. In one survey in
1841:
1571:
In 1928, Munshi Mangal Singh
Masaram designed a native script based on Brahmi characters and in the same format of an Indian alphasyllabary. This script did not become widely used, although it is being encoded in
1099:
Hill-Maṛia dialect of Gondi has a uvular /ʁ/ which corresponds to the r̠ in other
Dravidian languages or *t̠ from proto Dravidian and it contrasts with the alveolar r corresponding to proto-Dravidian *r.
1067:
is realized as a dental nasal before a dental stop sound, a palatal nasal before a palatal affricate, and a retroflex nasal before a retroflex stop. Elsewhere, it is articulated as an alveolar nasal
3415:
3280:
1836:
1468:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
451:, however only 2.98 million recorded themselves as speakers of Gondi. In the present-day, large communities of Gondi speakers can be found in southeastern Madhya Pradesh (
3267:
1736:
1591:
are in development stage. The
Gunjala Gondi Lipi has witnessed a surge in prominence, and well-supported efforts are being undertaken in villages of northern
2047:
Grammar of Gondi: As Spoken in the Betul
District, Central Provinces, India; with Vocabulary, Folk-Tales, Stories and Songs of the Gonds / Volume 1 - Grammar
1975:
1543:
In 2015, the ISO 639 code for the "Southern Gondi language", "ggo", was deprecated and split into two codes, Aheri Gondi (esg) and
Adilabad Gondi (wsg).
3587:
1644:
Beine, David K. 1994. A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Gondi-speaking
Communities of Central India. M.A. thesis. San Diego State University. chpt. 1
1969:"ISO 639-3 Registration AuthorityRequest for Change toISO 639-3 Language CodeChange Request Number: 2015-062(completed by Registration authority)"
1898:
1557:
Gondi writing can be split into two categories: that using its own writing systems and that using writing systems also used for other languages.
2132:
2988:
2939:
1488:
Sab māne kun gaurav aru adhikār nā māmlā tē janamjāt sutantartā aru barābar tā hak puṭtāla. Aven bhāyi lehkā māne māsi bevhār kiyānā ānda.
1478:सब् माने कुन् गौरव् अरु अधिकार् ना मांला ते जनंजात् सुतन्तर्ता अरु बराबर ता हक् पुट्ताल। अवेन् भायि लेह्का माने मासि बेव्हार् कियाना आन्द।
1579:
A native script that dates up to 1750 has been discovered by a group of researchers from the
University of Hyderabad. It's usually named
329:
1663:
1520:; in some other dialects it has been lost completely. Other dialectal variations in the Gondi language are the alteration of initial
1017:
1623:
3648:
1583:, after the place where it was found. According to Maharashtra Oriental Manuscripts Library and Research Centre of India, a dozen
2956:
3638:
3582:
2007:
1892:
583:
of the 16th–18th centuries. It was the
Mughals who first used the term "Gond", meaning "hill people", to refer to the group.
407:
3633:
3618:
1791:
993:
959:
1945:
564:
The origin of the name Gond, used by outsiders, is still uncertain. Some believe the word to derive from the
Dravidian
1721:
3623:
2125:
1920:
3608:
2932:
749:
1968:
3628:
2091:
1496:
Most of the Gondi dialects are still inadequately recorded and described. The more important dialects are Dorla,
1214:
1207:
598:
being either masculine or nonmasculine. Gondi has developed aspirated stops, distancing itself from its ancestor
1512:
features separate the northwestern dialects from the southeastern. One is the treatment of the original initial
1516:, which is preserved in northern and western Gondi, while farther to the south and east it has been changed to
3643:
925:
841:
240:
3613:
3572:
2118:
1232:
1225:
917:
910:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1041:
3567:
2925:
1175:
1168:
937:
742:
2841:
2720:
1257:
1250:
1096:
In south and southeastern Gondi dialects, the initial s is turning into h and getting deleted for some.
971:
735:
728:
1882:
1785:"Exploring the Central India Art of the Gond People: contemporary materials and cultural significance"
2816:
2291:
2192:
2149:
1823:
3577:
1193:
1186:
834:
1460:
The given sample text is Article 1 from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
2846:
2521:
2100:
2042:
1616:"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India"
827:
820:
756:
396:
3133:
2735:
2484:
2212:
2207:
1685:
Yadav, K. S. (1970). "Directed and Spontaneous Social Change: A Study of Gonds of Chhindwara".
1587:
were found in this script. Programs to create awareness and promotion of this script among the
683:
640:
536:
508:
3011:
2993:
2891:
2588:
2560:
2467:
2352:
2342:
2245:
1810:
1722:"Language Loss and Revitalization of Gondi language: An Endangered Language of Central India"
1615:
1024:
945:
675:
668:
586:
The Gonds call themselves Koitur (Kōītōr) or Koi (Kōī), which also has no definitive origin.
3490:
3385:
2725:
2565:
2504:
2202:
1655:
848:
692:
520:
512:
448:
86:
8:
3435:
2637:
2632:
2462:
2447:
2387:
2141:
1379:
Before case markers are added, all nouns have an oblique marker. The oblique markers are
904:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
715:
635:
496:
492:
456:
157:
2067:. : Literature Committee of the Evangelical National Missionary Society of Sweden, 1950.
2036:
3390:
3350:
3243:
2948:
2698:
2479:
2457:
2452:
2420:
2332:
1763:
1702:
1580:
700:
630:
297:
3545:
3340:
3325:
3320:
3228:
3128:
3046:
3036:
3021:
3001:
2797:
2598:
2516:
2473:
2442:
2432:
2377:
2362:
1888:
1694:
984:
951:
813:
655:
645:
504:
488:
480:
476:
464:
3500:
3370:
3355:
3335:
3315:
3295:
3213:
3178:
3168:
3087:
3077:
3062:
3041:
3006:
2704:
2677:
2627:
2619:
2593:
2550:
2510:
2494:
2372:
2367:
2347:
2337:
2325:
2197:
2174:
625:
620:
549:
540:
472:
120:
2000:
3550:
3515:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3445:
3440:
3430:
3405:
3380:
3375:
3290:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3198:
3188:
3183:
3158:
3143:
3102:
3092:
3067:
3056:
2884:
2861:
2831:
2802:
2792:
2771:
2687:
2664:
2647:
2642:
2572:
2555:
2499:
2489:
2415:
2405:
2357:
2312:
2286:
2260:
2225:
2187:
1845:
1501:
662:
650:
599:
516:
500:
484:
468:
168:
149:
3530:
3520:
3510:
3505:
3480:
3455:
3450:
3365:
3345:
3310:
3300:
3233:
3218:
3203:
3193:
3163:
3097:
3016:
2978:
2907:
2875:
2836:
2776:
2740:
2692:
2437:
2427:
2320:
2281:
2265:
1784:
1592:
1505:
710:
580:
460:
452:
423:
411:
214:
210:
191:
2105:
3602:
3540:
3535:
3525:
3495:
3485:
3460:
3395:
3223:
3208:
3138:
3072:
2730:
2682:
2545:
2410:
2240:
2053:
1698:
1565:
1552:
1497:
1292:
for feminine. Plural suffixes are also divided into masculine and feminine,
1118:
1009:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
721:
544:
218:
198:
94:
90:
1937:
3425:
2037:
A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Gondi-speaking Communities of Central India
1588:
432:
419:
400:
380:
130:
1280:
Gondi has derivative suffixes to denote gender for certain special words:
280:
273:
266:
257:
3148:
1113:
595:
415:
206:
1044:
can be heard as alveo-palatal before non-front vowels in some dialects.
3153:
1706:
1584:
1561:
1162:
1123:
552:
for instance, it was found the dialect of Gondi spoken there, known as
202:
98:
2110:
447:
Although almost 13 million people returned themselves as Gonds on the
3051:
2917:
2395:
1509:
1240:
1201:
427:
306:
290:
250:
232:
1656:"The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India—Volume III"
1074:
is realized as an approximant when occurring before rounded vowels.
318:
3173:
3082:
1768:
74:
1560:
For lack of a widespread native script, Gondi is often written in
3360:
3305:
3031:
2182:
1573:
436:
52:
41:
63:
3123:
2400:
569:
524:
326:
3400:
3026:
2973:
1050:
is realized as a retroflex sibilant before a retroflex stop
532:
404:
110:
2001:"Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Gondi Script in the UCS"
1760:
3107:
1093:/ can occur either double or single in the medial position.
1867:. Annamalainagar, India: Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.
2910:(no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant)
2065:
An Introduction to the Grammar of the Gondi Language
1361:For non-masculine nouns, there are more suffixes:
2058:Songs of the Forest; The Folk Poetry of the Gonds
2039:. M.A. thesis. San Diego State University. 516 p.
1838:Gonds – Document – Gale in Context: World History
577:Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life
3600:
2092:Parable of the prodigal son in Gondi language, (
311:Areas where Gondi is spoken. Koya not included.
1445:is used after personal and reflexive pronouns.
2933:
2126:
2106:Gondi-English-Hindi-Marathi-Telugu dictionary
2157:
2101:Specimen of the languages of the Gond tribes
1880:
1862:
579:, is that the name was given to them by the
2824:
2081:Annamalainagar: Annamalai University, 1968.
1483:
1476:
575:Another theory, according to Vol. 3 of the
2940:
2926:
2133:
2119:
2060:. London: G. Allen & Unwin, ltd, 1935.
317:
305:
1767:
325:Gondi is classified as Vulnerable by the
2173:
399:language, spoken by about three million
330:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
2140:
3601:
2947:
2921:
2114:
1981:from the original on 13 December 2019
1966:
1948:from the original on 13 December 2019
1876:
1874:
1782:
1742:from the original on 30 November 2022
1684:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1610:
1608:
1061:can vary freely with a trill sound .
2406:Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam)
1653:
13:
2029:
2013:from the original on 23 March 2021
1871:
1719:
1666:from the original on 12 April 2021
1296:is used for most masculine nouns,
589:
16:Dravidian language spoken in India
14:
3660:
2085:
2049:. Madras: Government Press, 1919.
1881:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003).
1851:
1626:from the original on 16 July 2019
1605:
1471:
1256:
1249:
1231:
1224:
1213:
1206:
1192:
1185:
1174:
1167:
1023:
1016:
992:
970:
958:
936:
924:
916:
909:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
847:
840:
833:
826:
819:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
755:
748:
741:
734:
727:
699:
691:
682:
674:
667:
479:districts), eastern Maharashtra (
1921:"मानेय अधिकार ता सार्वभैम घोषना"
1901:from the original on 4 July 2023
1797:from the original on 4 June 2023
1783:Arur, Sidharth; Wyeld, Theodor.
1576:. Most Gonds remain illiterate.
1415:Gondi has several case markers.
503:districts), northern Telangana (
73:
62:
51:
40:
3649:Languages written in Devanagari
2072:A Grammar of the Gondi Language
1993:
1960:
1930:
1913:
1300:ends masculine nouns ending in
594:Gondi has a two-gender system,
568:, meaning hill, similar to the
442:
142:2.98 million (2011 census)
1967:Penny, Mark (24 August 2015).
1887:. Cambridge University Press.
1865:A descriptive grammar of Gondi
1830:
1776:
1754:
1713:
1678:
1647:
1638:
1455:
435:are ethnically related to the
1:
3639:Endangered languages of India
3588:Scheduled languages in states
1687:Economic and Political Weekly
1598:
1270:
610:
513:Bhadradi Kothagudem districts
2079:Descriptive Grammar of Gondi
1863:Subrahmanyam, P. S. (1968).
1848:Gale, part of Cengage Group.
1238:
1199:
1160:
605:
559:
7:
3634:Languages of Andhra Pradesh
3619:Languages of Madhya Pradesh
2074:. [Hyderabad-Dn: s.n, 1954.
1508:, and Raj Gond. Some basic
1491:
284: – Adilabad Gondi
270: – Northern Gondi
10:
3665:
2094:Audio recording dated 1917
1550:
1546:
1477:
1463:
1418:Genitive case markers are
85:Gōṇḍī (Kōītōr) written in
3563:
3414:
3279:
3266:
3116:
2987:
2966:
2955:
2901:
2874:
2857:
2815:
2785:
2764:
2757:
2713:
2663:
2656:
2618:
2611:
2581:
2538:
2386:
2311:
2302:
2274:
2253:
2234:
2164:
2148:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1103:
1008:
944:
903:
709:
661:
617:
366:
358:
350:
342:
316:
304:
288:
248:
230:
225:
188:
146:
136:
126:
116:
106:
33:
28:
23:
3624:Languages of Maharashtra
2070:Pagdi, Setumadhava Rao.
2043:Chenevix Trench, Charles
1484:Romanisation (ISO 15919)
1275:
277: – Aheri Gondi
3609:Agglutinative languages
1884:The Dravidian Languages
1077:All consonants except /
397:South-Central Dravidian
3629:Languages of Telangana
2035:Beine, David K. 1994.
1938:"2015-062 | ISO 639-3"
1818:Cite journal requires
1620:www.censusindia.gov.in
1057:An alveolar tap sound
2994:Constitution of India
2892:Proto-South Dravidian
2052:Hivale, Shamrao, and
1308:ends nouns ending in
387:), natively known as
3644:Vulnerable languages
2077:Subrahmanyam, P. S.
1595:to widen its usage.
1373:, and a null suffix
521:Nabarangpur district
519:of Chhattisgarh and
3614:Dravidian languages
3416:100,000 – 1 million
2142:Dravidian languages
1844:27 May 2023 at the
1441:, meaning village.
1358:are all masculine.
1288:for masculine, and
3568:Linguistic history
2949:Languages of India
2421:Suriyani Malayalam
1581:Gunjala Gondi Lipi
1451:is used elsewhere.
362:Gōṇḍī, Kōī, Kōītōr
3596:
3595:
3559:
3558:
3262:
3261:
2915:
2914:
2908:extinct languages
2870:
2869:
2842:Kumarbhag Paharia
2811:
2810:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2607:
2606:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2221:
2220:
2063:Moss, Clement F.
1894:978-1-139-43533-8
1729:Language in India
1660:www.gutenberg.org
1268:
1267:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1037:
1036:
403:, chiefly in the
374:
373:
338:
337:
263:Individual codes:
3656:
3277:
3276:
3117:State-level only
2964:
2963:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2822:
2821:
2762:
2761:
2661:
2660:
2616:
2615:
2309:
2308:
2292:Attapady Kurumba
2193:Maundadan Chetti
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1942:iso639-3.sil.org
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1849:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1612:
1528:and a change of
1480:
1479:
1412:: "in the hand"
1316:. For instance:
1260:
1253:
1235:
1228:
1217:
1210:
1196:
1189:
1178:
1171:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1108:
1107:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1027:
1020:
996:
987:
974:
962:
954:
940:
928:
920:
913:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
770:
759:
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
703:
695:
686:
678:
671:
615:
614:
550:Anuppur district
386:
385:
340:
339:
332:
321:
309:
300:
283:
276:
269:
261:– inclusive code
260:
253:
244:
243:
235:
194:
152:
77:
66:
55:
44:
21:
20:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3578:Multilingualism
3555:
3417:
3410:
3282:
3271:
3269:
3258:
3112:
2992:
2983:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2916:
2911:
2897:
2885:Proto-Dravidian
2876:Proto-languages
2866:
2853:
2807:
2781:
2745:
2709:
2652:
2603:
2577:
2526:
2416:Judeo-Malayalam
2382:
2304:
2298:
2270:
2249:
2230:
2217:
2166:
2144:
2139:
2088:
2032:
2030:Further reading
2027:
2026:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1879:
1872:
1861:
1852:
1846:Wayback Machine
1835:
1831:
1819:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1693:(11): 493–498.
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1654:Russell, R. V.
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1555:
1549:
1494:
1486:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1278:
1273:
1106:
983:
950:
858:
812:
766:
720:
714:
644:
629:
613:
608:
600:Proto-Dravidian
592:
590:Characteristics
562:
517:Bastar division
445:
381:
334:
333:
324:
312:
296:
279:
278:
272:
271:
265:
264:
262:
256:
249:
239:
238:
231:
195:
190:
184:
169:Gondi languages
153:
150:Language family
148:
139:
138:Native speakers
102:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
69:
68:
67:
58:
57:
56:
47:
46:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3281:Over 1 million
3274:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2945:
2944:
2937:
2930:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2847:Sauria Paharia
2844:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2522:Wayanad Chetti
2519:
2514:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
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2465:
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2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
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2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2087:
2086:External links
2084:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2050:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2024:
1992:
1959:
1929:
1912:
1893:
1870:
1850:
1829:
1820:|journal=
1775:
1753:
1735:(9): 144–161.
1720:Boruah, D. M.
1712:
1677:
1646:
1637:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1593:Andhra Pradesh
1566:Telugu scripts
1551:Main article:
1548:
1545:
1493:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1473:
1472:Northern Gondi
1470:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1446:
1437:is used after
1402:For instance:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1254:
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688:
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665:
659:
658:
653:
648:
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633:
623:
618:
612:
609:
607:
604:
591:
588:
581:Mughal dynasty
561:
558:
444:
441:
424:Andhra Pradesh
412:Madhya Pradesh
372:
371:
368:
364:
363:
360:
356:
355:
352:
348:
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344:
336:
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323:
322:
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310:
302:
301:
294:
286:
285:
254:
246:
245:
236:
228:
227:
226:Language codes
223:
222:
215:Masaram script
211:Gunjala script
196:
192:Writing system
189:
186:
185:
183:
182:
181:
180:
179:
178:
177:
176:
156:
154:
147:
144:
143:
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133:
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118:
114:
113:
108:
107:Native to
104:
103:
84:
72:
71:
70:
61:
60:
59:
50:
49:
48:
39:
38:
37:
36:
35:
34:
31:
30:
29:गोण्डि, గోణ్డి
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3661:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
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3437:
3434:
3432:
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3427:
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3419:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
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3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
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3372:
3369:
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3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
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3344:
3342:
3339:
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3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
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3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
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3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Chhattisgarhi
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
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3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2889:
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2700:
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2659:
2655:
2649:
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2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:South-Central
2610:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2564:
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2541:
2537:
2523:
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2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
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2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Mullu Kurumba
2483:
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2252:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2213:Jennu Kurumba
2211:
2209:
2208:Betta Kurumba
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:Tamil–Kannada
2156:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:Verrier Elwin
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1900:
1896:
1890:
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1877:
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1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1553:Gondi writing
1544:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:with initial
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
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1489:
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1469:
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1386:
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554:dehati bhasha
551:
546:
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537:Chhattisgarhi
534:
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509:Komaram Bheem
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76:
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43:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3330:
2989:8th schedule
2903:
2890:
2883:
2825:Kurukh-Malto
2786:Parji–Gadaba
2765:Kolami-Naiki
2697:
2672:
2589:Cholanaikkan
2561:Korra Koraga
2509:
2472:
2468:Malankuravan
2388:Malayalamoid
2353:Malapandaram
2343:Mala Malasar
2093:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2046:
2015:. Retrieved
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1941:
1932:
1915:
1903:. Retrieved
1883:
1864:
1837:
1832:
1811:cite journal
1799:. Retrieved
1778:
1756:
1744:. Retrieved
1732:
1728:
1715:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1668:. Retrieved
1659:
1649:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1619:
1589:Gondi people
1578:
1570:
1559:
1556:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1495:
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1396:
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1370:
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1360:
1357:
1355:- ancestors
1351:
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1338:
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1325:
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1042:/tʃtʃʰdʒdʒʱ/
596:substantives
593:
585:
576:
574:
565:
563:
553:
529:
446:
443:Endangerment
433:Gondi people
420:Chhattisgarh
401:Gondi people
392:
388:
382:
376:
375:
289:
173:
18:
2967:Union-level
2566:Mudu Koraga
2539:Tulu-Koraga
2505:Thachanadan
2203:Alu Kurumba
1926:(in Gondi).
1905:29 November
1746:15 December
1670:31 December
1585:manuscripts
1456:Sample text
1348:- ancestor
572:of Odisha.
449:2011 census
416:Maharashtra
393:Kōī, Kōītōr
207:Odia script
3603:Categories
3583:Endangered
3386:Rajasthani
3270:unofficial
3229:Rajbangshi
3154:Kamatapuri
3059:(Manipuri)
2638:Mukha-Dora
2633:Manna-Dora
2463:Malamuthan
2448:Kanikkaran
1769:2004.10270
1599:References
1562:Devanagari
1510:phonologic
1342:- thieves
1271:Morphology
611:Consonants
497:Gadchiroli
493:Chandrapur
457:Chhindwara
203:Devanagari
99:Devanagari
3573:Classical
3391:Surjapuri
3351:Khandeshi
3321:Dhundhari
3272:languages
3244:Sikkimese
3052:Malayalam
2959:languages
2906:indicate
2714:Konda-Kui
2699:Nagarchal
2657:Gondi-Kui
2480:Malavedan
2458:Kurichiya
2453:Kunduvadi
2396:Malayalam
2333:Eravallan
2305:Malayalam
2235:Toda-Kota
2175:Kannadoid
1699:0012-9976
905:Fricative
768:aspirated
722:voiceless
716:Affricate
641:Post-alv.
636:Retroflex
606:Phonology
560:Etymology
428:Telangana
291:Glottolog
251:ISO 639-3
233:ISO 639-2
165:Gondi–Kui
158:Dravidian
127:Ethnicity
3546:Tangkhul
3418:speakers
3341:Haryanvi
3326:Garhwali
3283:speakers
3174:Kokborok
3129:Bhojpuri
3083:Sanskrit
3047:Maithili
3037:Kashmiri
3022:Gujarati
3002:Assamese
2957:Official
2798:Kondekor
2620:Teluguic
2599:Kumbaran
2517:Vishavan
2474:Malaryan
2443:Kalanadi
2433:Eranadan
2378:Yerukala
2363:Muthuvan
2326:Sankethi
2313:Tamiloid
2303:Tamil -
2167:- Badaga
2165:Kannada
2008:Archived
1976:Archived
1946:Archived
1899:Archived
1842:Archived
1792:Archived
1737:Archived
1664:Archived
1624:Archived
1492:Dialects
1335:- thief
631:Alveolar
531:such as
505:Adilabad
489:Yavatmal
481:Amravati
477:Jabalpur
465:Balaghat
395:), is a
370:Gōṇḍvana
359:Language
298:nort3258
121:Gondwana
3501:Ladakhi
3406:Varhadi
3371:Marwari
3361:Lambadi
3356:Kumaoni
3336:Harauti
3316:Bundeli
3306:Bajjika
3296:Bagheli
3214:Mundari
3179:Kurmali
3169:Khortha
3088:Santali
3078:Punjabi
3063:Marathi
3042:Konkani
3032:Kannada
3007:Bengali
2979:English
2904:Italics
2758:Central
2705:Pardhan
2678:Khirwar
2628:Chenchu
2594:Kakkala
2551:Bellari
2511:Ullatan
2495:Pathiya
2373:Pattapu
2368:Paliyan
2348:Malasar
2338:Kaikadi
2198:Sholaga
2183:Kannada
2017:30 June
1985:15 July
1952:15 July
1707:4359730
1574:Unicode
1547:Writing
1464:English
1395:, and -
1329:- boys
1119:Central
1040:Sounds
985:lateral
952:central
946:Approx.
860:breathy
656:Glottal
646:Palatal
541:Marathi
473:Dindori
437:Telugus
367:Country
101:scripts
3551:Thadou
3516:Mising
3476:Konyak
3471:Kolami
3466:Kodava
3461:Khotta
3446:Dimasa
3441:Badaga
3431:Angami
3381:Nimadi
3376:Mewari
3346:Kangri
3291:Awadhi
3254:Tamang
3249:Sunwar
3239:Sherpa
3219:Newari
3199:Magahi
3189:Lepcha
3184:Kurukh
3159:Kharia
3144:Gurung
3124:Angika
3103:Telugu
3093:Sindhi
3068:Nepali
3057:Meitei
2991:to the
2862:Brahui
2832:Kurukh
2803:Ollari
2793:Duruwa
2772:Kolami
2688:Madiya
2648:Waddar
2643:Telugu
2582:Others
2573:Kudiya
2556:Koraga
2500:Ravula
2490:Paniya
2401:Jeseri
2358:Mannan
2287:Muduga
2261:Kodava
2254:Kodagu
2226:Badaga
2188:Holiya
1891:
1801:27 May
1705:
1697:
1630:5 July
1502:Madiya
1346:tottōr
1322:- boy
1304:, and
1104:Vowels
814:voiced
626:Dental
621:Labial
570:Khonds
525:Odisha
511:, and
501:Gondia
485:Nagpur
469:Mandla
408:states
405:Indian
389:Koitur
354:Gōṇḍir
351:People
343:Person
327:UNESCO
117:Region
95:Telugu
3531:Rabha
3521:Nishi
3511:Malto
3506:Lotha
3481:Korku
3456:Karbi
3451:Halbi
3401:Wagdi
3366:Malvi
3331:Gondi
3311:Bhili
3301:Bagri
3268:Major
3234:Sadri
3204:Magar
3194:Limbu
3164:Khasi
3098:Tamil
3027:Hindi
3017:Dogri
2974:Hindi
2837:Malto
2817:North
2777:Naiki
2741:Pengo
2736:Manda
2721:Konda
2693:Muria
2673:Gondi
2665:Gondi
2438:Kadar
2428:Allar
2411:Byari
2321:Tamil
2282:Irula
2275:Irula
2266:Urali
2150:South
2011:(PDF)
2004:(PDF)
1979:(PDF)
1972:(PDF)
1924:(PDF)
1795:(PDF)
1788:(PDF)
1764:arXiv
1740:(PDF)
1725:(PDF)
1703:JSTOR
1506:Muria
1333:kallē
1320:kānḍī
1276:Nouns
1151:short
1141:short
1131:short
1114:Front
663:Nasal
651:Velar
533:Hindi
461:Seoni
453:Betul
383:Gōṇḍī
377:Gondi
217:(See
174:Gondi
131:Gondi
111:India
24:Gondi
3541:Sora
3536:Sema
3526:Phom
3496:Kuvi
3486:Koya
3396:Tulu
3209:Mizo
3139:Garo
3108:Urdu
3073:Odia
3012:Bodo
2731:Kuvi
2683:Koya
2546:Tulu
2246:Kota
2241:Toda
2019:2010
1987:2020
1954:2020
1907:2021
1889:ISBN
1824:help
1803:2023
1748:2020
1695:ISSN
1672:2020
1632:2018
1564:and
1532:and
1498:Koya
1439:na:r
1406:kay-
1350:tott
1337:kall
1324:kānḍ
1290:-a:r
1286:-o:r
1284:and
1282:-a:l
1163:High
1156:long
1146:long
1136:long
1124:Back
711:Stop
566:kond
545:Odia
543:and
499:and
475:and
346:Gōṇḍ
97:and
3491:Kui
3426:Adi
3224:Rai
2726:Kui
1536:to
1443:-va
1435:-na
1424:-va
1420:-na
1393:-ṭ-
1389:-n-
1385:-t-
1381:-d-
1367:-ik
1314:-or
1312:or
1306:-ur
1298:-ir
1241:Low
1202:Mid
1072:/v/
1065:/n/
1059:/ɾ/
1052:/ʈ/
1048:/s/
1010:Tap
888:dʒʱ
796:tʃʰ
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281:wsg
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267:gno
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