236:) to investigate the affairs of the Agua Caliente Indians. The report by Odlum's committee was completed in April 1955 and put into final form in April 1956. Among other things, Odlum's report determined: that the Band consisted of 83 persons, the majority of whom were minors; the value of the Indian land, allotted and unallotted, totaled as much as $ 12,000,000; and the value of the land could increase with proper development. Odlum also discussed the legal problems related to unequal allotments, taxes on non-productive real estate, the inability to lease land because of a 5-year limit, and conflicting claims of the allottees. The report recommended that the Indian land be placed in a private corporation or trusteeship rather than existing wardship. Odlum's recommendations were not implemented because newly elected Congressman
253:
guardians to "protect" Indians and their estates from "artful and designing persons" who might otherwise cheat them out of their properties, which could now be legally sold by the individual tribal members who owned them. By declaring
Indians as "incompetent" (both as children and adults) court-appointed conservators and guardians took control of a majority of Indian estates. A major oversight of the program was the appointment of judges, lawyers, and business people as Indian conservators and guardians—the very people the program sought to protect Indians and their estates from. The program was administered by the Indio Superior Court's Judge Hilton McCabe, subject of
199:
passed the
Allotment Act (39 Stat. 969, 976) which directed the Secretary of the Interior to divide and distribute the Indian land; Harry E. Wadsworth was appointed as the allotting agent. In 1927, the Secretary instructed Wadsworth to make a new schedule of allotments, which he did for the 24 members of the Band who made written applications. (In fact the allotments were not carried out; Band member Lee Arenas sued the federal government to have the allotments made legal and won his case in the United States Supreme Court.) In December 1944, Secretary of the Interior
484:
In 1937 the federal government ceased to recognize the traditional tribal leaders and placed a federal agent in their place. Chief
Francisco Patencio was active in opposing the allotments and loss of tribal authority, traveling to Washington, D.C., to meet with Office of Indian Affairs Commissioner
252:
equalized allotted Indian lands, thereby setting the stage for developing Indian lands within the city of Palm
Springs. This same legislation, however, recognizing the potential value of Indian lands within the boundaries of a world-famous resort, also called for the appointment of conservators and
822:
This fast-moving, up-to-date book...tells how a happy solution was finally achieved in the use and disposition of Indian lands after a half-century of selfishness and despair. The author tells his dramatic story authoritatively, but with a light hand which makes for entertaining reading. Prominent
198:
Section 14, which included the warm springs at the center of Palm
Springs, and other sections surrounding Palm Springs, were "owned" by the Indians, but held "in trust" by the federal government; the Indians charged fees for bathing in the springs and picnicking in the canyon. In 1917, Congress
27:
497:
As a result of the conservatorship program the Band was able to lease land to businesses. The Spa Hotel opened in
November 1962, with Eileen Miguel, head of the Band, U.S. Grant IV, great-grandson of President Grant, and McCabe at the opening ceremony. In 1961, 41 members of the Band signed a
1145:
Land allotments on Agua
Caliente Reservation, CA: hearing before a special subcommittee of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, 85th Congress, 1st session, on equalization of land allotments. Palm Springs, California, October 2,
324:
exposed such instances of excessive fees, fee-splitting, and other types of questionable conduct. The conservatorship program was officially ended in 1968 after the
Secretary of the Interior's Palm Springs Task Force similarly exposed it as fraudulent and corrupt.
823:
desert dwellers played important roles in solving the Indian land dilemma—Judge Hilton McCabe, Floyd Odium, David Sallee among them. Indians of the Agua
Caliente band, both of the present and of the past, are described with sensitivity and understanding.
796:
should be read as a journalistic account...rather than as a scholarly piece.... The writing is at different times repetitious, elliptical or overly sentimental and the chronology is confusing. But the story is inherently so dramatic that it nearly tells
851:
McCabe paid $ 10,000 to have a book written about him ... and feels that it is a 'significant document and empirical indicator that he was running scared of his own self-image because he wanted to be the "great white father" of Palm
183:
as an incentive to build rail lines through the region, when
President Ulysses S. Grant signed an Executive Order granting "San Bernardino Base and Meridian, Township 4 South, Range 4 East, Section 14" to the Agua Caliente Indians.
873:
For a distinguished example of a newspaper's use of its journalistic resources, which may include editorials, cartoons and photographs as well as reporting, in accomplishing a disinterested and meritorious public service, a gold
240:, who ran against Cochran in a bitter election campaign, blocked proposed legislation. In the meantime, Congress passed Public Law No. 255 in August 1955, which allowed for leases of 50 years.
469:
350:
168:
and leases that would give the tribe investment opportunities and economic self-sufficiency. The title of the book refers to the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians'
1215:
712:
1270:
664:
841:. Berkeley, CA: Social Sciences Division, Department of Interdisciplinary and General Studies, University of California, Berkeley (senior thesis). p. 83.
370:
669:
1078:
1275:
1005:
Culver, Lawrence (2010). "Ch. 5: The Oasis of Leisure – Palm Springs before 1941; and Ch. 6: Making of Desert Modern – Palm Springs after World War II".
620:
691:
1265:
321:
742:
Report on the Administration of Guardianships and Conservatorships Established for Members of the Agua Caliente Band of Mission Indians, California
164:
Judge Hilton McCabe, who is described as "The Little White Father of the Indians of Palm Springs", and recalls the steps taken by McCabe to set up
1285:
1290:
149:
1232:"The New Chiefs: His road to top was long and winding: One in an occasional series exploring the new leaders of California's Indian nations"
935:
Constitution and by-laws of the Aqua Caliente band of Mission Indians of California : adopted June 28, 1955, amended February 26, 1957
1168:
679: (1944), on remand, 60 F. Supp. 411 (1945), affirmed in part, 158 F. 2d 730 (9th Cir. 1946), certiorari denied, 331 U.S. 842 (1947)
1099:
The band, the bureau, and the business interests: the Mission Indian Federation and the fight for the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation
969:
The Press-Enterprise investigation of the Palm Springs Indian land affair in 1967–68: one newspaper's protection of minority rights
294:
Following a lawsuit by the Indians against the "distorted, glorifying biography", the publisher withdrew the book from the market.
375:
249:
225:
1102:
839:
From Squatter to Conservator: Effects of Federal Policy on the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians and Their Land, 1850–1974
153:
1212:
767:
1295:
160:
and the history of the 99-year lease law, which enabled them to commercially develop tribal-owned lands. It focuses on Indio
716:
1048:
Kray, Ryan. M. (February 2004). "The Path to Paradise: Expropriation, Exodus and Exclusion in the Making of Palm Springs".
501:
1224:
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National Archives: Finding Aid: Pacific Region, Guide to Archival Holdings (RG 30-49) for location (RG 48) of Cox Report
193:
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515:
365:
316:
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161:
688:
119:
803:
355:
344:
180:
783:
157:
864:
204:
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USC Libraries; Archival Collections: Judge Hilton McCabe Collection on the Agua Caliente Indians
1231:
1142:
1014:
360:
172:
1120:
The California Indian Lease (California Continuing Education of the Bar: Practice Book No. 35)
393:
Edward Maddin Ainsworth worked for 35 years as a columnist, feature writer and editor for the
673:
1006:
1227:– reflections on the death of George Ringwald by fellow editor Ken Reich, October 14, 2005.
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1148:(book and microfilm). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 116.
1057:
865:"The 1968 Pulitzer Prize Winner in Public Service: Riverside (CA) Press-Enterprise"
347:
of June 18, 1934 – slowed the process of allocations to individual Native Americans
200:
165:
130:
306:
program fostered corruption among the conservators and administrators—a series of
257:. McCabe concurrently acted as a conservator to a number of tribal members and an
1219:
999:
998:– a report for the City Manager prepared by Bowers serving as an intern with the
918:
Three essays in economic development: lessons from three small indigenous nations
812:
695:
303:
276:
229:
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The Frontier of Leisure: Southern California and the Shaping of Modern America
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81:
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207:, disapproved the allotting schedule set up by Wadsworth 17 years earlier.
1135:
486:
440:
1143:
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs (1958).
1079:"Lawyers on the Reservation: Some Implications for the Legal Profession"
971:. Fullerton: California State University (Masters Thesis). p. 108.
700:
Land Problems and Solutions of the Agua Caliente Band of Mission Indians
424:
111:
589:
452:
1252:– a 2007 interview with Agua Caliente Band Chairman Richard Milanovich
646:
26:
949:
932:
465:
739:
621:"African-Americans Shaping the California Desert: Coachella Valley"
258:
1122:. Berkeley: Regents of the University of California. p. 152.
1032:
525:
470:"Q&A with Agua Caliente Tribal Chairman Richard Milanovich".
1127:
597:
351:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975
105:
744:. Washington, DC: Department of the Interior. p. 56.
131:
16:
1965 book about the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians
713:"USC Doheny Memorial Library: Rare Books and Manuscripts"
203:, acting on the advice of Commissioner of Indian Affairs
55:
Cahuilla Indians—government relations; McCabe, Hilton H.
371:
Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy
152:
about the mid-20th century economic conditions of the
575:
573:
261:, in addition to his administrative and legal roles.
627:. KCET (Community Television of Southern California)
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
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553:
194:
Palm Springs, California § Section 14 evictions
740:Palm Springs Task Force (Cox Report) (March 1968).
464:In fact the original General Allotment Act was the
1163:The Indian Land Zoning Controversy in Palm Springs
988:. Palm Springs: City of Palm Springs. p. 65.
920:. Harvard University (Ph.D. Thesis). p. 152.
584:. Palm Desert, CA: Desert-Southwest. p. 195.
1176:"George Ringwald and the Conservatorship Program"
550:
498:petition to McCabe thanking him for his efforts.
487:Aqua Caliente Cultural Museum: Francisco Patencio
1271:Native Americans in Riverside County, California
1257:
503:Palm Springs Legends: Creation of a desert oasis
302:With the ability to control Indian estates, the
232:(former president of Atlas Corp. and husband of
1171:of Palm Springs from April 1967 to March 1974.)
893:. Riverside, CA: Press-Enterprise. p. 36.
884:
882:
1013:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
954:. Long Beach, CA: Imperial Press. p. 64.
950:Agua Caliente Band of Mission Indians (1962).
933:Agua Caliente Band of Mission Indians (1957).
289:
891:The Agua Caliente Indians and Their Guardians
830:
1096:
879:
735:
733:
702:(1961), Hilton McCabe, Indio Superior Court.
1117:
765:
682:
297:
1276:Mass media in Riverside County, California
210:
25:
916:Akee, Randall Kekoa Quinones (May 2006).
730:
579:
274:The book received favorable reviews from
1266:Non-fiction books about Native Americans
888:
1160:
499:
376:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
228:. After that McKay asked industrialist
1286:Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians
1258:
1004:
983:
836:
618:
413:Bill Magee's Western Barbecue Cookbook
154:Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians
1291:Native American history of California
1097:Przeklasa Jr, Terence Robert (2011).
1076:
698:containing unpublished manuscript of
187:
1047:
915:
248:In 1959, a landmark decision by the
1161:Wiefels, Howard H. (June 3, 1976).
619:Clarke, Chris (February 12, 2012).
264:
243:
13:
909:
447:(1968) New York, World Publishing
366:Native American self-determination
14:
1312:
1206:
966:
766:Silverstein, Lee (October 1965).
320:articles authored by journalist
283:American Bar Association Journal
1118:Schlesinger, Robert A. (1967).
1105:(Masters thesis). p. 141.
857:
756:
491:
419:(1954) New York, Arcadia House
340:Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968
215:
768:"Books for Lawyers: Review of
705:
657:
639:
612:
478:
458:
387:
335:Aboriginal title in California
1:
1191:Agua Caliente Cultural Museum
543:
399:. Other books by him include
1296:Works based on actual events
986:Palm Springs and the Indians
7:
1103:California State University
328:
290:Withdrawal from publication
10:
1317:
984:Bowers, Robert E. (1965).
651:www.visionaguacaliente.com
317:Riverside Press-Enterprise
269:
191:
1077:Price, Monroe E. (1969).
1050:Pacific Historical Review
889:Ringwald, George (1968).
356:Indian termination policy
345:Indian Reorganization Act
250:Secretary of the Interior
226:Secretary of the Interior
181:Southern Pacific Railroad
129:
117:
103:
95:
87:
77:
67:
59:
51:
41:
33:
24:
1070:10.1525/phr.2004.73.1.85
1062:10.1525/phr.2004.73.1.85
784:American Bar Association
381:
298:Disclosure of misconduct
158:Palm Springs, California
1092:(subscription required)
665:Arenas v. United States
211:Conservatorship program
1301:Books about California
1083:Law & Social Order
647:"Vision Agua Caliente"
580:Ainsworth, Ed (1965).
500:Niemann, Greg (2005).
429:Painters of the Desert
417:Death Cues the Pageant
361:Native American gaming
91:Hardback and paperback
967:Bowes, Ronald Wayne.
837:Berman, Burt (1974).
435:(1962) Prentice-Hall
192:Further information:
1193:: 4–7. Summer 2011.
952:1962 Progress Report
508:Sunbelt Publications
173:checkerboard pattern
148:(1965) is a book by
20:Golden Checkerboard
1242:. September 2, 2007
1236:Business Video News
1225:Take Back the Times
1189:(4). Palm Springs:
820:(6): 5. June 1965.
806:Golden Checkerboard
770:Golden Checkerboard
582:Golden Checkerboard
255:Golden Checkerboard
175:, originating from
145:Golden Checkerboard
21:
1240:The Sacramento Bee
1218:2012-10-24 at the
762:For reviews, see:
694:2011-08-27 at the
468:, passed in 1887.
409:California Jubilee
234:Jacqueline Cochran
188:Historical context
19:
506:. San Diego, CA:
445:The Cowboy in Art
396:Los Angeles Times
238:Dalip Singh Saund
220:In January 1953,
141:
140:
78:Publication place
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869:www.pulitzer.org
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715:. Archived from
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474:. March 19, 2012
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433:Beckoning Desert
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265:Post-publication
244:1959 legislation
166:conservatorships
133:
107:
69:Publication date
63:Desert-Southwest
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1000:Coro Foundation
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910:Further reading
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813:Desert Magazine
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510:. p. 186.
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405:Eagles Fly West
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322:George Ringwald
304:conservatorship
300:
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277:Desert Magazine
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88:Media type
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1207:External links
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717:the original
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205:John Collier
197:
150:Ed Ainsworth
144:
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142:
37:Ed Ainsworth
804:"Review of
776:ABA Journal
625:SOCAL Focus
177:land grants
170:reservation
137:E99.C155 A6
1260:Categories
1183:The Spirit
1033:2009053932
723:2012-03-20
590:B001TC8PMI
544:References
526:2005021837
472:Desert Sun
314:) winning
1246:March 22,
1199:818012894
1111:767861063
1041:464581464
926:165066294
852:Springs.'
790:March 16,
786:: 951–952
631:March 19,
466:Dawes Act
60:Publisher
1281:Cahuilla
1216:Archived
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