Indian reservation

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throughout the Southwest before settling in present-day Northern Arizona. The Navajo people also migrated throughout western North America following spiritual commands before settling near the Grand Canyon area. The two tribes peacefully coexisted and even traded and exchanged ideas with each other. However, their way of life was threatened when the "New people", what the Navajo called white settlers, began executing Natives across the continent and claiming their land, as a result of Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act. War ensued between the Navajo people, who call themselves the Diné, and new Americans. The result was the Long Walk in the early 1860s in which the entire tribe was forced to walk roughly 400 miles from Fort Canby (present-day Window Rock, Arizona) to Bosque Redondo in New Mexico. This march is similar to the well-known Cherokee "Trail of Tears" and like it, many of the tribe did not survive the trek. The roughly 11,000 tribe members were imprisoned here in what the United States government deemed an experimental Indian reservation that failed because it became too expensive, there were too many people to feed, and they were continuously raided by other Native tribes. Consequently, in 1868, the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland after signing the

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the House Subcommittee on Indian Affairs claiming that if the government did not step in and do something, a bloody war would ensue between the tribes. Congressmen agreed to pass the Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act of 1974 which forced any Hopi and Navajo people living on the other's land to relocate. This affected 6,000 Navajo people and ultimately benefitted coal companies the most who could now more easily access the disputed land. Instead of using military violence to deal with those who refused to move, the government passed what became known as the Bennett Freeze to encourage the people to leave. The Bennett Freeze banned 1.5 million acres of Navajo land from any type of development, including paving roadways and even roof repair. This was meant to be a temporary incentive to push tribe negotiations but lasted over forty years until 2009 when President Obama lifted the moratorium. Still, the legacy of the Bennett Freeze looms over the region as seen by the nearly third-world conditions on the reservation – seventy-five percent of people do not have access to electricity and housing situations are poor.

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of federal law and legal precedent." We can see this with the amount of reservations placed near massive construction projects that lead to pollution, such as landfills or the Dakotas Access Pipeline. In addition, the lands that Indigenous people are designated to occupy by the federal government typically have difficulties already. As explained by scholars Gregory Hooks and Chad Smith in their academic journal connecting the focus on production to environmental issues, "Federally owned and Native American lands tended to be in close proximity, and they had a great deal in common: they were concentrated in the states west of the Mississippi, and they tended to be lands that were too dry, remote, or barren to attract the attention of settlers and corporations."

966: 1650: 78: 883:. This act came too, because "the federal government began to compress Indigenous lands because it needed to send troops to Texas during the Mexican-American War and protect American immigration traveling to Oregon and California." The Federal Government of America had their own needs and desires for Indigenous Land Reservations. He says, "the reconnaissance of explorers and other American officials understood that Indigenous Country possessed good land, bountiful game, and potential mineral resources." The American Government claimed Indigenous land for their own benefits with these creations of Indigenous Land Reservations . 202: 1184:, 1887, the government sought to individualize tribal lands by authorizing allotments held in individual tenure. Generally, the allocation process led to grouping family holdings and, in some cases, this sustained pre-reservation clan or other patterns. There had been a few allotment programs ahead of the Dawes Act. However, the vast fragmentation of reservations occurred from the enactment of this act up to 1934, when the Indian Reorganization Act was passed. However, Congress authorized some allotment programs in the ensuing years, such as on the Palm Springs/Agua Caliente Indian Reservation in California. 5671: 1692: 1169: 1466:

the American Indians ended in 1871; ...only Congress can rescind or change in any way statutes enacted since 1871." The He Sapa Reparations Alliance was established after Obama's inauguration to educate the Sioux people and propose a bill to Congress that would allocate 1.3 million acres of federal land within the Black Hills to the tribe. To this day, the dispute of the Black Hills is ongoing with the trust estimated to be worth nearly $ 1.3 billion and sources believe principles of restorative justice may be the best solution to addressing this century-old dispute.

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relationship is now officially required, these cases (which continue to define the indigenous/federal relationship in the U.S.) instituted a federal 'trust responsibility' for indigenous people in the U.S., codifying a legal relationship of paternalism that limits the autonomy of tribal governments. The United States government is thus under a legal obligation to protect the lands, resources and traditionally used areas of indigenous peoples, and government agencies are required to consult with tribal governments and

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create their own reservation system as seen in Harmon's article, "The United States Indian Policy in Texas, 1845–1860." The State of "Texas had given only a few hundred acres of land in 1840, for the purpose of colonization". However, "In March 1847, … special agent to Texas to manage the Indian affairs in the State until Congress should take some definite and final action." The United States of America allowed its states to make up their own treaties such as this one in Texas for the purpose of colonization.

2994:"In 1951 the Atomic Energy Commission set up the Nevada Test Site within Western Shoshone territory as a proving grounds for nuclear weapons. Between 1951 and 1992, the U.S. and UK exploded 1,054 nuclear devices above and below ground According to Sanchez, the Atomic Energy Commission would deliberately wait for clouds to blow north before conducting tests, so that the fallout would avoid any heavily populated areas such as Las Vegas and Los Angeles. This meant that the Shoshones would get a larger dose." 666:" to themselves, and those parcels came to be called "reservations". The term remained in use after the federal government began to forcibly relocate nations to parcels of land to which they often had no historical or cultural connection. Compared to other population centers in the U.S., reservations are disproportionately located on or near toxic sites hazardous to the health of those living or working in close proximity, including nuclear testing grounds and contaminated mines. 523: 8867: 2982:"Radiation-related diseases are now endemic to many parts of the Navajo Nation, claiming the health and lives of former miners to be sure but also those of Navajos who would never see the inside of a mine. Diné children have a rate of testicular and ovarian cancer fifteen times the national average, and a fatal neurological disease called Navajo neuropathy has been closely linked to ingesting uranium-contaminated water during pregnancy". 950: 1560:

uranium projects used the quarried rock from the mines to build their houses, these materials were radioactive and had detrimental health effects on the residents, including increased rates of kidney failure and cancer. During extraction some Native children would play in large water pools which were heavily contaminated with uranium created by mining activities. The companies also failed to properly dispose of the

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Haudenosaunee did—and colonists. In October 1784 the newly formed United States government facilitated negotiations with representatives from the Six Nations in Fort Stanwix, New York. The treaty produced in 1784 resulted in Indians giving up their territory within the Ohio River Valley and the U.S. guaranteeing the Haudenosaunee six million acres—about half of what is present-day New York—as permanent homelands.

702:, Europeans often removed Indigenous peoples from their homelands. The means varied, including treaties made under considerable duress, forceful ejection, violence, and in a few cases voluntary moves based on mutual agreement. The removal caused many problems such as tribes losing the means of livelihood by being restricted to a defined area, poor quality of land for agriculture, and hostility between tribes. 1446:

the area and leading to the realization of the value of the land from United States President Grant. President Grant used tactical military force to remove the Sioux from the land and assisted in the development of the Congressional appropriations bill for Indian Services in 1876, a "starve or sell" treaty signed by only 10% of the 75% tribal men required based on specifications from the

1256:) agency offices, hospitals, schools, and other facilities usually occupy residual federal parcels within reservations. Many reservations include one or more sections (about 640 acres) of school lands, but those lands typically remain part of the reservation (e.g., Enabling Act of 1910 at Section 20). As a general practice, such lands may sit idle or be grazed by tribal ranchers. 3025:

lead, arsenic, and hexavalent chromium at concentrations vastly exceeding local state and federal standards. Most of these toxic metals are associated with an array of acute and chronic adverse health outcomes, including cancer. As a result of EPA testing, this 500-acre contaminated Ringwood site was added by the EPA in 1983 to the National Priority List (NPL), a list of

2948:"While Indigenous peoples, as any society, have long histories of adapting to change, colonialism caused changes at such a rapid pace that many Indigenous peoples became vulnerable to harms, from health problems related to new diets to erosion of their cultures to the destruction of Indigenous diplomacy, to which they were not as susceptible prior to colonization." 1548:. The treaty officially established the "Navajo Indian Reservation" in Northern Arizona. The term reservation is one that creates territorialities or claims on places. This treaty gave them the right to the land and semi-autonomous governance of it. The Hopi reservation, on the other hand, was created through an executive order by President Arthur in 1882. 2978:

activities include uranium mining, nuclear waste disposal, and military testing. Due to this, many reservation communities have been subjected to adverse health issues. Specifically, according to scholar Traci Lynn Voyles, the Navajo Nation has been affected for decades by uranium mining and nuclear waste dumping:

2940:, according to data compiled by the 2000 census. This disparity in living standards can partly be explained by centuries-long instances of settler colonialism which have systematically harmed Indigenous peoples' relations with land, and have attempted to erase their cultural ways of life. Potawatomi scholar 3024:

by Gabriella Meltzer, "For almost five decades, the Ramapough Lunaape Turtle Clan have lived between 0.5 to two miles away from a heavily contaminated dump site in Ringwood, New Jersey. The EPA tested the ground and surface water in the 1980s and detected toxic and carcinogenic heavy metals including

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Historically, Indigenous groups have had little say when it comes to which land they are designated to occupy, as well as what happens to the land. This can be explained by the following excerpt from an academic journal on the impacts of climate change in the Arctic: "While a government-to-government

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The mining companies, however, wanted more land but the joint ownership of the land made negotiations difficult. At the same time, Hopi and Navajo tribes were squabbling over land rights while Navajo livestock continuously grazed on Hopi land. Boyden took advantage of this situation, presenting it to

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The land designated to the Navajo and Hopi reservation was originally considered barren and unproductive by white settlers until 1921 when prospectors scoured the land for oil. The mining companies pressured the U.S. government to set up Native American councils on the reservations so that they could

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that relinquished the Sioux's rights to the Black Hills. Following this treaty, the Agreement of 1877 was passed by Congress to remove the Sioux from the Black Hills, stating that the land was purchased from the Sioux despite the insufficient number of signatures, the lack of transaction records, and

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For the following 20 years, the U.S. government invested in infrastructure, health care, and education on the reservations. Likewise, over two million acres (8,000 km) of land were returned to various tribes. Within a decade of Collier's retirement the government's position began to swing in the

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In 1764 the British government's Board of Trade proposed the "Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs". Although never adopted formally, the plan established the British government's expectation that land would only be bought by colonial governments, not individuals, and that land would only

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in natural resource decision-making. While some view this form of representation as the best and only practical means of influencing Northern policy, the actual involvement of tribal governments has been limited, and seen as perfunctory, and may be precluded by the procedural and structural mandates

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and injustice, per the principles established by the Participants of the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit, because the Navajo and Hopi people, which are communities of color, low income, and political alienation, were disproportionately affected by the proximity and the

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area. The Hopi reservation is 2,531.773 square miles within Arizona and lies surrounded by the greater Navajo reservation which spans 27,413 square miles and extends slightly into the states of New Mexico and Utah. The Hopi, also known as the Pueblo people, made many spiritually motivated migrations

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land to the Ogden company for $ 202,000, a sum that was divided evenly between the government—to hold in trust for Indians—and non-Indian individuals who wanted to buy and improve the plots. All that was left of the Cayuga, Oneida, Onondaga and Tuscarora holding was extinguished at a total cost of $

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gained control over all but ten acres of the Native land leased to the state on 15 September 1797. These 397 square miles were subsequently parceled out and subleased to whites, allegedly ending the Native title to land. Despite Iroquois protests, federal authorities did virtually nothing to correct

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case in 1979 after being revived by Congress, and the Sioux were awarded over $ 100 million as they ruled that the seizure of the Black Hills was in fact illegal. The Sioux have continually rejected the money, and since then the award has been accruing interest in trust accounts and amounts to about

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today consists of tripartite government—i. e., federal, state and/or local, and tribal. Where state and local governments may exert some, but limited, law-and-order authority, tribal sovereignty is diminished. This situation prevails in connection with Indian gaming because federal legislation makes

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Tribes generally have authority over other forms of economic development such as ranching, agriculture, tourism, and casinos. Tribes hire both members, other Indians and non-Indians in varying capacities; they may run tribal stores, gas stations, and develop museums (e.g., there is a gas station and

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was the largest release of radioactive waste in U.S. history. The spill contaminated the Puerco River with 1,000 tons of solid radioactive waste and 93 million gallons of acidic, radioactive tailings solution which flowed downstream into the Navajo Nation. The Navajos used the water from this river

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During World War II, uranium was mined on the Diné and Hopi reservations. The dangers of radiation exposure were not adequately explained to the Native people, who made up almost all the workforce of these mines, and lived in their immediate adjacency. As a result, some residents who lived near the

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Unenthusiastic about the treaty's conditions, the state of New York secured a series of 26 "leases", many of them lasting 999 years on all Native territories within its boundaries. Led to believe that they had already lost their land to the New York Genesee Company, the Haudenosaunee agreed to land

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since signing the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty, which created what is known today as the Great Sioux Nation covering the Black Hills and nearly half of western South Dakota. This treaty was acknowledged and respected until 1874 when General George Custer discovered gold, sending a wave of settlers into

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had their own policy when it came to Indian Reservations in America before 1850. Scholarly author George D. Harmon discusses Texas' own reservation system which "Prior to 1845, Texas had inaugurated and pursued her own Indian Policy of the U.S." Texas was one of the States before 1850 that chose to

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says "In the 1834 Indian Trade and Intercourse Act, the United States defined the boundaries of Indian County." Also, "For Unrau, Indigenous Country is less on Indigenous homeland and more a place where the U.S. removed Indians from east of the Mississippi River and applied unique laws." The United

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is shared between tribes and the federal government, depending on the tribal affiliation of the parties involved and the specific crime or civil matter. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation.

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is home to both one of the largest lithium deposits in the world and home to a sacred burial site of multiple tribes including the Pitt River and Paiute. The mining company, Lithium Nevada, was recently granted permission to mine the area by the Bureau of Land Management. Tribal members argue that

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After the war ended, the American population boomed and energy demands soared. The utility companies needed a new source of power so they began the construction of coal-fired power plants. They placed these power plants in the four corners region. In the 1960s, John Boyden, an attorney working for

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During President Barack Obama's campaign, he made indications that the case of the Black Hills was going to be solved with innovative solutions and consultation, but this was questioned when White House Counsel Leonard Garment sent a note to The Ogala people saying, "The days of treaty-making with

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With alienation to non-Indians, their increased presence on numerous reservations has changed the demography of Indian Country. One of many implications of this fact is that tribes can not always effectively embrace the total management of a reservation, for non-Indian owners and users of allotted

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The lands on which reservations are located are disproportionately low in natural resources and quality soil conducive to fostering economic prosperity. Starting in the mid-20th century reservations came to be increasingly located in areas contaminated with toxic runoff from current or historical

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It is commonly believed that environmentalism and a connectedness to nature are ingrained in the Native American culture. However, this is a generalization. In recent years, cultural historians have set out to reconstruct and complicate this notion as what they claim to be a culturally inaccurate

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A few years after the two reservations were established, the Dawes Allotment Act was passed under which communal tribal land was divvied up and allocated to each household in an attempt to enforce European-American farming styles where each family owns and works their own plot of land. This was a

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While the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolution, addressed land sovereignty disputes between the British Crown and the colonies, it neglected to settle hostilities between Indigenous people—specifically those who fought on the side of the British, as four of the members of the

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pursued a "Peace Policy" as an attempt to avoid violence. The policy included a reorganization of the Indian Service, with the goal of relocating various tribes from their ancestral homes to parcels of lands established specifically for their inhabitation. The policy called for the replacement of

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Communities living on Native reservations are also disproportionately affected by environmental hazards. Due to them being deemed as "undesirable", lands on and near reservations are often used by the U.S. government and private industries as areas for environmentally hazardous activities. These

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The Department of Justice recognizes the unique legal relationship that the United States has with federally recognized tribes. As one aspect of this relationship, in much of Indian Country, the Justice Department alone has the authority to seek a conviction that carries an appropriate potential

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and are able to exercise the right of self-governance, including but are not limited to the ability to pass laws, regulate power and energy, create treaties, and hold tribal court hearings. Laws on tribal lands may vary from those of the surrounding area. The laws passed can, for example, permit

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attractions, including as the basis for hotel and conference facilities, to draw visitors and revenue to reservations. Successful gaming operations on some reservations have greatly increased the economic wealth of some tribes, enabling their investment to improve infrastructure, education, and

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The demographic factor, coupled with landownership data, led, for example, to litigation between the Devils Lake Sioux and the State of North Dakota, where non-Indians owned more acreage than tribal members even though more Native Americans resided on the reservation than non-Indians. The court

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in 1838. This treaty allows the indigenous peoples five years on a specific reserve "the west shores of Saganaw bay". The creation of reservations for indigenous people of America could be as little as a five-year approval before 1850. Article two of the treaty claims "the reserves on the river

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regarding Indian Reservations before 1850. Van Buren stated that indigenous reservations are "all their reserves of land in the state of Michigan, on the principle of said reserves being sold at the public land offices for their benefit and the actual proceeds being paid to them." The agreement

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and Derrick Hodge: "The toxic and poor land quality of Native American lands is neither a historical accident nor the result of any cultural deficiency on their part, but rather is the result of aggressive westward economic expansion. This process was calculated and unconcerned with indigenous

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Passed in 1953, Public Law 280 (PL 280) gave jurisdiction over criminal offenses involving Indians in Indian Country to certain States and allowed other States to assume jurisdiction. Subsequent legislation allowed States to retrocede jurisdiction, which has occurred in some areas. Some PL 280

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facilitated sales to non–Native Americans, resulting in some reservations becoming severely fragmented, with pieces of tribal and privately held land being treated as separate enclaves. This intersection of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political, and legal

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When the Europeans encountered the New World, the American colonial government determined a precedent of establishing the land sovereignty of North America through treaties between countries. This precedent was upheld by the United States government. As a result, most Native American land was

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With the establishment of reservations, tribal territories diminished to a fraction of original areas and Indigenous customary practices of land tenure sustained only for a time, and not in every instance. Instead, the federal government established regulations that subordinated tribes to the

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individual allottees who would die intestate would encumber the land under prevailing state devisement laws, leading to complex patterns of heirship. Congress has attempted to mollify the impact of heirship by granting tribes the capacity to acquire fragmented allotments owing to heirship by

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was enacted which in some measure reforms the system permitting tribal courts to impose sentences of up to three years provided proceedings are recorded and additional rights are extended to defendants. The Justice Department on January 11, 2010, initiated the Indian Country Law Enforcement

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The Black Hills are sacred to the Sioux as a place central to their spirituality and identity, and contest of ownership of the land has been pressured in the courts by the Sioux Nation since they were allowed legal avenue in 1920. Beginning in 1923, the Sioux made a legal claim that their

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between the Menominee Nation and the United States" in his article, "Decision on Duck Creek: Two Green Bay Reservations and Their Boundaries, 1816–1996", showing yet another treaty regarding Indigenous Reservations before 1850. There is a conflict between the Menomee Nation and the

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also contributing. Deaths due to alcohol among American Indians are more common in men and among Northern Plains Indians. Alaska Natives showed the least incidence of death. Under federal law, alcohol sales are prohibited on Indian reservations unless the tribal councils allow it.

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authority, first, of the military, and then of the Bureau (Office) of Indian Affairs. Under federal law, the government patented reservations to tribes, which became legal entities that at later times have operated in a corporate manner. Tribal tenure identifies jurisdiction over

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in his article, "Indian Land sales and allotment in Antebellum Virginia" to discuss Indigenous reservations in America before 1705, specifically in Virginia. He claims "the colonial government again recognized the Nottoway's land rights by treaty in 1713, at the conclusion of the

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sentence when a serious crime has been committed. Our role as the primary prosecutor of serious crimes makes our responsibility to citizens in Indian Country unique and mandatory. Accordingly, public safety in tribal communities is a top priority for the Department of Justice.

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purchased by the United States government, a portion of which was designated to remain under Native sovereignty. The United States government and Native Peoples do not always agree on how land should be governed, which has resulted in a series of disputes over sovereignty.

8641: 993:. In many cases, white settlers objected to the size of land parcels, which were subsequently reduced. A report submitted to Congress in 1868 found widespread corruption among the federal Native American agencies and generally poor conditions among the relocated tribes. 1646:. The area includes lands of the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Muscogee, and Seminole. The ruling is based on an 1832 treaty, which the court ruled was still in force, adding that "Because Congress has not said otherwise, we hold the government to its word." 1552:

further act of enclosure by the U.S. government. Each family received 640 acres or less and the remaining land was deemed "surplus" because it was more than the tribes needed. This "surplus" land was then made available for purchase by American citizens.

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After Indian complaints, a second Treaty of Buffalo was written in 1842 in attempts to mediate tension. Under this treaty the Haudenosaunee were given the right to reside in New York and small areas of reservations were restored by the U.S. government.

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which authorized the creation of Indian reservations in Indian Territory (which became Oklahoma). Relations between white settlers and Natives had grown increasingly worse as the settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West.

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The term "reservation" is a legal designation. It comes from the conception of the Native American nations as independent sovereigns at the time the U.S. Constitution was ratified. Thus, early peace treaties (often signed under conditions of

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and "the 1831 Menomee Treaty … ran the boundary between the lands of the Oneida, known in the Treaty as the "New York Indians". This Treaty from 1831 is the cause of conflicts and is disputed because the land was good hunting grounds.

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which did and will continue to pollute the environment, including the Natives' water sources. Many years later, these same men who worked the mines died from lung cancer, and their families received no form of financial compensation.

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both Peabody Coal and the Hopi tribe, the nation's largest coal producer, managed to gain rights to the Hopi land, including Black Mesa, a sacred location to both tribes which lay partially within the Joint Use Area of both tribes.

1045:, after the individual parcels were granted out of reservation land, the reservation area was reduced by giving the "excess land" to white settlers. The individual allotment policy continued until 1934 when it was terminated by the 2974:

wellbeing. Thus, federal policy, including the Indian Removal Act of 1830, was designed to displace Native Americans from coveted land and to relocate them to areas seen as relatively "valueless by nineteenth century standards"

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on reservations located within states which do not allow gambling, thus attracting tourism. The tribal council generally has jurisdiction over the reservation, not the U.S. state it is located in, but is subject to federal law.

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to restrict the movements of various tribes. The pursuit of tribes in order to force them back onto reservations led to a number of wars with Native Americans which included some massacres. The most well-known conflict was the

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John Forsyth, the Secretary of State On behalf of, President Buren, Martin Van of the United States. Martin Van Buren, "Treaty Between: The United States of America and the First Christian and Orchard Parties of the Oneida

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Andrew Jackson, "A letter by Andrew Jackson, President of the United States of America, Indian Treaties and Laws and Regulations Relating to Indian Affairs: To Which Is Added, An Appendix. Way and Gideon, Printers", 1826,

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Many Indigenous communities have also been subjected to the degradation of sacred lands in favor of resource extraction. Around 79 percent of the lithium deposits on U.S. soil are within 35 miles of Indian reservations.

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By the late 1870s, the policy established by President Grant was regarded as a failure, primarily because it had resulted in some of the bloodiest wars between Native Americans and the United States. By 1877, President

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1041:, or General Allotment (Severalty) Act. The act ended the general policy of granting land parcels to tribes as-a-whole by granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members. In some cases, for example, the 1247:

Finally, other-occupancy on reservations maybe by virtue of tribal or individual tenure. There are many churches on reservations; most would occupy tribal land by consent of the federal government or the tribe.

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The total area of all reservations is 56,200,000 acres (22,700,000 ha; 87,800 sq mi; 227,000 km), approximately 2.3% of the total area of the United States and about the size of the state of

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areas within reservations. One finds the majority of non-Indian landownership and residence in the open areas and, contrariwise, closed areas represent exclusive tribal residence and related conditions.

4452:"It Doesn't Seem Very Fair, Because We Were Here First: Resolving the Sioux Nation Black Hills Land Dispute and the Potential for Restorative Justice to Facilitate Government-to-Government Negotiations" 1220: 1112:—and 114 groups in California lost their federal recognition as tribes. Many individuals were also relocated to cities, but one-third returned to their tribal reservations in the decades that followed. 848:." All three of these laws set into motion the Indigenous Reservation system in the United States of America, resulting in the forceful removal of Indigenous peoples into specific land Reservations. 1455:

relinquishment from the Black Hills was illegal under the Fifth Amendment, and no amount of money can make up for the loss of their sacred land. This claim went all the way up to the Supreme Court

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resulting pollution of these power plants which disregard their right to clean air, their land was degraded, and because the related public policies are not based on mutual respect of all people.

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leased five million acres to the state in exchange for $ 2,000 in cash, $ 2,000 in clothing, $ 1,000 in provisions and $ 600 annual rent. The other two tribes followed with similar arrangements.

1165:, which may be likened to communal tenure. Even if some of this pattern emanates from pre-reservation tribal customs, generally the tribe has the authority to modify tenant-in-common practices. 1161:

Tribal citizens may utilize several resources held in tribal tenures such as grazing range and some cultivable lands. They may also construct homes on tribally held lands. As such, members are

1133:, often has jurisdiction over reservations. Different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation. 1374:

A survey of death certificates over a four-year period showed that deaths among Indians due to alcohol are about four times as common as in the general U.S. population and are often due to

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A treaty signed by John Forsyth, the Secretary of State on behalf of Van Buren, also dictates where indigenous peoples must live in terms of the reservation system in America between the

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Angrais and at Rifle river, of which said Indians are to have the usufruct and occupancy for five years." Indigenous people had restraints pushed on them by the five-year allowance.

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in which he states that "we have placed the land reserves in a better state for the benefit of society" with approval of Indigenous reservations before 1850. The letter is signed by

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be purchased at public meetings. Additionally, this plan dictated that the Indians would be properly consulted when ascertaining and defining the boundaries of colonial settlement.

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These agreements were largely ineffective in protecting Native American land. By 1889 eighty percent of all Iroquois reservation land in New York was leased by non-Haudenosaunees.

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Dongoske, Kurt E. (January 1, 1996). "The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act: A New Beginning, Not the End, for Osteological Analysis—A Hopi Perspective".

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Belko, William S. (2004). "John C. Calhoun and the Creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: an Essay on Political Rivalry, Ideology, and Policymaking in the Early Republic".

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leasing which was presented by New York Governor George Clinton as a means by which the Indigenous nations could maintain sovereignty over their land. On August 28, 1788, the

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government officials by religious men, nominated by churches, to oversee the Indian agencies on reservations in order to teach Christianity to the Native American tribes. The

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the injustice. Certain of losing all of their lands, in 1831 most of the Oneidas asked that what was left of their holdings be exchanged for 500,000 acres purchased from the

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estimated that there were 39 gangs with 5,000 members on that reservation alone. As opposed to traditional "Most Wanted" lists, Native Americans are often placed on regional

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For Los Angeles, see Allen, J. P. and E. Turner, 2002. Text and map of the metropolitan area show the widespread urban distribution of California and other Native Americans.

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In 1758, the Colonial Legislature purchased land in Burlington County for a reservation. It was the first Indian Reservation in America and was called Edgepelick. Governor

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Bolton, Marie; Unger, Nancy (2015). "'Mother Nature is Getting Angrier': Turning Sacred Navajo Land into a Toxic Environment". In Gavillon, François; Özdag, Ufuk (eds.).

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called it Brotherton. Today the area is known as Indian Mills. In 1801, an act was passed directing the sale of Brotherton, with the proceeds used to send the remaining

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of 1830 marked the systematization of a U.S. federal government policy of moving Native populations away from European-populated areas, whether forcibly or voluntarily.

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negotiated a treaty with the Saginaw Chippewas in 1837 to build a lighthouse. The President of the United States of America was directly involved in the creation of new

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James E Togerson "Indians against Immigrants: Old Rivals, New Rules: A Brief Review and Comparison of Indian Law in the Contiguous United States, Alaska, and Canada."

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James E Togerson "Indians against Immigrants: Old Rivals, New Rules: A Brief Review and Comparison of Indian Law in the Contiguous United States, Alaska, and Canada."

3849:

James E Togerson "Indians against Immigrants: Old Rivals, New Rules: A Brief Review and Comparison of Indian Law in the Contiguous United States, Alaska, and Canada."

1348:

reservations have experienced jurisdictional confusion, tribal discontent, and litigation, compounded by the lack of data on crime rates and law enforcement response.

5984: 6901: 4451: 2896: 8558: 7222: 2924:, with problems of infant mortality, low life expectancy, poor nutrition, poverty, and alcohol and drug abuse. The two poorest counties in the United States are 1077:

and land management by tribes. The act slowed the assignment of tribal lands to individual members and reduced the assignment of "extra" holdings to nonmembers.

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or fraud), in which Native American nations surrendered large portions of their land to the United States, designated parcels which the nations, as sovereigns, "

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set aside an enormous resource for Indians in the territory of the present United States." The United States put forward another act when "Congress passed the

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and Oliver Froehling, "Land Ownership, Population and Jurisdiction: the Case of the 'Devils Lake Sioux Tribe v. North Dakota Public Service Commission'",

8668: 7323: 6195: 5859: 5609: 722: 209: 3628: 8626: 8135: 7207: 5640: 5509: 2835: 2708: 2956:

romanticism. Others recognize the differences between the attitudes and perspectives that emerge from a comparison of Western European philosophy and

640:, albeit of a limited degree, laws within tribal lands may vary from those of the surrounding and adjacent states. For example, these laws can permit 7906: 7720: 7229: 7156: 2852: 2776: 2693: 844:

in 1830". A third act pushed through was "the federal government relocated "portions of 'Five Civilized Tribes' from the southeastern states in the

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and Jackson. It discusses several regulations regarding the Native Americans and the approval of Indigenous segregation and the reservation system.

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industrial activities conducted by outside entities including private corporations as well as the federal government. According to anthropologists

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operation on its reservation in Florida. The state attempted to close the operation down but was stopped in the courts. In the 1980s, the case of

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The private contracts that once characterized the sale of Indian land to various individuals and groups—from farmers to towns—were replaced by

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Martin Van Buren, President of the United States of America, "Treaties between the United States and the Saginaw tribe of Chippewas", 1837.

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Many tribes ignored the relocation orders at first and were forced onto their limited land parcels. Enforcement of the policy required the

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Most Native American reservations were established by the federal government but a small number, mainly in the East, owe their origin to

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of 1906. This act had been taken to disestablish the reservation in order for the foundation of the state to proceed. In July 2020, the

1334:

Initiative which recognizes problems with law enforcement on Indian reservations and assigns top priority to solving existing problems.

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began phasing out the policy, and by 1882 all religious organizations had relinquished their authority to the federal Indian agency.

5443:

Klaus Frantz, "Indian Reservations in the United States", Geography Research Paper 241 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).

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of Indigenous peoples, especially when considering natural resource conflicts and management strategies involving multiple parties.

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in 1905 as a means of retaining control of their lands, but this was unsuccessful and the lands were merged into Oklahoma with the

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lands contend that tribes have no authority over lands that fall within the tax and law-and-order jurisdiction of local government.

1073:. It laid out new rights for Native Americans, reversed some of the earlier privatization of their common holdings, and encouraged 8328: 6371: 6047: 5540: 2882: 1957: 1323: 1130: 593: 577: 66: 8842: 1146:

and zoning, negotiating (with the close participation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs) leases for timber harvesting and mining.

613:. While most reservations are small compared to the average U.S. state, twelve Indian reservations are larger than the state of 8538: 8128: 7114: 6004: 5759: 3836:

Buck Woodard, "Indian Land sales and allotment in Antebellum Virginia: trustees, tribal agency, and the Nottoway Reservation",

2741: 589: 585: 5340:

Meltzer, Gabriella; Avenbuan, Oyemwenosa; Wu, Fen; Shah, Krina; Chen, Yu; Mann, Vincent; Zelikoff, Judith T. (December 2020).

4305: 8899: 8423: 8322: 7134: 6961: 6906: 6869: 6808: 6396: 6170: 6108: 5625: 5048: 4232: 2761: 2678: 2528: 2463: 2438: 2406: 1982: 1752: 1682: 954: 699: 682: 263: 5545: 3698: 3672: 8714: 8237: 8198: 7923: 7644: 7078: 6823: 6092: 5851: 4399: 3140: 3073: 3017: 2607: 2478: 1882: 1369: 1126: 641: 494: 436: 1191:

individuals could sell (alienate) the allotment – under the Dawes Act, it was not to happen until after twenty-five years.

7993: 7234: 6976: 5959: 5824: 5788: 5556: 2857: 2543: 768: 4466: 3020:(EPA) as polluted and hazardous to live in and requiring action to clean up. As detailed by an article published to the 1642:

that the area, about half of the modern state, never lost its status as a Native reservation. This includes the city of

600:, while some share reservations, and others have no reservation at all. Historical piecemeal land allocations under the 30:

This article is about Native American reservations in the United States of America. For similar entities in Canada, see

8698: 8386: 8203: 7171: 7151: 6997: 6992: 6232: 5648: 5073: 2933: 2791: 2771: 2568: 2563: 1633: 17: 8528: 4722:

Pasternak, J. (2010). Yellow dirt: An American story of poisoned land and a people betrayed. New York, NY: Free Press.

4499: 2990:, the Paiute- Shoshone community was deliberately exposed to radiation throughout the latter half of the 20th century: 1081:

opposite direction. The new Indian Commissioners Myers and Emmons introduced the idea of the "withdrawal program" or "

8121: 8022: 7945: 7212: 7166: 6921: 6272: 6257: 5805: 4983: 4911: 4868: 3991: 3458: 2840: 2786: 2401: 1852: 1837: 1085:", which sought to end the government's responsibility and involvement with Indians and to force their assimilation. 929:. Some of the lands these tribes were given to inhabit following the removals eventually became Indian reservations. 444: 4209: 8914: 8830: 8578: 8287: 8232: 8215: 8173: 8168: 7981: 7901: 7885: 7759: 7606: 7269: 7109: 6277: 4257: 4028: 3715: 3004:

these permits were unlawfully issued, and that "the BLM notified only three of Nevada's 27 tribes about the mine".

2957: 2736: 1857: 465: 333: 312: 242: 238: 149: 5551: 5204: 4517: 1284:

established the right of reservations to operate other forms of gambling operations. In 1988, Congress passed the

1088:

The Indians would lose their lands but were to be compensated, although many were not. Even though discontent and

957:

in New Mexico (pictured here in March 1943), are in the western United States, often in regions suitable more for

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Trainor, Sarah F.; Stuart Chapin, F.; Huntington, Henry P.; Natcher, David C.; Kofinas, Gary (December 1, 2007).

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Indian Treaties, and Laws and Regulations Relating to Indian Affairs (1825) was a document signed by President

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Many Native Americans who live on reservations interact with the federal government through two agencies: the

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for irrigation and their livestock but were not immediately informed about the contamination and its danger.

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between sovereigns. This protocol was adopted by the United States Government after the American Revolution.

396: 338: 295: 8642:

Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore

8777: 8752: 7830: 7634: 6864: 6613: 6587: 6303: 5999: 2925: 2391: 2204: 2178: 1877: 1772: 1653: 1649: 1365: 1285: 738: 3252: 2952:

This has resulted in an ever widening disparity between Native peoples and the rest of the United States.

971:

Map Showing the Location of the Indian Reservations within the Limits of the United States and Territories

8573: 8433: 8307: 8097: 7918: 7752: 6956: 6293: 5573: 4070: 2523: 1314:, 18 U.S.C. §§1153, 3242, and court decisions) to be investigated by the federal government, usually the 1305: 1101: 1042: 646: 486: 304: 4282:

Memorandum by David W. Ogden Deputy Attorney General, Monday, January 11, 2010, Accessed August 12, 2010

879:

States of America applied laws on Indigenous Reservations depending on where they were located like the

625:. Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country, the majority being situated west of the 8870: 7880: 6896: 6719: 6489: 6484: 6200: 5974: 5776: 5654: 4270:, Posted: July 30, 2010 01:00:00 AM MDT, Updated: July 30, 2010 06:00:20 AM MDT, accessed July 30, 2010 3722:

to the Stockbridge Reservation near Oneida, New York. There they formed a settlement called Statesburg.

3699:"The Kepharts: Cohawkin, Raccoon Creek, Narraticon all names left by Lenni-Lenape in Gloucester County" 3572: 3009: 2986:

Other reservation communities have been subjected to instances like this as well. According to scholar

2433: 2316: 2074: 2069: 1432: 1403: 1343:

Emphasis was placed on improving prosecution of crimes involving domestic violence and sexual assault.

1280: 1173: 1070: 833: 275: 271: 77: 4673:"Population Exposed to Environmental Uranium: Increased Risk of Infertility and Reproductive Cancers!" 774: 8262: 8005: 7913: 7853: 7728: 6818: 6541: 6242: 6040: 5719: 5566: 5405:(Northridge, CA: The Center for Geographical Studies, California State University, Northridge, 2002). 3894:

James Oberly, ""Decision on Duck Creek: Two Green Bay Reservations and Their Boundaries, 1816–1996",

3112: 3000: 2130: 1822: 1082: 1058: 1046: 937: 224: 189: 8876: 8603: 7837: 7820: 7624: 7129: 6971: 6891: 6876: 6667: 5725: 5474:

Imre Sutton, "Cartographic Review of Indian Land Tenure and Territoriality: A Schematic Approach",

5342:"The Ramapough Lunaape Nation: Facing Health Impacts Associated with Proximity to a Superfund Site" 5180:"Tribes Claim BLM Violated Multiple Federal Laws in Permitting Thacker Pass Lithium Mine in Nevada" 4337: 4245:

Posted: June 25, 2010 01:00:00 AM MDT Updated: June 25, 2010 02:13:47 AM MDT Accessed June 25, 2010

3336: 3186: 3150: 3048: 2910: 2538: 2483: 2428: 2413: 2260: 1545: 1330: 1253: 1249: 1010: 837: 760: 734: 375: 328: 4369: 921:, who were removed from their historical homelands in the Southeastern United States and moved to 8797: 8583: 7998: 7066: 7002: 6792: 6663: 6553: 6386: 6381: 6361: 6318: 6185: 6009: 5089:

October 20, Hallie Golden; Now, 2021 Like Tweet Email Print Subscribe Donate (October 20, 2021).

3743: 2573: 2256: 2142: 1972: 1967: 1932: 1777: 678: 383: 299: 3029:

sites eligible for long-term remedial action and financed under the federal Superfund program".

3016:

Reservations are often designated or located close to "superfund sites" areas designated by the

8782: 8733:

Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)

8381: 8312: 8178: 8113: 8043: 7966: 6886: 6828: 6769: 6064: 6030: 5929: 5670: 5040: 4816: 3118: 2488: 2423: 2366: 1872: 1767: 1319: 1265: 933: 659: 581: 391: 291: 178: 5147:"'Like putting a lithium mine on Arlington cemetery': the fight to save sacred land in Nevada" 5121: 5030: 4842: 8787: 8408: 8210: 8053: 8027: 6774: 6759: 6754: 6533: 6479: 6366: 6326: 6289: 6190: 6160: 5797: 3504: 3489: 3448: 2914: 2371: 2356: 2351: 2122: 2064: 1937: 1907: 1862: 1629: 1608: 1539:

The modern-day Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations are located in Northern Arizona, near the

1037:

In 1887, Congress undertook a significant change in reservation policy by the passage of the

918: 478: 440: 6583: 2174: 827: 8757: 8468: 8357: 8220: 8048: 7775: 7382: 7285: 6689: 6494: 6454: 6416: 6247: 5471:, 18th Annual Report, 1896–97, pt. 2 (Wash., D. C.: Bureau of American Ethnology; GPO 1899) 5243: 5091:"Nevada's Thacker Pass highlights how federal courts routinely dismiss Indigenous concerns" 4655: 4279: 3366: 3190: 2644: 2284: 2079: 2039: 2001: 1827: 1581: 1498: 1168: 527: 420: 42: 4750: 4733: 4620:

DeAngelis, T. (2004). The Navajo: Weavers of the Southwest. Mankato, MN: Blue Earth Books.

4382: 4292:"Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country – Research Priorities December 2005" 3450:

Indian Reservations in the United States: Territory, Sovereignty, and Socioeconomic Change

1474: 8: 8463: 8362: 8183: 7733: 7040: 6744: 6699: 6601: 6571: 6518: 6429: 6356: 5768: 5685: 4007: 3078: 2649: 2341: 2296: 2192: 2162: 2105: 2014: 1927: 1329:

Tribal courts were limited to sentences of one year or less, until on July 29, 2010, the

1026: 507: 5594: 5247: 4929:"Indigenous Climate Change Studies: Indigenizing Futures, Decolonizing the Anthropocene" 1603: 989:

The policy was controversial from the start. Reservations were generally established by

8847: 8837: 8403: 8347: 8188: 8079: 8058: 7875: 7567: 6926: 6881: 6848: 6659: 6647: 6643: 6528: 6298: 6267: 6150: 5714: 5697: 5691: 5495:

Imre Sutton, "Sovereign States and the Changing Definition of the Indian Reservation",

5374: 5341: 5322: 5314: 5267: 4956: 4603: 3768: 3554: 3507: 3492: 3043: 2637: 2498: 2418: 2252: 2240: 2236: 2117: 1987: 1867: 1847: 1782: 1737: 1638: 1613: 1598: 1513:

The Treaty of Buffalo Creek signed on 15 January 1838, directly ceded 102,069 acres of

1391: 1195:

financial grants. Tribes may also include such parcels in long-range land use planning.

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from the 1830s. The tribes in the area attempted to join the union as the Native-led

1561: 1534: 1375: 1162: 1143: 880: 816: 663: 626: 8518: 5271: 4291: 8802: 8772: 8767: 8726: 8648: 8475: 8163: 7800: 7598: 7592: 7492: 7124: 7061: 7056: 6676: 6523: 6474: 6217: 6165: 6035: 6014: 5504:

Tiller's Guide to Indian Country: Economic Profiles of American Indian Reservations

5369: 5353: 5298: 5251: 5036: 4940: 4899: 4891: 4745: 4595: 4332: 4229: 3538: 3106: 2941: 2921: 2751: 2599: 2593: 2271: 2112: 2059: 1797: 1747: 1621: 1311: 1089: 978: 922: 791: 775:

Letters from the presidents of the United States on Indian reservations (1825–1837)

674: 233: 5534: 5448:

The Navajo Atlas: Environments, Resources, People, and History of the Diné Bikeyah

4186:"Native Americans in South Dakota: An Erosion of Confidence in the Justice System" 4161: 3744:

Remarks on the Plan for Regulating the Indian Trade, September 1766 – October 1766

3298: 824:." The indigenous peoples of America had land treaty agreements as early as 1713. 8710: 8149: 8010: 7790: 6685: 6671: 6617: 6469: 6155: 6140: 5232:"Arctic Climate Impacts: Environmental Injustice in Canada and the United States" 4928: 4280:"MEMORANDUM FOR UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS WITH DISTRICTS CONTAINING INDIAN COUNTRY" 4266: 4261: 4241: 4236: 4213: 4035: 3026: 2280: 2264: 2208: 2054: 1742: 1727: 1398:

Gang violence has become a major social problem. A December 13, 2009, article in

1310:

Serious crime on Indian reservations has historically been required (by the 1885

1092:

killed the idea before it was fully implemented, five tribes were terminated—the

756: 499: 469: 145: 4944: 4407: 3526: 8820: 8792: 8633: 8480: 8448: 8413: 8374: 7810: 7682: 7667: 7657: 7614: 7532: 7497: 7099: 6749: 6444: 6439: 6341: 6212: 6207: 5589: 5578: 5357: 5302: 4185: 3542: 3129: 3058: 2970: 2726: 2698: 2346: 2029: 2024: 1787: 1507: 1411: 1236: 1109: 926: 905: 780: 670: 362: 31: 7744: 5574:

Henry Red Cloud of Oglala Lakota Tribe on the Recession's Toll on Reservations

5255: 4644:

Mudd, V. (Director). (1985). Broken Rainbow . United States: Earthworks Films.

3392: 8893: 8443: 8227: 7858: 7687: 7662: 7572: 7477: 7437: 6910: 6729: 6567: 6549: 6537: 6514: 6459: 6331: 6262: 6145: 6125: 5365: 5310: 5287:"The Treadmill of Destruction: National Sacrifice Areas and Native Americans" 5263: 4993: 4952: 3550: 3527:"The Treadmill of Destruction: National Sacrifice Areas and Native Americans" 3228: 3053: 2987: 2442: 2326: 2158: 2138: 2126: 2101: 2044: 1912: 1842: 1732: 1712: 1514: 1491: 1438: 1379: 1225: 1154:, and a museum at Foxwoods, on the Mashantucket Pequot Indian Reservation in 1014: 821: 803: 706: 622: 618: 153: 133: 98: 27:

Land managed by Native American nations under the US Bureau of Indian Affairs

6605: 5590:"Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country – Research Priorities" 5231: 2196: 522: 8257: 8084: 8074: 7805: 7677: 7672: 7652: 7537: 7527: 7522: 7502: 6709: 6651: 6130: 5709: 5383: 4903: 4885: 3573:"Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in the United States: 1980–2000" 2468: 2306: 2244: 1717: 1540: 1006: 784: 771:), to solve the land problem with 38 treaties with American Indian tribes. 718: 714: 673:

live outside the reservations, mainly in the larger western cities such as

614: 8453: 4976:

Listening to the Land: Native American literary responses to the landscape

4895: 3097: 799:

dictated that the indigenous tribe sell their land to build a lighthouse.

8352: 7825: 7692: 7629: 7452: 7367: 6843: 6734: 6575: 6563: 6509: 6499: 6464: 6449: 6424: 6346: 6227: 6077: 4206: 2920:

The standard of living on some reservations is comparable to that in the

2331: 2166: 2154: 2094: 2084: 2049: 2034: 2009: 1807: 1442: 1155: 851: 828:

The beginning of the Indigenous Reservation System in America (1763–1834)

569: 5483:

Indian Land Tenure: Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature

5007:

Goode, Ron W. (Spring 2015). "Tribal-Traditional Ecological Knowledge".

4254: 3968:

George D Harmon, "The United States Indian Policy in Texas, 1845–1860",

3955:

George D Harmon, "The United States Indian Policy in Texas, 1845–1860",

3942:

George D Harmon, "The United States Indian Policy in Texas, 1845–1860",

3772: 3299:"Federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities" 8807: 8490: 7795: 7487: 7482: 7357: 7007: 6704: 6694: 6681: 6639: 6609: 6558: 6434: 5318: 5286: 4607: 2301: 2291: 2276: 2232: 2200: 2149: 2019: 1275: 710: 512: 220: 161: 3603: 1441:

tribe members have been involved in sorting out a legal claim for the

8458: 8428: 8369: 7577: 7542: 7447: 7422: 6931: 6838: 6724: 6714: 6634: 6625: 6504: 5703: 5229: 3102: 2493: 2321: 2311: 2227: 2216: 2089: 1503: 1241: 1181: 1129:

on reservations. The tribal council, not the local government or the

1105: 1097: 1093: 1038: 1018: 1002: 862: 601: 5417:

Trusteeship in Change: Toward Tribal Autonomy in Resource Management

4732:

Mohai, Paul; Pellow, David; Roberts, J. Timmons (October 15, 2009).

4599: 3217:"US should return stolen land to Indian tribes, says United Nations" 8418: 7562: 7512: 7467: 7457: 7442: 7432: 7417: 7397: 7372: 7362: 7352: 6833: 6739: 6629: 6621: 6597: 6592: 6351: 5455:

A Continent Lost: A Civilization Won: Indian Land Tenure in America

3926:

William J Bauer, "The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 1825–1855",

3910:

William J Bauer, "The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 1825–1855",

2336: 2220: 2212: 2188: 2183: 1922: 1556:

agree to contracts, specifically leases, in the name of the tribe.

1383: 958: 749: 7024:

List of U.S. communities with Native American majority populations

6952:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

5535:

BIA full-size Indian reservations in the continental United States

2519:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

815:

Scholarly author Buck Woodard used executive papers from Governor

8391: 8278:

Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin

7582: 7557: 7462: 7402: 7377: 7347: 7337: 6406: 6336: 5584: 5521:

Mapping Identity: The Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation, 1803–1902

5205:"Mining Energy-Transition Metals: National Aims, Local Conflicts" 4791:"US Supreme Court rules half of Oklahoma is Native American land" 1947: 1942: 1917: 1657: 1387: 1292: 1271: 949: 157: 8143: 5436:

David H. Getches, Charles F. Wilkinson, and Robert A. Williams,

5410:

State and Reservation: New Perspectives on Federal Indian Policy

886: 574:

U.S. federal government-recognized Native American tribal nation

8569:

Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic

7517: 7472: 7412: 7387: 7342: 5488:

Imre Sutton, ed., "The Political Geography of Indian Country",

4699:"For The Navajo Nation, Uranium Mining's Deadly Legacy Lingers" 3719: 795: 733:. The area was 3,284 acres (13.29 km). Today it is called 267: 6299:

Native American rights movement/Red Power movement (1968-1977)

5585:

Tribal Justice & Safety. at the U.S. Department of Justice

5424:

American Indian Sovereignty and Law: An Annotated Bibliography

5403:

Changing Faces, Changing Places: Mapping Southern Californians

3665:"The Colonies' First and New Jersey's Only Indian Reservation" 7547: 7427: 7392: 5548:, U.S. Census Bureau, Geographic Areas Reference manual (PDF) 2518: 1643: 1151: 892: 832:

The American Indigenous Reservation system started with "the

610: 7315: 6176:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

4383:

Indian Gangs Grow, Bringing Fear and Violence to Reservation

3181: 3179: 1758:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

1120:

Federally-recognized Native American tribes possess limited

1021:, which marked the last conflict officially declared a war. 899: 8705:

UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)

7815: 7619: 7552: 7507: 7407: 3064:

List of historical Indian reservations in the United States

1469: 1353: 810: 165: 5895:

County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State

4335:

article by Mary Clare Jalonick Washington, D.C. (AP) 9-08

4306:"For Native American Women, Scourge of Rape, Rare Justice" 3629:"This Day in Geographic History: First Indian Reservation" 1032: 925:, in a forced mass migration that came to be known as the 5624: 5570:

article with links to other Monitor articles on the topic

3255:. IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 3176: 6902:

Same-sex marriage in tribal nations in the United States

4765: 3804: 3802: 3367:"What is a federal Indian reservation? | Indian Affairs" 3185: 869: 763:(now the Bureau of Indian Affairs) as a division of the 629:

and occupying lands that were first reserved by treaty (

4887:

A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health

4843:"Health of American Indian or Alaska Native Population" 3938: 3936: 3906: 3904: 986:

were especially active in this policy on reservations.

1953:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

852:

Treaty between America and the Menominee Nation (1831)

5339: 5066:

All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life

4230:"Expansion of tribal courts' authority passes Senate" 4008:"President Grant advances "Peace Policy" with tribes" 3799: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3253:"The Indigenous World 2022: United States of America" 1506:

in Wisconsin. President Andrew Jackson, committed to

1136: 8268:

Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador

5938:

City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York

5879:

Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida

3933: 3901: 3890: 3888: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3453:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 45. 1451:

the tribe's claim that the land was never for sale.

8693:

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)

5860:

Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation

4330:"Study: 12 percent of Indian deaths due to alcohol" 1187:Allotment set in motion a number of circumstances: 636:Because recognized Native American nations possess 8920:History of racial segregation in the United States 5546:Chapter 5: American Indian and Alaska Native Areas 4824:, Supreme Court of the United States, July 9, 2020 4731: 3861: 3859: 3651: 944: 693: 592:in which it is located. Some of the country's 574 8721:UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP) 5557:Native American Technical Corrections Act of 2003 5457:(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1937) 4630:Reidhead, S. (2001). "Long Walk of the Navajos". 4303: 3885: 3825: 3758: 1417: 1052: 152:to the 17 million–acre (64,750 square kilometer) 8891: 7252:List of Indian reservations in the United States 6917:Native American recognition in the United States 4370:Gang Violence On The Rise On Indian Reservations 3069:List of Indian reservations in the United States 2868:List of Indian reservations in the United States 1291:Today, many Native American casinos are used as 1013:. Other famous wars in this regard included the 8627:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 8298:International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs 7774: 4372:". NPR: National Public Radio. August 25, 2009. 4352:"Native American reservation lifts alcohol ban" 3856: 3424: 3422: 1359: 1204:decision turned, in part, on the perception of 1150:general store at Fort Hall Indian Reservation, 8318:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 6977:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 5833:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co. 5419:(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2001). 5408:George Pierre Castle and Robert L. Bee, eds., 4859:Johansen, Bruce E., and Barry Pritzker. 2008. 4255:"President Obama signs tribal-justice changes" 4102: 4100: 3896:American Indian Culture & Research Journal 3525:Hooks, Gregory; Smith, Chad L. (August 2004). 2544:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 1414:lists offering rewards for their whereabouts. 8129: 7760: 7301: 6402:Native American identity in the United States 6093: 5610: 5523:(Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2004) 5464:(Norman: University of Nebraska Press, 1990). 5450:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1982). 5088: 3922: 3920: 3697:Kephart, Bill & Mary (November 7, 2010). 2890: 2863:List of federally recognized tribes by state 1281:California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians 887:Indigenous Reservation System in Texas (1845) 856:Scholarly author James Oberly discusses "The 545: 8303:National Indigenous Organization of Colombia 8293:Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism 7247:State-recognized tribes in the United States 7029:Modern social statistics of Native Americans 5514:American Indian Culture and Research Journal 5490:American Indian Culture and Resource Journal 5476:American Indian Culture and Research Journal 5433:(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985) 3419: 3275:"Navajo Population Profile 2010 U.S. Census" 3146:Autonomous administrative divisions of India 1670:Modern social statistics of Native Americans 1620:Much of what is now Oklahoma was considered 1299: 1009:, between 1876 and 1881, which included the 681:. In 2012, there were more than 2.5 million 5661:Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783 5541:U.S. Census tallies for Indian reservations 5412:(Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1992) 4653: 4634:. Vol. I4, no. 4. pp. 24–30. 4497: 4400:"Most Wanted – City of Great Falls Montana" 4297: 4097: 3692: 3690: 3247: 3245: 1528: 1426: 1356:continued to impact Native American women. 144:Ranging from the 1.32-acre (0.534 hectare) 8136: 8122: 7767: 7753: 7308: 7294: 6223:Native Americans in the American Civil War 6107: 6100: 6086: 5617: 5603: 5284: 4863:. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO. p. 156. 4738:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 4518:"Why the Sioux Are Refusing $ 1.3 Billion" 3986:. The Lawbook Exchange. pp. 201–203. 3917: 3524: 3210: 3208: 2897: 2883: 552: 538: 8559:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 7230:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 6238:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 5469:Indian Land Cessions in the United States 5438:Cases and Materials on Federal Indian Law 5373: 4749: 2853:Native American Medal of Honor recipients 1813:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans 900:Rise of Indian removal policy (1830–1868) 705:The first reservation was established by 685:, with 1 million living on reservations. 8549:National Institute of Indigenous Peoples 7316:Political divisions of the United States 6588:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 5694:(1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834) 5415:Richmond L. Clow and Imre Sutton, eds., 5127:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5041:10.5749/minnesota/9780816692644.001.0001 4660:. Universidad de Alcalá. pp. 31–45. 4629: 4585: 3970:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3957:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3944:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 3687: 3242: 2179:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924) 1648: 1602: 1473: 1470:Iroquois land claims in Upstate New York 1458:United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians 1240:the state a party to any contractual or 1219: 1167: 964: 948: 811:Early land sales in Virginia (1705–1713) 598:Indian reservations in the United States 8930:Western (genre) staples and terminology 8669:UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 6060:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians 6048:Tribal sovereignty in the United States 5506:(Albuquerque: BowArrow Pub., 1996/2005) 5440:, 4th ed. (St. Paul: West Group, 1998). 5285:Hooks, Gregory; Smith, Chad L. (2004). 4861:Encyclopedia of American Indian history 4696: 4498:Streshinsky, Maria (February 9, 2011). 3981: 3840:17. no. 2 (2016): page number. 161-180. 3696: 3329:"What is a federal Indian reservation?" 3214: 3205: 3191:"What is a federal Indian reservation?" 2963: 1324:United States federal judicial district 1033:Individualized reservations (1887–1934) 755:On March 11, 1824, U.S. Vice President 580:, subject to regulations passed by the 14: 8925:United States Bureau of Indian Affairs 8892: 8539:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 5903:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe 5177: 5063: 5028: 4883: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4459:Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution 4449: 4445: 4075:Southeastern Oklahoma State University 3662: 3446: 3440: 2958:Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) 586:United States Bureau of Indian Affairs 8910:Aboriginal title in the United States 8424:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples 8323:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 8117: 7748: 7289: 6962:National Congress of American Indians 6907:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women 6870:National Congress of American Indians 6809:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 6397:Native American disease and epidemics 6171:European colonization of the Americas 6081: 5922:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho 5626:Aboriginal title in the United States 5598: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5140: 5138: 5029:Voyles, Traci Brynne (May 15, 2015). 5024: 5022: 5006: 4974:Lee., Schweninger (January 1, 2008). 4926: 4884:Singer, Merrill, ed. (June 8, 2016). 4879: 4877: 4847:National Center for Health Statistics 4751:10.1146/annurev-environ-082508-094348 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4029:Miller Center, University of Virginia 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3520: 3518: 3516: 2529:National Congress of American Indians 2464:American Indian Religious Freedom Act 1753:European colonization of the Americas 1535:Hopi § Hopi–Navajo land disputes 870:1834 Trade and Intercourse Act (1834) 700:European colonization of the Americas 669:The majority of American Indians and 621:, is similar in size to the state of 6967:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 6824:Native American people and Mormonism 6668:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 5852:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States 5429:T. J. Ferguson and E. Richard Hart, 5426:(Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009). 5178:Turner, Kelsey (December 10, 2021). 5144: 4973: 4766:"Congress.gov | Library of Congress" 4657:Environmental Crisis and Human Costs 3437:For general data, see Tiller (1996). 3141:Indigenous territories of Costa Rica 3074:Native American reservation politics 3037: 3018:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2534:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) 2261:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879) 1883:Native American temperance activists 1370:Methamphetamine and Native Americans 647:Court jurisdiction in Indian country 7235:List of federally recognized tribes 6053:List of federally recognized tribes 5825:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy 4571:Treaty and Land Transaction of 1784 3838:American Nineteenth Century History 2858:List of federally recognized tribes 1663: 1592: 953:Most Indian reservations, like the 769:United States Department of Defense 24: 8699:Convention on Biological Diversity 6998:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 6993:Black Indians in the United States 6957:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 6233:Certificate Degree of Indian Blood 5649:Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions 5422:Wade Davies and Richmond L. Clow, 5164: 5135: 5019: 4920: 4874: 4697:Morales, Laurel (April 10, 2016). 4535: 4484: 4422: 4304:Timonthy Williams (May 22, 2012). 4151:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, 1988 3761:South Carolina Historical Magazine 3728: 3513: 2934:Oglala Lakota County, South Dakota 2569:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 2524:Native American Rights Fund (NARF) 1137:Land tenure and federal Indian law 25: 8941: 8727:High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement) 6922:Native American women in politics 6273:Native Americans and World War II 6258:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 5806:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble 5528: 5502:Veronica E. Velarde Tiller, ed., 5145:Flin, Briana (December 2, 2021). 5068:(1st ed.). South End Press. 5035:. University of Minnesota Press. 4670: 4071:"How Do Tribal Governments Work?" 4010:. US National Library of Medicine 1853:Native Americans and World War II 1838:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 1656:in Wisconsin during their annual 1510:west of the Mississippi, agreed. 876:Trade and Intercourse Act of 1834 709:with the colonial governments of 8866: 8865: 8579:Government of the Sakha Republic 8288:Indigenous Environmental Network 8169:Free, prior and informed consent 7886:Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area 6554:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 6542:Antelope Hills expedition (1858) 6278:American Indian boarding schools 5669: 5499:, vol. 66, no. 3 (1976): 281–95. 5462:Atlas of American Indian Affairs 2143:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) 2131:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition 1858:American Indian boarding schools 1690: 1352:As of 2012, a high incidence of 1131:United States federal government 596:govern more than one of the 326 521: 200: 76: 8853:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 8715:Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing 8399:Dakota Access Pipeline protests 8103:Office of Management and Budget 6972:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 5333: 5278: 5223: 5197: 5082: 5057: 5000: 4978:. University of Georgia Press. 4967: 4853: 4835: 4809: 4783: 4758: 4725: 4716: 4690: 4664: 4647: 4638: 4623: 4614: 4579: 4510: 4392: 4375: 4362: 4344: 4323: 4285: 4273: 4248: 4223: 4200: 4178: 4154: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4118: 4109: 4088: 4063: 4041: 4022: 4000: 3975: 3962: 3949: 3872: 3843: 3811: 3789: 3779: 3752: 3635:. July 18, 2014. Archived from 3621: 3604:"40d. Life on the Reservations" 3596: 3587: 3565: 3474: 3431: 3428:Davies & Clow; Sutton 1991. 3410: 3307:General Services Administration 3136:Indigenous territory (Colombia) 2539:Women of All Red Nations (WARN) 1818:Racism against Native Americans 1793:Native American slave ownership 1326:in which the reservation lies. 1316:Federal Bureau of Investigation 1270:In 1979, the Seminole tribe in 1230:Pyramid Lake Indian Reservation 945:Forced assimilation (1868–1887) 765:United States Department of War 717:on August 29, 1758. Located in 694:Colonial and early U.S. history 617:. The largest reservation, the 36:Indian reserve (disambiguation) 8763:2009 Peruvian political crisis 8273:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples 7941:New England city and town area 7324:List of states and territories 7072:Native American Pidgin English 6877:American Indian Movement (AIM) 6253:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 6136:Archaic period in the Americas 5732:Indian Land Claims Settlements 5492:, vol. 15, no. 2 (1991):1–169. 4849:. www.cdc.gov. April 14, 2021. 4220:last updated November 21, 2007 3663:Thomas, JD (August 29, 2013). 3385: 3359: 3350: 3321: 3291: 3267: 3215:McGreal, Chris (May 4, 2012). 2414:American Indian Movement (AIM) 1833:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 1723:Archaic period in the Americas 1570:Church Rock uranium mill spill 1418:Disputes over land sovereignty 1053:Indian New Deal (1934–present) 13: 1: 8594:Council of Indigenous Peoples 7936:Micropolitan statistical area 7931:Metropolitan statistical area 6770:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 6546:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 6534:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 5738:Indian Claims Limitations Act 4927:Whyte, Kyle (March 1, 2017). 3928:History: Reviews of New Books 3912:History: Reviews of New Books 3164: 3125:Indigenous territory (Brazil) 2938:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation 2930:Crow Creek Indian Reservation 2367:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911) 2135:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) 2123:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877) 1408:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation 1182:General Allotment Act (Dawes) 1115: 8900:American Indian reservations 8778:Expulsion of the Chagossians 7831:United States Virgin Islands 6865:Native American civil rights 6775:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 6760:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 6755:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 6677:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 6304:Native American civil rights 5887:Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe 5726:Indian Claims Commission Act 5485:(NY: Clearwater Publ. 1975). 5291:American Sociological Review 4465:(2): 651–683. Archived from 4264:article by Michael Riley in 4239:article by Michael Riley in 3930:36, no. 2 (Winter 2008): 51. 3914:36, no. 2 (Winter 2008): 50. 3531:American Sociological Review 3193:. Department of the Interior 3022:National Library of Medicine 2926:Buffalo County, South Dakota 2372:Battle of Bear Valley (1918) 2357:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) 2352:Battle of Sugar Point (1898) 2272:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) 1878:Alcohol and Native Americans 1773:Slavery in the United States 1654:Red Cliff Indian Reservation 1366:Alcohol and Native Americans 1360:Violence and substance abuse 1286:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 7: 8574:Government of Bashkortostan 8439:American Indian reservation 8308:Native American Rights Fund 7919:Core-based statistical area 7711:List of Indian reservations 7218:Native American politicians 7208:Native American War Leaders 6686:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 6672:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 6664:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 6660:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 6644:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 6572:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 6294:Native American Rights Fund 5562:Gambling on the reservation 5401:J. P. Allen and E. Turner, 5346:Journal of Community Health 5009:News from Native California 4945:10.1215/00138282-55.1-2.153 4124:The Equalization Act, 1959. 4115:Getches et al, pp. 140–190. 3633:National Geographic Society 3032: 2281:Puget Sound War (1855–1856) 2265:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891) 2257:Great Sioux War (1876–1877) 2253:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) 2237:First Sioux War (1854-1856) 2163:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886) 1580:This case is an example of 1437:The Federal Government and 1306:Indian country jurisdiction 1065:, was sometimes called the 1061:of 1934, also known as the 1043:Umatilla Indian Reservation 846:Non-Intercourse Act of 1834 594:federally recognized tribes 371:Cities, towns, and villages 264:Alaska Native tribal entity 10: 8946: 8529:Fundação Nacional do Índio 8023:State legislative district 7881:Off-reservation trust land 6897:Occupation of Wounded Knee 6614:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 6602:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 6584:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 6580:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 6485:American Revolutionary War 5777:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 5655:Royal Proclamation of 1763 5358:10.1007/s10900-020-00848-2 5303:10.1177/000312240406900405 4500:"Saying No to $ 1 Billion" 4294:, accessed August 12, 2010 4038:, Retrieved April 7, 2014. 3880:American Indian Law Review 3867:American Indian Law Review 3851:American Indian Law Review 3543:10.1177/000312240406900405 3416:Kinney, 1937; Sutton, 1975 3010:Alaska Native Corporations 2434:Occupation of Wounded Knee 2205:Black Hawk War (1865–1872) 2193:Battle at Fort Utah (1850) 2175:Geronimo's War (1881–1886) 2171:Victorio's War (1879–1880) 2070:American Revolutionary War 1667: 1596: 1532: 1433:Seizure of the Black Hills 1430: 1363: 1303: 1263: 1174:Rosebud Indian Reservation 1172:Wagon loaded with squash, 903: 834:Royal Proclamation of 1763 698:From the beginning of the 688: 633:) from the public domain. 276:Tribal Jurisdictional Area 272:Off-reservation trust land 40: 29: 8861: 8745: 8682: 8657: 8614: 8506: 8499: 8340: 8263:Assembly of First Nations 8248: 8156: 8093: 8067: 8036: 8006:Public use microdata area 7954: 7914:Combined statistical area 7894: 7854:Alaska Native corporation 7846: 7783: 7721:International concessions 7719: 7701: 7643: 7605: 7591: 7330: 7321: 7265: 7185: 7087: 7079:Native American languages 7049: 7016: 6985: 6940: 6857: 6819:Native American religions 6801: 6783: 6568:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 6550:Red River War (1874–1875) 6538:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 6415: 6317: 6243:Indian Appropriations Act 6116: 6023: 5952: 5913: 5870: 5843: 5816: 5787: 5758: 5751: 5678: 5667: 5639: 5632: 5567:Christian Science Monitor 5256:10.1080/13549830701657414 4588:American Indian Quarterly 3869:14, no. 1 (1988), 57–103. 3113:Indigenous Protected Area 2846:congressional politicians 2608:Native American languages 2159:Jicarilla War (1849–1855) 2139:Red River War (1874–1875) 2127:Comanche Wars (1836–1877) 1823:Indian Appropriations Act 1611:that were the subject of 1300:Law enforcement and crime 1296:health for their people. 1259: 1059:Indian Reorganization Act 1047:Indian Reorganization Act 955:Laguna Indian reservation 938:Indian Appropriations Act 619:Navajo Nation Reservation 154:Navajo Nation Reservation 140: 126: 118: 111:1758 (Brotherton)–Present 104: 94: 84: 75: 67:Domestic dependent nation 57: 52: 34:. For similar terms, see 8753:Chechen–Russian conflict 8604:Bureau of Indian Affairs 7902:Primary statistical area 7838:ZIP Code Tabulation Area 7821:Northern Mariana Islands 7625:Northern Mariana Islands 6892:Trail of Broken Treaties 6720:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 6710:Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) 6690:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 6652:Colorado War (1863–1865) 5552:Tribal Leaders Directory 4341:accessed October 7, 2009 4338:News From Indian Country 4216:, a four-part series in 3898:24, no. 3 (2000): 39–76. 3337:Bureau of Indian Affairs 3187:Bureau of Indian Affairs 3151:Indigenous Area (Taiwan) 3084:Reservations in Nebraska 3049:Indian Claims Commission 2911:Bureau of Indian Affairs 2429:Trail of Broken Treaties 2317:Hualapai War (1865–1870) 2285:Coeur d'Alene War (1858) 2245:Colorado War (1863–1865) 1607:The reservations of the 1546:Treaty of Bosque Redondo 1529:Navajo–Hopi land dispute 1427:Black Hills land dispute 1331:Tribal Law and Order Act 1254:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1228:-owned cattle begins at 1011:Battle of Little Bighorn 761:Office of Indian Affairs 584:and administered by the 376:Coterminous municipality 329:Consolidated city-county 177:This article is part of 130:About 1 million (total) 41:Not to be confused with 8915:Native American culture 8798:Little Danes experiment 8584:Government of Tatarstan 8251:political organizations 7067:American Indian English 7003:Louisiana Creole people 6793:Native American studies 6745:Bannock Uprising (1895) 6700:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 6656:Powder River War (1865) 6564:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 6382:Mesoamerican literature 6377:Indigenous Peoples' Day 6186:Partus sequitur ventrem 5657:(British North America) 5537:– National Park Service 5064:LaDuke, Winona (1999). 4734:"Environmental Justice" 3982:Bennett, Elmer (2008). 3669:Accessible Archives Inc 2342:Bannock Uprising (1895) 2307:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875) 2297:Navajo Wars (1849–1866) 2249:Powder River War (1865) 2155:Apache Wars (1849–1924) 1963:Indigenous Peoples' Day 1778:Partus sequitur ventrem 1320:United States Attorneys 405:State-recognized tribes 384:Census-designated place 8905:Native American topics 8783:High Arctic relocation 8685:Declarations of Rights 8382:Cultural appropriation 8313:Survival International 8044:Census county division 7962:Congressional district 6887:Occupation of Alcatraz 6829:Native American church 6695:Mohave War (1858–1859) 6682:Yakima War (1855–1858) 6640:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 6618:White River War (1879) 6606:Walker War (1853–1854) 6490:Cherokee–American wars 6065:Legal status of Hawaii 6031:Indigenous land rights 5930:Idaho v. United States 5516:, 20(2): 33–58 (1996). 5478:, 26:2 (2002): 63–113. 4933:English Language Notes 4260:March 4, 2016, at the 4235:March 4, 2016, at the 4212:March 4, 2016, at the 4162:"Enabling Act of 1910" 4034:April 8, 2014, at the 3972:17, no. 3 (1930): 380. 3946:17, no. 3 (1930): 379. 3447:Frantz, Klaus (1999). 3119:Native Community Lands 2996: 2984: 2950: 2704:Southeastern Woodlands 2684:Northeastern Woodlands 2489:Native American church 2424:Occupation of Alcatraz 2277:Yakima War (1855–1858) 2233:Sioux Wars (1854–1891) 2209:White River War (1879) 2197:Walker War (1853–1854) 2075:Cherokee–American wars 1873:Native American rights 1660: 1617: 1482: 1350: 1341: 1266:Native American gaming 1233: 1177: 974: 962: 934:United States Congress 582:United States Congress 576:, whose government is 458:Congressional district 191:Political divisions of 8788:Human rights in Tibet 8515:Aotearoa-New Zealand 8409:Fortress conservation 8211:Traditional knowledge 8174:Intellectual property 8054:Traffic analysis zone 6750:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 6725:Modoc War (1872–1873) 6715:Snake War (1864–1869) 6630:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 6626:Bluff War (1914–1915) 6576:Tonto War (1871–1875) 6327:Mississippian culture 6290:Civil rights movement 6191:Five Civilized Tribes 5798:Fellows v. Blacksmith 5651:(1629 New Netherland) 5460:Francis Paul Prucha, 4896:10.1002/9781118786949 4677:Namaste Publishing UK 4575:National Park Service 4450:Lenane, Rita (2015). 4142:Wishart and Froehling 3882:14, no. 1 (1988), 59. 3853:14, no. 1 (1988), 58. 3482:United States v. Dion 3393:"Explore Census Data" 2992: 2980: 2946: 2915:Indian Health Service 2484:Traditional religions 2392:Civil rights movement 2347:Yaqui Uprising (1896) 2322:Modoc War (1872–1873) 2312:Snake War (1864–1869) 2292:Mohave War(1858–1859) 2221:Bluff Skirmish (1921) 2217:Bluff War (1914–1915) 2167:Tonto War (1871–1875) 1908:Mississippian culture 1863:Civil rights movement 1652: 1609:Five Civilized Tribes 1606: 1477: 1462:$ 1 billion in 2015. 1364:Further information: 1345: 1336: 1274:opened a high-stakes 1223: 1171: 1069:and was initiated by 968: 952: 919:Five Civilized Tribes 725:Reservation and also 590:U.S. state government 479:Homeowner association 441:Conservation district 8812:Residential schools 8758:Sri Lankan Civil War 8500:Legal representation 8469:Urban Indian reserve 8358:Internal colonialism 8249:Non-governmental and 8204:in the United States 8049:Minor civil division 7776:United States census 6765:Last Massacre (1911) 6730:Nez Perce War (1877) 6598:Ute Wars (1850–1923) 6495:Northwest Indian War 6248:Racial Integrity Act 5519:Laura Woodward-Ney, 5467:C. C. Royce, comp., 4472:on December 12, 2019 2964:Environmental issues 2645:Tribal disenrollment 2362:Last Massacre (1911) 2327:Nez Perce War (1877) 2080:Northwest Indian War 1828:Racial Integrity Act 1685:in the United States 1582:environmental racism 1499:Holland Land Company 1318:, and prosecuted by 917:One example was the 528:United States portal 43:Reservation in India 8363:Settler colonialism 7703:Indian reservations 7635:U.S. Virgin Islands 7041:Reservation poverty 6986:Ethnic subdivisions 6858:Political movements 6519:Second Seminole War 6430:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 5769:Johnson v. McIntosh 5686:Northwest Ordinance 5497:Geographical Review 5248:2007LoEnv..12..627T 4389:. December 13, 2009 4049:"Tribal Governance" 3189:(August 19, 2017). 3079:Reservation poverty 2650:Reservation poverty 2633:Societal statistics 2557:Ethnic subdivisions 2385:Political movements 2189:Ute Wars(1850–1923) 2106:Second Seminole War 2015:Anglo-Powhatan Wars 1677:Part of a series on 1448:Fort Laramie Treaty 1027:Rutherford B. Hayes 977:In 1868, President 910:The passage of the 719:southern New Jersey 568:is an area of land 508:Unincorporated area 305:Unorganized Borough 89:Political divisions 53:Indian reservations 8848:Stolen Generations 8649:BBNJ ABS Committee 8404:Discovery doctrine 8348:Civilizing mission 8189:Self-determination 7977:Alaska census area 7876:Hawaiian home land 7864:Indian reservation 6942:Civic and economic 6927:Tribal sovereignty 6882:Red Power Movement 6849:Longhouse Religion 6784:Education, science 6735:Bannock War (1878) 6529:American Civil War 6480:Lord Dunmore's War 6268:Blood quantum laws 6151:Post-Classic stage 5720:Reorganization Act 5715:Curtis Act of 1898 5692:Nonintercourse Act 5446:James M. Goodman, 5184:Native News Online 5120:has generic name ( 4818:McGirt v. Oklahoma 4410:on August 21, 2017 4387:The New York Times 4358:. August 15, 2013. 4356:Al Jazeera America 4310:The New York Times 4133:Sutton, ed., 1991. 3984:Federal Indian Law 3497:Francis v. Francis 3044:Hawaiian home land 2499:Longhouse Religion 2419:Red Power Movement 2397:Self-determination 2332:Bannock War (1878) 2118:American Civil War 2065:Lord Dunmore's War 1988:Tribal sovereignty 1868:Red Power movement 1848:Blood quantum laws 1803:American Civil War 1783:Indian Removal Act 1738:Post-Classic stage 1661: 1639:McGirt v. Oklahoma 1618: 1614:McGirt v. Oklahoma 1599:McGirt v. Oklahoma 1518:400,000 to Ogden. 1483: 1400:The New York Times 1376:traffic collisions 1234: 1224:Spring roundup of 1178: 1122:tribal sovereignty 1075:tribal sovereignty 1063:Howard-Wheeler Act 998:United States Army 975: 963: 912:Indian Removal Act 863:State of Wisconsin 842:Indian Removal Act 638:tribal sovereignty 631:Indian Land Grants 572:and governed by a 566:Indian reservation 260:Hawaiian home land 252:Indian reservation 18:Indian Reservation 8887: 8886: 8872:Indigenous rights 8741: 8740: 8674:Indigenous Caucus 8615:Intergovernmental 8464:Russian republics 8434:Autonomous okrugs 8283:Cultural Survival 8111: 8110: 8028:Urban growth area 7999:Census-designated 7742: 7741: 7283: 7282: 6814:Eagle feather law 6705:Paiute War (1860) 6648:Dakota War (1862) 6610:Tintic War (1856) 6524:Osage Indian War 6455:King Philip's War 6075: 6074: 5948: 5947: 5747: 5746: 5576:—video report by 5236:Local Environment 5050:978-0-8166-9264-4 3373:. August 19, 2017 3161: 3160: 3092:Outside the U.S.: 2907: 2906: 2805: 2804: 2694:Pacific Northwest 2689:Northwest Plateau 2474:Eagle Feather law 2402:Women in politics 2241:Dakota War (1862) 2201:Tintic War (1856) 2113:Osage Indian War 2040:King Philip's War 1890: 1889: 1626:State of Sequoyah 1562:radioactive waste 1163:tenants-in-common 1144:land-use planning 881:Mississippi River 817:William H. Cabell 723:Brotherton Indian 652:state recognition 627:Mississippi River 588:, and not to the 562: 561: 445:National monument 347:Unorganized atoll 339:Municipality (PR) 193:the United States 171: 170: 16:(Redirected from 8937: 8869: 8868: 8803:Mapuche conflict 8773:Chiapas conflict 8768:Alta controversy 8746:Historical cases 8504: 8503: 8486:Rainbow Warriors 8476:Manifest destiny 8164:Ancestral domain 8138: 8131: 8124: 8115: 8114: 7982:Independent city 7801:Federal District 7769: 7762: 7755: 7746: 7745: 7645:Outlying islands 7599:Washington, D.C. 7593:Federal district 7310: 7303: 7296: 7287: 7286: 7193:Native Americans 7062:American English 6635:Posey War (1923) 6352:Iroquois culture 6218:Indian Territory 6166:Age of Discovery 6102: 6095: 6088: 6079: 6078: 6036:Aboriginal title 5756: 5755: 5673: 5637: 5636: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5510:David J. Wishart 5388: 5387: 5377: 5352:(6): 1196–1204. 5337: 5331: 5330: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5175: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5142: 5133: 5132: 5125: 5119: 5115: 5113: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5026: 5017: 5016: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4939:(1–2): 153–162. 4924: 4918: 4917: 4881: 4872: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4762: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4583: 4577: 4568: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4495: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4471: 4456: 4447: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4406:. Archived from 4404:greatfallsmt.net 4396: 4390: 4379: 4373: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4348: 4342: 4333:Associated Press 4327: 4321: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4252: 4246: 4227: 4221: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4166: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4134: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4107: 4104: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4045: 4039: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3979: 3973: 3966: 3960: 3959:17, no. 3 (1930) 3953: 3947: 3940: 3931: 3924: 3915: 3908: 3899: 3892: 3883: 3876: 3870: 3863: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3834: 3823: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3756: 3750: 3741: 3726: 3725:November 7, 2010 3724: 3711: 3709: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3671:. Archived from 3660: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3639:on July 12, 2018 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3600: 3594: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3522: 3511: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3417: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3279: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3183: 3107:British Columbia 3038: 2942:Kyle Powys Whyte 2922:developing world 2899: 2892: 2885: 2821:Native Americans 2699:The Great Plains 2667: 2666: 2602: 2600:American English 2574:Louisiana Creole 2302:Paiute War(1860) 2228:Posey War (1923) 1923:Iroquois culture 1798:Indian Territory 1748:Age of Discovery 1707: 1706: 1694: 1683:Native Americans 1674: 1673: 1664:Life and culture 1622:Indian Territory 1593:Eastern Oklahoma 1439:The Lakota Sioux 1406:violence on the 1312:Major Crimes Act 1206:Indian character 1090:social rejection 1005:on the northern 979:Ulysses S. Grant 923:Indian Territory 792:Martin Van Buren 739:Shamong Township 721:, it was called 683:Native Americans 554: 547: 540: 525: 487:Associated state 466:Special district 334:Independent city 234:Federal district 212: 204: 194: 181: 173: 172: 80: 63: 50: 49: 21: 8945: 8944: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8878:Minority rights 8857: 8843:San controversy 8737: 8711:Nagoya Protocol 8684: 8678: 8661: 8659: 8653: 8616: 8610: 8508: 8495: 8336: 8250: 8244: 8152: 8150:minority rights 8142: 8112: 8107: 8089: 8063: 8059:Voting district 8032: 8011:School district 7950: 7890: 7842: 7779: 7773: 7743: 7738: 7715: 7697: 7639: 7601: 7587: 7326: 7317: 7314: 7284: 7279: 7261: 7181: 7083: 7045: 7012: 6981: 6945: 6943: 6936: 6853: 6797: 6785: 6779: 6740:Crow War (1887) 6411: 6337:Hohokam culture 6313: 6156:Woodland period 6141:Formative stage 6112: 6109:Native American 6106: 6076: 6071: 6019: 5944: 5914:Rehnquist Court 5909: 5866: 5839: 5817:1890—1950 5812: 5783: 5743: 5674: 5665: 5628: 5623: 5531: 5526: 5395:Further reading 5392: 5391: 5338: 5334: 5283: 5279: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5188: 5186: 5176: 5165: 5155: 5153: 5143: 5136: 5126: 5117: 5116: 5107: 5106: 5099: 5097: 5087: 5083: 5076: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5027: 5020: 5005: 5001: 4986: 4972: 4968: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4904:1854/LU-8522620 4882: 4875: 4858: 4854: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4797:. July 10, 2020 4789: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4764: 4763: 4759: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4705: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4671:Moret, Leuren. 4669: 4665: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4600:10.2307/1185706 4584: 4580: 4569: 4536: 4526: 4524: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4496: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4454: 4448: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4380: 4376: 4367: 4363: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4328: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4267:The Denver Post 4262:Wayback Machine 4253: 4249: 4242:The Denver Post 4237:Wayback Machine 4228: 4224: 4218:The Denver Post 4214:Wayback Machine 4207:"Lawless Lands" 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4036:Wayback Machine 4027: 4023: 4013: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3994: 3980: 3976: 3967: 3963: 3954: 3950: 3941: 3934: 3925: 3918: 3909: 3902: 3893: 3886: 3877: 3873: 3864: 3857: 3848: 3844: 3835: 3826: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3780: 3757: 3753: 3748:Founders Online 3742: 3729: 3716:Francis Bernard 3707: 3705: 3695: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3661: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3523: 3514: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3397:data.census.gov 3391: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3339: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3310: 3309:. July 14, 2023 3297: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3251: 3250: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3213: 3206: 3196: 3194: 3184: 3177: 3167: 3162: 3035: 3027:hazardous waste 2966: 2903: 2874: 2873: 2872: 2815: 2807: 2806: 2801: 2713: 2664: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2622: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2598: 2588: 2580: 2579: 2578: 2558: 2550: 2549: 2548: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2503: 2458: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2386: 2378: 2377: 2376: 2337:Crow War (1887) 2004: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1918:Hohokam culture 1902: 1892: 1891: 1743:Woodland period 1728:Formative stage 1704: 1672: 1666: 1601: 1595: 1537: 1531: 1472: 1435: 1429: 1420: 1372: 1362: 1308: 1302: 1268: 1262: 1139: 1118: 1067:Indian New Deal 1055: 1035: 991:executive order 947: 908: 902: 891:States such as 889: 872: 854: 830: 813: 777: 757:John C. Calhoun 696: 691: 558: 526: 504: 500:Federal enclave 491: 483: 475: 470:school district 462: 454: 437:Protected areas 401: 388: 380: 367: 343: 325: 317:District (USVI) 248: 230: 210: 192: 190: 179: 148:'s cemetery in 146:Pit River Tribe 131: 114: 71: 61: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8943: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8793:Indian removal 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8688: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8671: 8665: 8663: 8658:Indigenous-led 8655: 8654: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8645: 8644: 8636: 8634:Arctic Council 8631: 8630: 8629: 8623:African Union 8620: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8588: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8563: 8562: 8561: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8523: 8522: 8521: 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6702: 6697: 6692: 6679: 6674: 6637: 6632: 6622:Ute War (1887) 6595: 6590: 6561: 6556: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6445:Peach Tree War 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6342:Plains Indians 6339: 6334: 6329: 6323: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6311: 6309:Discrimination 6306: 6301: 6296: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6213:Trail of Tears 6210: 6208:Indian removal 6205: 6204: 6203: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6105: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5934: 5926: 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P. Kinney, 5451: 5444: 5441: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5398: 5390: 5389: 5332: 5297:(4): 558–575. 5277: 5242:(6): 627–643. 5222: 5211:. June 3, 2021 5196: 5163: 5134: 5081: 5075:978-0896085992 5074: 5056: 5049: 5018: 4999: 4984: 4966: 4919: 4912: 4873: 4852: 4834: 4808: 4782: 4757: 4724: 4715: 4689: 4663: 4646: 4637: 4622: 4613: 4594:(2): 287–296. 4578: 4534: 4509: 4483: 4421: 4391: 4374: 4361: 4343: 4322: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4247: 4222: 4199: 4177: 4153: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4096: 4087: 4062: 4040: 4021: 3999: 3992: 3974: 3961: 3948: 3932: 3916: 3900: 3884: 3871: 3855: 3842: 3824: 3810: 3798: 3788: 3778: 3751: 3727: 3686: 3675:on May 7, 2021 3650: 3620: 3595: 3586: 3564: 3537:(4): 558–575. 3512: 3473: 3459: 3439: 3430: 3418: 3409: 3384: 3358: 3349: 3320: 3290: 3266: 3241: 3204: 3174: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3130:Indian reserve 3127: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3105:(term used in 3100: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3059:Indian country 3056: 3051: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3031: 2971:Merrill Singer 2965: 2962: 2936:, home of the 2928:, home of the 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2894: 2887: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2777:North Carolina 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2446: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2409: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2213:Ute War (1887) 2186: 2181: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2030:Peach Tree War 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1788:Trail of Tears 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1678: 1665: 1662: 1594: 1591: 1530: 1527: 1508:Indian Removal 1471: 1468: 1431:Main article: 1428: 1425: 1419: 1416: 1412:Crime Stoppers 1402:about growing 1361: 1358: 1304:Main article: 1301: 1298: 1264:Main article: 1261: 1258: 1237:Indian Country 1201: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1138: 1135: 1117: 1114: 1054: 1051: 1034: 1031: 969:Paul Brodie's 946: 943: 927:Trail of Tears 906:Indian removal 904:Main article: 901: 898: 888: 885: 871: 868: 858:Treaty of 1831 853: 850: 829: 826: 812: 809: 781:Andrew Jackson 776: 773: 695: 692: 690: 687: 671:Alaska Natives 605:difficulties. 560: 559: 557: 556: 549: 542: 534: 531: 530: 518: 517: 516: 515: 510: 503: 502: 497: 490: 489: 482: 481: 474: 473: 461: 460: 453: 452: 431: 430: 426: 425: 424: 423: 415: 414: 410: 409: 408: 407: 400: 399: 394: 387: 386: 379: 378: 373: 366: 365: 357: 356: 352: 351: 350: 349: 342: 341: 336: 331: 324: 323: 302: 286: 285: 281: 280: 279: 278: 247: 246: 236: 229: 228: 215: 214: 206: 205: 197: 196: 186: 185: 169: 168: 142: 138: 137: 128: 124: 123: 120: 116: 115: 113: 112: 108: 106: 102: 101: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 73: 72: 70: 69: 64: 62:Also known as: 58: 55: 54: 32:Indian reserve 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8942: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8880: 8879: 8874: 8873: 8864: 8863: 8860: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8832: 8831:United States 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8734: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8660:international 8656: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8621: 8619: 8613: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8540: 8537: 8536: 8534: 8530: 8527: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8444:Indian colony 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8384: 8383: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8339: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8253: 8247: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8228:Treaty rights 8226: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8191: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8139: 8134: 8132: 8127: 8125: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8098:Census Bureau 8096: 8095: 8092: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8066: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7867: 7866: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7859:Indian colony 7857: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7849: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7782: 7777: 7770: 7765: 7763: 7758: 7756: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7688:Palmyra Atoll 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7663:Jarvis Island 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7594: 7590: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7573:West Virginia 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7478:New Hampshire 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7438:Massachusetts 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7320: 7311: 7306: 7304: 7299: 7297: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7264: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088:By state/city 7086: 7080: 7077: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7027: 7026: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6939: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6911:Red handprint 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6515:Seminole Wars 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6475:Pontiac's War 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6460:Tuscarora War 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6392:Neighborhoods 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6332:Adena culture 6330: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6263:Jim Crow laws 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6146:Classic stage 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6126:Paleo-Indians 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6110: 6103: 6098: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679:United States 5677: 5672: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5615: 5613: 5608: 5606: 5601: 5600: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5481:Imre Sutton, 5480: 5477: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5139: 5130: 5123: 5118:|first2= 5111: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5052: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5023: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4985:9780820330587 4981: 4977: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4923: 4915: 4913:9781118786949 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4880: 4878: 4870: 4869:9781851098170 4866: 4862: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4820: 4819: 4812: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4771: 4767: 4761: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4719: 4704: 4700: 4693: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4641: 4633: 4626: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4371: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4203: 4187: 4181: 4163: 4157: 4148: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4112: 4106:Tiller (1996) 4103: 4101: 4091: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4009: 4003: 3995: 3993:9781584777762 3989: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3958: 3952: 3945: 3939: 3937: 3929: 3923: 3921: 3913: 3907: 3905: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3814: 3805: 3803: 3792: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3767:(3): 170–97. 3766: 3762: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3691: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3590: 3574: 3568: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3495: (1986); 3494: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3466:September 30, 3462: 3460:0-226-26089-5 3456: 3452: 3451: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3423: 3413: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3372: 3368: 3362: 3353: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3276: 3270: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3192: 3188: 3182: 3180: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3157: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3054:Indian colony 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3030: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2988:Winona LaDuke 2983: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2961: 2959: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2900: 2895: 2893: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2810: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2659: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2628:Neighborhoods 2626: 2625: 2618: 2617: 2609: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2583: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2564:Black Indians 2562: 2561: 2554: 2553: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2509: 2508: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2453: 2444: 2443:Red handprint 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2405: 2404: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 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1914: 1913:Adena culture 1911: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1843:Jim Crow laws 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1733:Classic stage 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1713:Paleo-Indians 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1634:Supreme Court 1631: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1568:In 1979, the 1566: 1563: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1542: 1536: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1492:Oneida people 1487: 1480: 1476: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1434: 1424: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:liver disease 1377: 1371: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1297: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1267: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1243: 1238: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1030: 1028: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1015:Nez Perce War 1012: 1008: 1004: 999: 994: 992: 987: 985: 980: 972: 967: 961:than farming. 960: 956: 951: 942: 939: 935: 932:In 1851, the 930: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 907: 897: 894: 884: 882: 877: 867: 864: 859: 849: 847: 843: 839: 838:Great Britain 835: 825: 823: 818: 808: 805: 804:Oneida People 800: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 753: 751: 746: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707:Easton Treaty 703: 701: 686: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 665: 661: 655: 653: 648: 643: 639: 634: 632: 628: 624: 623:West Virginia 620: 616: 612: 606: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 555: 550: 548: 543: 541: 536: 535: 533: 532: 529: 524: 520: 519: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 501: 498: 496: 495:Military base 493: 492: 488: 485: 484: 480: 477: 476: 471: 467: 464: 463: 459: 456: 455: 450: 449:National park 446: 442: 438: 435: 434: 433: 432: 428: 427: 422: 419: 418: 417: 416: 412: 411: 406: 403: 402: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 385: 382: 381: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 364: 361: 360: 359: 358: 354: 353: 348: 345: 344: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 326: 322: 321:District (AS) 318: 314: 310: 306: 303: 301: 297: 293: 290: 289: 288: 287: 283: 282: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 250: 249: 244: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 226: 222: 219: 218: 217: 216: 213: 208: 207: 203: 199: 198: 195: 188: 187: 184: 182: 175: 174: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 134:Navajo Nation 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