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129:, and include major attack options, selected attack options, and limited attack options. The chosen attack option and the Gold Codes would be transmitted to the NMCC via a special secure channel. Before the order can be followed by the military, the president must be identified using a special code issued on a plastic card, nicknamed "the biscuit". The authentication is conducted between the president and the NMCC's deputy director of operations, using a challenge code of two
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106:. For an extra level of security, the list of codes on the card includes codes that have no meaning, and therefore the president must memorize where on the list the correct code is located. The concept behind the codes is that they permit the president to present positive identification of being the commander-in-chief and thereby authenticate a launch order to the
133:. The president will read from the biscuit the daily phonetic letters and the deputy director will confirm or deny if they are correct, confirming that the person is the president and the attack orders can be given. As commander-in-chief, the president is the only person with the authority to order the use of nuclear weapons. Nuclear-defense policy expert
124:
If the president decides to launch nuclear weapons, they would be taken aside by the carrier of the nuclear football and the briefcase would be opened. The president would select from among sets of specific orders for attacks on specific targets. The attack options are preset war plans developed
83:". The card's size is similar to that of a credit card, and the president is supposed to carry it on their person. Before it can be read, an opaque plastic covering must be snapped in two and removed.
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argues that the president has almost singular authority to initiate a nuclear attack; while the secretary of defense is required to verify the order, he or she cannot veto it.
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This article is about authentication codes used to command a launch of nuclear weapons. For the binary codes used in telecommunications and GPS, see
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59:, the Gold Codes allow the president to authorize a nuclear attack. Gold Codes, as well as a separate nuclear football, are also assigned to the
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188:, who proposed putting the nuclear codes inside a person so that the president has no choice but to take a life to activate the nuclear weapons
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In the United States, the president has the sole authority to order the use of nuclear weapons, for any reason and at any time.
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argued that in practice, this authority has been delegated by the president to a number of military officers.
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in case the president is incapacitated or otherwise unable to discharge the duties of office pursuant to the
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Hacking
Nuclear Command and Control, International Commission on Nuclear Non proliferation and Disarmament
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500:"The Finger on the Button: The Authority to Use Nuclear Weapons in Nuclear-Armed States"
451:"The Finger on the Button: The Authority to Use Nuclear Weapons in Nuclear-Armed States"
1986:
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Irresolvable Norm
Conflicts in International Law: The Concept of a Legal Dilemma
2571:
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320:"President Bill Clinton Lost Nuclear Codes While in Office, New Book Claims"
1234:
408:
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76:
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676:"How to be President: What to Do and where to Go Once You're in Office"
600:"Debate Over Trump's Fitness Raises Issue of Checks on Nuclear Power"
268:
22:
481:"Presidential Authority and Nuclear Weapons: Taking Back Our Rights"
352:
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404:"Why Clinton's Losing the Nuclear Biscuit Was Really, Really Bad"
264:"Military aides still carry the president's nuclear 'football'"
103:
628:
The doomsday machine: confessions of a nuclear war planner
237:. Fox News Network, LLC. December 22, 2008. Archived from
498:
Lewis, Jeffrey G.; Tertrais, Bruno (February 18, 2019).
449:
Lewis, Jeffrey G.; Tertrais, Bruno (February 18, 2019).
231:"Transcript: Vice President Cheney on 'FOX News Sunday'"
65:
Twenty-fifth
Amendment to the United States Constitution
630:. London Oxford New York New Delhi Sydney: Bloomsbury.
598:
Broad, William J.; Sanger, David E. (August 5, 2016).
2545:
562:"Loose cannons: The president and US nuclear posture"
75:
Gold Codes are arranged in a column and printed on a
28:"The Biscuit" redirects here. For other topics, see
688:
538:. Union of Concerned Scientists. September 22, 2017
86:Gold Codes are generated daily and provided by the
348:"2 White House movie tropes that don't make sense"
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653:Finnis, John, Joseph Boyle, and Germain Grisez.
509:. Middlebury Institute for International Studies
460:. Middlebury Institute for International Studies
18:Nuclear weapon launch codes for the US president
751:
2583:Continuity of government in the United States
1011:Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force
737:
497:
448:
176:Nuclear weapon control in the United Kingdom
597:
744:
730:
662:"U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History"
655:"Nuclear Deterrence, Morality and Realism"
171:National Command Authority (United States)
2578:United States nuclear command and control
694:"A Conversation with Zbigniew Brzezinski"
996:Chief of Staff of the United States Army
625:
401:
345:
151:List of government and military acronyms
375:"US nuclear codes: key terms explained"
258:
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70:
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710:from the original on December 15, 2021
478:
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834:Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security
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485:University of Pennsylvania Law School
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120:Nuclear weapons and the United States
1510:Air Force Historical Research Agency
423:
253:
1635:Officer candidate/training school:
560:Blair, Bruce G. (January 3, 2020).
402:Ambinder, Marc (October 22, 2010).
13:
1505:Naval History and Heritage Command
647:
156:List of established military terms
14:
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682:
566:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
318:Donvan, John (October 20, 2010).
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2065:Uniform Code of Military Justice
882:United States military seniority
529:"Whose Finger Is On the Button?"
479:Zacher, Jules (April 19, 2013).
346:Ambinder, Marc (July 10, 2013).
108:National Military Command Center
2047:Military Occupational Specialty
1495:Army Center of Military History
1100:Military Auxiliary Radio System
970:Department of Homeland Security
877:Active duty three-star officers
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100:United States Strategic Command
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1001:Commandant of the Marine Corps
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814:President of the United States
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45:President of the United States
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1021:Commandant of the Coast Guard
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578:10.1080/00963402.2019.1701279
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1105:Marine Corps Cyber Auxiliary
699:Council on Foreign Relations
7:
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957:Department of the Air Force
824:Deputy Secretary of Defense
166:Multi-factor authentication
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435:September 4, 2011, at the
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626:Ellsberg, Daniel (2017).
2055:Air Force Specialty Code
1769:Awards & decorations
161:Emergency Action Message
88:National Security Agency
30:biscuit (disambiguation)
186:Roger Fisher (academic)
181:Operation Looking Glass
39:is the launch code for
2075:Military Health System
945:Department of the Navy
933:Department of the Army
300:July 14, 2014, at the
206:"The Nuclear Football"
1533:Air Force Art Program
1120:Coast Guard Auxiliary
918:Department of Defense
892:Goldwater–Nichols Act
839:Joint Chiefs of Staff
674:Williams, Stephen P.
306:Brookings Institution
118:Further information:
2324:Aircraft designation
1973:Creeds & Codes:
1092:Civilian auxiliaries
910:Military departments
819:Secretary of Defense
667:Jeutner, Valentin. "
507:nonproliferation.org
458:nonproliferation.org
71:Physical description
2210:Crew-served weapons
2099:Chiefs of Chaplains
1320:Current deployments
690:Zbigniew Brzezinski
380:The Daily Telegraph
2562:Nuclear technology
2205:Individual weapons
1445:Hispanic Americans
1425:Buddhist Americans
1208:United States Code
1178:Special Operations
1031:Reserve components
692:(March 30, 2012),
605:The New York Times
383:. October 21, 2010
210:GlobalSecurity.org
49:commander-in-chief
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637:978-1-60819-670-8
241:on April 20, 2013
47:in their role as
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572:(1): 14=-26.
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295:The Football.
291:
276:. May 5, 2005
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90:(NSA) to the
89:
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68:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
31:
24:
16:
2359:designations
2153:Designations
2094:Conscription
1465:Marine Corps
1399:World War II
1290:Unit mottoes
1235:The Pentagon
1153:Indo-Pacific
975:
968:
923:
916:
774:Marine Corps
712:, retrieved
697:
675:
668:
661:
654:
627:
621:
609:. Retrieved
603:
593:
581:. Retrieved
569:
565:
555:
547:
540:. Retrieved
535:
523:
511:. Retrieved
506:
493:
484:
474:
462:. Retrieved
457:
444:
425:
413:. Retrieved
409:The Atlantic
407:
397:
385:. Retrieved
378:
369:
359:September 7,
357:. Retrieved
351:
341:
329:. Retrieved
323:
313:
304:
290:
278:. Retrieved
267:
243:. Retrieved
239:the original
234:
225:
213:. Retrieved
209:
200:
123:
96:The Pentagon
85:
80:
77:plastic card
74:
53:armed forces
36:
34:
15:
2355:Electronics
2312:World War I
1520:War artists
1460:Coast Guard
1408:By ancestry
798:Coast Guard
792:Space Force
714:November 5,
583:October 13,
542:October 13,
513:October 13,
464:October 13,
235:FoxNews.com
92:White House
81:the biscuit
79:nicknamed "
2572:Categories
2434:Biological
2084:Separation
1962:Enlistment
1912:Enlisted:
1299:Operations
1038:Reserves:
902:Components
807:Leadership
193:References
127:OPLAN 8010
2504:Navboxes
2280:Weapons:
2141:Equipment
1872:Officer:
1546:Personnel
1455:Air Force
1450:Civil War
1325:Conflicts
1280:Logistics
1201:Structure
1183:Strategic
977:Secretary
962:Secretary
950:Secretary
938:Secretary
925:Secretary
786:Air Force
671:" (2017).
611:April 23,
415:April 23,
387:April 23,
331:April 23,
280:April 23,
269:USA Today
245:April 23,
215:April 23,
37:Gold Code
23:Gold code
2463:Category
2439:Chemical
2307:Aircraft
2291:Reactors
2215:Vehicles
2162:vehicles
1736:Uniforms
1729:Uniforms
1553:Training
1394:Colonial
1386:Timeline
1228:Title 50
1223:Title 32
1218:Title 14
1213:Title 10
1163:Southern
1158:Northern
1148:European
845:Chairman
708:archived
439:, p. 10.
433:Archived
353:The Week
325:ABC News
298:Archived
145:See also
114:Protocol
110:(NMCC).
2429:Nuclear
2411:Guidons
2240:Ships:
2167:weapons
2079:Tricare
1967:Officer
1810:Devices
1800:Foreign
1475:Academy
1344:History
1303:history
1244:Units:
1143:Central
704:YouTube
678:(2004).
664:(1988).
657:(1988).
51:of the
2548:Portal
2401:Ensign
2317:active
2259:future
2254:active
2219:active
2051:Rating
1958:Oath:
1817:Badges
1315:Budget
1138:Africa
860:Senate
763:Legend
634:
125:under
104:TACAMO
2365:Flags
2338:Other
2172:other
1952:Other
1865:Ranks
1790:AF/SF
1708:AF/SF
1679:ASVAB
1654:AF/SF
1629:AF/SF
1590:AF/SF
1285:Media
1173:Cyber
1168:Space
865:House
796:CG =
790:SF =
784:AF =
772:MC =
532:(PDF)
503:(PDF)
454:(PDF)
2423:WMDs
2418:Food
2406:Jack
2198:Land
2158:MC:
1785:MC/N
1686:(MC)
1674:MEPS
1624:MC/N
1614:ROTC
1595:prep
1583:prep
1578:MC/N
1571:prep
1470:Navy
1330:Wars
1301:and
780:Navy
778:N =
768:Army
766:A =
716:2016
632:ISBN
613:2019
585:2023
544:2023
515:2023
466:2023
417:2019
389:2019
361:2024
333:2019
282:2019
247:2019
217:2019
102:and
35:The
2300:Air
2274:MSC
2229:Sea
2060:Pay
1982:NCO
574:doi
67:.
2574::
2533:CG
2528:SF
2523:AF
2513:MC
2493:CG
2488:SF
2483:AF
2473:MC
2425::
2396:CG
2391:SF
2386:AF
2376:MC
2367::
2269:CG
2264:AF
2189:CG
2184:AF
2125:CG
2120:AF
2110:MC
2101::
2040:CG
2035:AF
2025:MC
2016::
2007:CG
2002:AF
1992:MC
1941:CG
1936:SF
1931:AF
1921:MC
1901:CG
1896:SF
1891:AF
1881:MC
1853:CG
1848:SF
1843:AF
1833:MC
1819::
1795:CG
1771::
1762:SF
1757:AF
1747:MC
1738::
1713:CG
1698:MC
1663::
1644:MC
1602:CG
1562::
1376:CG
1371:SF
1366:AF
1356:MC
1273:CG
1268:SF
1263:AF
1253:MC
1080:AF
1071::
1062:CG
1057:AF
1047:MC
841::
706:,
702:,
696:,
602:.
570:76
568:.
564:.
546:.
534:.
505:.
483:.
456:.
406:.
377:.
350:.
322:.
272:.
266:.
255:^
233:.
208:.
98:,
94:,
2550::
2518:N
2508:A
2478:N
2468:A
2381:N
2371:A
2361:)
2357:(
2284:N
2249:N
2244:A
2221:)
2217:(
2179:N
2155:)
2151:(
2149:A
2115:N
2105:A
2077:/
2053:/
2049:/
2030:N
2020:A
1997:N
1987:A
1926:N
1916:A
1886:N
1876:A
1838:N
1828:A
1780:A
1752:N
1742:A
1703:N
1693:A
1667:A
1649:N
1639:A
1619:A
1597:)
1593:(
1585:)
1581:(
1573:)
1569:(
1566:A
1361:N
1351:A
1258:N
1248:A
1075:A
1052:N
1042:A
745:e
738:t
731:v
640:.
615:.
587:.
576::
517:.
487:.
468:.
419:.
391:.
363:.
335:.
284:.
249:.
219:.
32:.
25:.
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