171:
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333:. Because of the tens of thousands of different commercial glitters, identical glitter particles can be compelling evidence that a suspect has been at a crime scene. Forensic scientist Edwin Jones has one of the largest collections of glitter, consisting of over 1,000 different samples used in comparison of samples taken from crime scenes. Glitter particles are easily transferred through the air or by touch, yet cling to bodies and clothing, often unnoticed by suspects.
29:
265:
88:
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decorate their
Christmas trees, and modern glitter was born. With his partner, Harry Goetz, Ruschmann cut mica into washers and glitter from metallized cellulose acetate film. During World War II, glass glitter became unavailable so Ruschmann found a market for scrap plastics, which were ground into glitter. In 1943, he purchased Meadowbrook Farm in
197:
Today over 20,000 varieties of glitter are manufactured in a vast number of different colors, sizes, and materials. One estimate suggests 10 million pounds (4.5 million kilograms) of glitter was either purchased or produced between the years of 1989 and 2009, however the source provides no
438:
According to Chris Flower, director-general of the
Cosmetic Toiletry and Perfumery Association, "the total contribution to marine plastic litter from glittery cosmetic products is negligible when compared to the damaging effects of bags and bottles... total effect of giving up traditional glitter
376:
Glitter is also used by nail artists and make-up artists to make statements about femininity and beauty standards. The flashy, sparkling nature of glitter allows users to push standard ideas of beauty and what is and is not considered "excessive" in terms of make-up. Glitter is usually associated
349:
Glitter can be seen as a tool of fashion used by various subcultures, as it allows for a visible statement to be worn and seen on the body. This is because it has been theorized to be a "flickering signifier", or something that destabilizes known notions of popular culture, identity, and society.
183:
The first production of modern plastic glitter is credited to the
American machinist Henry F. Ruschmann who invented a machine to cut photo films and paper in the 1930s. Sometimes, the machine "stuttered," generating small pieces of glossy cellulose that employees picked up and used as "snow" to
188:
where he founded
Meadowbrook Farm Inventions (MFI) in 1948 to produce industrial glitter. MFI became Meadowbrook Inventions, Inc. in 1953. Ruschmann filed a patent for a mechanism for cross-cutting films as well as other glitter-related inventions. Substrates for cutting glitter expanded from
400:. It is possible for glitter to enter the eyes or nose and cause damage to the cornea or other soft tissues potentially irritating them or leading to infection, depending on the size of the glitter. Whether a prosecutor would pursue the charges depends on a number of factors.
434:
Biodegradable glitter made from eucalyptus tree extract is metaled with aluminium and can be coloured. It is "40% softer and more delicate on the skin than conventional glitter," and it decomposes in soil or water. Cellulose glitter is also available.
39:
is an assortment of flat, small, reflective particles that are precision cut and come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. Glitter particles reflect light at different angles, causing the surface to sparkle or shimmer. Glitter is similar to
350:
Glitter is associated with "fringe cultures", which often use excessive glitz and glamor (such as glitter) to evoke a deeper understanding between the relationships of commercialized popular culture and "high" culture, or "high-brow" art.
1712:
1899:
314:
Glitter is commonly used in arts and crafts to color, accessorise and texture items. The small, brightly colored particles often stick to clothing, skin, and furniture, and can be difficult to remove. It is also used in
771:
1943:
1205:
1477:
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temples were sometimes painted with red, green, and grey glitter paint made from mica dust, based on infrared scans of the remnants of paint still found on the structures in present-day
112:
However, as early as 30,000 years ago, mica flakes were used to give cave paintings a glittering appearance. Prehistoric humans are believed to have used cosmetics, made of powdered
1704:
1909:
1745:
1820:
1354:
761:
1451:
79:, which is rarely recycled and can find its way into aquatic habitats, eventually becoming ingested by animals, leading some scientists to call for bans on plastic glitter.
97:
Glittering surfaces have been found to be used since prehistoric times in the arts and in cosmetics. The modern
English word "glitter" comes from the Middle English word
1935:
427:
into the environment. Furthermore, plastic glitter takes about one thousand years to biodegrade, according to
Victoria Miller, a materials and engineering scientist at
555:
388:
in which activists throw glitter on people at public events. Glitter bombers have frequently been motivated by, though not limited to, their targets' opposition to
1651:
1322:
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1153:
198:
evidence or reference point. Commercial glitter ranges in size from 0.002 to .25 inches (0.05 to 6.35 mm) a side. First, flat multi-layered sheets are
1053:
1030:
522:
380:
Because of its tendency to shed off items it is applied to and stick onto unwanted surfaces, including skin, hair, and clothes, glitter is also used for
1593:
1227:
369:, glitter is also used as a tool to help blur gender lines. This helped to create the more extreme "glitter rock" – an even more heightened version of
2044:
913:
669:
757:
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metalized cellulose and aluminum foil to metalized and iridescent film, polyester, PVC, and laminations cut into various shapes.
943:
431:. When dozens of British music festivals pledged to ban single-use plastics by 2021, the proposed ban included plastic glitter.
1873:
2087:
67:. Uses for glitter include clothing, arts, crafts, cosmetics and body paint. Modern glitter is usually manufactured from the
545:
1648:
1101:
496:
218:. These sheets are then cut into tiny particles of many shapes including squares, triangles, rectangles, and hexagons.
2001:"All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat"
1314:
870:"All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat"
626:"All that glitters is litter? Ecological impacts of conventional versus biodegradable glitter in a freshwater habitat"
1544:
288:
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299:
and other "rinse-off" cosmetics has been discontinued in the US; since 2015 the industry has shifted toward using
428:
2125:
1624:
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170:
1583:
1022:
518:
1231:
1061:
795:"Transfer and transport of microplastics from biosolids to agricultural soils and the wider environment"
377:
with nightlife and not professionalism, but wearing it in different settings can push these boundaries.
579:"Glitters as a Source of Primary Microplastics: An Approach to Environmental Responsibility and Ethics"
416:
2000:
869:
692:
625:
51:
Since prehistoric times, glitter has been made from many different materials including stones such as
1936:"Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/2055 - Restriction of microplastics intentionally added to products"
1411:"TikTok Is Going Deep On The Glitter Conspiracy Theories–Is It Toothpaste, Boats, Or Something Else?"
439:
might not be great in comparison with other harmful plastics, we should still do everything we can."
185:
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20:
1201:
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were sewn or woven on to fabric to give it a glittering appearance. Edible glitter made from
1291:
806:
704:
693:"Is this your glitter? An overlooked but potentially environmentally-valuable microplastic"
1254:
8:
1473:
424:
341:
215:
146:, a form of lead, to produce a bright greyish-white glittering paint used for objects of
1179:
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123:
produced "glitter-like substances from crushed beetles" as well as finely ground green
1999:
Green, Dannielle Senga; Jefferson, Megan; Boots, Bas; Stone, Leon (January 15, 2021).
1900:"Could festivals ban glitter? Here's why it's time to switch to biodegradable sparkle"
1537:
Producing women : the
Internet, traditional femininity, queerness, and creativity
868:
Green, Dannielle Senga; Jefferson, Megan; Boots, Bas; Stone, Leon (January 15, 2021).
624:
Green, Dannielle Senga; Jefferson, Megan; Boots, Bas; Stone, Leon (January 15, 2021).
2083:
2066:
Blackledge, Robert D.; Jones, Edwin L. (July 17, 2007), Blackledge, Robert D. (ed.),
2040:
2028:
2020:
1974:
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native peoples, for regional trade both raw and crafted into beads or other objects.
128:
819:
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716:
287:
Glitter is used in cosmetics to make the face and nails shiny or sparkly. After the
2075:
2012:
1904:
1815:
881:
824:
814:
712:
637:
590:
330:
207:
2016:
1126:. Paper Film & Foil Converter (PPFC.online.com). p. 18-20. Archived from
885:
793:
Crossman, Jill; Hurley, Rachel R.; Futter, Martyn; Nizzetto, Luca (July 1, 2020).
641:
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Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. (2002).
492:
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362:
1617:
All music guide to rock : the definitive guide to rock, pop, and soul
829:
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329:
Due to its unique characteristics, glitter has also proven to be useful
107:
1446:
296:
292:
281:
252:
211:
1811:"61 UK festivals are banning glitter - make the switch to eco sparkle"
442:
Since
October 2023, some types of glitter have been restricted in the
762:"Glitter should be banned over environmental impact, scientists warn"
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147:
132:
124:
102:
52:
366:
139:
113:
72:
41:
28:
1705:"Eye doctor warns of dangers of political protest on gay marriage"
1442:"The Glitter Conspiracy Theory: Who Is Taking All Of The Glitter?"
1121:
691:
Tagg, Alexander S.; Ivar do Sul, Juliana A. (September 1, 2019).
393:
385:
277:
60:
45:
2074:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 1–32,
459:
143:
1967:"EU to crack down further on microplastics after glitter ban"
1202:"Operating upon sheets of foil – US 3156283 A"
76:
64:
1737:"All that glitters is not gold, in the eyes of legal system"
792:
392:. Some legal officials argue glitter bombing is technically
264:
87:
1378:"What Is Glitter? A strange journey to the glitter factory"
91:
56:
1089:
Archaeology of
Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia
1921:
1086:
Gibbon, Guy E. (August 1, 1998). Ames, Kenneth M. (ed.).
326:
to draw attention by simulating the scales of prey fish.
300:
1998:
1614:
1054:"Ancient Maya Used "Glitter" Paint to Make Temple Gleam"
867:
623:
284:
and other ingredients is even used by culinary artists.
322:
Glitter coatings or finishes are frequently used on
1619:(3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books.
1474:"Fishing lure – Patent US 2547240 A"
519:"Beauty, Hairstyles and Cosmetics in Ancient Egypt"
1735:
511:
1439:
2117:
1150:"All That Glitters: The History of Shiny Things"
583:Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics
2065:
1506:. National Forensic Science Technology Center.
690:
1874:"Losing its sparkle: the dark side of glitter"
1408:
1315:"Should You Really Be Eating Edible Glitter?"
1290:. Meadowbrook Inventions, Inc. Archived from
1230:. Meadowbrook Inventions, Inc. Archived from
1178:. Meadowbrook Inventions, Inc. Archived from
966:"Neanderthal 'make-up' containers discovered"
752:
750:
1733:
1674:"'Glitter advocates' plot their next victim"
1375:
546:"Restoring The Glitter And Sheen Of Jewelry"
202:, coloring, and reflective material such as
1641:
543:
490:
276:Prior to fabrics made with modern glitter,
1872:Bramley, Ellie Violet (January 21, 2018).
1567:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1498:
1122:Robert Seeley, Henry W. Ruschmann (2021).
747:
415:, has called for a ban on glitter made of
1581:
1282:
1280:
1117:
1115:
1113:
828:
818:
756:
576:
1964:
1734:van der Pool, Lisa (September 2, 2011).
1313:Weinberg, Caroline (February 14, 2018).
1312:
1288:"Glitter and Sequins Sizing and Shaping"
1051:
340:
263:
169:
86:
27:
1871:
1748:from the original on September 29, 2011
1647:Vinciguerra, Thomas (August 27, 2011).
1534:
1440:Dr. Beccy Corkill (December 21, 2022).
1357:from the original on September 27, 2022
1124:"The Discovery, Development of Glitter"
403:
2118:
1897:
1787:from the original on December 11, 2022
1766:
1715:from the original on December 21, 2022
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1390:from the original on December 11, 2022
1277:
1252:
1110:
1085:
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774:from the original on November 15, 2020
544:Blumenthall, Deborah (March 3, 1988).
2072:Forensic Analysis on the Cutting Edge
1946:from the original on October 27, 2023
1853:from the original on October 30, 2018
1823:from the original on October 23, 2018
1804:
1802:
1702:
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1454:from the original on January 10, 2023
1421:from the original on December 8, 2022
1265:from the original on October 21, 2018
1081:
1079:
1021:Sharma, Ruchira (November 17, 2017).
1002:from the original on December 5, 2012
558:from the original on October 15, 2022
499:from the original on October 22, 2013
411:, an environmental anthropologist at
336:
1345:"What Are Microbeads In Toothpaste?"
486:
484:
482:
480:
142:8,000 years ago were using powdered
16:Shiny and small reflective particles
2096:from the original on March 25, 2023
1965:Niranjan, Ajit (October 17, 2023).
1843:"The eco-friendly guide to glitter"
1767:Weaver, Caity (December 21, 2018).
1596:from the original on August 5, 2019
1525:
1513:from the original on March 20, 2023
1480:from the original on April 21, 2016
1208:from the original on April 12, 2016
1156:from the original on August 2, 2012
1052:Hansford, Dave (February 7, 2008).
13:
1940:single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu
1808:
1799:
1409:Trisha Bartle (October 17, 2022).
1376:Caity Weaver (December 21, 2018).
1076:
1033:from the original on April 8, 2023
976:from the original on June 20, 2023
525:from the original on April 8, 2023
14:
2147:
2111:
1582:Marchetti, Gina (December 1998).
1325:from the original on June 9, 2023
1253:Wagner, Sara (February 8, 2018).
946:from the original on July 8, 2023
577:Yurtsever, Meral (June 1, 2019).
477:
450:intentionally added to products.
289:Microbead-Free Waters Act of 2015
165:
2047:from the original on May 5, 2024
1898:Street, Chloe (April 16, 2018).
1703:Kurtz, Judy (February 8, 2012).
916:from the original on May 5, 2024
799:Science of the Total Environment
672:from the original on May 5, 2024
419:(PETE) and aluminum, as it is a
245:
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1027:International Business Times UK
1014:
988:
958:
928:
820:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138334
717:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.05.068
491:Mangum, Aja (October 7, 2007).
429:North Carolina State University
154:of galena was prevalent in the
32:Close-up of holographic glitter
2005:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1672:Moody, Chris (June 20, 2011).
1501:"Glitter as Forensic Evidence"
1023:"Where did glitter come from?"
874:Journal of Hazardous Materials
861:
786:
684:
630:Journal of Hazardous Materials
617:
570:
537:
178:
1:
2017:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070
1228:"90 Seconds with Meadowbrook"
886:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070
642:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124070
470:
192:
127:crystal. Researchers believe
2068:"All that Glitters Is Gold!"
82:
7:
1255:"Let's Talk About Glitter!"
453:
10:
2152:
595:10.1007/s10806-019-09785-0
493:"Glitter: A Brief History"
417:polyethylene terephthalate
268:Furniture made of glitter
200:produced combining plastic
48:, but somewhat smaller.
18:
2080:10.1002/9780470166932.ch1
697:Marine Pollution Bulletin
307:glitter as their primary
186:Bernardsville, New Jersey
101:, possibly by way of the
1499:Blackledge, Bob (2007).
996:"The History of Glitter"
156:Upper Mississippi Valley
21:Glitter (disambiguation)
1742:Boston Business Journal
1654:March 22, 2017, at the
1535:Michele, White (2015).
940:www.merriam-webster.com
936:"Definition of GLITTER"
317:optically variable inks
116:, a sparkling mineral.
1092:. Routledge. pp.
346:
303:-approved "rinse-off"
273:
221:
175:
94:
33:
2126:Visual arts materials
1849:. November 18, 2017.
1294:on September 27, 2013
1182:on September 27, 2013
1176:"Company Information"
760:(November 16, 2017).
521:. Facts and Details.
495:. New York Magazine.
384:, which is an act of
344:
267:
174:Magnified nail polish
173:
150:. The collecting and
90:
31:
1130:on February 22, 2022
446:as part of a ban on
404:Environmental impact
19:For other uses, see
1058:National Geographic
972:. January 9, 2010.
811:2020ScTEn.724m8334C
709:2019MarPB.146...50T
425:hormonal disruptors
216:bismuth oxychloride
1912:on January 2, 2019
1773:The New York Times
1769:"What Is Glitter?"
1660:The New York Times
1383:The New York Times
1234:on January 2, 2013
347:
337:Glitter in culture
305:metallized-plastic
274:
176:
95:
34:
2089:978-0-470-16693-2
1584:"Fringe cultures"
998:. Auntie Illumi.
413:Massey University
390:same-sex marriage
331:forensic evidence
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1908:. Archived from
1905:Evening Standard
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1684:on June 24, 2011
1680:. Archived from
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1649:Glittering Rage.
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1415:Collective World
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1259:Cut to the Trace
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208:titanium dioxide
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1809:Street, Chloe.
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1656:Wayback Machine
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1064:on June 6, 2013
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