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49:
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956:) is used to create a unique glaze color known as barium blue. However, the ethical nature of using barium carbonate for glazes on food contact surfaces has come into question. Barium poisoning by ingestion can result in convulsions, paralysis, digestive discomfort, and death. It is also somewhat soluble in acid, and can contaminate water and soil for long periods of time. These concerns have led to attempts to substitute
33:
584:"-fired (an initial firing of some articles before the glazing and re-firing). A wet glaze—usually transparent—is applied over the decoration. The pigment fuses with the glaze, and appears to be underneath a layer of clear glaze; generally the body material used fires to a whitish colour. The best known type of underglaze decoration is the
537:
Glaze may be applied by dry-dusting a dry mixture over the surface of the clay body or by inserting salt or soda into the kiln at high temperatures to create an atmosphere rich in sodium vapor that interacts with the aluminium and silica oxides in the body to form and deposit glass, producing what is
1368:
C D Fortnum, 1875, Maiolica, Chapter II on
Enamelled or Stanniferous Glazed Wares "It was found that by the addition of a certain portion of the oxide of tin to the composition of glass and oxide of lead the character of the glaze entirely alters. Instead of being translucent it becomes, on fusion,
707:
into the environment when non-recycled ceramic products are exposed to warm or acidic water. Leaching of heavy metals occurs when ceramic products are glazed incorrectly or damaged. Lead and chromium are two heavy metals which can be used in ceramic glazes that are heavily monitored by government
637:
is applied on top of a fired layer of glaze, and generally uses colours in "enamel", essentially glass, which require a second firing at a relatively low temperature to fuse them with the glaze. Because it is only fired at a relatively low temperature, a wider range of pigments could be used in
1159:
Chromium oxidation during manufacturing processes can be reduced with the introduction of compounds that bind to calcium. Ceramic industries are reluctant to use lead alternatives since leaded glazes provide products with a brilliant shine and smooth surface. The United States
Environmental
275:
Lead glazed earthenware was probably made in China during the
Warring States period (475 – 221 BC), and its production increased during the Han dynasty. High temperature proto-celadon glazed stoneware was made earlier than glazed earthenware, since the Shang dynasty (1600 – 1046 BCE).
657:, but the range of colours was limited to those that could withstand a glost firing, as with underglaze. Coloured glazes, where the pigments are mixed into the liquid glaze before it is applied to the pottery, are mostly used to give a single colour to a whole piece, as in most
1086:
Chromium may enter water systems via industrial discharge. Chromium(VI) can enter the environment directly or oxidants present in soils can react with chromium(III) to produce chromium(VI). Plants have reduced amounts of chlorophyll when grown in the presence of chromium(VI).
227:
Historically, glazing of ceramics developed rather slowly, as appropriate materials needed to be discovered, and also firing technology able to reliably reach the necessary temperatures was needed. Glazes first appeared on stone materials in the 4th millennium BC, and
90:. In addition to their functionality, glazes can form a variety of surface finishes, including degrees of glossy or matte finish and color. Glazes may also enhance the underlying design or texture either unmodified or inscribed, carved or painted.
1249:
236:
rather than a clay-based material) was self-glazing, as the material naturally formed a glaze-like layer during firing. Glazing of pottery followed the invention of glass around 1500 BC, in the Middle East and Egypt with alkali glazes including
210:
Glaze may be applied by spraying, dipping, trailing or brushing on an aqueous suspension of the unfired glaze. The colour of a glaze after it has been fired may be significantly different from before firing. To prevent glazed wares sticking to
1861:
Verbinnen, Bram; Billen, Pieter; Van
Coninckxloo, Michiel; Vandecasteele, Carlo (4 June 2013). "Heating Temperature Dependence of Cr(III) Oxidation in the Presence of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Salts and Subsequent Cr(VI) Leaching Behavior".
680:, combine the different types of decoration. In such cases the first firing for the body, any underglaze decoration and glaze is typically followed by a second firing after the overglaze enamels have been applied.
295:
were frequently used for a period, but were gradually phased out; the precise colors and compositions of the glazes have not been recovered. Natural ash glaze, however, was commonly used throughout the country.
971:
To reduce the likelihood of leaching, barium carbonate is used in frit form and bound to silica in a 1:1 ratio. It is also recommended that barium glazes not be used on food contact surfaces or outdoor items.
968:. Experiments in strontium substitution tend to be successful in gloss type glazes, although there are some effects and colors produced in matte type glazes that can only be obtained through use of barium.
1478:
1779:
638:
historic periods. Overglaze colors are low-temperature glazes that give ceramics a more decorative, glassy look. A piece is fired first, this initial firing being called the
299:
In the 13th century, flower designs were painted with red, blue, green, yellow and black overglazes. Overglazes became very popular because of the particular look they gave
622:
155:, plain or coloured, are glossy and transparent after firing, which need only about 800 °C (1,470 °F). They have been used for about 2,000 years in China
1160:
Protection Agency has experimented with a dual glaze, barium alternative to lead, but they were unsuccessful in achieving the same optical effect as leaded glazes.
1550:"Roller Kilns For The Fast Biscuit And Glost Firing Of Porcelain" Rodriguez Mamolar M.J., De La Fuente Revuelta J. Ceram. Inf.(Spain) 20, No.202. 1994. Pg. 25–27
642:, then the overglaze decoration is applied, and it is fired again. Once the piece is fired and comes out of the kiln, its texture is smoother due to the glaze.
2928:
350:
which functions by promoting partial liquefaction in the clay bodies and the other glaze materials. Fluxes lower the high melting point of the glass forms
1112:
is used; more commonly it is used in oxidation to produce bright yellow, orange and red glazes
Uranium glazes were used in the 1920s and 1930s for making
649:, where the paints are applied onto the glaze before firing, and then become incorporated within the glaze layer during firing. This works well with
550:
are applied by dipping pieces directly into the glaze. Other techniques include pouring the glaze over the piece, spraying it onto the piece with an
1596:"Heterogeneous Atmospheric Chemistry of Lead Oxide Particles with Nitrogen Dioxide Increases Lead Solubility: Environmental and Health Implications"
1193:
322:
was one of the earliest new technologies developed by the
Islamic potters. The first Islamic opaque glazes can be found as blue-painted ware in
2961:
2470:
215:
during firing, either a small part of the object being fired (for example, the foot) is left unglazed or, alternatively, special refractory "
117:. Glazed brick is also common. Sanitaryware is invariably glazed, as are many ceramics used in industry, for example ceramic insulators for
71:
coating on ceramics. It is used for decoration, to ensure the item is impermeable to liquids and to minimise the adherence of pollutants.
1176:
604:
and other white-bodied earthenwares in the 18th century, underglaze decoration became widely used on earthenware as well as porcelain.
361:
Raw materials for ceramic glazes generally include silica, which will be the main glass former. Various metal oxides, such as those of
1666:
1831:
1221:
2022:
964:) in glazes that require barium carbonate. Unlike Barium carbonate, Strontium carbonate is not considered a safety hazard by the
1683:
1577:
Omolaoye, J.A,, A. Uzairu, and C.E. Gimba. "Heavy Metal
Assessment of Some Ceramic Products Imported into Nigeria from China."
728:(PbO) as a flux for its low melting range, wide firing range, low surface tension, high index of refraction, and resistance to
703:
Heavy metals are dense metals used in glazes to produce a particular color or texture. Glaze components are more likely to be
1449:
1424:
1390:
1444:(English ed.). New York & London, Beijing: Yale University Press, Foreign Languages Press. pp. 144, 145, 152.
483:
1263:
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to its +6 oxidation state. Chromium(VI) is very soluble and the most mobile out of all the other stable forms of chromium.
48:
2902:
455:
569:
that are removed and discarded after the firing. Small marks left by these spurs are sometimes visible on finished ware.
561:
during firing, either a small part of the item is left unglazed, or it is supported on small refractory supports such as
1339:
1207:
17:
937:, the disposal of leaded glass (chiefly in the form of discarded CRT displays) and lead-glazed ceramics is subject to
2583:
1991:
1488:
600:
bodies, which are given a white tin-glaze and either inglaze or overglaze decoration. With the
English invention of
502:
462:
732:. Lead used in the manufacture of commercial glazes are molecularly bound to silica in a 1:1 ratio, or included in
114:
2495:
2291:
1397:
Pottery only began to be glazed from the mid second millennium BC, coincident with the first production of glass.
1235:
2966:
469:
440:
436:
2407:
2384:
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decoration is applied before the glaze, usually to unfired pottery ("raw" or "greenware") but sometimes to "
3064:
3039:
3034:
2971:
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2240:
451:
3054:
3049:
2015:
607:
330:, originating from 9th century Iraq. Other places for innovative pottery in the Islamic world included
41:
2311:
933:
Because lead exposure is strongly linked to a variety of health problems, collectively referred to as
2946:
2897:
2602:
2271:
2192:
2082:
615:
2540:
2172:
585:
229:
110:
291:. From 552 to 794 AD, differently colored glazes were introduced. The three colored glazes of the
3059:
2661:
2535:
2402:
2276:
429:
152:
1416:
1410:
3006:
2867:
2008:
1298:
390:
1594:
Baltrusaitis, Jonas; Chen, Haihan; Rubasinghege, Gayan; Grassian, Vicki H. (4 December 2012).
1380:
178:, which coats the ware with lead glaze made opaque white by the addition of tin. Known in the
2951:
2576:
2344:
2152:
187:
326:, dating to around the 8th century. Another significant contribution was the development of
2857:
2817:
2734:
2729:
2500:
2374:
2286:
2122:
2112:
1871:
1695:
1663:
1607:
1525:
1004:) is used as a colorant in ceramic glazes. Chromium(III) oxide can undergo a reaction with
634:
476:
135:, traditionally important in East Asia, simply made from wood or plant ash, which contains
2412:
1721:
588:
first produced in China, and then copied in other countries. The striking blue color uses
8:
2520:
2447:
2442:
2364:
2339:
2306:
2167:
980:
957:
385:, stiffens the molten glaze to prevent it from running off the piece. Colorants, such as
118:
1875:
1699:
1611:
1529:
1108:
Urania-based ceramic glazes are dark green or black when fired in a reduction or when UO
2907:
2862:
2676:
2671:
2427:
2349:
2097:
2087:
1980:
1636:
1595:
688:
539:
175:
169:
163:
523:
2842:
2810:
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2769:
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2505:
2475:
2432:
2369:
2354:
2266:
2157:
1987:
1895:
1887:
1641:
1623:
1484:
1445:
1420:
1386:
179:
2756:
1503:"Cleaning Biscuit Fired Ceramic Ware" Hulse D.K, Barnett W.C. UK Pat.Appl.GB2287643A
3044:
2956:
2704:
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2051:
1929:
1879:
1703:
1631:
1615:
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as cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate. However many of the imitative types, such as
581:
566:
394:
98:
1805:
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1707:
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2981:
2714:
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2107:
1670:
1318:
1091:
1025:
729:
402:
311:
183:
140:
3001:
2837:
2452:
2422:
2417:
1256:
Tin-glazed majolica decorated with metallic oxide colours, Mintons, circa 1870.
934:
725:
661:, but can also be used to create designs in contrasting colours, as in Chinese
630:
shrine; coloured glaze, with the figure left unglazed. Ming dynasty, 1300-1400
527:
355:
212:
1662:. 1st ed. Research Triangle Park: International Lead Management Center, 2002.
1347:
519:
3028:
2976:
2887:
2877:
2359:
2316:
2222:
2197:
1891:
1627:
1293:
1005:
515:
257:
2162:
1918:"Chromium as an Environmental Pollutant: Insights on Induced Plant Toxicity"
2784:
2525:
2480:
2437:
2127:
2102:
2056:
1963:
1899:
1860:
1645:
1313:
1113:
757:
704:
697:
374:
347:
292:
280:
125:
124:
The most important groups of traditional glazes, each named after its main
1934:
1917:
1008:(CaO) and atmospheric oxygen in temperatures reached by a kiln to produce
219:" are used as supports. These are removed and discarded after the firing.
2938:
2912:
2699:
2621:
2550:
2515:
2235:
2117:
1684:"Characteristics and properties of glass-ceramics using lead fuming slag"
1308:
1184:
938:
867:
773:
716:
Metals used in ceramic glazes are typically in the form of metal oxides.
597:
589:
319:
307:
300:
261:
75:
2822:
1986:(Third ed.). London, England: A & C Black Publishers, Limited.
1442:
Chinese
Ceramics -- From the Paleolithic Period through the Qing Dynasty
2746:
2719:
2666:
2561:
2545:
2510:
2379:
2147:
2142:
2000:
1303:
669:
650:
577:
562:
443: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
386:
102:
82:
of earthenware. It also gives a tougher surface. Glaze is also used on
1883:
1619:
1537:
2991:
2779:
2774:
2741:
2724:
2656:
2641:
601:
593:
554:
or similar tool, or applying it directly with a brush or other tool.
398:
366:
327:
306:
From the eighth century, the use of glazed ceramics was prevalent in
288:
246:
238:
203:
146:
132:
87:
83:
53:
1593:
418:
2882:
2852:
2709:
2646:
2631:
2616:
2530:
2301:
2077:
2072:
1780:"Leaving Bariumville: Replacing Barium Carbonate in Cone 10 Glazes"
1127:
654:
551:
531:
284:
242:
233:
195:
191:
97:
produced in recent centuries has been glazed, other than pieces in
79:
542:. Most commonly, glazes in aqueous suspension of various powdered
2996:
2872:
2686:
2592:
2250:
1283:
1095:
866:) forms when lead(II) oxide (PbO) of leaded glazes is exposed to
658:
646:
627:
543:
378:
370:
315:
265:
199:
94:
32:
2847:
2326:
2132:
1200:
Meissen porcelain, with blue underglaze decoration on porcelain
1098:
736:
form, to ensure stabilization and reduce the risk of leaching.
673:
662:
611:
405:, are used to modify the visual appearance of the fired glaze.
362:
351:
335:
331:
158:
136:
1951:
1412:
Chinese
Architecture – The Lia, Song, Xi Xia and Jin Dynasties
2245:
2212:
2046:
2031:
1120:
708:
agencies due to their toxicity and ability to bioaccumulate.
693:
677:
547:
323:
269:
68:
334:(from 975 to 1075), Damascus (from 1100 to around 1600) and
3013:
2832:
2636:
2626:
1288:
944:
733:
558:
382:
253:
106:
37:
1516:
Denio, Allen A. (1 April 1980). "Chemistry for potters".
1977:
1559:'Ceramics Glaze Technology.' J.R.Taylor & A.C.Bull.
1382:
Scientific Investigation of Copies, Fakes and Forgeries
1024:). The oxidation reaction changes chromium from its +3
245:. By around 100 BC lead-glazing was widespread in the
2929:
Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery
1589:
1587:
1480:
S.Chands Success Guide (Q&A) Inorganic Chemistry
1415:(English ed.). Yale University Press. pp.
1982:
The Potter's Dictionary of Materials and Techniques
557:To prevent the glazed article from sticking to the
172:, mostly European stoneware. It uses ordinary salt.
1979:
272:, of glazed bricks is a well-known later example.
1856:
1854:
1852:
1714:
1584:
1214:Mug with blue underglaze decoration on porcelain.
109:are often glazed on the surface face, and modern
3026:
1911:
1909:
1573:
1571:
1569:
665:("three-colour") wares, or even painted scenes.
1832:"Barium in Materials and Fired Glazes (hazard)"
1561:The Institute Of Ceramics & Pergamon Press.
162:, around the Mediterranean, and in Europe e.g.
1849:
1773:
1771:
2577:
2471:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
2016:
1906:
1566:
668:Many historical styles, for example Japanese
377:and therefore lower the melting temperature.
1744:
1742:
1472:
1470:
36:Composite body, painted, and glazed bottle.
1768:
1652:
186:, from which it passed to Europe. Includes
78:impermeable to water, sealing the inherent
2584:
2570:
2023:
2009:
1952:Keramik. Geschichte - Technik - Hersteller
1933:
1739:
1722:"ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Barium"
1635:
1467:
1340:"Statistics of U.S. Businesses Main Page"
503:Learn how and when to remove this message
2591:
2030:
1915:
1581:2.5 (2010): 120-25. Web. 15 October 2015
1369:an opaque and beautifully white enamel…"
1228:Coloured lead glazes majolica circa 1870
945:Barium carbonate and Strontium carbonate
711:
687:
621:
606:
572:
514:
47:
31:
1797:
1511:
1509:
1408:
1331:
683:
14:
3027:
1864:Environmental Science & Technology
1823:
1777:
1664:International Lead Management Center
1600:Environmental Science & Technology
1439:
975:
2565:
2004:
1515:
1476:
1433:
1299:Pottery#Glazing and firing techniques
397:, and sometimes opacifiers including
260:, dated to the 13th century BC. The
1710:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
1579:Archives of Applied Science Research
1506:
1337:
724:Ceramic manufacturers primarily use
441:adding citations to reliable sources
412:
287:was decorated with greenish natural
1978:Hamer, Frank; Hamer, Janet (1991).
1803:
1778:Semler, Daniel (17 November 2009).
1748:
1681:
1116:, watch, clock and aircraft dials.
314:, usually in the form of elaborate
24:
1829:
1402:
25:
3076:
719:
1916:Oliveira, Helena (20 May 2012).
1660:Lead Glazes for Ceramic Foodware
1262:
1248:
1234:
1220:
1206:
1192:
1175:
417:
27:Fused coating on ceramic objects
2541:Radioactive waste vitrification
2496:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
1971:
1957:
1942:
1682:Pan, De'an (20 February 2018).
1675:
1553:
1544:
1119:Uranium dioxide is produced by
596:, have off-white or even brown
428:needs additional citations for
1497:
1458:
1372:
1362:
1338:Division, Company Statistics.
1270:20th century glazing technique
1242:Test slabs of different glazes
341:
252:Glazed brick goes back to the
52:Detail of dripping rice-straw
13:
1:
2408:Chemically strengthened glass
1708:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.030
1688:Journal of Cleaner Production
1518:Journal of Chemical Education
1325:
1154:
241:, and in China, using ground
2893:Northern Black Polished Ware
2241:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
7:
1276:
10:
3081:
1385:. Routledge. p. 207.
1163:
739:In polluted environments,
645:Other methods are firstly
616:Tang dynasty tomb guardian
614:coloured lead-glazes in a
408:
222:
42:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2937:
2921:
2798:
2755:
2685:
2610:Base minerals, and glazes
2609:
2603:Glossary of pottery terms
2600:
2461:
2393:
2325:
2272:Chemical vapor deposition
2259:
2221:
2193:Ultra low expansion glass
2083:Borophosphosilicate glass
2065:
2039:
1379:Paul T. Craddock (2009).
346:Glazes need to include a
2799:Processes and decoration
2511:Glass-reinforced plastic
2173:Sodium hexametaphosphate
1810:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1755:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
586:blue and white porcelain
230:Ancient Egyptian faience
111:architectural terracotta
105:, and some other types.
2403:Anti-reflective coating
2277:Glass batch calculation
2158:Photochromic lens glass
1669:27 January 2018 at the
1483:. S. Chand Publishing.
1477:Madan, Gaurav (2005).
700:
631:
619:
534:
190:, Italian Renaissance
182:and then important in
57:
45:
2962:Pre-conquest Americas
2536:Prince Rupert's drops
2385:Transparent materials
2345:Gradient-index optics
2153:Phosphosilicate glass
1806:"Strontium carbonate"
1409:Daiheng, Gao (2002).
712:Metal oxide chemistry
691:
625:
610:
573:Colour and decoration
518:
381:, often derived from
338:(from 1470 to 1550).
320:Tin-opacified glazing
188:Hispano-Moresque ware
51:
35:
2501:Glass ionomer cement
2375:Photosensitive glass
2302:Liquidus temperature
2123:Fluorosilicate glass
684:Environmental impact
635:Overglaze decoration
437:improve this article
149:glazes of porcelain.
119:overhead power lines
3065:Ceramic engineering
3040:Artistic techniques
3035:Painting techniques
2687:Main types, by body
2521:Glass-to-metal seal
2443:Self-cleaning glass
2365:Optical lens design
1935:10.1155/2012/375843
1876:2013EnST...47.5858V
1700:2018JCPro.175..251P
1612:2012EnST...4612806B
1606:(23): 12806–12813.
1530:1980JChEd..57..272D
1440:Zhiyan, Li (2002).
1350:on 26 November 2015
1150:O at 700 °C (973 K)
981:Chromium(III) oxide
976:Chromium(III) oxide
958:Strontium carbonate
743:reacts with water (
264:, built in 1049 in
3055:Glass compositions
3050:Glass applications
2939:History of pottery
2863:Black and red ware
2757:Forming techniques
2506:Glass microspheres
2428:Hydrogen darkening
2350:Hydrogen darkening
2098:Chalcogenide glass
2088:Borosilicate glass
1784:Ceramic Arts Daily
1751:"Barium carbonate"
1464:Mason (1995), p. 5
701:
632:
620:
540:salt glaze pottery
535:
164:Victorian majolica
58:
56:(top), Japan, 1852
46:
18:Glazing (ceramics)
3022:
3021:
2898:Painted Grey Ware
2811:biscuit porcelain
2559:
2558:
2476:Glass-coated wire
2448:sol–gel technique
2433:Insulated glazing
2370:Photochromic lens
2355:Optical amplifier
2307:sol–gel technique
1922:Journal of Botany
1884:10.1021/es4001455
1870:(11): 5858–5863.
1726:www.atsdr.cdc.gov
1658:Lehman, Richard.
1620:10.1021/es3019572
1538:10.1021/ed057p272
1451:978-0-300-11278-8
1426:978-0-300-09559-3
1392:978-0-7506-4205-7
1092:Uranium(IV) oxide
653:pottery, such as
513:
512:
505:
487:
180:Ancient Near East
16:(Redirected from
3072:
2705:Egyptian faience
2695:Asbestos-ceramic
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2297:Ion implantation
2052:Glass transition
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1794:
1792:
1790:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1679:
1673:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1591:
1582:
1575:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1513:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1346:. Archived from
1335:
1266:
1252:
1238:
1224:
1210:
1196:
1179:
1124:uranium trioxide
1083:
1082:
1081:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1039:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1010:calcium chromate
1003:
1002:
1001:
993:
992:
950:Barium carbonate
930:
928:
927:
917:
916:
915:
907:
906:
896:
895:
894:
881:
880:
879:
865:
864:
863:
855:
854:
843:Lead(II) nitrate
838:
837:
836:
826:
825:
824:
814:
813:
812:
802:
800:
799:
787:
786:
785:
771:
770:
769:
755:
753:
752:
741:nitrogen dioxide
508:
501:
497:
494:
488:
486:
445:
421:
413:
395:cobalt carbonate
391:copper carbonate
354:, and sometimes
99:bisque porcelain
74:Glazing renders
40:, 16th century (
21:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3007:list of potters
2933:
2917:
2794:
2751:
2681:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2560:
2555:
2491:Glass electrode
2486:Glass databases
2463:
2457:
2395:
2389:
2321:
2255:
2231:Bioactive glass
2217:
2203:Vitreous enamel
2188:Thoriated glass
2183:Tellurite glass
2168:Soda–lime glass
2138:Gold ruby glass
2108:Cranberry glass
2061:
2035:
2029:
1994:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1948:Ă–rtel, Stefan.
1947:
1943:
1914:
1907:
1859:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1836:digitalfire.com
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1786:
1776:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1747:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1680:
1676:
1671:Wayback Machine
1657:
1653:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1475:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:Vitreous enamel
1279:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1166:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1111:
1103:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1026:oxidation state
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
991:
988:
987:
986:
984:
978:
963:
955:
947:
926:
923:
922:
921:
919:
914:
911:
910:
909:
905:
902:
901:
900:
898:
893:
890:
889:
888:
886:
878:
875:
874:
873:
871:
862:
859:
858:
857:
853:
850:
849:
848:
846:
835:
832:
831:
830:
828:
823:
820:
819:
818:
816:
811:
808:
807:
806:
804:
798:
795:
794:
793:
791:
784:
781:
780:
779:
777:
768:
765:
764:
763:
761:
751:
748:
747:
746:
744:
730:devitrification
722:
714:
686:
575:
524:Enderûn Library
509:
498:
492:
489:
452:"Ceramic glaze"
446:
444:
434:
422:
411:
403:zirconium oxide
344:
312:Islamic pottery
225:
184:Islamic pottery
126:ceramic fluxing
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:Ceramic glazes
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3002:Studio pottery
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2947:Ancient Greece
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Blue and white
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2806:Biscuit firing
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2790:Wheel throwing
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2453:Tempered glass
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:DNA microarray
2420:
2418:Dealkalization
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2292:Glass modeling
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2223:Glass-ceramics
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2163:Silicate glass
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:science topics
2028:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1956:
1941:
1905:
1848:
1830:Hansen, Tony.
1822:
1796:
1767:
1738:
1713:
1674:
1651:
1583:
1565:
1552:
1543:
1505:
1496:
1489:
1466:
1457:
1450:
1432:
1425:
1401:
1391:
1371:
1361:
1344:www.census.gov
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:Ceramic glazes
1165:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1109:
1101:
1078:
1066:
1045:
1036:
1018:
998:
989:
977:
974:
961:
953:
946:
943:
935:lead poisoning
924:
912:
903:
891:
876:
860:
851:
833:
821:
809:
796:
782:
766:
749:
726:lead(II) oxide
721:
720:Lead(II) oxide
718:
713:
710:
685:
682:
574:
571:
528:Topkapi Palace
511:
510:
425:
423:
416:
410:
407:
356:boron trioxide
343:
340:
224:
221:
213:kiln furniture
208:
207:
173:
167:
150:
144:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3077:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Optical fiber
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2317:Vitrification
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Glass melting
2285:
2283:
2282:Glass forming
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Uranium glass
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Soluble glass
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Ceramic glaze
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2003:
1995:
1993:0-8122-3112-0
1989:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1945:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1500:
1492:
1490:9788121918572
1486:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1461:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:Glaze defects
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1265:
1260:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1232:
1223:
1218:
1209:
1204:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1161:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1029:
1027:
1011:
1007:
1006:calcium oxide
982:
973:
969:
967:
959:
951:
942:
941:regulations.
940:
936:
931:
883:
869:
844:
839:
789:
775:
759:
756:) to produce
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
717:
709:
706:
699:
695:
690:
681:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
636:
629:
624:
617:
613:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
507:
504:
496:
485:
482:
478:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
457:
454: –
453:
449:
448:Find sources:
442:
438:
432:
431:
426:This section
424:
420:
415:
414:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:Chogha Zanbil
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
220:
218:
214:
205:
201:
197:
194:(also called
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
161:
160:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
138:
134:
131:
130:
129:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
72:
70:
66:
62:
61:Ceramic glaze
55:
50:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2952:Ancient Rome
2922:Conservation
2858:Black-figure
2827:
2785:Slip casting
2780:RAM pressing
2595:and claywork
2526:Porous glass
2481:Safety glass
2438:Porous glass
2396:modification
2208:Wood's glass
2128:Fused quartz
2103:Cobalt glass
2092:
2057:Supercooling
1981:
1972:Bibliography
1964:Uranium tile
1959:
1950:Uran in der
1949:
1944:
1925:
1921:
1867:
1863:
1839:. Retrieved
1835:
1825:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:
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1787:. Retrieved
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1758:. Retrieved
1754:
1729:. Retrieved
1725:
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1563:Oxford. 1986
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1352:. Retrieved
1348:the original
1343:
1333:
1314:Uranium tile
1169:
1158:
1118:
1114:uranium tile
1107:
1090:
1089:
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884:
840:
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758:nitrous acid
738:
723:
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698:Yuan dynasty
667:
644:
640:glost firing
639:
633:
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499:
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447:
435:Please help
430:verification
427:
360:
348:ceramic flux
345:
305:
298:
293:Tang dynasty
281:Kofun period
278:
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128:agent, are:
123:
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64:
63:, or simply
60:
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29:
2913:Sea pottery
2700:Earthenware
2672:Salt glazed
2662:Lead-glazed
2622:China stone
2551:Glass fiber
2516:Glass cloth
2260:Preparation
2236:CorningWare
2118:Flint glass
2113:Crown glass
2066:Formulation
1694:: 251–256.
1354:27 November
1309:Swatow ware
1185:Nara period
939:toxic waste
868:nitric acid
774:nitric acid
598:earthenware
520:Ä°znik tiles
342:Composition
308:Islamic art
279:During the
262:Iron Pagoda
153:Lead glazes
147:Feldspathic
76:earthenware
3029:Categories
2908:Red-figure
2903:Rang Mahal
2818:Burnishing
2747:Terracotta
2735:soft-paste
2730:hard-paste
2720:Jasperware
2677:Tin-glazed
2667:Lustreware
2546:Windshield
2380:Refraction
2340:Dispersion
2148:Milk glass
2143:Lead glass
1524:(4): 272.
1326:References
1304:Shino ware
1155:Prevention
672:, Chinese
670:Imari ware
651:tin-glazed
578:Underglaze
563:kiln spurs
546:and metal
463:newspapers
387:iron oxide
289:ash glazes
283:of Japan,
256:Temple at
170:Salt-glaze
103:terracotta
2992:Delftware
2843:Pit fired
2742:Stoneware
2725:Porcelain
2715:Ironstone
2657:Ash glaze
2642:Kaolinite
2413:Corrosion
2312:Viscosity
2267:Annealing
1892:0013-936X
1804:PubChem.
1749:PubChem.
1628:0013-936X
1183:Pottery,
1051:+ 2CaO +
602:creamware
594:Delftware
538:known as
493:July 2022
399:tin oxide
373:, act as
367:potassium
328:stoneware
247:Old World
239:ash glaze
204:Delftware
176:Tin-glaze
133:Ash glaze
113:is often
88:porcelain
84:stoneware
54:ash glaze
3014:Tilework
2883:Kakiemon
2853:Slipware
2838:Painting
2775:Pinching
2770:Moulding
2710:Fritware
2647:Petuntse
2632:Feldspar
2617:Bone ash
2531:Pre-preg
2335:Achromat
2078:Bioglass
2073:AgInSbTe
1900:23635007
1789:27 April
1760:28 April
1731:28 April
1667:Archived
1646:23057678
1417:166, 183
1277:See also
1128:hydrogen
1121:reducing
841:Soluble
659:celadons
655:maiolica
626:Chinese
552:airbrush
544:minerals
532:Istanbul
301:ceramics
285:Sue ware
243:feldspar
234:fritware
196:majolica
192:maiolica
80:porosity
3045:Pottery
2997:Faience
2982:Islamic
2873:Celadon
2828:Glazing
2765:Coiling
2593:Pottery
2462:Diverse
2394:Surface
2251:Zerodur
1928:: 1–8.
1872:Bibcode
1696:Bibcode
1637:3518381
1608:Bibcode
1526:Bibcode
1284:Celadon
1164:Gallery
1056:⁄
885:PbO + 2
705:leached
696:model,
692:Glazed
647:inglaze
628:celadon
582:biscuit
522:in the
477:scholar
409:Process
379:Alumina
371:calcium
316:pottery
266:Kaifeng
254:Elamite
223:History
200:faience
95:pottery
67:, is a
2987:Persia
2848:Saggar
2823:Firing
2464:topics
2327:Optics
2133:GeSbTe
2040:Basics
1990:
1898:
1890:
1644:
1634:
1626:
1487:
1448:
1423:
1389:
772:) and
674:doucai
663:sancai
612:Sancai
590:cobalt
567:stilts
548:oxides
479:
472:
465:
458:
450:
363:sodium
352:silica
336:Tabriz
332:Fustat
159:sancai
137:potash
115:glazed
69:glassy
2972:Korea
2967:Japan
2957:China
2888:Malwa
2878:Jorwe
2246:Macor
2213:ZBLAN
2047:Glass
2032:Glass
1841:7 May
1815:7 May
1126:with
1074:CaCrO
1014:CaCrO
960:(SrCO
952:(BaCO
899:Pb(NO
847:Pb(NO
694:stupa
678:wucai
484:JSTOR
470:books
324:Basra
270:China
217:spurs
157:e.g.
107:Tiles
93:Most
65:glaze
2977:Maya
2833:Kiln
2652:Slip
2637:Frit
2627:Clay
1988:ISBN
1926:2012
1896:PMID
1888:ISSN
1843:2020
1817:2020
1791:2020
1762:2020
1733:2020
1642:PMID
1624:ISSN
1485:ISBN
1446:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1356:2015
1289:Frit
1142:→ UO
734:frit
676:and
565:and
559:kiln
456:news
401:and
383:clay
375:flux
369:and
310:and
202:and
141:lime
139:and
86:and
38:Iran
1930:doi
1880:doi
1704:doi
1692:175
1632:PMC
1616:doi
1534:doi
1146:+ H
1138:+ H
966:NIH
887:HNO
872:HNO
829:HNO
817:HNO
803:+ 2
788:).
778:HNO
762:HNO
439:by
393:or
198:),
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1469:^
1419:.
1395:.
1342:.
1134:UO
1130:.
1072:→
1032:Cr
985:Cr
918:+
897:→
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827:+
815:→
805:NO
530:,
526:,
389:,
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318:.
303:.
268:,
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