487:. In the Venetian industry, where very large quantities of beads were produced in the 19th century for the African trade, the core of a decorated bead was produced from molten glass at furnace temperatures, a large-scale industrial process dominated by men. The delicate multicolored decoration was then added by people, mostly women, working at home using an oil lamp or spirit lamp to re-heat the cores and the fine wisps of colored glass used to decorate them. These workers were paid on a piecework basis for the resulting lampwork beads. Modern lampwork beads are made by using a gas torch to heat a rod of glass and spinning the resulting thread around a metal rod covered in bead release. When the base bead has been formed, other colors of glass can be added to the surface to create many designs. After this initial stage of the bead making process, the bead can be further fired in a kiln to make it more durable.
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hot glass and pulling the glass strand out around it, to form a continuous glass tube. In the
Venetian bead industry, molten glass was gathered on the end of a tool called a puntile ("puntying up"), a bubble was incorporated into the center of a gather of molten glass, and a second puntile was attached before stretching the gather with its internal bubble into a long cane. The pulling was a skilled process, and canes were reportedly drawn to lengths up to 200 feet (61 m) long. The drawn tube was then chopped, producing individual drawn beads from its slices. The resulting beads were cooked or rolled in hot sand to round the edges without melting the holes closed; were sieved into sizes; and, usually, strung onto hanks for sale.
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striped or otherwise patterned, the resulting beads can be more elaborately colored than seed beads. One "feed" of a hot rod might result in 10–20 beads, and a single operator can make thousands in a day. Glass beads are also manufactured or moulded using a rotary machine where molten glass is fed in to the centre of a rotary mould and solid or hollow glass beads are formed.
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and glass move in the flame. American torches are usually mounted at about a 45-degree angle, a result of scientific glassblowing heritage; Japanese torches are recessed, and have flames coming straight up, like a large bunsen burner; Czech production torches tend to be positioned nearly horizontally.
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There are several methods for making drawn beads, but they all involve pulling a strand out of a gather of glass in such a way as to incorporate a bubble in the center of the strand to serve as the hole in the bead. In
Arekamedu this was accomplished by inserting a hollow metal tube into the ball of
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Probably the earliest beads of true glass were made by the winding method. Glass at a temperature high enough to make it workable, or "ductile", is laid down or wound around a steel wire or mandrel coated in a clay slip called "bead release". The wound bead, while still hot, may be further shaped by
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Glass beads are usually categorized by the method used to manipulate the glass – wound beads, drawn beads, and molded beads. There are composites, such as millefiori beads, where cross-sections of a drawn glass cane are applied to a wound glass core. A very minor industry in blown glass beads also
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torch, or burner, a flameworking torch is usually "surface mix"; that is, the oxygen and fuel (typically propane, though natural gas is also common) is mixed after it comes out of the torch, resulting in a quieter tool and less dirty flame. Also unlike metalworking, the torch is fixed, and the bead
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beads, a form of clay bead with a self-forming vitreous coating. Glass beads are significant in archaeology because the presence of glass beads often indicate that there was trade and that the bead making technology was being spread. In addition, the composition of the glass beads could be analyzed
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in the early 20th century. Thick glass rods are heated to molten and fed into a complex apparatus that stamps the glass, including a needle that pierces a hole. The beads again are rolled in hot sand to remove flashing and soften seam lines. By making canes (the glass rods fed into the machine)
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glass is used to produce high-end art beads. Dichroic glass has a thin film of metal fused to the surface of the glass, resulting in a surface that has a metallic sheen that changes between two colors when viewed at different angles. Beads can be pressed, or made with traditional lampworking
667:, have been adapted make beads. Furnace glass uses large decorated canes built up out of smaller canes, encased in clear glass and then extruded to form the beads with linear and twisting stripe patterns. No air is blown into the glass. These beads require a large scale glass
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can be blown at the end of a metal tube, or, more commonly wound on the mandrel to make a hollow bead, but the former is unusual and the latter not a true mouth-blown technique.) In addition, beads can be fused from sheet glass or using ground glass.
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The drawing of glass is also ancient. Evidence of large-scale drawn-glass bead making has been found by archeologists in India, at sites like
Arekamedu dating to the 2nd century CE. The small drawn beads made by that industry have been called
268:, 'to marble'. It can also be pressed into a mold in its molten state. While still hot, or after re-heating, the surface of the bead may be decorated with fine rods of colored glass called stringers creating a type of lampwork bead.
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The
Bohemian glass industry was known for its ability to copy more expensive beads, and produced molded glass "lion's teeth", "coral", and "shells", which were popular in the 19th and early 20th century Africa trade.
940:
Glover, I. C., & Bellina, B. (2011). Ban Don Ta Phet and Khao Sam Kaeo: The
Earliest Indian Contacts Re-assessed. Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange
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are made in
Mauritania, historically by women, using powdered glass that the bead maker usually grinds from commercially available glass seed beads and recycled glass.
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manipulating with graphite, wood, stainless steel, brass, tungsten or marble tools and paddles. This process is called marvering, a term derived from the French
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Lead crystal beads are machine-cut and polished. Their high lead content makes them sparkle more than other glass, but also makes them inherently fragile.
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Kanungo, A.K. 2004. Glass Beads in
Ancient India and Furnace-Wound Beads at Purdalpur: An Ethnoarchaeological Approach. Asian Perspectives 43(1):123–150.
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Molded ground glass, if painted into the mold, is called pate de verre, and the technique can be used to make beads, though
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A variant of the wound glass bead making technique, and a labor-intensive one, is what is traditionally called
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techniques. If the glass is kept in the flame too long, the metallic coating will turn silver and burn off.
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Pressed or molded beads are associated with lower labour costs. These were commonly produced in the
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Modern Ghana has an industry in beads molded from powdered glass. Also in Africa,
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Contemporary lampworking : a practical guide to shaping glass in the flame
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are more typical. Lampwork (and other) beads can be painted with glass paints.
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Modern bead makers use single or dual fuel torches, hence the more modern term
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has long traditions, with the oldest known beads dating over 3,000 years.
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and help archaeologists understand the sources of the beads.
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is available in tubing, allowing for glass blown beads. (
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68:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
173:times. Perhaps the earliest glass-like beads were
288:The most common type of modern glass bead is the
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27:"Glass bead" redirects here. For the song by
818:Lead glass (for neon signs) and, especially
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720:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
619:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
541:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
425:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
334:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
229:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
187:existed in 19th-century Venice and France.
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806:Learn how and when to remove this message
740:Learn how and when to remove this message
639:Learn how and when to remove this message
561:Learn how and when to remove this message
445:Learn how and when to remove this message
354:Learn how and when to remove this message
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
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471:glass bead showing thin film application
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963:. Prescott, Ariz.: Salusa Glassworks.
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182:Common types of glass bead manufacture
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890:"Glass Online: The History of Glass"
788:adding citations to reliable sources
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718:adding citations to reliable sources
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617:adding citations to reliable sources
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332:adding citations to reliable sources
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1044:Extrusion / Drawing (glass fibers)
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169:have been dated back to at least
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53:needs additional citations for
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13:
1:
1571:Joyce Growing Thunder Fogarty
959:Dunham, Bandhu Scott (1994).
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1335:Glossary of glass art terms
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1612:Peranakan beaded slippers
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1059:Precision glass moulding
1054:Drawing (optical fibers)
914:Gowlett, J.A.J. (1997).
1305:Shock metamorphic glass
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1167:Cylinder blown sheet
784:improve this article
714:improve this section
655:techniques, such as
613:improve this section
535:improve this section
503:Dichroic glass beads
419:improve this section
328:improve this section
223:improve this section
62:improve this article
1448:Peranakan cut beads
1290:Radiative processes
1105:historic techniques
1029:Float glass process
479:Furnace glass beads
370:Pressed glass beads
144:Lampworking-closeup
77:"Glass bead making"
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920:. Routledge.
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118:December 2009
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67:
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51:This article
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1621:
1581:Teri Greeves
1561:Martha Berry
1544:Bead artists
1520:Brick stitch
1515:Bead weaving
1500:Bead crochet
1443:Murano beads
1407:
1267:Studio glass
1242:Porous glass
1207:Glass mosaic
1192:Forest glass
1103:Artistic and
960:
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898:. Retrieved
894:the original
884:
860:Murano beads
836:
829:
820:borosilicate
817:
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793:
782:Please help
777:verification
774:
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712:Please help
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682:Lead crystal
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611:Please help
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496:metalworking
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417:Please help
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326:Please help
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296:Molded beads
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60:Please help
55:verification
52:
1468:Trade beads
1428:Kiffa beads
1398:Aggry beads
1217:Lampworking
1157:Crown glass
1152:Cased glass
1147:Caneworking
1142:Broad sheet
1137:Blown plate
832:Kiffa beads
494:. Unlike a
492:flameworked
485:lampworking
467:Lampworked
459:Lampworking
1639:Categories
1586:Maude Kegg
1491:Techniques
1458:Seed beads
1438:Millefiori
1433:Love beads
1227:Millefiori
1127:Beadmaking
1049:Glass wool
1022:techniques
1020:Commercial
1014:techniques
900:2007-10-29
876:References
658:latticinio
88:newspapers
33:Glass Bead
18:Glass bead
1645:Glass art
1623:Bead Game
1607:Quillwork
1493:and tools
1418:Hair pipe
1309:Impactite
1300:Sea glass
1212:Glassware
1172:Engraving
1162:Cut glass
1122:Glass art
1117:Art glass
1112:Āina-kāri
865:Glass art
843:cabochons
796:June 2023
730:June 2023
701:does not
673:annealing
664:zanfirico
629:June 2023
600:does not
551:June 2023
522:does not
435:June 2023
406:does not
344:June 2023
315:does not
290:seed bead
239:June 2023
210:does not
1655:Beadwork
1382:Beadwork
1257:Slumping
1069:Pressing
849:See also
839:pendants
651:Italian
574:Dichroic
469:dichroic
1595:Related
1566:Chipeta
1463:Sequins
1413:Faturan
1328:Related
1177:Etching
1132:Blowing
1094:Rolling
1074:Casting
722:removed
707:sources
669:furnace
621:removed
606:sources
543:removed
528:sources
427:removed
412:sources
336:removed
321:sources
265:marbrer
231:removed
216:sources
102:scholar
29:GFriend
1473:Wampum
1423:Heishe
1232:Mirror
1202:Fusing
967:
924:
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31:, see
1390:Beads
855:Beads
171:Roman
167:beads
164:Glass
154:beads
109:JSTOR
95:books
965:ISBN
922:ISBN
841:and
705:any
703:cite
676:kiln
671:and
661:and
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81:news
786:by
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