450:
that patients were not being assessed or medically managed correctly. Appropriate assessment is a critical step in medical management for several reasons. First, a reliable assessment allows doctors to provide the appropriate treatment. Second, assessments let doctors keep track of how a patient is doing, and intervene if the patient is doing worse. Finally, a system of assessment allows researchers to define categories of patients. This makes it possible to determine which treatments are best for different types of patients.
479:
scale and interpreting results were also included. The original scale is identical to the current scale except for the motor assessment. The original motor assessment included only five levels, combining "flexion" and "abnormal flexion". This was done because
Jennett and Teasdale found that many people struggled in distinguishing these two states.
500:
The
Glasgow Coma Scale was initially adopted by nursing staff in the Glasgow neurosurgical unit. Especially following a 1975 nursing publication, it was adopted by other medical centres. True widespread adoption of the GCS was attributed to two events in 1978. First, Tom Langfitt, a leading figure in
449:
During the 1960s, assessment and management of head injuries became a topic of interest. The number of head injuries was rapidly increasing, in part because of increased use of motorised transport. Also, doctors recognised that after head trauma, many patients had poor recovery. This led to a concern
428:
and severe facial/eye swelling or damage make it impossible to test the verbal and eye responses. In these circumstances, the score is given as 1 with a modifier attached (e.g. "E1c", where "c" = closed, or "V1t" where t = tube). Often the 1 is left out, so the scale reads Ec or Vt. A composite might
453:
A number of assessments for head injury ("coma scales") were developed, though none were widely adopted. Of 13 scales that had been published by 1974, all involved linear scales that defined levels of consciousness. These scales posed two problems. First, levels of consciousness in these scales were
478:
Their work resulted in the 1974 publication of the first iteration of the GCS. The original scale involved three exam components (eye movement, motor control, and verbal control). These components were scored based on clearly defined behavioural responses. Clear instructions for administering the
491:
Teasdale did not originally intend to use the sum score of the GCS components. However, later work demonstrated that the sum of the GCS components, or the
Glasgow Coma Score, had clinical significance. Specifically, the sum score was correlated with outcome (including death and disability). As a
474:
began work on what became the
Glasgow Coma Scale. Based on their experiences, they aimed to make a scale satisfying several criteria. First, it needed to be simple, so that it could be performed without special training. Second, it needed to be reliable, so that doctors could be confident in the
89:
The GCS assesses a person based on their ability to perform eye movements, speak, and move their body. These three behaviours make up the three elements of the scale: eye, verbal, and motor. A person's GCS score can range from 3 (completely unresponsive) to 15 (responsive). This score is used to
487:
In 1976, Teasdale updated the motor component of the
Glasgow Coma Scale to differentiate flexion movements. This was because trained personnel could reliably distinguish flexion movements. Further research also demonstrated that normal and abnormal flexion have different clinical outcomes. As a
265:
For example, if a person obeys commands only on their right side, they get a 6 for motor. The scale also accounts for situations that prevent appropriate testing (Not
Testable). When specific tests cannot be performed, they must be reported as "NT" and the total score is not reported.
1003:
Fischgold H, Schwartz BA, Dreyfus-Brisac C (February 1959). "Indicateur de l'état de présence et tracés électroencéphalographiques dans le sommeil nembutalique" [Indicator of the state of responsiveness and electroencephalographic recordings during nembutal-induced sleep].
269:
The results are reported as the
Glasgow Coma Score (the total points from the three tests) and the individual components. As an example, a person's score might be: GCS 12, E3 V4 M5. Alternatively, if a patient was intubated, their score could be GCS E2 V NT M3.
261:
The
Glasgow Coma Scale is reported as the combined score (which ranges from 3 to 15) and the score of each test (E for eye, V for Verbal, and M for Motor). For each test, the value should be based on the best response that the person being examined can provide.
410:
Individual elements as well as the sum of the score are important. Hence, the score is expressed in the form "GCS 9 = E2 V4 M3 at 07:35". Patients with scores of 3 to 8 are usually considered to be in a coma. Generally, brain injury is classified as:
505:
strongly encouraging neurosurgical units to adopt the GCS score. Second, the GCS was included in the first version of
Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), which expanded the number of centres where staff were trained in performing the GCS.
1661:
Meredith W, Rutledge R, Fakhry SM, Emery S, Kromhout-Schiro S (May 1998). "The conundrum of the
Glasgow Coma Scale in intubated patients: a linear regression prediction of the Glasgow verbal score from the Glasgow eye and motor scores".
526:
have also been developed as improvements to the GCS. Although the inter-rater reliability of these newer scores has been slightly higher than that of the GCS, they have not yet gained consensus as replacements.
454:
often poorly defined. This made it difficult for doctors and nurses to evaluate head injury patients. Second, different scales used overlapping and obscure terms that made communication difficult.
2459:
432:
The GCS has limited applicability to children, especially below the age of 36 months (when the verbal performance of even a healthy child would be expected to be poor). Consequently, the
284:
Children below the age of two struggle with the tests necessary for assessment of the Glasgow Coma Scale. As a result, a version for children has been developed, and is outlined below.
97:
Lower GCS scores are correlated with higher risk of death. However, the GCS score alone should not be used on its own to predict the outcome for an individual person with brain injury.
1736:". It is important to note that the original publication of the Glasgow Coma Scale explicitly avoided the term "decerebrate extension" because it implied specific anatomical findings.
1184:
Overgaard J, Hvid-Hansen O, Land AM, Pedersen KK, Christensen S, Haase J, et al. (September 1973). "Prognosis after head injury based on early clinical examination".
1732:
Different guidelines report different evaluation of abnormal extension. While some sources indicate extension at the elbow is sufficient, other sources use the language "
2373:
2452:
2004:
1553:"Inter-rater reliability of the Full Outline of UnResponsiveness score and the Glasgow Coma Scale in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study"
2916:
1120:"Acute Injuries of the Head. By G. F. Rowbotham. Fourth edition. 9â…ť Ă— 6Âľ in. Pp. 604, with 271 illustrations. 1964. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd. ÂŁ5"
2445:
1723:, is more effective than a central stimulus such as a trapezius squeeze, as the latter tends to make the patient close their eyes and grimace instead.
1764:
492:
result, the Glasgow Coma Score is used in research to define patient groups. It is also used in clinical practice as shorthand for the full scale.
429:
be "GCS 5tc". This would mean, for example, eyes closed because of swelling = 1, intubated = 1, leaving a motor score of 3 for "abnormal flexion".
1149:
Ommaya AK, Sadowsky D (September 1966). "A system of coding medical data for punched-card machine retrieval. II. As applied to head injuries".
1305:
Teasdale G, Murray G, Parker L, Jennett B (1979). "Adding up the Glasgow Coma Score". In Brihaye J, Clarke PR, Loew F, Overgaard J (eds.).
2911:
2042:
1259:
Mattei TA, Teasdale GM (February 2020). "The Story of the Development and Adoption of the Glasgow Coma Scale: Part I, The Early Years".
2875:
2789:
1870:
2906:
1757:
1623:
1322:
845:
471:
475:
results of the scale. Third, the scale needed to provide important information for managing a patient with a head injury.
1965:
1950:
1890:
2794:
17:
589:
2931:
2870:
2363:
2060:
769:
2732:
2586:
1750:
2765:
2206:
2065:
1998:
2337:
1119:
1844:
1827:
433:
279:
2437:
787:"Performance of the Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale Score in the Evaluation of Children With Blunt Head Trauma"
711:
2936:
2623:
1821:
94:(such as a car accident) and also to monitor hospitalised patients and track their level of consciousness.
229:(acquired causes such as post-stroke, post-neurological injury; congenital/innate such as cerebral palsy)
2638:
2247:
2181:
960:
Bozzamarrubini ML (1 April 1964). "Resuscitation treatment of the different degrees of unconsciousness".
467:
66:
1839:
1784:
518:
and lack of prognostic utility. Although there is no agreed-upon alternative, newer scores such as the
2503:
2368:
2164:
2159:
2110:
1653:
1352:
675:
Iankova A (December 2006). "The Glasgow Coma Scale: clinical application in emergency departments".
2857:
1712:
243:
236:
47:
2921:
2671:
2262:
2105:
2090:
1773:
515:
2830:
2799:
2473:
2342:
2144:
519:
158:
105:
The Glasgow Coma Scale is used for people above the age of two and is composed of three tests:
2926:
2775:
2616:
2581:
2347:
2268:
1733:
785:
Borgialli DA, Mahajan P, Hoyle JD, Powell EC, Nadel FM, Tunik MG, et al. (August 2016).
33:
2784:
2770:
2722:
2199:
2019:
552:
514:
The GCS has come under pressure from some researchers who take issue with the scale's poor
387:
380:
110:
8:
2780:
2546:
2242:
2149:
2070:
1960:
1955:
1945:
1898:
1815:
1799:
1551:
Fischer M, RĂĽegg S, Czaplinski A, Strohmeier M, Lehmann A, Tschan F, et al. (2010).
1467:
Green SM (November 2011). "Cheerio, laddie! Bidding farewell to the Glasgow Coma Scale".
547:
542:
425:
82:) is a clinical scale used to reliably measure a person's level of consciousness after a
2633:
2562:
2122:
2055:
1972:
1933:
1908:
1833:
1641:
1579:
1552:
1528:
1503:
1340:
1284:
1070:
1057:
1040:
985:
657:
1606:
Teasdale G, Murray G, Parker L, Jennett B (1979). "Adding up the Glasgow Coma Score".
1480:
1197:
903:
607:
2469:
2394:
2140:
1940:
1918:
1903:
1794:
1679:
1675:
1629:
1619:
1584:
1533:
1502:
Iyer VN, Mandrekar JN, Danielson RD, Zubkov AY, Elmer JL, Wijdicks EF (August 2009).
1484:
1449:
1445:
1414:
1379:
1328:
1318:
1288:
1276:
1232:
1201:
1166:
1162:
1101:
1062:
1021:
1017:
977:
942:
938:
907:
841:
818:
765:
692:
649:
611:
106:
1074:
989:
688:
661:
632:
Teasdale G, Jennett B (1976). "Assessment and prognosis of coma after head injury".
2814:
2700:
2252:
1923:
1716:
1671:
1611:
1574:
1564:
1523:
1515:
1476:
1441:
1406:
1310:
1268:
1193:
1158:
1131:
1052:
1013:
969:
934:
925:
Bouzarth WF (January 1968). "Neurosurgical watch sheet for craniocerebral trauma".
899:
861:
808:
798:
684:
641:
603:
192:
732:
2847:
2835:
2752:
2654:
2628:
2576:
2532:
2278:
2176:
2050:
1432:
Collicott PE, Hughes I (March 1980). "Training in advanced trauma life support".
759:
117:
responses. The scores for each of these tests are indicated in the table below.
53:
1615:
1314:
2659:
2571:
2389:
2232:
2009:
1720:
1410:
1272:
1690:
2901:
2895:
2606:
2467:
2117:
2100:
911:
463:
1691:
Glasgow Coma Scale at 40 | The new approach to Glasgow Coma Scale assessment
2880:
2840:
2760:
2714:
2678:
2508:
2482:
2426:
2327:
2194:
2186:
2132:
2034:
2024:
1928:
1885:
1880:
1588:
1537:
1488:
1280:
1135:
1105:
1089:
1025:
981:
822:
696:
91:
83:
1742:
1683:
1504:"Validity of the FOUR score coma scale in the medical intensive care unit"
1453:
1383:
1367:
1236:
1220:
1205:
1170:
1066:
946:
813:
615:
2804:
2710:
2666:
2551:
2541:
2518:
2490:
2409:
2332:
1913:
1633:
1418:
1332:
653:
226:
114:
838:
Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, Twelfth Edition
2727:
2498:
2416:
2399:
2311:
2227:
2171:
1977:
973:
803:
786:
645:
594:
523:
188:
890:
Mckissock W, Taylor J, Bloom W, Till K (1960). "Extradural Hæmatoma".
2809:
2742:
2737:
2404:
2286:
2222:
1519:
222:
1397:
Langfitt TW (May 1978). "Measuring the outcome from head injuries".
2692:
2611:
2597:
2528:
2306:
2257:
2237:
2095:
2014:
1789:
1569:
590:"Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale"
488:
result, the six-point motor scale is now considered the standard.
2421:
2301:
1550:
1368:"Acute impairment of brain function-2. Observation record chart"
1183:
719:
Institute of Neurological Sciences NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde
27:
Neurological scale for recording the conscious state of a person
1875:
1002:
557:
61:
1501:
2296:
1982:
1660:
1605:
1304:
784:
536:
2374:
European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
1608:
Proceedings of the 6th European Congress of Neurosurgery
1309:. Vol. 28. Vienna: Springer Vienna. pp. 13–6.
1307:
Proceedings of the 6th European Congress of Neurosurgery
889:
209:
Oriented to time, person, and place, converses normally
1365:
206:
Confused and disoriented, but able to answer questions
1041:"The neurological examination of the comatose patient"
835:
2005:
Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency
482:
1006:
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology
1090:"[The depassed coma (preliminary memoir)]"
2893:
871:. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
1431:
1366:Teasdale G, Galbraith S, Clarke K (June 1975).
631:
587:
1258:
1148:
1087:
959:
436:was developed for assessing younger children.
2917:Medical assessment and evaluation instruments
2453:
1758:
836:Bickley LS, Szilagyi PR, Hoffman RM (2017).
1772:
918:
501:neurological trauma, wrote an editorial in
495:
2876:National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale
2460:
2446:
1765:
1751:
1218:
869:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
249:Flexion / Withdrawal from painful stimuli
1693:(YouTube video on the Glasgow Coma Scale)
1578:
1568:
1527:
1056:
812:
802:
1396:
924:
709:
674:
14:
2894:
1038:
386:Abnormal flexion to painful stimuli (
2441:
1746:
1466:
1300:
1298:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
757:
444:
399:Moves spontaneously and purposefully
90:guide immediate medical care after a
2253:Recombinant activated protein C
862:"Resources Data: Glasgow Coma Scale"
712:"Glasgow Coma Scale: Do it this way"
627:
625:
583:
581:
579:
577:
472:University of Glasgow Medical School
273:
1966:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
1951:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
1891:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
588:Teasdale G, Jennett B (July 1974).
24:
2912:Diagnostic intensive care medicine
1598:
1295:
1243:
1221:"The diagnosis of stupor and coma"
1088:Mollaret P, Goulon M (July 1959).
1058:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1969.tb04785.x
764:(23rd ed.). India: Elsevier.
25:
2948:
2364:Society of Critical Care Medicine
2061:Ventilator-associated lung injury
1481:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.009
725:
703:
622:
574:
483:Updates to the Glasgow Coma Scale
405:
2733:Intervertebral disc annuloplasty
2587:Intracranial pressure monitoring
1676:10.1097/00005373-199805000-00016
1446:10.1001/jama.1980.03300370030022
1163:10.1097/00005373-196609000-00006
939:10.1097/00005373-196801000-00004
330:Opens eyes in response to sound
191:, non-oral language disability,
169:Opens eyes in response to voice
2066:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
1999:Critical illness polyneuropathy
1670:(5): 839–44, discussion 844–5.
1610:. Vol. 28. pp. 13–6.
1544:
1495:
1460:
1425:
1390:
1359:
1212:
1177:
1142:
1112:
1081:
1032:
996:
953:
883:
854:
840:. Wolters Kluwer. p. 791.
829:
689:10.7748/en2006.12.14.8.30.c4221
327:Opens eyes in response to pain
166:Opens eyes in response to pain
1726:
1705:
778:
751:
668:
509:
379:Extension to painful stimuli (
321:Ex: severe trauma to the eyes
288:Pediatric Glasgow Coma Scale
13:
1:
2907:Diagnostic emergency medicine
2871:Mini–mental state examination
1845:Geriatric intensive-care unit
1828:Pediatric intensive care unit
1225:Contemporary Neurology Series
1198:10.1016/S0140-6736(73)92477-X
1045:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
904:10.1016/s0140-6736(60)91322-2
761:Hutchinson's clinical methods
608:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91639-0
563:
434:Paediatric Glasgow Coma Scale
280:Paediatric Glasgow Coma Scale
2624:Multiple subpial transection
2248:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
2191:Nutritional supplementation
1822:Neonatal intensive care unit
1469:Annals of Emergency Medicine
1018:10.1016/0013-4694(59)90004-5
568:
129:Not Testable (NT): Examples
7:
2639:Anterior temporal lobectomy
2348:Water-electrolyte imbalance
2182:Early goal-directed therapy
1616:10.1007/978-3-7091-4088-8_2
1315:10.1007/978-3-7091-4088-8_2
791:Academic Emergency Medicine
530:
157:Severe trauma to the eyes,
10:
2953:
2200:Total parenteral nutrition
2133:Life-supporting treatments
1840:Critical illness insurance
1411:10.3171/jns.1978.48.5.0673
1273:10.1016/j.wneu.2019.10.193
1219:Plum F, Posner JB (1972).
1124:British Journal of Surgery
439:
356:Cries in response to pain
353:Moans in response to pain
277:
100:
31:
2858:Clinical prediction rules
2856:
2823:
2751:
2709:
2691:
2647:
2595:
2560:
2526:
2517:
2504:Decompressive craniectomy
2489:
2480:
2382:
2369:Surviving Sepsis Campaign
2356:
2320:
2277:
2215:
2165:Ventricular assist device
2160:Intra-aortic balloon pump
2131:
2111:Pulmonary artery catheter
2083:
2033:
1991:
1860:
1853:
1808:
1780:
1130:(2): 158. February 1965.
457:
333:Opens eyes spontaneously
172:Opens eyes spontaneously
125:
60:
46:
41:
2932:Neuropsychological tests
1715:, such as squeezing the
1713:peripheral pain stimulus
1698:
496:Adoption in clinical use
200:Incomprehensible sounds
32:Not to be confused with
2672:Amygdalohippocampectomy
2263:Stress ulcer prevention
2207:Therapeutic hypothermia
2106:Central venous catheter
1774:Intensive care medicine
1508:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1399:Journal of Neurosurgery
516:inter-rater reliability
503:Journal of Neurosurgery
252:Moves to localise pain
2831:Electroencephalography
2800:Magnetoencephalography
2474:central nervous system
2338:Level of consciousness
2145:mechanical ventilation
2043:Methicillin-resistant
1136:10.1002/bjs.1800520221
520:simplified motor scale
2776:Pneumoencephalography
2617:Bilateral cingulotomy
2582:Suboccipital puncture
2045:Staphylococcus aureus
1734:decerebrate posturing
1719:area of the person's
1664:The Journal of Trauma
1151:The Journal of Trauma
927:The Journal of Trauma
396:Withdraws from touch
34:Glasgow Outcome Scale
2785:Transcranial Doppler
2771:Cerebral angiography
2723:Spinal decompression
2020:Stress hyperglycemia
1861:Organ system failure
1795:Medical specialities
962:Acta Neurochirurgica
733:"Glasgow Coma Scale"
634:Acta Neurochirurgica
553:Revised Trauma Score
393:Withdraws from pain
388:decorticate response
381:decerebrate response
235:Abnormal extension (
203:Inappropriate words
121:Glasgow Coma Scale
2937:Scottish inventions
2781:Echoencephalography
2547:Thalamic stimulator
2383:Related specialties
2343:Acid–base imbalance
2279:ICU scoring systems
2150:Tracheal intubation
1961:Respiratory failure
1956:Acute liver failure
1946:Acute renal failure
1816:Intensive care unit
1800:Respiratory therapy
710:Teasdale G (2015).
548:Early warning score
543:Blantyre coma scale
426:Tracheal intubation
376:Makes no movements
324:Does not open eyes
289:
244:decorticate posture
237:decerebrate posture
232:Makes no movements
219:(motoric response)
163:Does not open eyes
122:
2866:Glasgow Coma Scale
2634:Corpus callosotomy
2563:Ventricular system
2292:Glasgow Coma Scale
2243:Intravenous fluids
2123:Screening cultures
2091:Arterial blood gas
2056:Refeeding syndrome
1973:Neonatal infection
1934:Vasodilatory shock
1909:Distributive shock
1834:Coronary care unit
1261:World Neurosurgery
1094:Revue Neurologique
1039:Fisher CM (1969).
974:10.1007/BF01402103
804:10.1111/acem.13014
646:10.1007/BF01405862
445:Pre-GCS assessment
418:Moderate, GCS 9–12
295:Not Testable (NT)
287:
242:Abnormal flexion (
193:linguistic barrier
154:(ocular response)
120:
76:Glasgow Coma Scale
42:Glasgow Coma Scale
18:Glasgow coma scale
2889:
2888:
2687:
2686:
2435:
2434:
2395:Internal medicine
2141:Airway management
2079:
2078:
1919:Obstructive shock
1904:Cardiogenic shock
1625:978-3-7091-4090-1
1324:978-3-7091-4090-1
898:(7143): 167–172.
847:978-1-4698-9341-9
739:. 31 October 2018
462:In this setting,
403:
402:
359:Irritable/Crying
274:Pediatric scoring
259:
258:
72:
71:
16:(Redirected from
2944:
2815:Microneurography
2701:Meningeal biopsy
2600:
2565:
2535:
2524:
2523:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2156:Cardiac devices
2010:Decubitus ulcers
1924:Neurogenic shock
1858:
1857:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1709:
1687:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1593:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1520:10.4065/84.8.694
1499:
1493:
1492:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1256:
1241:
1240:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1060:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1000:
994:
993:
957:
951:
950:
922:
916:
915:
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
866:
858:
852:
851:
833:
827:
826:
816:
806:
782:
776:
775:
758:Glynn M (2012).
755:
749:
748:
746:
744:
729:
723:
722:
716:
707:
701:
700:
672:
666:
665:
629:
620:
619:
585:
421:Minor, GCS ≥ 13.
350:Makes no sounds
290:
286:
197:Makes no sounds
185:(oral response)
123:
119:
56:
39:
38:
21:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2852:
2848:Polysomnography
2836:Lumbar puncture
2819:
2747:
2705:
2683:
2655:Pituitary gland
2643:
2629:Hemispherectomy
2596:
2591:
2577:Ventriculostomy
2561:
2556:
2533:globus pallidus
2527:
2513:
2485:
2476:
2466:
2436:
2431:
2378:
2352:
2316:
2273:
2233:Antithrombotics
2211:
2195:Enteral feeding
2177:Kidney dialysis
2127:
2075:
2051:Oxygen toxicity
2029:
1987:
1849:
1804:
1776:
1771:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1727:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1649:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1626:
1601:
1599:General sources
1596:
1549:
1545:
1500:
1496:
1465:
1461:
1430:
1426:
1395:
1391:
1364:
1360:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1325:
1303:
1296:
1257:
1244:
1217:
1213:
1192:(7830): 631–5.
1182:
1178:
1147:
1143:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1086:
1082:
1037:
1033:
1001:
997:
958:
954:
923:
919:
888:
884:
874:
872:
864:
860:
859:
855:
848:
834:
830:
783:
779:
772:
756:
752:
742:
740:
731:
730:
726:
714:
708:
704:
677:Emergency Nurse
673:
669:
630:
623:
586:
575:
571:
566:
533:
512:
498:
485:
468:Graham Teasdale
460:
447:
442:
415:Severe, GCS ≤ 8
408:
347:Ex: Intubation
282:
276:
255:Obeys commands
218:
184:
153:
103:
52:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2950:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Medical scales
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2660:Hypophysectomy
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2603:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:Cerebral shunt
2568:
2566:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2472:involving the
2465:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2390:Anesthesiology
2386:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:APACHE II
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2118:Blood cultures
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1867:Shock sequence
1864:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:Health science
1781:
1778:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1738:
1725:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1658:
1650:|journal=
1624:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1570:10.1186/cc8963
1543:
1514:(8): 694–701.
1494:
1459:
1440:(11): 1156–9.
1424:
1389:
1358:
1349:|journal=
1323:
1294:
1242:
1211:
1176:
1141:
1111:
1080:
1031:
995:
952:
917:
882:
853:
846:
828:
814:2027.42/133544
777:
770:
750:
724:
702:
667:
640:(1–4): 45–55.
621:
602:(7872): 81–4.
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
532:
529:
511:
508:
497:
494:
484:
481:
459:
456:
446:
443:
441:
438:
423:
422:
419:
416:
407:
406:Interpretation
404:
401:
400:
397:
394:
391:
384:
377:
374:
373:Ex: Paralysis
371:
367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
341:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
315:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
278:Main article:
275:
272:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
240:
233:
230:
220:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
186:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
155:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
102:
99:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
50:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2949:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2607:Psychosurgery
2605:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:Organisations
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2307:SAPS III
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Arterial line
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:Complications
1990:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1941:Organ failure
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:Severe sepsis
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:General terms
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:Critical Care
1554:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:(5): 427–30.
1474:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1378:(25): 972–3.
1377:
1373:
1372:Nursing Times
1369:
1362:
1354:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:(5): 605–17.
1156:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1051:(S36): 5–56.
1050:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:(in French).
1007:
999:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:(2): 352–65.
967:
963:
956:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
870:
863:
857:
849:
843:
839:
832:
824:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
797:(8): 878–84.
796:
792:
788:
781:
773:
771:9788131232880
767:
763:
762:
754:
738:
734:
728:
720:
713:
706:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
671:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
628:
626:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:
591:
584:
582:
580:
578:
573:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
538:
535:
534:
528:
525:
521:
517:
507:
504:
493:
489:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
464:Bryan Jennett
455:
451:
437:
435:
430:
427:
420:
417:
414:
413:
412:
398:
395:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375:
372:
369:
368:
364:
362:Coos/Babbles
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
346:
343:
342:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
292:
291:
285:
281:
271:
267:
263:
254:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
234:
231:
228:
224:
221:
216:
215:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
194:
190:
187:
182:
181:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
160:
156:
151:
150:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
124:
118:
116:
112:
108:
98:
95:
93:
87:
85:
81:
77:
68:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
2927:Memory tests
2881:CHADS2 score
2865:
2841:CSF tap test
2761:Neuroimaging
2715:spinal canal
2679:Brain biopsy
2509:Cranioplasty
2483:Neurosurgery
2427:Traumatology
2328:Hemodynamics
2302:SAPS II
2291:
2269:Vasopressors
2187:Induced coma
2044:
2035:Iatrogenesis
2025:Stress ulcer
1929:Spinal shock
1886:Septic shock
1728:
1707:
1667:
1663:
1607:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1405:(5): 673–8.
1402:
1398:
1392:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1306:
1264:
1260:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1012:(1): 23–33.
1009:
1005:
998:
965:
961:
955:
933:(1): 29–31.
930:
926:
920:
895:
891:
885:
873:. Retrieved
868:
856:
837:
831:
794:
790:
780:
760:
753:
741:. Retrieved
737:Geeky Medics
736:
727:
718:
705:
680:
676:
670:
637:
633:
599:
593:
513:
502:
499:
490:
486:
477:
461:
452:
448:
431:
424:
409:
283:
268:
264:
260:
104:
96:
92:brain injury
88:
84:brain injury
79:
75:
73:
29:
2805:Myelography
2711:Spinal cord
2667:Hippocampus
2552:Pallidotomy
2542:Thalamotomy
2410:Pulmonology
2333:Hypotension
2228:Antibiotics
2071:Dialytrauma
1914:Anaphylaxis
1267:: 311–322.
683:(8): 30–5.
510:Controversy
227:hemiparesis
159:enucleation
2896:Categories
2824:Diagnostic
2728:Discectomy
2499:Craniotomy
2470:procedures
2468:Tests and
2417:Pediatrics
2400:Cardiology
2321:Physiology
2223:Analgesics
2172:Chest tube
2001:/ myopathy
1978:Polytrauma
1854:Conditions
1721:fingernail
1563:(2): R64.
892:The Lancet
875:20 January
743:20 January
595:The Lancet
564:References
524:FOUR score
189:Intubation
2810:Wada test
2795:Brain PET
2790:Brain MRI
2743:Rhizotomy
2738:Cordotomy
2405:Neurology
2258:Sedatives
2238:Inotropes
2084:Diagnosis
1652:ignored (
1642:cite book
1351:ignored (
1341:cite book
1289:207955750
1231:: 1–286.
912:0140-6736
569:Citations
223:Paralysis
2693:Meninges
2612:Lobotomy
2598:Cerebrum
2529:Thalamus
2096:Catheter
2015:Fungemia
1790:Medicine
1589:20398274
1538:19648386
1489:21803447
1281:31712114
1106:14423403
1100:: 3–15.
1075:68037509
1026:13630229
990:38678828
982:14293386
823:27197686
697:17212177
662:32325456
531:See also
2766:Head CT
2753:Imaging
2422:Surgery
1684:9603086
1580:2887186
1529:2719522
1454:7359667
1384:1144086
1237:4664014
1206:4125617
1171:5928631
1067:5781179
947:5293834
616:4136544
470:of the
440:History
344:Verbal
183:Verbal
101:Scoring
67:35088-4
54:D015600
1897:Other
1876:Sepsis
1830:(PICU)
1824:(NICU)
1717:lunula
1682:
1634:290137
1632:
1622:
1587:
1577:
1536:
1526:
1487:
1452:
1419:641547
1417:
1382:
1333:290137
1331:
1321:
1287:
1279:
1235:
1204:
1186:Lancet
1169:
1104:
1073:
1065:
1024:
988:
980:
945:
910:
844:
821:
768:
695:
660:
654:961490
652:
614:
558:Triage
458:Origin
370:Motor
217:Motor
113:, and
111:verbal
2648:Other
2519:Brain
2491:Skull
2265:drugs
2216:Drugs
1899:shock
1836:(CCU)
1818:(ICU)
1699:Notes
1285:S2CID
1071:S2CID
986:S2CID
865:(PDF)
715:(PDF)
658:S2CID
539:scale
126:Test
115:motor
62:LOINC
2902:Coma
2713:and
2531:and
2312:SOFA
2297:PIM2
2143:and
1983:Coma
1871:SIRS
1680:PMID
1654:help
1630:PMID
1620:ISBN
1585:PMID
1534:PMID
1485:PMID
1450:PMID
1434:JAMA
1415:PMID
1380:PMID
1353:help
1329:PMID
1319:ISBN
1277:PMID
1233:PMID
1202:PMID
1167:PMID
1102:PMID
1063:PMID
1022:PMID
978:PMID
943:PMID
908:ISSN
877:2023
842:ISBN
819:PMID
766:ISBN
745:2023
693:PMID
650:PMID
612:PMID
537:AVPU
522:and
466:and
365:N/A
339:N/A
336:N/A
318:Eye
212:N/A
178:N/A
175:N/A
152:Eye
74:The
48:MeSH
1672:doi
1612:doi
1575:PMC
1565:doi
1524:PMC
1516:doi
1477:doi
1442:doi
1438:243
1407:doi
1311:doi
1269:doi
1265:134
1194:doi
1159:doi
1132:doi
1098:101
1053:doi
1014:doi
970:doi
935:doi
900:doi
896:276
809:hdl
799:doi
685:doi
642:doi
604:doi
107:eye
80:GCS
2898::
1711:A
1678:.
1668:44
1666:.
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1644:}}
1640:{{
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