20:
166:
349:
Krenal streams (also known as springbrooks) can be found at all altitudes and receive their sources from groundwater. This water source provides the stream with a well-oxygenated environment that has constant flow and stable temperatures, varying only 1-2°C during the year. These conditions allow for
68:
then flows through various different streams either entering inside the glacier into englacial channels or under the glacier into subglacial channels. Finally, the water leaves the glacier through proglacial streams or lakes. Proglacial streams do not only act as the terminus point but can also
491:
in the future. Streams that have reliable water sources and do not dry up intermittently, will likely be warmer in temperature, which will allow organisms downstream to move to higher elevations and claim new territory. A study done in southeastern Alaska suggests that glacial recession will
321:
Kyral streams are the upper-most reach of glacial streams, located above the permanent snowline of glaciers. These streams are fed by glacial meltwater and consist of temperatures below 4°C. Low temperatures control the organisms that are found in this stream section. Generally, there are no
539:
and are often examined to determine how humans are affecting the ecosystem. Unfortunately, insufficient research has been conducted for the environmental preferences of macroinvertebrates in alpine environments, increasing the difficulty of monitoring the changes in glacial streams.
247:
The harsh condition of glacial streams is not only because glacial streams are often located at high altitude and latitude, but also the consistent contribution of melting snow. Thus, low water temperature, variable discharge rates, unstable substrate and riverbed, and increased
520:), will enter the stream ecosystem, where it can have health implications for the organisms living in / downstream from the environment. With warmer temperatures, rapid snowmelt will lead to a greater concentration of contaminants entering the stream at once.
219:. Meltwater is a major contributor to many glacial stream’s annual water budget. The amount of meltwater a glacial stream receives is dependent on the size of the watershed it is located in; larger watersheds tend to have greater accumulations of
223:, and therefore high measurements of meltwater and annual discharge. However, in regions of prominent glacier presence, glacial streams only receive an average of 52% of meltwater production; a large portion of meltwater runoff enters the
478:
Climate change induced glacial recession may reduce the effect of the seasonal stream flow, as well as impact the stream's sources of water. It is expected that with glacial recession, there will eventually be less
234:
during spring and summer due to glacial melting. These flood pulses alter stream discharge in its velocity and momentum, often increasing the glacial stream’s composition of nutrients, solutes, and dissolved gas.
133:. When the discharge and slope is greater, the incision is faster and sinuosity is higher. The sinuosity being higher means the valley between the top of the banks distance is greater. This causes formation of
35:
in which liquid water accumulates and flows. Glacial streams are also commonly referred to as "glacier stream" or/and "glacial meltwater stream". The movement of the water is influenced and directed by
121:. Glacial streams can range in width and height from a few centimeters to several tens of meters. The streams can be classified using three metrics: surface, incision, and canyons. The incision and
492:
influence changes in the physical and chemical properties of coastal waters that are connected downstream from glacial streams. These changes could have serious consequences for salmon spawning,
322:
organisms within the first few meters below the glacial input; organisms increase in their abundance and diversity downstream. Typical species of kyral streams consist of
184:
systems are often used to detect and study these streams. The length of glacial streams varies substantially between different regions, often dependent on the size of the
516:
mostly occurs from local emissions and transport. Glacial recession of older glacial ice, containing contaminants that were deposited on the ice decades ago (eg.
922:"Simulating unsteady flow, anabranching, and hyporheic dynamics in a glacial meltwater stream using a coupled surface water routing and groundwater flow model"
508:
Alpine areas are generally seen as pristine environments, far away from human influence. However, this is not the case. Airborne contaminants, such as some
150:
298:
of the resident periphyton. At the end of summer, ice melt is reduced and stream flow decreases, causing an increase in the periphyton population.
23:
Image shows the different stream types that are found on a glacier. The different streams are supraglacial, subglacial, englacial and proglacial.
215:. Measurements of discharge increase during spring and are highest in the summer, during which warmer temperatures promote the additions of
1259:"Comparison of glacial and non-glacial-fed streams to evaluate the loading of persistent organic pollutants through seasonal snow/ice melt"
290:
In the summer, glacial streams experience high stream flow because of ice melt. The high flow is characterized by high turbidity and
1145:"Effects of changing glacial coverage on the physical and biogeochemical properties of coastal streams in southeastern Alaska"
512:, can accumulate in alpine areas and pose health risks to aquatic organisms living in these environments. Contamination by
487:
that could have provided the stream with a reliable alternative water source. This means that glacial streams could become
176:
Glacial streams are found globally in regions of glacier presence, often located in high latitudes or alpine environments.
483:
flow. This is because high alpine areas generally have almost no below ground water storage, and thus, have an absence of
69:
receive meltwater. Glacial streams can play a significant role in energy exchange and in the transport of meltwater and
1374:
449:
are typically found in these streams. There are a limited number of fish species that inhabit this environment, like
109:
to form. These valleys allow for directed water movement such as seen in glacial streams with meltwater. Subglacial
1979:
52:
streams. Water enters supraglacial streams that sit at the top of the glacier via filtering through snow in the
1629:
181:
1317:"Towards a definition of environmental niches in alpine streams by employing chironomid species preferences"
513:
795:
1609:
860:"The physico-chemical habitat template for periphyton in alpine glacial streams under a changing climate"
2010:
1548:
1258:
2005:
1584:
1634:
1196:
259:
in glacial streams is faster characterized by higher body mass. The reasons are the low level of
714:
390:
Rhithral stream sources come from snowmelt, causing soft water that is made up predominantly of
2015:
1894:
1543:
1367:
493:
236:
44:. The melting of ice forms different types of glacial streams such as supraglacial, englacial,
1917:
1624:
1197:"Spatial-temporal analysis and risk characterisation of pesticides in Alpine glacial streams"
260:
126:
94:
90:
765:
1660:
1270:
1156:
933:
807:
673:
397:. The temperature varies widely, ranging from 5-10°C. The vegetation found here are mainly
86:
1059:
8:
1854:
1681:
1599:
231:
189:
1274:
1160:
937:
811:
677:
313:
Alpine streams can be characterized as kyral, krenal, or rhithral, and vary in ecology.
1686:
1483:
1234:
1075:
897:
615:
488:
291:
1781:
1282:
740:"Morphology and Hydrology of a Glacial Stream - White River, Mount Rainier Washington"
263:
and the abundant food source due to less organisms surviving. The dominant species is
239:
often measures highest in glacial streams that fluctuate in their rates of discharge.
2000:
1969:
1932:
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1473:
1360:
1338:
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1286:
1226:
1174:
1122:
1079:
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823:
691:
595:
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a diverse community of organisms to inhabit the environment. Various types of algae,
110:
61:
53:
45:
19:
1238:
901:
619:
1974:
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1701:
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1328:
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1208:
1164:
1114:
1071:
993:
941:
879:
871:
819:
815:
681:
607:
105:
activity, and changes in atmospheric gas composition. Glacial erosion often causes
49:
1869:
1844:
1726:
1639:
1528:
1212:
462:
359:
334:
106:
98:
1811:
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1619:
1604:
1533:
1518:
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1437:
1098:
563:
497:
302:
272:
207:
Glacial stream discharge fluctuates throughout the year depending on snowmelt,
185:
177:
1333:
1316:
884:
875:
1994:
1942:
1884:
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1859:
1806:
1801:
1786:
1731:
1614:
1589:
1468:
1342:
1290:
1178:
1126:
1103:"Sensitivity of alpine stream ecosystems to climate change and human impacts"
1083:
1007:
955:
893:
827:
695:
611:
480:
410:
333:. These organisms feed upon algae and allochthonous organic matter. No fish,
212:
208:
114:
1676:
1102:
859:
739:
117:
occurs from the melting of the glacier and creates water flow that can wear
1822:
1751:
1508:
1503:
1447:
1298:
1230:
1118:
536:
528:
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326:
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1937:
1816:
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406:
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196:
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165:
154:
1221:
686:
661:
188:
it is located in and the characteristics of the glacier that formed the
1964:
1947:
1927:
1879:
1513:
1427:
450:
418:
323:
280:
264:
138:
998:
981:
1553:
1493:
1422:
1417:
1412:
662:"Long-term observations of supraglacial streams on an Arctic glacier"
509:
426:
414:
398:
371:
330:
249:
216:
146:
134:
122:
65:
1907:
1902:
1655:
1579:
1488:
446:
379:
338:
224:
142:
70:
1716:
766:"How do glaciers affect land? | National Snow and Ice Data Center"
16:
Body of liquid water that flows down a channel formed by a glacier
1849:
1839:
1766:
1538:
1523:
1432:
1407:
1383:
484:
458:
375:
367:
295:
271:
subfamily. Other species able to live in glacial streams include
118:
102:
82:
37:
32:
715:"How Glaciers Change the Landscape (U.S. National Park Service)"
252:
and sediment load are the typical condition of glacial streams.
97:. These processes are dependent on a variety of factors such as
1721:
1402:
1397:
422:
391:
301:
Moreover, in similar latitude and altitude glacial stream, the
1912:
1741:
1558:
532:
454:
438:
354:
and tundra vegetation can be found here. Some fish, like the
137:
canyon like valleys. The stream slope is influenced by basal
130:
858:
Uehlinger, U.; Robinson, C. T.; Hieber, M.; Zah, R. (2010).
1922:
1691:
1498:
1352:
561:
351:
220:
57:
1096:
982:"Glacial Stream Ecology: Structural and Functional Assets"
857:
517:
430:
394:
305:
is similar and enhanced compared to non-glacial reaches.
202:
41:
793:
275:, which is the second dominant species in cold streams,
89:
sediment by advancing and retreating. Erosion occurs by
1257:
Bizzotto, E. C.; Villa, S.; Vaj, C.; Vighi, M. (2009).
1194:
1107:
920:
Koch, J. C.; McKnight, D. M.; Neupauer, R. M. (2011).
796:"Sediment motion and velocity in a glacier-fed stream"
1256:
1195:
Rizzi, C.; Finizio, A.; Maggi, V.; Villa, S. (2019).
60:
zone. The water accumulates on top of the glacier in
919:
794:Mao, L.; Dell'Agnese, A.; Comiti, F. (2017-08-15).
362:sites in the winter months. At higher elevations,
659:
1992:
660:St Germain, Sarah L.; Moorman, Brian J. (2019).
1314:
1149:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
979:
370:, are the dominant fauna. At lower elevations,
1368:
1315:Niedrist, Georg H.; FĂĽreder, Leopold (2016).
980:FĂĽreder, Leopold; Niedrist, Georg H. (2020).
160:
76:
64:and into supraglacial stream channels. The
1375:
1361:
1142:
737:
149:stream channel formation is shown in this
31:is a channelized area that is formed by a
1332:
1220:
1168:
997:
945:
883:
685:
596:"Greenland ice sheet hydrology: A review"
164:
18:
1190:
1188:
1993:
1310:
1308:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1138:
1136:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
655:
653:
651:
649:
203:Hydrology of Glacial Meltwater Streams
195:An example of a glacial stream is the
141:, ice thickness and flow, and glacier
1356:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
760:
758:
709:
707:
705:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
557:
555:
553:
1185:
1057:
915:
913:
911:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
789:
787:
785:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
523:
514:persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
1305:
1245:
1133:
593:
13:
1143:Hood, Eran; Berner, Logan (2009).
1076:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1994.tb01126.x
1014:
962:
755:
702:
626:
550:
14:
2027:
1283:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.013
908:
834:
782:
576:
564:"Glossary of Glacier Terminology"
562:United States Geological Survey.
473:
1980:Template:Periglacial environment
468:
172:is an example of glacial stream.
1090:
308:
56:and forming slush pools at the
820:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.008
738:Fahnestock, Robert K. (1963).
731:
600:Progress in Physical Geography
230:Glacial streams often undergo
1:
543:
211:, channel boundary melt, and
1382:
1213:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.067
1097:McGregor, G.; Petts, G. E.;
503:
358:, rely on these streams for
227:of the surrounding glacier.
7:
1060:"Ecology of alpine streams"
385:
341:are found in this segment.
10:
2032:
401:, and macroalgae, such as
242:
1960:
1893:
1832:
1709:
1700:
1669:
1648:
1572:
1461:
1390:
1334:10.1007/s10750-016-2836-1
876:10.1007/s10750-009-9963-x
344:
161:Geographical Distribution
145:. A real life example of
1101:; Milner, A. M. (1995).
926:Water Resources Research
612:10.1177/0309133313507075
594:Chu, Vena (2014-11-26).
316:
283:, and the insect family
77:Stream/Channel Formation
1201:Environmental Pollution
1119:10.1002/aqc.3270050306
494:ecosystem productivity
382:become more dominant.
237:Ecosystem productivity
173:
24:
1918:Giant current ripples
666:Journal of Glaciology
417:. For invertebrates,
168:
22:
1170:10.1029/2009JG000971
947:10.1029/2010WR009508
294:, which reduces the
1855:Moraine-dammed lake
1682:Subglacial eruption
1275:2009Chmsp..74..924B
1161:2009JGRG..114.3001H
1058:Ward, J.V. (1994).
938:2011WRR....47.5530K
812:2017Geomo.291...69M
687:10.1017/jog.2019.60
678:2019JGlac..65..900S
125:is impacted by the
40:and the melting of
1687:Subglacial volcano
1670:Volcanic relations
1064:Freshwater Biology
885:20.500.11850/23355
529:Macroinvertebrates
292:sediment transport
174:
62:supraglacial lakes
25:
2011:Glacial landforms
1988:
1987:
1956:
1955:
1474:Accumulation zone
999:10.3390/w12020376
537:indicator species
524:Stream Monitoring
54:accumulation zone
2023:
1875:Terminal moraine
1707:
1706:
1443:Piedmont glacier
1377:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1254:
1243:
1242:
1224:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1172:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1055:
1012:
1011:
1001:
977:
960:
959:
949:
917:
906:
905:
887:
855:
832:
831:
791:
780:
779:
777:
776:
762:
753:
752:
750:
749:
744:
735:
729:
728:
726:
725:
711:
700:
699:
689:
672:(254): 900–911.
657:
624:
623:
591:
574:
573:
571:
570:
559:
453:, and sometimes
209:glacier ablation
107:U-shaped valleys
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2006:Montane ecology
1991:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1952:
1889:
1870:Sevetti moraine
1828:
1782:Roche moutonnée
1727:Cirque stairway
1696:
1665:
1644:
1568:
1529:Lateral moraine
1457:
1386:
1381:
1351:
1350:
1313:
1306:
1255:
1246:
1193:
1186:
1141:
1134:
1095:
1091:
1056:
1015:
978:
963:
918:
909:
856:
835:
792:
783:
774:
772:
764:
763:
756:
747:
745:
742:
736:
732:
723:
721:
713:
712:
703:
658:
627:
592:
577:
568:
566:
560:
551:
546:
526:
506:
476:
471:
388:
366:, specifically
347:
319:
311:
245:
205:
163:
115:glacial outwash
79:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1762:Hanging valley
1759:
1757:Glacial striae
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1620:Periglaciation
1617:
1612:
1610:Outburst flood
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1534:Medial moraine
1531:
1526:
1521:
1519:Glacier tongue
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1453:Valley glacier
1450:
1445:
1440:
1438:Outlet glacier
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1327:(1): 143–160.
1304:
1269:(7): 924–930.
1244:
1184:
1155:(G3): G03001.
1132:
1113:(3): 233–247.
1099:Gurnell, A. M.
1089:
1070:(2): 277–294.
1013:
961:
907:
870:(1): 107–121.
833:
781:
754:
730:
701:
625:
575:
548:
547:
545:
542:
525:
522:
505:
502:
498:eutrophication
475:
474:Climate Change
472:
470:
467:
387:
384:
346:
343:
318:
315:
310:
307:
303:beta diversity
273:Orthocladiinae
255:The growth of
244:
241:
204:
201:
190:stream channel
178:Remote sensing
162:
159:
99:plate tectonic
78:
75:
29:glacier stream
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2028:
2017:
2016:Water streams
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1895:Glaciofluvial
1892:
1886:
1885:Veiki moraine
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Rogen moraine
1863:
1861:
1860:Pulju moraine
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Erratic block
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:Tunnel valley
1805:
1803:
1802:Trough valley
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:Crag and tail
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Overdeepening
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1590:Basal sliding
1588:
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1469:Ablation zone
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1321:Hydrobiologia
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864:Hydrobiologia
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829:
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800:Geomorphology
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490:
486:
482:
481:surface water
469:Human Impacts
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
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436:
435:turbellarians
432:
428:
424:
423:Ephemeroptera
420:
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213:precipitation
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43:
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34:
30:
21:
1833:Depositional
1823:Zungenbecken
1821:
1752:Glacial lake
1747:Glacial horn
1661:Mass balance
1649:Measurements
1585:Accumulation
1509:Glacier head
1504:Glacier cave
1448:Rock glacier
1324:
1320:
1266:
1262:
1222:10281/222920
1204:
1200:
1152:
1148:
1110:
1106:
1092:
1067:
1063:
989:
985:
929:
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799:
773:. Retrieved
769:
746:. Retrieved
733:
722:. Retrieved
718:
669:
665:
603:
599:
567:. Retrieved
527:
507:
489:intermittent
477:
443:oligochaetes
407:chlorophytes
403:chrysophytes
389:
364:Chironomidae
348:
320:
312:
309:Stream types
300:
289:
285:Chironomidae
254:
246:
232:flood pulses
229:
206:
194:
175:
113:erosion and
80:
28:
26:
1938:Outwash fan
1933:Kettle hole
1817:Valley step
1797:Trough lake
1777:Ribbon lake
1737:Finger lake
1479:Bergschrund
1263:Chemosphere
1207:: 659–666.
719:www.nps.gov
427:Trichoptera
415:rhodophytes
411:cyanophytes
356:arctic char
335:angiosperms
327:chironomids
261:competition
197:Rupal River
170:Rupal River
155:Fox Glacier
135:trapezoidal
1995:Categories
1965:Glaciology
1948:Urstromtal
1928:Kame delta
1880:Till plain
1677:Jökulhlaup
1635:Starvation
1514:Ice divide
1428:Ice stream
992:(2): 376.
775:2021-03-26
748:2021-03-26
724:2021-03-26
569:2021-03-26
544:References
510:pesticides
419:Plecoptera
399:bryophytes
281:periphyton
269:chironomid
265:Diamesinae
180:and other
139:topography
101:movement,
50:proglacial
46:subglacial
1710:Erosional
1702:Landforms
1573:Processes
1554:Randkluft
1549:Penitente
1494:Dirt cone
1423:Ice shelf
1418:Ice sheet
1413:Ice field
1343:1573-5117
1291:0045-6535
1179:2156-2202
1127:1052-7613
1084:0046-5070
1008:2073-4441
956:1944-7973
894:1573-5117
828:0169-555X
806:: 69–79.
770:nsidc.org
696:0022-1430
606:: 19–54.
504:Pollution
451:salmonids
447:nematodes
372:amphipods
331:simuliids
324:diamesine
267:from the
250:turbidity
225:crevasses
217:meltwater
186:watershed
147:meltwater
127:discharge
123:sinuosity
81:Glaciers
66:meltwater
2001:Glaciers
1970:Category
1908:Diluvium
1903:Alpentor
1812:U-valley
1656:Ice core
1625:Plucking
1580:Ablation
1564:Terminus
1489:Crevasse
1484:Blue ice
1384:Glaciers
1299:19054540
1239:73513638
1231:30849583
902:24352757
620:56217787
485:aquifers
439:acarines
386:Rhithral
380:molluscs
360:spawning
339:plankton
143:ablation
103:volcanic
95:plucking
91:abrasion
71:sediment
1850:Moraine
1840:Drumlin
1767:Nunatak
1630:Retreat
1595:Calving
1539:Moraine
1524:Icefall
1462:Anatomy
1433:Ledoyom
1408:Ice cap
1271:Bibcode
1157:Bibcode
934:Bibcode
808:Bibcode
674:Bibcode
463:darters
459:catfish
431:Diptera
376:isopods
368:Diamesa
296:biomass
279:algae,
277:benthic
243:Ecology
153:of the
119:bedrock
111:fluvial
87:deposit
38:gravity
33:glacier
1943:Sandur
1787:Suncup
1772:P-form
1722:Cirque
1605:Motion
1544:Moulin
1403:Cirque
1398:Aufeis
1341:
1297:
1289:
1237:
1229:
1177:
1125:
1082:
1006:
954:
900:
892:
826:
694:
618:
535:) are
533:midges
496:, and
392:sodium
345:Krenal
1913:Esker
1742:Fjord
1717:ArĂŞte
1640:Surge
1600:Creep
1559:SĂ©rac
1391:Types
1235:S2CID
986:Water
898:S2CID
743:(PDF)
616:S2CID
531:(eg.
455:trout
317:Kyral
151:video
131:slope
83:erode
1975:List
1923:Kame
1792:Tarn
1692:Tuya
1499:Firn
1339:ISSN
1295:PMID
1287:ISSN
1227:PMID
1175:ISSN
1123:ISSN
1080:ISSN
1004:ISSN
952:ISSN
890:ISSN
824:ISSN
692:ISSN
445:and
413:and
395:ions
378:and
352:moss
329:and
221:snow
157:.
129:and
93:and
85:and
58:FIRN
48:and
1329:doi
1325:781
1279:doi
1217:hdl
1209:doi
1205:248
1165:doi
1153:114
1115:doi
1072:doi
994:doi
942:doi
880:hdl
872:doi
868:657
816:doi
804:291
682:doi
608:doi
518:DDT
461:or
337:or
182:GIS
73:.
42:ice
1997::
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