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home). Ernest died while hunting in suspicious circumstances, being killed by an arrow of one of his retainers. He forgave his killer and supposedly warned Gisela (he was said to have the ability to predict the future) about her next marriage. There are also two accounts saying that Conrad kidnapped Gisela. Historians do not dismiss this out of hand. Wolfram says that this was possible, because Conrad might have worried that the
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702:; however, the number of times Gisela played these roles surpassed all other empresses and queens during the Middle Age. Moreover, her role as mediator between Conrad and his opponents both inside and outside the Empire was remarkable. Her power in ecclesiastical politics showed in the fact that she could appoint personally related candidates to the offices of bishop.
910:, commissioned by Henry III, honours himself as well as his mother. An image showing Gisela and Conrad before Christ (fol. 2v) is noted. The couple is depicted as ruling partners, both with crowns, receiving divine blessings and associated with divine figures through adornment, and the colours of their clothing matched (these characteristics are also applied in
680:. Zey comments that this also shows how this title is a useful measure for gauging the influence of a queen in the government). Huschner rates her success as mediator between Conrad and Rudolph III highly, but points out that in 1033, Conrad's claim on Burgundian throne and the resulting campaign were based on imperial law (as Conrad was the successor of
429:, who repeatedly rebelled against his stepfather. All her efforts broke down though, when in 1030, Ernest refused to act against his friend and vassal Werner of Kyburg and impose peace. She had to give up and swear a public oath not to take revenge should any measure be taken against her son, who had received an
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praised Gisela as embodying both feminine and manly qualities, as well as piety and political abilities both innate and nurtured by experience. According to Wipo, she attained her coronation thanks to her "manly probity", which won the support of the princes, the people and the emperor. She was also
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While her role in religious matters was essential, Wolfram writes that it would be wrong to assume that Conrad neglected ecclesiastical affairs leaving Gisela as the sole originator of policies, because the medieval government was not a modern one "with Gisela functioning as the medieval equivalent
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Gisela's intercession shows the central role of herself as well as imperial consorts in general in the government. Among 191 (out of 248 diplomata, thus representing 78 percent) in which intercessors appeared, she intervened in 155 cases (85 percent), many of which together with her son, the future
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In
Germany, new studies and exhibitions on Gisela, once almost forgotten together with her husband and their family, have arisen together with the recent interest in the Salians as well as imperial women Gisela is often depicted as an ambitious, intelligent and strong-minded woman who nevertheless,
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Huschner opines that she must have loved Conrad, with whom she shared what was probably the best years of her life, ruling together at the top. The young Henry's education and development were also in accordance with her wishes. After Conrad's death, she tried to continue her previous role together
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would again arrange a marriage that contradicted the Worms line's interests for Gisela, like he had done in 1512. According to
Wolfram though, the two accounts undermined their own credibility by adding fanciful or inaccurate details. Secondly, Thietmar of Merseburg only criticized the marriage on
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There are a lot of stories told about her marriages (the men she married all had the potential to become German kings and in the end, Conrad did) and the death of the second husband Ernest (the first husband, Brun, also died an unnatural death being killed by Milo, Count of
Ammensleben, in his own
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Privately, the imperial pair's relationship was also considered harmonious, although it is hard to know whether they loved each other or not. Wolfram suggests possible use of birth control, because they had no more children after they reached the age of 35. It seems there were troubles between the
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to
Empress Gisela, who became her role model as a strong woman. She had to leave the imperial couple to marry Ekkehard von Meißen, whom she did not love. Despite this, she found consolation in a platonic relationship with her brother-in-law Hermann and their common project to build a cathedral in
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with the eagle (or peacock) shape. Its authenticity has never been doubted, but the latest investigations have also failed to establish a clear date. Birgit Heide opines that the date was either much earlier than the assumed date of the second half of the ninth century (thus Late
Carolingian), or
720:
It is told that Gisela's and Conrad's first son, also named Conrad, died in
Limburg (either killed when hunting or falling from the rock), so Gisela persuaded Conrad to convert the ancestral resident into holy ground. This was why on 12 July 1030, they placed the foundation stone for the
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of a politically appointed cabinet minister for religion and education aided by a state secretary—in this case, Poppo of
Stavelot—drawn from the career civil service". Wolfram opines that the majority of Gisela's and Conrad's appointees were excellent people by intellectual standard.
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to buy them for an excessive price. Mechthild
Schulze-Dörrlamm refutes these theories, claiming that the treasure is genuine and the place where they were found is Mainz, but opines that the treasure, with most of the pieces created in the eleventh century, should be associated with
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Huschner opines that although she never had the chance to bear sole responsibility for the highest decisions in the government, Gisela had a significant share in royal-imperial rule and greatly contributed to the consolidation of central government, thus shaping the new dynasty. As
867:, the treasure is considered "the most important testimony of medieval gold jewellery". There are a lot of debates about the dates, the true origin place of the treasure and the owner though. It is generally agreed that the pieces come from different eras. In a 2017 exhibition
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In 1880, a treasure of golden jewellery of 25 pieces was discovered by building workers. In 1913, Otto von Falke published this discovery and attributed it to Gisela. Since then, it has often been called "Gisela's jewels" or "Gisela's treasure". According to the
265:(ruling partner to the king or emperor), the queen and empress held a substantive role in the government, often intervening in the drafting of documents or even issuing documents in her own name. She reigned as regent for her absent husband in 1037.
672:, she was considered co-ruler by her contemporaries (although in documents, the latter title was only used sporadically, and almost exclusively in diplomata granted to Italians—the reason for this rare use was that the previous empress,
914:. The tears of Conrad are shown, reminding of a previous argument between father and son, in which Conrad is said to have wept and collapsed (Henry III considered his behaviour justified, and this image seems to show this too).
2009:"The Mainz treasure with the jewels of Empress Agnes. In: D. Callebaut / H. van Cuyck (Ed.), The Legacy of Charlemagne 814–2014. Catalogue of the exhibition of the European Commission at Ename 2014 (Gent 2015) 165–172"
376:(a text about generations from the Creation to Jesus Christ) was read—a ritual of great importance, symbolizing the birth of a new dynasty. For the same reason, Henry II replaced her as her son's regent with
516:, had died), but the new emperor was vehemently against this idea, which led to conflicts between mother and son. Before 1041, she still frequented the court. After this year though, she retired to
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Gisela was known for "her most becoming appearance". Gisela's tomb in Speyer was opened in 1900 and her mummified body was found to be 172 cm (5 ft 8 in) tall, with long blond hair.
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During the 1030s, she played an important role as the patron of the new church reform movement. In 1037, she ruled as regent on behalf of Conrad who returned to Italy to deal with a new crisis.
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495:) to her husband, she often acted authoritative and decisive in his small circle of advisors. Unlike Conrad, she was educated, thus he often entrusted her with affairs of the Church.
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508:. Henry at times criticized Conrad, and after Conrad's death, in a bitter quarrel, Gisela told Henry (now the only child she had left) that he would die before her.
888:, relying on the date identified as late tenth century by Hiltrud Westermann-Angerhausen and Hermann Fillitz as well as Byzantine influence, linked the treasure to
289:. According to a plate found when her tomb was unearthed, she was born on 11 November 999, but that date cannot be reconciled with the records of her marriages.
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in 1015, although it seems at that time her husband Conrad was the one who held the reins of government, leading to the enmity between stepfather and stepson.
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Wolfram, Herwig (9 March 2016). "Chapter 4: Conrad II (990–1039), the first medieval emperor of three kingdoms". In
Halfond, Gregory I. (ed.).
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In Three
Millennia: The Zwicky, Pfeiffer, Leuzinger, Elmer, and Allied Families of Switzerland and Wisconsin with Lines of Carolingian Descent
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the ground of close kinship rather than any violent conduct, while elsewhere he recounted such a violent kidnapping involving his own family.
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1986:"News from the Mainz Gold Treasure of the 11th Century – The exposure of an "art crime story from the German empire" which was none"
433:. In the end, Ernest lost his life fighting against Count Manegold, who was charged by Bishop Warmann of Constance (the guardian of
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is the first work exploring Gisela's inner conflict between motherly love towards Ernest and her roles as Conrad's wife and ruler.
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for example owed his career to her patronage. She never hesitated to choose Conrad above everyone else, including family, though.
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Henry III. Gisela was the sole intercessor in 33 diplomata. Of these, 12 of the last 14 times (issued after the couple's stay in
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and aimed at legitimising himself as his heir. After Ernest's early death in 1015, Gisela became regent for their minor son Duke
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Die Weltchronik des Albert von Stade: ein Zeitzeugnis des Mittelalters ; Studien zur Geschichtsschreibung Alberts von Stade
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is a 2013 novel by Claudia and Nadja Beinert about Uta von Naumburg, who was educated in the Gernrode convent before becoming a
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Zey remarks that the role of empresses and queens as intercessors and petitioners had already been well established under the
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Gisela of Swabia on a panel painting. Detail from the Babenberg Family Tree painting at the Klosterneuburg Monastery Museum
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was also a loyal partner to her husband, with whom she formed a harmonious team, instead of pursuing "one's own politics".
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2175:"Hoffnung des Kaiserreiches und Erschütterung des Vaters. Vater und Sohn im Reisekönigtum des frühen salischen Kaisertum"
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about Ida von Elsdorf, here Ernest II's daughter. Ida was a possible granddaughter to Gisela through Ernest or through
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refused to crown her as queen because Gisela and Conrad were too closely related, the couple both descending from King
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Heide, Birgit (2017). "Große Adler-/Pfauenfibel". In Jülich, Theo; Lambacher, Lothar; Siebert, Kristine (eds.).
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Die deutschen Herrscher des Mittelalters: historische Portraits von Heinrich I. bis Maximilian I. (919–1519)
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Empress Adelheid and Countess Matilda: Medieval Female Rulership and the Foundations of European Society
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Die Witwe des Königs zu Vorstellung, Anspruch und Performanz im englischen und deutschen Hochmittelalter
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Illustrierte Weltgeschichte für das Volk: Geschichte des Mittelalters, von L. F. Dieffenbach und andere
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Wolfram, Herwig (2003). "Konrad II.(1024–1039)". In Schneidmüller, Bernd; Weinfurter, Stefan (eds.).
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Huschner, Wolfgang (1990). "Kaiserin Gisela: Klügste Beraterin Konrads II.". In Uitz, Erika (ed.).
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Medieval Elite Women and the Exercise of Power, 1100–1400: Moving beyond the Exceptionalist Debate
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In Speyer, there are a group of statues representing the Salians (Gisela, Conrad II, Henry III,
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The Favor of Friends: Intercession and Aristocratic Politics in Carolingian and Ottonian Europe
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The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach
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368:. She was instead crowned and anointed thirteen days after Conrad's coronation by Archbishop
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Zey, Claudia (2008). "Frauen und Töchter der salischen Herrscher". In Struve, Tilman (ed.).
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Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies around the Mediterranean
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Kings, Politics, and the Right Order of the World in German Historiography: C. 950–1150
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2760:"Women in power 1000–1100" from Guide2womenleaders.com, last accessed January 15, 2007
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After Conrad's death in 1039, she and her son Henry III led the mourning progression.
387:. Also, she participated in several synods of the church. She took care of her sister
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She was an active empress, exemplifying a tradition in which, up to the period of the
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Herrscherinnen und Nonnen: Frauengestalten von der Ottonenzeit bis zu den Staufern
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The Rhine: Including the Black Forest & the Vosges; Handbook for Travellers
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684:) rather than the inheritance right of Gisela, who did not appear in Burgundy.
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Cultural depictions of Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor § Depictions in arts
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1416:"Die Frauen der Salier: Kaiserinnen Gisela von Schwaben und Agnes von Poitou"
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Itinerant Kingship & Monasteries in Early Medieval Germany, c. 936–1075
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Conrad II. bringt seiner Frau Gisela die Leiche ihres Sohnes Hermann zurück
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Gisela was ambitious, intelligent and energetic. As "necessary companion" (
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1314:(in German), vol. 9, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 193–195
300:, about 1002. Upon Brun's death, her second marriage was c. 1012 with the
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1126:(in German), vol. 6, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 413–414
1088:) displaying their lives and work. All five empresses once stayed at the
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1022:. The main characters included Gisela, her husband Conrad the Older, and
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in the Kaiser-Halle of the cathedral, erected in the nineteenth century.
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Conrad II brought back to his wife Gisela the corpse of her son Herman
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Gisela's third marriage, which took place before January 1017, was to
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437:) to reestablish the peace breached by Ernest, Werner and their men.
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Der Mainzer Goldschmuck: ein Kunstkrimi aus der deutschen Kaiserzeit
2008:
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Life in the Middle Ages: From the Seventh to the Thirteenth Century
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There are also statues of Conrad, Gisela, Henry III, Henry IV and
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She was very supportive of her relatives. Her kinsman, Archbishop
676:, had failed to assert herself in the Chancellery of her husband,
563:
Gisela (c. 1005 – c. 1052), married Count Berthold of Sangerhausen
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Falke, Otto von; Kunstwissenschaft, Deutscher Verein für (1913).
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Daughter (c. 1004 – ?), married Count Thiemo II of Formbach
380:, which became the source of conflict between Conrad and Henry.
2525:(in German). Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften. p. 127.
1730:"Landesmuseum Mainz: Sieben Kurfürsten und ein König im Relief"
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Burial crown of Gisela. The inscription reads: GISLE IMPERATRIX
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Konrad der Zweite: Historisches Schauspiel in sechs Handlungen
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2553:(in German). In Kommission der Verlags für Kunstwissenschaft
1711:"Aus dem Archiv: Faszination Mittelalter: Die Kaiser kommen"
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Hermann, her younger son who had become the new duke by then
2742:
Kagay, Donald Joseph; Villalon, L. J. Andrew, eds. (2003).
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Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon, Appelhans 2006,
1318:
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Ernest II, Gisela and Conrad II in Ingelheim. Engraving by
871:, it was argued that the jewels were found in a field near
440:
In 1032, she interceded successfully on the behalf of King
67:
418:. Rudolph recognized her husband's right of succession in
414:, her uncle, leading to a peace agreement in Mutten, near
2717:
The Salian Century: Main Currents in an Age of Transition
1915:
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Gottlob Heinrich Heinse (1766–1853) wrote the two-volume
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Ernst, Herzog Von Schwaben, Trauerspiel in Fung Aufzugen
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Salian statues in Speyer (Conrad and Gisela on the left)
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1588:"Rezension: Sachbuch: Keine vollsaftige Angelegenheit"
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Fibula with eagle or peacock, from the Mainz treasure
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Gisela played an active part in politics, attending
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1060:Gisela is one of the five empresses (together with
944:and secondary figures, created around 1930–1940 by
729:, where at noon they placed the first stone of the
2303:Beinert, Claudia; Beinert, Nadja (November 2013).
1690:
952:, died 1947 in Bad Kreuznach) and commissioned by
250:. She was regent of Swabia for her minor son Duke
1840:
1748:
4089:
2720:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 16.
2692:(in German). W. Kohlhammer Verlag. p. 312.
1983:
1456:The Holy Roman Empire: A Very Short Introduction
1115:
1080:(pillars of power), commemorated by the city of
852:. Cod. Vitrinas 17, El Escorial, Real Biblioteca
425:She tried to mediate between Conrad and her son
2202:
1303:
1084:. There are six stelae at the Heidesheim Gate (
2661:Conrad II, 990-1039: Emperor of Three Kingdoms
2302:
2077:
1177:. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 44.
912:the portrayal of Henry III and Agnes of Poitou
410:In 1027, she mediated between Conrad and King
4138:11th-century women from the Holy Roman Empire
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3627:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
3236:
3157:Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
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2231:Ida von Schwaben. Enkelin der Kaiserin Gisela
2099:(in German). Schnell + Steiner. p. 131.
1324:
975:Ida von Schwaben. Enkelin der Kaiserin Gisela
483:
340:. The strand of blond hair belongs to Gisela.
242:from 1027 to 1039 by her third marriage with
16:11th-century empress of the Holy Roman Empire
2006:
848:Conrad and Gisela in front of Christ in the
652:esteemed above all other imperial advisors.
455:She was a long-time donor and patron of the
336:Hair of Conrad and Gisela, preserved in the
2550:Der Mainzer Goldschmuck der Kaiserin Gisela
2502:
1370:. Cambridge University Press. p. 375.
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622:Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Empresses
540:Illustrirte geschichte des deutschen volkes
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2618:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1686:. Cambridge University Press. p. 311.
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626:Cultural depictions of Holy Roman Emperors
476:in 1043. She is interred in the grotto of
29:
2630:Die Salier, das Reich und der Niederrhein
1940:. H. T. Coates & Company. p. 219
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2182:Heinrich III. Dynastie – Region – Europa
1937:Switzerland, Picturesque and Descriptive
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1367:Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities
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1459:. Oxford University Press. p. 69.
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316:at the death of Gisela's brother, Duke
285:. Both her parents were descendants of
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3681:Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein
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2636:(in German). Böhlau. pp. 52, 53.
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2252:
2227:
2172:
2160:
1958:
1800:
1709:Mos, Katharina De (17 December 2019).
1550:
1510:
1498:
1452:
1360:
1204:
615:
512:with Henry III (because Henry's wife,
444:, who regained the favour of Conrad.
3853:Anna of Constantinople (900–905)
3695:
3224:
2871:
2565:
2358:Gisela: ein Schauspiel in 4 Akten ...
2336:(in German). Otto Spamer. p. 501
2277:
2133:. Yale University Press. p. 57.
2130:Ars Sacra New Edition: Second Edition
2126:
2092:
1766:
1754:
1585:
1205:Tanner, Heather J. (9 January 2019).
1170:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
737:
611:Beatrix (c. 1030 – 26 September 1036)
2750:
2408:
1933:
1696:
1264:(in German). C.H.Beck. p. 124.
742:
605:(1027 – January 1034), betrothed to
451:Gisela's epitaph in Speyer Cathedral
327:
3721:
2658:Wolfram, Herwig (1 November 2010).
2626:
2053:"Rätsel um den Schatz der Kaiserin"
1849:
1708:
1654:
1092:(imperial residence) in Ingelheim.
917:
818:Some jewels from the Mainz treasure
13:
3652:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
3182:Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily
2371:
1990:Archaologisches Korrespondenzblatt
1813:Gilsdorf, Sean J. (6 March 2014).
1102:
599:(28 October 1017 – 5 October 1056)
308:, who had been enfeoffed with the
14:
4179:
2664:. Penn State Press. p. 367.
2228:Heinse, Gottlob Heinrich (1791).
2050:
1965:. Bradbury and Evans. p. 111
1727:
956:, Reich Minister of the Interior.
896:. The most notable piece was the
892:. Peter Lasko suggests a date of
869:Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt
634:
3507:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
3422:Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy
3205:
3204:
3072:Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut
2973:
2487:Bibliography and further reading
2284:(in German). Lehrte. p. 274
1959:Dallas, Eneas Sweetland (1863).
1767:Bagge, Sverre (1 January 2002).
1453:Whaley, Joachim (14 June 2018).
1055:
840:
826:
810:
796:
354:emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
273:Gisela was the daughter of Duke
240:empress of the Holy Roman Empire
42:Empress of the Holy Roman Empire
35:Empress Gisela entering a church
3862:Anna of Provence (915–924)
3671:Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
3252:Queens and empresses of Germany
3167:Maria Theresa, Queen of Hungary
2506:Probleme um die Kaiserin Gisela
2456:
2430:
2402:
2365:
2348:
2323:
2296:
2271:
2246:
2221:
2196:
2166:
2127:Lasko, Peter (1 January 1994).
2120:
2086:
2071:
2044:
2000:
1977:
1952:
1927:
1806:
1760:
1721:
1702:
1675:
1606:
1579:
1504:
1446:
1354:
1211:. Springer. pp. 180, 181.
660:) were for Italian recipients.
4153:Mothers of Holy Roman Emperors
3676:Victoria of the United Kingdom
3622:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
3194:For Empresses after 1806, see
3152:Wilhelmine Amalie of Brunswick
3037:Beatrice, Countess of Burgundy
2203:Baedeker (Firm), Karl (1911).
1517:. New Elm Press. p. 404.
1311:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
1297:
1251:
1198:
1164:
780:Große Adler-/Pfauenfibel Mainz
1:
3617:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
3147:Eleonore Magdalene of Neuburg
2355:Kotzebue, August von (1818).
2007:Schulze-Dörrlamm, Mechthild.
1984:Schulze-Dörrlamm, M. (2018).
1095:
597:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
590:Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
268:
234:990 – 15 February 1043), was
231:
184:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
152:Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
93:
4163:Mothers of Bavarian monarchs
3916:Berta di Luni (1002–14)
3911:Theophanu of Constantinople
3612:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
3142:Claudia Felicitas of Austria
2418:(in German). F. A. Brockhaus
2410:Dulk, Albert Friedrich Benno
2309:(in German). Droemer Knaur.
1773:. BRILL. pp. 220, 221.
922:
7:
4123:Burials at Speyer Cathedral
3597:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
3572:Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
3482:Imagina of Isenburg-Limburg
3127:Maria Leopoldine of Austria
3062:Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem
2997:Theophanu of Constantinople
2714:Weinfurter, Stefan (1999).
2503:Brandenburg, Erich (1928).
2259:. F. Dietrich. p. 1547
1682:Bernhardt, John W. (2002).
1171:Goetz, Hans-Werner (1993).
979:Liudolf, Margrave of Frisia
907:Golden Gospels of Henry III
850:Golden Gospels of Henry III
753:Golden Gospels of Henry III
557:(c. 1003 – 24 January 1038)
555:Liudolf, Margrave of Frisia
172:Liudolf, Margrave of Frisia
10:
4184:
4168:Mothers of German monarchs
4113:11th-century women regents
3808:Cunigunda of Laon (?)
3805:Bertha of Gellone (?)
3427:Constance, Queen of Sicily
3200:the corresponding template
3042:Constance, Queen of Sicily
2940:Saint Richardis of Nordgau
2468:Säulen der Macht Ingelheim
2209:. K. Baedeker. p. 472
1819:. BRILL. p. 116,176.
1422:(in German). 30 March 2021
1150:Säulen der Macht Ingelheim
1034:Ernst, Herzog von Schwaben
996:
886:Metropolitan Museum of Art
746:
705:
619:
578:(c. 1013 – 17 August 1030)
548:Brun I, Count of Brunswick
484:Appearance and personality
144:Brun I, Count of Brunswick
4118:11th-century German women
3772:Gundiberga (626–652)
3729:
3660:
3607:Margaret Theresa of Spain
3336:
3297:
3258:
3190:
3137:Margaret Theresa of Spain
2982:
2971:
2905:
2858:Queen consort of Burgundy
2855:
2847:
2837:
2828:
2818:
2809:
2801:
2794:
2767:
2330:Corvin, Otto von (1882).
2306:Die Herrin der Kathedrale
1619:. Routledge. p. 97.
1325:Kagay & Villalon 2003
1304:Bresslau, Harry (1879), "
1116:Appelt, Heinrich (1964),
985:Die Herrin der Kathedrale
582:Herman IV, Duke of Swabia
576:Ernest II, Duke of Swabia
474:Imperial Palace of Goslar
427:Ernest II, Duke of Swabia
292:Gisela first married the
215:
210:Herman II, Duke of Swabia
205:
193:
180:Herman IV, Duke of Swabia
176:Ernest II, Duke of Swabia
157:
139:
127:
100:
89:
85:
73:
55:
47:
40:
28:
23:
4143:Remarried royal consorts
4052:Joséphine de Beauharnais
3992:Isabella II of Jerusalem
3980:Beatrice of Hohenstaufen
3642:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
3452:Isabella II of Jerusalem
3172:Maria Josepha of Bavaria
2812:Queen consort of Germany
2572:(in German). C.H. Beck.
1586:Fried, Johannes (2000).
1511:Kester, John G. (2002).
1123:Neue Deutsche Biographie
967:
948:(sculptor, born 1866 in
620:See also the categories
584:(c. 1015 – 28 July 1038)
569:Ernest I, Duke of Swabia
246:. She was the mother of
148:Ernest I, Duke of Swabia
4058:Marie Louise of Austria
3920:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
3775:Guntrude (712–744)
3751:Berthora (549–552)
3552:Elizabeth of Luxembourg
3362:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
3162:Maria Amalia of Austria
3002:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
2805:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
2751:Nash, Penelope (2017).
2746:. Koninklijke Brill NV.
2594:Foerster, Anne (2018).
2514:NDB biography of Gisela
2256:IBZ (kombinierte Folge)
2173:Ehlers, Caspar (2018).
1070:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
674:Cunigunde of Luxembourg
412:Rudolph III of Burgundy
4028:Elizabeth of Pomerania
4016:Margaret II of Hainaut
3968:Beatrice I of Burgundy
3842:Ageltrude of Benevento
3542:Elisabeth of Nuremberg
3527:Elizabeth of Pomerania
3487:Elisabeth of Carinthia
3082:Elizabeth of Pomerania
2955:Anna of Constantinople
2945:Ageltrude of Benevento
2782:11 November 989 or 990
2032:Cite journal requires
1047:published the six-act
1010:
1009:(MeisterDrucke-467217)
932:
901:between 975 and 1025.
644:
543:
499:Marriages and children
452:
356:in 1027. According to
341:
238:from 1024 to 1039 and
4158:Italian queen mothers
4076:Marie-José of Belgium
3794:Fastrada of Franconia
3778:Tassia (744–749)
3472:Gertrude of Hohenberg
3318:Matilda of Ringelheim
3097:Bianca Maria of Milan
2915:Ermengarde of Hesbaye
2755:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2686:Boshof, Egon (2008).
2569:Frauen im Mittelalter
2566:Ennen, Edith (1994).
2278:Maeck, Gerda (2001).
2253:Zeller, Otto (1977).
1004:
930:
864:Frankfurter Rundschau
642:
526:
504:couple and their son
450:
358:Thietmar of Merseburg
335:
4148:11th-century regents
4103:Holy Roman Empresses
4046:Isabella of Portugal
3962:Richenza of Northeim
3824:Richilde of Provence
3647:Maria Luisa of Spain
3567:Isabella of Portugal
3522:Anna von Schweidnitz
3477:Isabella of Burgundy
3467:Elisabeth of Bavaria
3412:Gertrude of Sulzbach
3402:Richenza of Northeim
3196:Empresses of Austria
3102:Isabella of Portugal
3032:Richenza of Northeim
2935:Richilde of Provence
2899:Holy Roman Empresses
2361:(in German). Kummer.
2078:Landesmuseum Mainz.
1645:, pp. 132, 133.
468:The empress died of
279:Gerberga of Burgundy
220:Gerberga of Burgundy
188:Matilda of Franconia
64:St. Peter's Basilica
4108:Duchesses of Swabia
4070:Elena of Montenegro
4064:Margherita of Savoy
4040:Eleanor of Portugal
4010:Margaret of Brabant
3998:Isabella of England
3986:Constance of Aragon
3974:Constance of Sicily
3950:Constance of Sicily
3875:Marozia of Tusculum
3871:Alda (924–932)
3830:Richardis of Swabia
3818:Engelberga of Parma
3812:Ermengarde of Tours
3800:Luitgard of Sundgau
3592:Maria Anna of Spain
3562:Bianca Maria Sforza
3557:Eleanor of Portugal
3497:Beatrice of Silesia
3492:Margaret of Brabant
3457:Isabella of England
3447:Margaret of Austria
3442:Constance of Aragon
3417:Adelaide of Vohburg
3407:Gertrude of Comburg
3392:Constance of Sicily
3372:Gunhilda of Denmark
3313:Cunigunde of Swabia
3265:Carolingian dynasty
3122:Maria Anna of Spain
3092:Eleanor of Portugal
3067:Isabella of England
3057:Constance of Aragon
2930:Engelberga of Parma
2925:Ermengarde of Tours
2851:Ermengarde of Savoy
2822:Gunhilda of Denmark
1934:Cook, Joel (1904).
1420:Mein Weg ins Museum
1364:(2 November 2006).
1018:wrote the four-act
1016:August von Kotzebue
616:Cultural depictions
514:Gunhilda of Denmark
352:in 1024 and became
322:Ernest II of Swabia
314:Henry II of Germany
298:Brun I of Brunswick
283:Conrad the Peaceful
281:, daughter of King
275:Herman II of Swabia
252:Ernest II of Swabia
3956:Matilda of England
3857:Bertila of Spoleto
3836:Bertila of Spoleto
3502:Isabella of Aragon
3437:Beatrice of Swabia
3397:Matilda of England
3338:Kingdom of Germany
3304:Kingdom of Germany
3279:Liutgard of Saxony
3132:Eleonora of Mantua
3117:Eleonora of Mantua
3047:Beatrice of Swabia
3027:Matilda of England
2907:Carolingian Empire
2831:Holy Roman Empress
2080:"Große Adlerfibel"
1924:, pp. 34, 35.
1657:, pp. 52, 53.
1082:Ingelheim am Rhein
1024:Conrad the Younger
1011:
1007:Wilhelm Camphausen
933:
738:Depictions in arts
666:imperatrix augusta
645:
544:
536:Wilhelm Zimmermann
453:
442:Mieszko II Lambert
399:, who later ruled
374:Liber Generationum
370:Pilgrim of Cologne
348:, who was elected
342:
4085:
4084:
4066: (1878–1900)
3905:Adelaide of Italy
3887:Adelaide of Italy
3689:
3688:
3537:Sophia of Bavaria
3532:Joanna of Bavaria
3512:Blanche of Valois
3352:Adelaide of Italy
3343:Holy Roman Empire
3328:Adelaide of Italy
3218:
3217:
3177:Ludovica of Spain
2992:Adelaide of Italy
2984:Holy Roman Empire
2920:Judith of Bavaria
2866:
2865:
2838:Succeeded by
2819:Succeeded by
2769:Gisela of Swabia
2727:978-0-8122-3508-1
2699:978-3-17-020183-5
2671:978-0-271-04818-5
2643:978-3-412-20201-9
2579:978-3-406-37799-0
2532:978-3-326-00565-2
2316:978-3-426-51404-7
2234:(in German). Haas
2140:978-0-300-06048-5
2106:978-3-7954-3286-7
1826:978-90-04-26459-5
1780:978-90-04-12468-4
1626:978-1-317-02418-7
1561:"Kaiserin Gisela"
1524:978-0-9660956-3-0
1466:978-0-19-106564-4
1377:978-1-139-45954-9
1339:, p. 83,116.
1271:978-3-406-50958-2
1218:978-3-030-01346-2
1184:978-0-268-01300-4
1062:Adelaide of Italy
1049:Konrad der Zweite
743:Contemporary arts
607:Henry I of France
385:Imperial councils
328:Queen and empress
248:Emperor Henry III
244:Emperor Conrad II
225:
224:
80:Cologne Cathedral
77:21 September 1024
4175:
4034:Barbara of Cilli
4022:Anna of Świdnica
3944:Eupraxia of Kiev
3926:Gisela of Swabia
3893:Willa of Tuscany
3881:Bertha of Swabia
3866:Bertha of Swabia
3716:
3709:
3702:
3693:
3692:
3602:Eleonora Gonzaga
3587:Eleonora Gonzaga
3577:Maria of Austria
3547:Barbara of Cilli
3387:Eupraxia of Kiev
3367:Gisela of Swabia
3245:
3238:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3208:
3207:
3087:Barbara of Cilli
3077:Anna of Świdnica
3052:Maria of Brabant
3022:Eupraxia of Kiev
3007:Gisela of Swabia
2977:
2976:
2965:Anna of Provence
2960:Bertila of Parma
2892:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2848:Preceded by
2802:Preceded by
2790:
2789:14 February 1043
2783:
2765:
2764:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2635:
2623:
2617:
2609:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2510:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2372:Uhland, Ludwig.
2369:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2179:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2051:Kabel, Claudia.
2048:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1557:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1358:
1352:
1351:, p. 82,83.
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1133:
1130:full text online
1127:
1113:
1086:Heidesheimer Tor
1078:Säulen der Macht
1076:), presented as
918:Later depictions
894:Late Carolingian
853:
844:
835:
830:
819:
814:
805:
800:
788:
773:
770:
767:
757:Speyer Cathedral
731:Speyer Cathedral
682:Emperor Henry II
649:Wipo of Burgundy
493:necessaria comes
478:Speyer Cathedral
457:Speyer Cathedral
407:, respectively.
366:Henry the Fowler
338:Speyer Cathedral
236:queen of Germany
233:
228:Gisela of Swabia
168:
133:Speyer Cathedral
111:15 February 1043
110:
108:
95:
33:
24:Gisela of Swabia
21:
20:
4183:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4072: (1900–46)
4060: (1810–14)
4054: (1805–10)
4048: (1530–39)
4042: (1452–67)
4036: (1431–37)
4030: (1363–78)
4024: (1355–62)
4018: (1327–47)
4000: (1235–41)
3994: (1225–28)
3988: (1212–22)
3976: (1191–97)
3970: (1156–84)
3964: (1128–37)
3958: (1114–25)
3952: (1095–98)
3946: (1089–93)
3940: (1080–87)
3938:Bertha of Savoy
3934: (1043–56)
3932:Agnes of Poitou
3928: (1026–39)
3922: (1004–24)
3913: (972–983)
3907: (951–973)
3901: (957–963)
3895: (950–953)
3889: (948–950)
3883: (937–948)
3877: (932–933)
3868: (922–926)
3859: (905–915)
3850: (896–899)
3848:Ota of Neustria
3844: (889–894)
3838: (888–889)
3832: (879–888)
3826: (875–877)
3820: (851–875)
3814: (821–851)
3802: (794–800)
3796: (784–794)
3790: (774–783)
3784: (756–774)
3769: (589–616)
3763: (567–573)
3748: (536–540)
3742: (526–534)
3736: (493–526)
3725:
3723:Queens of Italy
3720:
3690:
3685:
3656:
3517:Anne of Bavaria
3382:Bertha of Savoy
3377:Agnes of Poitou
3341:
3332:
3302:
3293:
3263:
3254:
3249:
3219:
3214:
3186:
3017:Bertha of Savoy
3012:Agnes of Poitou
2978:
2969:
2950:Ota of Neustria
2901:
2896:
2861:
2853:
2843:
2841:Agnes of Poitou
2834:
2824:
2815:
2807:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2633:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2556:
2554:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2407:
2403:
2399:, pp. 127.
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2091:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2049:
2045:
2033:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:, pp. 120.
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1864:, pp. 128.
1860:
1856:
1848:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1728:Schug, Markus.
1726:
1722:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1362:Reuter, Timothy
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1114:
1103:
1098:
1074:Agnes of Poitou
1058:
999:
989:lady-in-waiting
970:
925:
920:
882:Agnes of Poitou
858:
857:
856:
855:
854:
847:
845:
837:
836:
833:
831:
822:
821:
820:
817:
815:
807:
806:
803:
801:
782:
771:
768:
765:
763:
745:
740:
708:
647:The chronicler
637:
628:
618:
501:
486:
350:king of Germany
330:
310:Duchy of Swabia
271:
186:
182:
178:
174:
162:
161:
150:
146:
135:
114:Imperial Palace
112:
106:
104:
78:
62:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4181:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4098:Salian dynasty
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4049:
4043:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3854:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3737:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3719:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3432:Irene Angelina
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:Maria of Spain
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:German royalty
2792:
2791:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2726:
2711:
2698:
2683:
2670:
2655:
2642:
2624:
2605:978-3799543767
2604:
2598:. Ostfildern.
2591:
2578:
2563:
2544:
2531:
2516:
2511:
2500:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2455:
2429:
2401:
2389:
2364:
2347:
2322:
2315:
2295:
2270:
2245:
2220:
2195:
2165:
2163:, p. 186.
2153:
2139:
2119:
2105:
2085:
2070:
2043:
2034:|journal=
1999:
1976:
1951:
1926:
1914:
1912:, p. 315.
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1854:
1839:
1825:
1805:
1803:, p. 181.
1793:
1779:
1759:
1747:
1720:
1701:
1689:
1674:
1659:
1647:
1632:
1625:
1605:
1578:
1549:
1537:
1523:
1503:
1501:, p. 180.
1491:
1479:
1465:
1445:
1443:, p. 346.
1433:
1402:
1400:, p. 220.
1390:
1376:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1327:, p. 358.
1317:
1296:
1294:, p. 159.
1284:
1270:
1250:
1231:
1217:
1197:
1183:
1163:
1134:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1027:
998:
995:
994:
993:
982:
969:
966:
958:
957:
924:
921:
919:
916:
846:
839:
838:
832:
825:
824:
823:
816:
809:
808:
802:
795:
794:
793:
792:
791:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
734:
718:
707:
704:
689:Bardo of Mainz
636:
635:Historiography
633:
617:
614:
613:
612:
609:
600:
586:
585:
579:
565:
564:
561:
558:
500:
497:
485:
482:
378:Poppo of Trier
362:Aribo of Mainz
329:
326:
270:
267:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
169:
155:
154:
141:
137:
136:
131:
129:
125:
124:
102:
98:
97:
91:
87:
86:
83:
82:
75:
71:
70:
59:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4180:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4006: (1244?)
4005:
4004:Bianca Lancia
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3694:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:German Empire
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Maria Theresa
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Anna of Tyrol
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Bianca Lancia
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3211:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3112:Anna of Tyrol
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2684:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2645:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2581:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2498:3-937664-46-7
2495:
2491:
2490:
2469:
2465:
2464:"Kaiserinnen"
2459:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2398:
2397:Huschner 1990
2393:
2378:. CUP Archive
2377:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2351:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2258:
2257:
2249:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2123:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2074:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2026:
2010:
2003:
1996:(1): 133–151.
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1900:, p. 98.
1899:
1894:
1887:
1886:Huschner 1990
1882:
1875:
1874:Gilsdorf 2014
1870:
1863:
1862:Huschner 1990
1858:
1852:, p. 53.
1851:
1846:
1844:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1802:
1797:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1699:, p. 36.
1698:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1672:, p. 33.
1671:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1643:Huschner 1990
1639:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1609:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1547:, p. 37.
1546:
1541:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1489:, p. 38.
1488:
1483:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1248:, p. 32.
1247:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1167:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:Commemoration
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1038:Ludwig Uhland
1036:, written by
1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1003:
990:
986:
983:
980:
976:
972:
971:
965:
963:
955:
954:Wilhelm Frick
951:
950:Bad Kreuznach
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:
929:
915:
913:
909:
908:
902:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
865:
851:
843:
829:
813:
799:
790:
789:
786:
781:
776:
762:
761:Limburg Abbey
758:
754:
750:
732:
728:
724:
723:Limburg Abbey
719:
715:
710:
709:
703:
701:
696:
692:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:consors regni
667:
661:
659:
653:
650:
641:
632:
627:
623:
610:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
594:
593:
591:
583:
580:
577:
574:
573:
572:
570:
562:
559:
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2161:Tanner 2019
2059:(in German)
1962:Once a Week
1801:Tanner 2019
1736:(in German)
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747:See also:
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