Ginkgo biloba - Knowledge

2641: 2626: 801:(they may grow only one to two centimeters in several years) and their leaves are usually unlobed. They are short and knobby, and are arranged regularly on the branches except on first-year growth. Because of the short internodes, leaves appear to be clustered at the tips of short shoots, and reproductive structures are formed only on them (see pictures below – seeds and leaves are visible on short shoots). In ginkgos, as in other plants that possess them, short shoots allow the formation of new leaves in the older parts of the crown. After a number of years, a short shoot may change into a long (ordinary) shoot, or vice versa. 2578: 1714: 2530: 1325: 727: 1348: 805: 2566: 937: 2665: 2412: 190: 925: 2072: 2614: 1455: 2653: 2542: 1291: 2590: 145: 2677: 1779: 692: 1308: 2056: 2602: 167: 1971: 6274: 823:, or basal chichi) in response to disturbances, such as soil erosion. Old specimens are also capable of producing aerial roots on the undersides of large branches in response to disturbances such as crown damage; these roots can lead to successful clonal reproduction upon contacting the soil. These strategies are evidently important in the persistence of ginkgo; in a survey of the "semiwild" stands remaining in 2554: 738: 126: 2064: 1367: 1813:, the ginkgo has also been widely planted in Korea and in Japan since the 14th century; in both areas, some naturalization has occurred, with ginkgos seeding into natural forests. Ginkgo has been commonly cultivated in North America for over 200 years and in Europe for close to 300, but during that time, it has never become significantly 1705:, therefore, presents an "ecological paradox" because while it possesses some favorable traits for living in disturbed environments (clonal reproduction) many of its other life-history traits are the opposite of those exhibited by modern plants that thrive in disturbed settings (slow growth, large seed size, late reproductive maturity). 1558: 961:

in 1896. The sperm have a complex multi-layered structure, which is a continuous belt of basal bodies that form the base of several thousand flagella which have a cilia-like motion. The flagella/cilia apparatus pulls the body of the sperm forwards. The sperm have only a tiny distance to travel to the

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Leaves of long shoots are usually notched or lobed, but only from the outer surface, between the veins. They are borne both on the more rapidly growing branch tips, where they are alternate and spaced out, and also on the short, stubby spur shoots, where they are clustered at the tips. Leaves are

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and long, somewhat erratic branches, and is usually deep-rooted and resistant to wind and snow damage. Young trees are often tall and slender, and sparsely branched; the crown becomes broader as the tree ages. A combination of resistance to disease, insect-resistant wood, and the ability to form

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spp.) Individuals with a history of strong allergic reactions to poison ivy, mangoes, cashews and other alkylphenol-producing plants are more likely to experience an allergic reaction when consuming non-standardized ginkgo-containing preparations. The level of these allergens in standardized

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While it may seem improbable that a single species may exist as a contiguous entity for many millions of years, many of the ginkgo's life-history parameters fit: Extreme longevity; slow reproduction rate; (in Cenozoic and later times) a wide, apparently contiguous, but steadily contracting

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since at least the 11th century C.E. Ginkgo seeds, leaves, and nuts have traditionally been used to treat various ailments, such as dementia, asthma, bronchitis, and kidney and bladder disorders. However, there is no conclusive evidence that ginkgo is useful for any of these conditions.

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For centuries, it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now a common tree cultivated throughout eastern China, Korea, and Japan. Many municipalities in Korea and Japan use Ginkgos as street trees, and Ginkgo leaves are the emblem of prominent educational institutions such as the

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in Japan have discredited theories claiming Chinese origins of Ginkgo. Whether native ginkgo populations still exist has not been demonstrated unequivocally, but there is genetic evidence that these Southwestern populations may be wild, as well as evidence that the largest and oldest

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archegonia, of which there are usually two or three. Two sperm are produced, one of which successfully fertilizes the ovule. Fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs just before or after they fall in early autumn. Embryos may develop in the seeds before or after they drop from the tree.

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Savaskan, Egemen; Mueller, Heiko; Hoerr, Robert; von Gunten, Armin; Gauthier, Serge (1 March 2018). "Treatment effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on the spectrum of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

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Wang, Lukun; Liu, Jiamin; Liu, Jing; Wei, Haiyan; Fang, Yaqin; Wang, Daju; Chen, Ruidun; Gu, Wei (1 May 2023). "Revealing the long-term trend of the global-scale Ginkgo biloba distribution and the impact of future climate change based on the ensemble modeling".

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According to some sources, the medicinal use of ginkgo dates back to 2800 B.C.… However, the first undisputed written records of ginkgo come much later… Ginkgo first appears in copies of the Shen Nung pharmacopeia around the eleventh and twelfth

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exists among ginkgo trees, with some Chinese scholars suggesting that ginkgo trees in these areas may have been planted and preserved by Chinese monks over about 1,000 years. A study demonstrates a greater genetic diversity in

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can be reliably distinguished. Given the slow pace of evolution and morphological similarity between members of the genus, there may have been only one or two species existing in the Northern Hemisphere through the entirety of the

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Ginkgo has long been cultivated in China. It is common in the southern third of the country. Some planted trees at temples are believed to be over 1,500 years old. The first record of Europeans encountering it is in 1690 in

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Brenner, Eric D.; Katari, Manpreet S.; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Rudd, Stephen A.; Douglas, Andrew W.; Moss, Walter N.; Twigg, Richard W.; Runko, Suzan J.; Stellari, Giulia M.; McCombie, W. R.; Coruzzi, Gloria M. (15 October 2005).

819:, many specimens are found along stream banks, rocky slopes, and cliff edges. Accordingly, ginkgo retains a prodigious capacity for vegetative growth. It is capable of sprouting from embedded buds near the base of the trunk ( 4379:

Zhao, Yun-Peng; Fan, Guangyi; Yin, Ping-Ping; Sun, Shuai; Li, Ning; Hong, Xiaoning; Hu, Gang; Zhang, He; Zhang, Fu-Min; Han, Jing-Dan; Hao, Ya-Jun; Xu, Qiwu; Yang, Xianwei; Xia, Wenjie; Chen, Wenbin (13 September 2019).

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is also commonly manually planted in cities across the United States and Europe. This species is highly tolerant to pollution and serves as a visually appealing, shade-providing tree in many cities and gardens.

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Female cultivars include 'Liberty Splendor', 'Santa Cruz', and 'Golden Girl', the latter so named because of the striking yellow color of its leaves in the fall; all female cultivars release zero pollen.

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drops through the Cretaceous, at the same time the flowering plants were on the rise; this supports the hypothesis that, over time, flowering plants with better adaptations to disturbance displaced

1207:(1712) with the "awkward" spelling "ginkgo". This appears to be a simple error of Kaempfer; taking his spelling of other Japanese words containing the syllable "kyō" into account, a more precise 2640: 1211:

following his writing habits would have been "ginkio" or "ginkjo". Linnaeus, who relied on Kaempfer when dealing with Japanese plants, adopted the spelling given in Kaempfer's "Flora Japonica" (

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green both on the top and bottom and have stomata on both sides. During autumn, the leaves turn a bright yellow and then fall, sometimes within a short space of time (one to fifteen days).

2577: 1990:, Japan, an ancient ginkgo tree stands beside the stone entry staircase. According to legend, the tree has stood there since the founding of the shrine circa 1063. The tree is nicknamed 1868:

Ginkgos adapt well to the urban environment, tolerating pollution and confined soil spaces. They rarely have disease problems, even in urban conditions, and are attacked by few insects.

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in the area to survive the blast. Although almost all other plants (and animals) in the area were killed, the ginkgos, though charred, survived and were soon healthy again, among other

2625: 4287:"Sphenobaiera insecta from the Upper Triassic of South Australia, with a clarification of the genus Sphenobaiera (fossil Ginkgophyta) and its delimitation from similar foliage genera" 5059: 2140:, the outer fleshy coating. These people should handle the seeds with care when preparing the seeds for consumption, wearing disposable gloves. The symptoms are allergic contact 4447:"Phylogeography of a living fossil: pleistocene glaciations forced Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) into two refuge areas in China with limited subsequent postglacial expansion" 815:

Ginkgo prefers full sun and grows best in environments that are well-watered and well-drained. The species shows a preference for disturbed sites; in the "semiwild" stands at

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Ginkgos are large trees, normally reaching a height of 20–35 m (66–115 ft), with some specimens in China being over 50 m (165 ft). The tree has an angular

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Schötz, Karl (2004). "Quantification of allergenic urushiols in extracts ofGinkgo biloba leaves, in simple one-step extracts and refined manufactured material (EGb 761)".

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grafted onto plants propagated from seed, because the male trees will not produce the malodorous seeds. The popular cultivar 'Autumn Gold' is a clone of a male plant.

5856:"High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Study of Ginkgolic Acid in the Leaves and Fruits of the Ginkgo Tree (Ginkgo biloba)" 953:

sperm, as in cycads, ferns, mosses, and algae. The sperm are large (about 70–90 micrometres) and are similar to the sperm of cycads, which are slightly larger.

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distribution; and (as far as can be demonstrated from the fossil record) extreme ecological conservatism (restriction to disturbed streamside environments).

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which enable a considerable number of antibacterial and chemical defense mechanisms. 76.58% of the assembled sequence turned out to be repetitive sequences.

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large seeds and habit of "bolting" – growing to a height of 10 meters before elongating its side branches – may be adaptations to such an environment.

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Clement, YN; Onakpoya, I; Hung, SK; Ernst, E (March 2011). "Effects of herbal and dietary supplements on cognition in menopause: a systematic review".

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Seupaul, RA; Welch, JL; Malka, ST; Emmett, TW (April 2012). "Pharmacologic prophylaxis for acute mountain sickness: A systematic shortcut review".

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trees up to 667 years old showed little effects of aging, finding that the trees continued to grow with age and displayed no genetic evidence of

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Fan, F; Liu, H; Shi, X; Ai, Y; Liu, Q; Cheng, Y (2022). "The Efficacy and Safety of Alzheimer's Disease Therapies: An Updated Umbrella Review".

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Wang, Yongdong; Guignard, Gaëtan; Thévenard, Frédéric; Dilcher, David; Barale, Georges; Mosbrugger, Volker; Yang, Xiaoju; Mei, Shengwu (2005).

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as a healthy snack with beer and other Japanese food. In Korea, ginkgo nuts are stir-fried and eaten, or are used to garnish foods such as

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and the Southern Hemisphere species are the only known post-Jurassic taxa that can be unequivocally recognised. The remainder may have been

5034: 1750:, where several old-growth candidates for wild populations have been reported. Recently, the findings of Ginkgo trees aged 1,500 years in 755:

are unique among seed plants, being fan-shaped with veins radiating out into the leaf blade, sometimes bifurcating (splitting), but never

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Guan, Rui; Zhao, Yunpeng; Zhang, He; Fan, Guangyi; Liu, Xin; Zhou, Wenbin; Shi, Chengcheng; Wang, Jiahao; Liu, Weiqing (1 January 2016).

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Modern scholarship has established that ginkgos arrived from China in the 14th century, and a 1990 tree-ring measurement indicated the

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Lepoittevin, J.-P.; Benezra, C.; Asakawa, Y. (1989). "Allergic contact dermatitis to Ginkgo biloba L.: relationship with urushiol".

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van Beek TA, Montoro P (2009). "Chemical analysis and quality control of Ginkgo biloba leaves, extracts, and phytopharmaceuticals".

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T. Hori, A historical survey of Ginkgo biloba based on Japanese and Chinese classical literatures, Plant Morphology, 2001, 31, 31–40

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Laws KR, Sweetnam H, Kondel TK (1 November 2012). "Is Ginkgo biloba a cognitive enhancer in healthy individuals? A meta-analysis".

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Dugoua, JJ; Mills, E; Perri, D; Koren, G (2006). "Safety and efficacy of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) during pregnancy and lactation".

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has been two ginkgo leaves (designed by Shoichi Hoshino), which became the university logo in 2004 with a redesign. The logo of

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and other species of the genus were once widespread throughout the world, its habitat had shrunk by two million years ago.

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Tanaka, A; Arai, Y; Kim, SN; Ham, J; Usuki, T (2011). "Synthesis and biological evaluation of bilobol and adipostatin A".

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Approximate reconstructions by B. M. Begović Bego and Z. Zhou, 2010/2011. Source: B.M. Begović Bego, (2011). Nature's Miracle

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Despite its spelling, which is due to a complicated etymology including a transcription error, "ginkgo" is usually pronounced

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leaf are often marketed as cognitive enhancers, there is no evidence for effects on memory or attention in healthy people.

763:. The leaves are usually 5–10 cm (2–4 in), but sometimes up to 15 cm (6 in) long. The old common name, 661:

of 1712. It is considered that he may have misspelled "Ginkjo" or "Ginkio" (both consistent with his treatment of Japanese

476:, which first appeared over 290 million years ago, and fossils very similar to the living species, belonging to the genus 4578:"Evidence for the persistence of wild Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) populations in the Dalou Mountains, southwestern China" 2245:

leaf extracts in moderate amounts appears to be safe, excessive use may have undesirable effects, especially in terms of

881:-like structures containing seeds. The fruits are 1.5–2 cm long, with a soft, fleshy, yellow-brown outer layer (the 4210: 2714: 3079: 2126:. A heat-stable compound not destroyed by cooking, MPN may cause convulsions, which were alleviated by treatment with 1950:(planted about 1740), Jōsei-ji (planted 1900), at the former site of Senda Elementary School near Miyukibashi, at the 7379: 7354: 6201: 6099: 2664: 2107:, and cooked seeds are often eaten along with other dishes. Grilled ginkgo nuts with salt are also a popular item at 452: 5131:

Azuma, Fumika; Nokura, Kazuya; Kako, Tetsuharu; Kobayashi, Daisuke; Yoshimura, Teruki; Wada, Keiji (15 June 2020).

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of these leaves, "spur shoots" (also known as short shoots) develop on second-year growth. Short shoots have short

149: 4666: 3379:"EST analysis in Ginkgo biloba: an assessment of conserved developmental regulators and gymnosperm specific genes" 2565: 7334: 7103: 7007: 5505:

Sereda, Magdalena; Xia, Jun; Scutt, Polly; Hilton, Malcolm P; El Refaie, Amr; Hoare, Derek J (16 November 2022).

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Ginkgo branches grow in length by growth of shoots with regularly spaced leaves, as seen on most trees. From the

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The relationship of ginkgo to other plant groups remains uncertain. It has been placed loosely in the divisions

7359: 7349: 7126: 6349: 5105: 2825: 7224: 2676: 7085: 2515: 1770:(i.e. fine, silty soil) with good drainage. The soil it inhabits is typically in the pH range of 5.0 to 5.5. 1165: 6217: 4537:"Genetic variation of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) based on cpDNA PCR-RFLPs: inference of glacial refugia" 1883:; they can be kept artificially small and tended over centuries. The trees are easy to propagate from seed. 6960: 6947: 5012: 4689: 4647: 3862: 2978:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 1 August 2020 2589: 2381: 1574: 759:

to form a network. Two veins enter the leaf blade at the base and fork repeatedly in two; this is known as

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to investigate the species in 1690, wrote down this pronunciation in the notes that he later used for the

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The nut-like kernels of the seeds are particularly esteemed in Asia, and are a traditional ingredient in

1858: 6865: 6289: 4382:"Resequencing 545 ginkgo genomes across the world reveals the evolutionary history of the living fossil" 2583:

Female gametophyte, dissected from a seed freshly shed from the tree, containing a well-developed embryo

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Royer, Dana L.; Hickey, Leo J.; Wing, Scott L. (2003). "Ecological conservatism in the 'living fossil'

3301: 2860: 6243: 5133:"An Adult Case of Generalized Convulsions Caused by the Ingestion of Ginkgo biloba Seeds with Alcohol" 2850: 2031:

feature a ginkgo tree reputed to be 1,400 years old. The tree itself is a popular tourist attraction.

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The Tree Book: A Practical Guide to Selecting and Maintaining the Best Trees for Your Yard and Garden

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Where it occurs in the wild, Ginkgo is found infrequently in deciduous forests and valleys on acidic

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and sprouts makes ginkgos durable, with some specimens claimed to be more than 2,500 years old.

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Zheng, W.; Xiang, Y.-Q.; Ng, C.; Ungvari, G.; Chiu, H.; Xiang, Y.-T. (15 March 2016). "Extract of

3216: 1755: 1152:, "lobed", referring to the shape of the leaves. Two names for the species recognise the botanist 7374: 7250: 7211: 6955: 6851: 4932: 4255: 3090: 2934: 1754:, Korea (the Neukguri Ginkgo, designated as Korea's natural artifact in 1986), and aged 1,200 in 1734: 509: 6190: 6094:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Akademon (Hebrew University of Jerusalem). pp. 77–78. 4897: 4334:"Cuticular anatomy of Sphenobaiera huangii (Ginkgoales) from the Lower Jurassic of Hubei, China" 4206: 3252: 2905: 2803: 7324: 7025: 6942: 6813: 6774: 6571: 1689:

grows best in environments that are well-watered and drained, and the extremely similar fossil

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Kajiyama, Y.; Fujii, K.; Takeuchi, H.; Manabe, Y. (2 February 2002). "Ginkgo seed poisoning".

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On 10 March 2010, the tree blew down in a storm, but the stump has since sprouted vigorously.

1713: 1307: 6769: 4654:. Vol. 4. Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press. p. 8. 4504: 4285:

Unverfärth, Jan; McLoughlin, Stephen; Möllmann, Magali; Bomfleur, Benjamin (2 October 2022).

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Ansari, Abid A.; Gill, Sarvajeet Singh; Abbas, Zahid Khorshid; Naeem, M. (23 December 2016).

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Zhou, Zhiyan; Zheng, Shaolin (2003). "Palaeobiology: The missing link in Ginkgo evolution".

3141:: Typis & impensis Henrici Wilhelmi Meyeri, aulae Lippiacae typographi. p. 811–813. 7175: 7051: 6916: 6791: 6652: 6593: 6444: 6402: 6306: 6039: 5281: 4717: 4458: 4393: 4298: 4163: 4071:"Biflavonoids: Important Contributions to the Health Benefits of Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.)" 3621: 3615: 3537: 3525:

Jin, Biao; Jiang, Xiaoxue; Wang, Di; Zhang, Lei; Wan, Yinglang; Wang, Li (September 2012).

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has been used for plants with a broadly wedge-shaped leaf that lacks a distinct leaf stem.

760: 5085: 3648: 3217:"Ginkgo – Ginkgo biloba – The University of Alabama Arboretum | The University of Alabama" 2395:

concluded that medicines containing ginkgo leaf can be used for treating mild age-related

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had occurred over an extremely wide range, had remarkable genetic flexibility and, though

1021: 726: 8: 7170: 6697: 6577: 6397: 6313: 2173: 2094: 1987: 1730: 1546: 1523: 1519: 1168:. The epithet of the latter may have been intended to denote a characteristic resembling 134: 6279: 5285: 4721: 4462: 4397: 4302: 4167: 3837: 3541: 7271: 7198: 6702: 6617: 6342: 5920: 5809: 5671: 5628: 5580: 5555: 5531: 5506: 5487: 5362: 5251: 5165: 5132: 4893: 4886: 4741: 4422: 4381: 4187: 4105: 4070: 3876:"Some trees can live for more than 1,000 years and scientists may have figured out why" 3814: 3779: 3749: 3566: 3526: 3480: 3413: 3378: 3128: 2718: 2200: 2118:

When eaten in large quantities or over a long period, the seeds may cause poisoning by

2028: 1802: 1743: 1526:. Along with that of ferns, cycads, and cycadeoids, the species diversity in the genus 1510: 1466: 1332: 1196: 798: 648: 505: 324: 184: 5991:

Wada, Keiji; Ishigaki, Seikou; Ueda, Kaori; Sakata, Masakatsu; Haga, Masanobu (1985).

5616: 3915: 1258:, the Ginkgophyta, comprising the single class Ginkgoopsida, order Ginkgoales, family 7147: 6893: 6598: 6466: 6424: 6385: 6319: 6197: 6105: 6095: 6066: 6021: 6013: 5973: 5965: 5912: 5877: 5836: 5801: 5793: 5754: 5715: 5707: 5675: 5663: 5632: 5620: 5585: 5536: 5491: 5479: 5438: 5403: 5354: 5297: 5243: 5208: 5170: 5152: 5148: 4901: 4855: 4773: 4745: 4733: 4599: 4558: 4510: 4482: 4474: 4427: 4409: 4361: 4353: 4314: 4179: 4110: 4092: 3980: 3957: 3919: 3819: 3801: 3757: 3671: 3625: 3594: 3571: 3553: 3505: 3472: 3418: 3400: 3281: 3196: 3043: 2335: 2284: 2189: 2169: 1974:

The stump of the ancient fallen ginkgo which has produced new shoots in recent years.

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Eyewitness Companions: Trees: Identification, Forests, Historic Species, Wood Types

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or antiplatelet medication, may be adversely affected by using ginkgo supplements.

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typically have multiple pronunciations in Japanese, and the characters 銀杏 used for

1017: 827:, 40% of the specimens surveyed were multi-stemmed, and few saplings were present. 804: 616: 584: 402: 4310: 4069:Šamec, Dunja; Karalija, Erna; Dahija, Sabina; Hassan, Sherif T. S. (23 May 2022). 2693: 2553: 1675:

dominated disturbed streamside environments, forming low, open, shrubby canopies.

1239:. The apricot-like structures produced by female ginkgo trees are technically not 7309: 7134: 6751: 6642: 6622: 6564: 6549: 6429: 6412: 6390: 5908: 5733:

Yuan, Qiuju; Wang, Chong-wen; Shi, Jun; Lin, Zhi-xiu (January 2017). "Effects of

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Gong, Wei; Chen, Chuan; Dobes, Christoph; Fu, Cheng-Xin; Koch, Marcus A. (2008).

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fossils disappeared from the fossil record everywhere except in a small area of

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The older Chinese name for this plant is 銀果, meaning "silver fruit", pronounced

7193: 6439: 5100: 5060:"This Buddhist temple's 1,400-year-old ginkgo tree is dropping a sea of yellow" 4981: 4729: 4405: 3016: 2308: 1504:

The Ginkgophyta declined in diversity as the Cretaceous progressed, and by the

1243:, but are seeds that have a shell consisting of a soft and fleshy section (the 1232: 985:"letters" (the human genome has three billion) and about 41,840 predicted 710: 564: 214: 6300: 5750: 5703: 4844: 3902:

van Beek TA (2002). "Chemical analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaves and extracts".

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Mustoe, G.E. (2002). "Eocene Ginkgo leaf fossils from the Pacific Northwest".

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of the former Federal German Health Authority. Overconsumption of seeds from

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populations, supporting glacial refugia in mountains surrounding the eastern

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favored similar environments: The sediment record at the majority of fossil

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Ginkgos are popular subjects for growing as miniature landscapes known as

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Ginkgoopsida, Ginkgoales, Ginkgoaceae, Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) description

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Julie Jalalpour; Matt Malkin; Peter Poon; Liz Rehrmann; Jerry Yu (1997).

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for tardive dyskinesia: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".

5035:"A Genetic Elixir of Life Helps Millennia-Old Ginkgo Trees Escape Death" 4594: 2172:

have shown there is no evidence for effectiveness of ginkgo in treating

610:, which has given rise to the common alternative spelling "gingko". The 6973: 6759: 6739: 6677: 6664: 6514: 6092:

Medicinal herbs in Modern Medicine (ṣimḥei marpé bir'fū'ah ha-modernīt)

5659: 5239: 4667:"The life story of the oldest tree on Earth (interview of Peter Crane)" 3753: 3593:(7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 429–430. 2457: 2361: 2347: 2320: 2312: 2292: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2127: 1995: 1955: 1947: 1656: 1636: 1624: 1390: 1251:). The sarcotesta has a strong smell that most people find unpleasant. 1244: 1236: 1061: 1049: 1045: 1029: 997: 982: 882: 874: 859: 820: 521: 473: 465: 257: 227: 91: 56: 4883: 3549: 2403:

in adults after serious conditions have been excluded by a physician.

2075:

Ginkgo seeds served with boiled coconut flesh as a dessert in Thailand

2043:

is used to make furniture, chessboards, carving, and casks for making

1936:

The six trees are still alive: They are marked with signs at Housenbou

1842:) rating of 7 (out of 10), whereas female trees, which can produce no 1778: 1557: 691: 489:

approximately 170 million years ago. The tree was cultivated early in

6999: 6929: 6764: 6690: 6627: 6583: 6504: 5382:"Ginkgo biloba extract for essential hypertension: A systemic review" 5350: 2724: 2435:, and the symbol of Tokyo is a ginkgo leaf. Since 1948, the badge of 2273: 2177: 2130: 2112: 2089:, and are often served at special occasions such as weddings and the 1892: 1632: 1605: 1505: 1228: 1181:

is the result of a spelling error that occurred three centuries ago.

1053: 1037: 1025: 768: 469: 96: 40: 6807: 5293: 4284: 4175: 3744: 3727: 2762: 2218:

of using ginkgo supplements may include increased risk of bleeding,

2055: 1999: 1385:, with fossils recognisably related to modern ginkgo from the early 7258: 6830: 6781: 6709: 6605: 6451: 6419: 6407: 2471: 2465: 2424: 2396: 2316: 2296: 2265: 2254: 2231: 2227: 2196: 2181: 1983: 1924: 1828: 1806: 1751: 1738: 1609: 1587: 1566: 1538: 1494: 1490: 1416: 1400: 1281: 1215:, p. 811). Kaempfer's drawing can be found in Hori's article. 1170: 950: 909: 512:

that it supports human health or is effective against any disease.

116: 112: 86: 81: 66: 61: 51: 7012: 6934: 3668:

Ginkgo Biloba (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Industrial Profiles)

3588: 1970: 1440:

is used to classify those with fewer than four veins per segment.

677:

and has become the name of the tree's genus. The specific epithet

6796: 6544: 6529: 6524: 4842: 4535:

Shen, L; Chen, X-Y; Zhang, X; Li, Y-Y; Fu, C-X; Qiu, Y-X (2004).

2300: 2161: 2145: 2108: 1873: 1790: 1620: 1581:

It is doubtful whether the Northern Hemisphere fossil species of

1427: 1386: 1099: 1041: 703: 699: 550: 501: 101: 76: 6921: 3527:"The behavior of pollination drop secretion in Ginkgo biloba L." 3156:: Generum editionis VI. et specierum editionis II, available at 2044: 1965: 667:

in the same work) as "Ginkgo". This misspelling was included by

6860: 6786: 6632: 6588: 6534: 6519: 6509: 6494: 3084: 2632: 2280: 2223: 2185: 2085: 1879: 1843: 1462: 1436: 1408: 1264: 993: 971: 893: 847: 777:. Ginkgos are prized for their autumn foliage, which is a deep 745: 737: 547: 478: 277: 125: 108: 5688: 4696:. Vol. 2. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4503:

Usher, Carol; White, John; Ridsdale, Colin (17 October 2005).

3617:

The Urban Tree Book: An Uncommon Field Guide for City and Town

2774: 2772: 2063: 1838:

trees is that they are highly allergenic. They have an OPALS (

6672: 6554: 6486: 6380: 6375: 3863:

Draft genome of the living fossil Ginkgo biloba – GigaScience

3138: 2511: 2432: 2416: 1895:, Japan, where six trees growing between 1 and 2 kilometres ( 1767: 1668: 1404: 1374:

made from diverse images of fossils and academic descriptions

1272:

within this group. It is one of the best-known examples of a

1240: 1183: 1142: 897: 878: 870: 843: 536: 486: 201: 4331: 2059:

Close-up of Ginkgo tree bearing ripe, fruit-like sarcotestae

1659:

strategy for survival in disturbed streamside environments.

5190: 3728:"Is Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgoaceae) Really an Oviparous Plant?" 3469:

10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0084:ECITLF>2.0.CO;2

3192:

Plant Biodiversity: Monitoring, Assessment and Conservation

2769: 2451: 2443:

has been a simplified ginkgo leaf since 1991 when designer

2431:. The tree is the official tree of the Japanese capital of 2022: 1664: 1423: 986: 851: 794: 752: 637: 628: 602: 596: 444: 435: 420: 414: 3498:

Pendarvis, Murray P.; Crawley, John L. (1 February 2018).

3375: 2272:, and there is inadequate information about safety during 978:

in 2016. The tree has a large genome of 10.6 billion

493:

and remains commonly planted, and is widely regarded as a

5225: 4068: 3880: 3589:

Raven, Peter H.; Ray F. Evert; Susan E. Eichhorn (2005).

1891:

Extreme examples of the ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in

1366: 979: 634: 625: 622: 593: 590: 441: 432: 429: 411: 408: 19:

This article is about the tree. For the Goethe poem, see

5420: 5380:

Xiong XJ, Liu W, Yang XC, et al. (September 2014).

5130: 4645: 2195:

There is weak preliminary evidence for ginkgo affecting

2027:

The grounds of the Buddhist temple at Gu Guanyin in the

2009:, who had hidden behind the tree to ambush the shōgun. 1430:

per segment have customarily been assigned to the taxon

6327: 5602: 4622:

Heritage Portal : CULTURAL HERITAGE ADMINISTRATION

2707:, a unique species of fungus that grows exclusively on 2447:

created it for the university's sixtieth anniversary.

1854: 1763:

trees may be older than surrounding human settlements.

1737:

in South Korea. Despite their widespread habitat, high

5990: 5456:

Hilton, MP; Zimmermann, EF; Hunt, WT (28 March 2013).

4929:

SULIS - Sustainable Urban Landscape Information Series

4925:"Examples of Plants with Insect and Disease Tolerance" 4669:. Yale Environment 360, Yale School of the Environment 3620:(1st ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. p. 2945:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team 2475: 2463: 2455: 1113: 1107: 1080:

in Cantonese. The current commonly used names are 白果 (

662: 524: 5826: 3239: 3237: 2067:

Ginkgo 'seeds' (sclerotestae) with sarcotesta removed

1646: 1093: 1081: 957:

sperm were first discovered by the Japanese botanist

631: 599: 453: 438: 417: 5504: 5455: 4824:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 43 4618:"강원특별자치도 기념물 삼척늑구리은행나무 (三陟訥口里銀杏나무): 국가문화유산포털 – 문화재청" 3188: 1123: 5771: 4951: 4884:Boland, Timothy; Laura E. Coit; Marty Hair (2002). 2619:

A forest of saplings sprout among last year's seeds

1853:Many cultivars are listed in the literature in the 889:(also known as butanoic acid) and smells foul like 619: 587: 520:The genus name is regarded as a misspelling of the 426: 405: 6189: 5336: 4885: 4502: 4025: 3234: 2507:because it resembles the leaf of the ginkgo tree. 2136:Some people are sensitive to the chemicals in the 6065:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 242. 5940:"Food poisoning by Ginkgo seeds through vitamin B 5737:on dementia: An overview of systematic reviews". 4768:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 3780:"Draft genome of the living fossil Ginkgo biloba" 3524: 2454:, wrestlers ranked in the two highest divisions ( 1801:, where the tree was seen by the German botanist 885:) that is attractive in appearance, but contains 7291: 5984: 5894: 4650:. In Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. (eds.). 4130:"Smell has some cities ripping out ginkgo trees" 3979:(5 ed.). London: Cassell Ltd. p. 883. 3777: 3497: 2122:(4'-O-methylpyridoxine, MPN), as found in a few 2047:; the wood is fire-resistant and slow to decay. 1663:evolved in an era before flowering plants, when 900:when fallen. Beneath the sarcotesta is the hard 5554:Zeng X, Liu M, Yang Y, Li Y, Asplund K (2005). 5267: 5265: 4534: 4444: 3939: 3450: 1651:Given the slow rate of evolution of the genus, 1280:are not known from the fossil record after the 5732: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4530: 4528: 4526: 2484: 1939: 1857:, of which the compact 'Troll' has gained the 540: 6343: 5931: 5829:The Canadian Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 5553: 4706: 4641: 4639: 4378: 4029:Amoenitates exoticae politico-physico-medicae 2419:, Japan's capital, representing a ginkgo leaf 1966:1000-year-old ginkgo at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū 1235:wall, it can morphologically be considered a 1087: 949:The fertilization of ginkgo seeds occurs via 573: 558: 472:. It is the last living species in the order 6089: 5379: 5262: 4843:Gilman, Edward F.; Dennis G. Watson (1993). 4757: 4755: 4646:Fu, Liguo; Li, Nan; Mill, Robert R. (1999). 4249: 4247: 3773: 3771: 3725: 3062: 3060: 3058: 2133:(vitamin B6), according to limited studies. 1827:Many intentionally planted ginkgos are male 1552: 873:are formed at the end of a stalk, and after 7365:Plants used in traditional Chinese medicine 5645: 5449: 5186: 5184: 4992: 4982:"A-bombed Ginkgo trees in Hiroshima, Japan" 4960:"Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Ginkgo biloba" 4569: 4523: 3665: 3178:. Fukuoka: Kyushu University. pp. 1–5. 2898: 2804:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32353A9700472.en 2490: 2370:International Agency for Research on Cancer 2295:contain ginkgolic acids – which are highly 2097:). Japanese cooks add ginkgo seeds (called 1846:, have an OPALS allergy scale rating of 2. 1708: 1393:), with likely oldest record being that of 678: 672: 656: 6350: 6336: 6130:. European Medicines Agency. 3 August 2015 5897:Journal of Asian Natural Products Research 5556:"Ginkgo biloba for acute ischaemic stroke" 4957: 4664: 4636: 4498: 4496: 3974: 3693:"History of Discovery of Spermatozoids In 3649:"Lab IX – Ginkgo, Cordaites, Conifers (2)" 2929: 2856:World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 2843: 2360:extract is classified as a possible human 1697:localities indicates it grew primarily in 165: 143: 124: 6083: 6054: 6007: 5959: 5937: 5871: 5579: 5530: 5473: 5397: 5164: 4752: 4687: 4593: 4552: 4421: 4244: 4241:, Book 1, Vols. 1–2, pp. 60–61. 4153: 4147: 4104: 4086: 3813: 3795: 3768: 3743: 3690: 3643: 3641: 3565: 3412: 3394: 3166: 3164: 3074: 3072: 3055: 2802: 866:spirally arranged around a central axis. 645:is also documented in some dictionaries. 7305:NatureServe critically imperiled species 5853: 5726: 5181: 5126: 5124: 5086:"A Taste of Sh旬n: Going Nuts for Ginkgo" 4042: 3999: 3901: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3127: 3121: 2410: 2070: 2062: 2054: 2023:1,400-year-old ginkgo tree at Gu Guanyin 2005:was assassinated in 1219 by his nephew, 1969: 1777: 1712: 1556: 1453: 1365: 1052:. The leaves also contain unique ginkgo 869:Female plants do not produce cones. Two 803: 736: 725: 690: 6168:"The official logo of Osaka University" 5560:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5511:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 5462:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4681: 4493: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 3838:"Ginkgo 'living fossil' genome decoded" 3613: 3501:Exploring Biology in the Laboratory, 3e 3037: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2778: 2375: 2148:similar to that caused by contact with 2093:(as part of the vegetarian dish called 1717:A ginkgo tree in New York during autumn 1336:, or possibly a new taxon from the US, 904:(the "shell" of the seed) and a papery 7292: 6241: 6196:. New York: Weatherhill. p. 139. 6187: 5996:Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 5271: 4877: 4836: 4575: 3935: 3933: 3638: 3245:"More on Morphology of the Ginkgoales" 3170: 3161: 3069: 3031: 2748: 2682:Several golden ginkgos in Hebei, China 2406: 2393:Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products 6812: 6811: 6331: 6060: 5765: 5121: 4917: 4786: 4761: 4451:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4127: 3726:Holt, B. F.; Rothwell, G. W. (1997). 3659: 3429: 3273: 2943:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov) 2742: 2423:The ginkgo leaf is the symbol of the 1549:, where the modern species survived. 970:Chinese scientists published a draft 767:, derives from the leaves resembling 530: 7114:c7a434f2-a5bd-4ee7-aba5-bc4155c4d0b4 5308: 4253: 4224: 4198: 3873: 2990: 2957: 2873: 2670:Ginkgo in autumn in Florence (Italy) 2238:, and restlessness. Although use of 1254:The ginkgo is classified in its own 6090:Faran, Mina; Tcherni, Anna (1997). 5228:Archives of Dermatological Research 3930: 3867: 3280:. Simon and Schuster. p. 113. 2790:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2307:(bilobol is a substance related to 2299:– long-chain alkylphenols, such as 2155: 1449: 1134:described the species in 1771, the 1102:". The name 銀杏 was translated into 13: 5860:Journal of Chromatographic Science 4865:from the original on 10 April 2008 4256:"An overview of fossil Ginkgoales" 4211:University of California, Berkeley 3173:"On Engelbert Kaempfer's 'Ginkgo'" 2881:"Ginkgo: Definition & Meaning" 2715:Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park 2210: 1647:Adaptation to a single environment 1489:diversified and spread throughout 1477:Fossils attributable to the genus 1012:Extracts of ginkgo leaves contain 14: 7391: 7340:Extant Ypresian first appearances 6265: 6242:Huxley, Anthony (9 August 1987). 6063:Ginkgo: The Tree That Time Forgot 5617:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.10.015 5101:"은행(銀杏) Fruit of the Ginkgo tree" 2595:Immature ginkgo ovules and leaves 2330:pharmaceutical preparations from 1933:(trees that survived the blast). 1627:. The implications would be that 1218: 1174:, the genus of maidenhair ferns. 1007: 7300:IUCN Red List endangered species 7225:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262125-1 6272: 6235: 6210: 6181: 6160: 6142: 5944:depletion (article in Japanese)" 5149:10.2169/internalmedicine.4196-19 4043:Jaikumar, Devika (15 May 2008). 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2540: 2528: 1346: 1323: 1306: 1289: 1276:, because Ginkgoales other than 935: 923: 615: 583: 401: 188: 44: 6120: 6032: 5888: 5847: 5820: 5682: 5639: 5596: 5547: 5498: 5435:10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.12.005 5414: 5373: 5330: 5219: 5098: 5092: 5078: 5052: 5027: 4974: 4811: 4700: 4658: 4610: 4438: 4372: 4325: 4278: 4128:Duara, Nigel (5 October 2009). 4121: 4062: 4045:"Wake Up and Smell the Ginkgos" 4036: 4019: 3993: 3968: 3895: 3874:Hunt, Katie (14 January 2020). 3856: 3830: 3719: 3684: 3607: 3582: 3518: 3491: 3369: 3344: 3319: 3294: 3267: 3209: 3182: 3146: 3101: 1994:(hiding ginkgo), because of an 1635:genetically, never showed much 830: 5854:Xian-guo; et al. (2000). 5692:International Psychogeriatrics 5648:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 5572:10.1002/14651858.CD003691.pub2 5523:10.1002/14651858.CD013514.pub2 5475:10.1002/14651858.CD003852.pub3 5106:Encyclopedia of Korean Culture 4958:D'Cruz, Mark (15 April 2020). 3530:Plant Signaling & Behavior 3114:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2923: 2818: 2607:Autumn leaves and fallen seeds 2571:Ovules ready for fertilization 2514:since 1971, designated by the 2510:Ginkgo is an official tree of 2234:, headaches, dizziness, heart 1773: 1411:, which share with the extant 1086:), meaning "white fruit", and 686: 683:is New Latin for "two-lobed". 651:first introduced the spelling 1: 6188:Cuyler, Patricia Lee (1979). 4710:Biodiversity and Conservation 4311:10.1080/23818107.2022.2076259 4032:(in Latin). Lengoviae: Meyer. 3916:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00172-3 3504:. Morton Publishing Company. 3152:See page 131 of Car. a Linné 3019:. Drugs.com. 19 December 2023 2735: 2516:Seoul Metropolitan Government 992:In 2020, a study in China of 5909:10.1080/10286020.2011.554828 5739:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 5605:Annals of Emergency Medicine 5507:"Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus" 5458:"Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus" 5399:10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.024 4688:Whetstone, R. David (2006). 4272:10.1016/j.palwor.2009.01.001 4254:Zhou, Zhi-Yan (March 2009). 3954:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.013 2382:traditional Chinese medicine 2268:women may include increased 2180:-related cognitive decline, 1886: 1756:Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine 1361: 854:. Male plants produce small 570:Compendium of Materia Medica 515: 508:, but there is insufficient 7: 7370:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 6218:"Tree, Flower & Bird -" 6042:. World Health Organization 5938:Kobayashi, Daisuke (2019). 4471:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.003 4207:"Ginkgoales: Fossil Record" 4026:Engelbert Kaempfer (1721). 3904:Journal of Chromatography A 2696:, introduced the ginkgo to 2687: 2547:Ginkgo pollen-bearing cones 2476: 2464: 2456: 2401:peripheral vascular disease 2264:, the effects of ginkgo on 2220:gastrointestinal discomfort 2050: 2016:age to be about 500 years. 1859:Royal Horticultural Society 1805:. Because of its status in 1399:from the earliest Permian ( 1247:), and a hard section (the 1158:Pterophyllus salisburiensis 1156:, a placement by Nelson as 1124: 1114: 1108: 1094: 1082: 1067: 877:, one or both develop into 811:cross section of tree trunk 788: 663: 525: 342:Pterophyllus salisburiensis 10: 7396: 4762:Ogren, Thomas Leo (2000). 4730:10.1007/s10531-023-02593-z 4582:American Journal of Botany 4406:10.1038/s41467-019-12133-5 4338:American Journal of Botany 3977:Cassell's Latin Dictionary 3732:American Journal of Botany 3274:Meyer, Jeffrey G. (2004). 3171:Michel, Wolfgang (2011) . 3038:Coombes, Allen J. (1994), 2861:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2826:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0" 2751:Canadian Journal of Botany 2521: 2083:. Ginkgo nuts are used in 1946:temple (planted in 1850), 1923:were among the few living 1655:possibly represents a pre- 1615:At least morphologically, 18: 6820: 6750: 6663: 6485: 6365: 6303:, The Gymnosperm Database 5873:10.1093/chromsci/38.4.169 5751:10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.005 5704:10.1017/S1041610217001892 4888:Michigan Gardener's Guide 4819:"AGM Plants – Ornamental" 4665:Roger Cohn (1 May 2013). 4576:Tang, CQ; al, et (2012). 3797:10.1186/s13742-016-0154-1 3711:: 109–114. Archived from 3670:. CRC Press. p. 37. 3040:Dictionary of Plant Names 2485: 2390:European Medicines Agency 1940: 1840:Ogren Plant Allergy Scale 1834:The disadvantage of male 1701:, such as along streams. 1553:Limited number of species 1426:that have more than four 1088: 965: 774:Adiantum capillus-veneris 721: 574: 559: 541: 330: 323: 306: 299: 185:Scientific classification 183: 163: 141: 132: 123: 30: 7380:Plants described in 1771 7355:Medicinal plants of Asia 6775:Queensland macadamia nut 6357: 6192:Sumo: From rite to sport 6061:Crane, Peter R. (2013). 5961:10.1248/yakushi.18-00136 5005:"10-The Great Ginkgo大銀杏" 4000:Chandler, Brian (2000). 3614:Plotnik, Arthur (2000). 3042:, London: Hamlyn Books, 2910:dictionary.cambridge.org 2830:explorer.natureserve.org 2380:Ginkgo has been used in 2203:symptoms in people with 1980:Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū's 1921:1945 atom bomb explosion 1709:Distribution and habitat 1370:A digital recreation of 1000:, and continued to make 771:of the maidenhair fern, 6244:"He Gave Us the Gingko" 6222:Official Website of the 4933:University of Minnesota 3396:10.1186/1471-2164-6-143 3091:Oxford University Press 2885:www.merriam-webster.com 2034: 1799:Japanese temple gardens 1735:Sungkyunkwan University 1191:can also be pronounced 1162:Salisburia adiantifolia 912:surrounding the female 350:Salisburia adiantifolia 7335:Endemic flora of China 6572:Johnstone River almond 5274:Phytochemical Analysis 5205:10.1542/peds.109.2.325 4765:Allergy-Free Gardening 4694:Flora of North America 4554:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800616 4088:10.3390/plants11101381 3134:Amoenitatum exoticarum 2420: 2076: 2068: 2060: 1982:shrine in the city of 1975: 1793: 1718: 1699:disturbed environments 1578: 1481:first appeared in the 1474: 1415:the characteristic of 1375: 812: 748: 734: 706: 679: 673: 658:Amoenitatum Exoticarum 657: 612:spelling pronunciation 522:Japanese pronunciation 504:is commonly used as a 374:Salisburia macrophylla 345:J.Nelson, nom. illeg. 7360:Plants used in bonsai 7350:Garden plants of Asia 6500:Australian cashew nut 5790:10.1055/s-0042-102884 5562:(Systematic review). 5464:(Systematic review). 5425:(Systematic review). 5388:(Systematic review). 5009:Tsurugaoka Hachimangu 4386:Nature Communications 3715:on 26 September 2015. 3249:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu 3087:UK English Dictionary 2429:Japanese tea ceremony 2414: 2074: 2066: 2058: 1973: 1863:Award of Garden Merit 1781: 1716: 1560: 1457: 1369: 807: 740: 729: 694: 674:Mantissa plantarum II 553:", which is found in 482:, extend back to the 460:), also known as the 171:Critically Imperiled 5039:Smithsonian Magazine 4912:ginkgo tree disease. 4350:10.3732/ajb.92.4.709 3666:Vanbeek, A. (2000). 3306:www.bio.brandeis.edu 2797:: e.T32353A9700472. 2730:List of edible seeds 2704:Bartheletia paradoxa 2658:Ginkgo biloba leaves 2470:) wear an elaborate 2376:Traditional medicine 2334:was restricted to 5 2101:) to dishes such as 2003:Minamoto no Sanetomo 1787:Morlanwelz-Mariemont 1534:and its associates. 1518:species left in the 1213:Amoenitates Exoticae 1205:Amoenitates Exoticae 1177:The scientific name 1022:flavonoid glycosides 761:dichotomous venation 391:, commonly known as 6578:Irvingia gabonensis 6314:Plants for a Future 6009:10.1248/cpb.33.3555 5339:Hum Psychopharmacol 5286:2004PChAn..15....1S 4794:"RHS Plantfinder – 4722:2023BiCon..32.2077W 4595:10.3732/ajb.1200168 4463:2008MolPE..48.1094G 4398:2019NatCo..10.4201Z 4303:2022BotL..169..442U 4168:2003Natur.423..821Z 3975:Simpson DP (1979). 3542:2012PlSiB...7.1168J 3143:(with illustration) 3129:Kaempfer, Engelbert 2500:ginkgo-leaf topknot 2407:Society and culture 2174:high blood pressure 1988:Kanagawa Prefecture 1731:University of Tokyo 1524:Southern Hemisphere 1520:Northern Hemisphere 1098:), meaning "silver 862:, each bearing two 846:, some trees being 578:published in 1578. 557:literature such as 369:Rich., nom. illeg. 135:Conservation status 6735:Single-leaf pinyon 6324:, PlantUse English 6248:The New York Times 5778:Pharmacopsychiatry 5660:10.3233/JAD-215423 5240:10.1007/BF00431055 5066:. 27 November 2015 4894:Cool Springs Press 3844:. 21 November 2016 3691:Ogura, Y. (1967). 3255:on 17 October 2000 3154:Mantissa plantarum 3117:. Merriam-Webster. 2421: 2285:allergic reactions 2201:tardive dyskinesia 2170:Systematic reviews 2077: 2069: 2061: 2029:Zhongnan Mountains 1976: 1803:Engelbert Kaempfer 1794: 1744:Southwestern China 1739:genetic uniformity 1719: 1579: 1537:At the end of the 1511:Ginkgo adiantoides 1475: 1467:McAbee fossil beds 1434:, while the taxon 1376: 1333:Ginkgo adiantoides 1197:Engelbert Kaempfer 1166:James Edward Smith 813: 749: 735: 707: 649:Engelbert Kaempfer 506:dietary supplement 464:, is a species of 334:Ginkgo macrophylla 7345:Flora of Zhejiang 7330:Endangered plants 7315:CYP3A4 inhibitors 7287: 7286: 7148:Open Tree of Life 6814:Taxon identifiers 6805: 6804: 6703:Monkey-puzzle nut 6565:Shellbark hickory 6550:Mockernut hickory 6510:Borneo tallow nut 6072:978-0-300-21382-9 5611:(4): 307–317.e1. 5392:(10): 1131–1136. 5341:(Meta-analysis). 5143:(12): 1555–1558. 5137:Internal Medicine 4907:978-1-930604-20-9 4856:US Forest Service 4779:978-1-58008-166-5 4516:978-0-7566-4865-7 4162:(6942): 821–822. 4134:The Seattle Times 3986:978-0-304-52257-6 3948:(11): 2002–2032. 3677:978-90-5702-488-7 3653:ucmp.berkeley.edu 3631:978-0-8129-3103-7 3600:978-0-7167-1007-3 3591:Biology of Plants 3550:10.4161/psb.21122 3511:978-1-61731-756-9 3287:978-0-7432-4974-4 3202:978-1-78064-694-7 3097:on 22 March 2020. 3049:978-0-600-58187-1 2757:(10): 1078–1087. 2247:drug interactions 2190:altitude sickness 1422:Such plants with 1154:Richard Salisbury 1141:derived from the 1018:proanthocyanidins 850:and others being 555:Chinese herbology 532:[ɡiŋkʲoː] 510:clinical evidence 384: 383: 378: 370: 366:Salisburia ginkgo 362: 358:Salisburia biloba 354: 353:Sm., nom. illeg. 346: 338: 178: 158: 7387: 7320:Dioecious plants 7280: 7279: 7267: 7266: 7254: 7253: 7241: 7240: 7228: 7227: 7215: 7214: 7202: 7201: 7189: 7188: 7179: 7178: 7166: 7165: 7156: 7155: 7143: 7142: 7130: 7129: 7117: 7116: 7107: 7106: 7094: 7093: 7091:NBNSYS0000042115 7081: 7080: 7068: 7067: 7055: 7054: 7042: 7041: 7029: 7028: 7016: 7015: 7003: 7002: 6990: 6989: 6977: 6976: 6964: 6963: 6951: 6950: 6938: 6937: 6925: 6924: 6912: 6911: 6902: 6901: 6889: 6888: 6879: 6878: 6869: 6868: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6809: 6808: 6560:Shagbark hickory 6462:Malabar chestnut 6352: 6345: 6338: 6329: 6328: 6276: 6275: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6214: 6208: 6207: 6195: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6124: 6118: 6113: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6011: 6002:(8): 3555–3557. 5988: 5982: 5981: 5963: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5875: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5654:(3): 1195–1204. 5643: 5637: 5636: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5583: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5534: 5517:(11): CD013514. 5502: 5496: 5495: 5477: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5377: 5371: 5370: 5351:10.1002/hup.2259 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5188: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5128: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5099:Lee, Seong-woo. 5096: 5090: 5089: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5011:. Archived from 5001: 4990: 4989: 4986:The Ginkgo Pages 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4939:on 13 March 2008 4935:. Archived from 4921: 4915: 4914: 4891: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4864: 4853: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4823: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4759: 4750: 4749: 4716:(6): 2077–2100. 4704: 4698: 4697: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4643: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4597: 4588:(8): 1408–1414. 4573: 4567: 4566: 4556: 4532: 4521: 4520: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4457:(3): 1094–1105. 4442: 4436: 4435: 4425: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4251: 4242: 4235: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4090: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4049:Arnold Arboretum 4040: 4034: 4033: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4002:"Ginkgo Origins" 3997: 3991: 3990: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3937: 3928: 3927: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3871: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3817: 3799: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3747: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3645: 3636: 3635: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3569: 3536:(9): 1168–1176. 3522: 3516: 3515: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3448: 3427: 3426: 3416: 3398: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3298: 3292: 3291: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3251:. Archived from 3241: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3221:arboretum.ua.edu 3213: 3207: 3206: 3186: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3093:. Archived from 3076: 3067: 3064: 3053: 3052: 3035: 3029: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3013: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2972: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2779:Sun, W. (1998). 2776: 2767: 2766: 2746: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2628: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2580: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2532: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2469: 2461: 2450:In professional 2441:Osaka University 2437:Tokyo University 2249:. The dosing of 2156:Medical research 2095:Buddha's delight 2091:Chinese New Year 1998:legend in which 1945: 1943: 1942: 1919:miles) from the 1918: 1917: 1913: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1681: 1499:Early Cretaceous 1450:Rise and decline 1350: 1327: 1310: 1299:Ginkgo yimaensis 1293: 1268:and is the only 1160:and the earlier 1136:specific epithet 1127: 1117: 1111: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1085: 939: 927: 875:wind pollination 842:, with separate 817:Tianmu Mountains 733:leaves in summer 682: 676: 666: 660: 644: 643: 640: 639: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 609: 608: 605: 604: 601: 598: 595: 592: 589: 577: 576: 562: 561: 545: 544: 543: 534: 528: 457:-oh, -⁠goh 456: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 440: 437: 434: 431: 428: 423: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 376: 368: 361:(L.) Hoffmanns. 360: 352: 344: 336: 312: 193: 192: 172: 169: 168: 152: 147: 146: 128: 106: 43: 36:Temporal range: 28: 27: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7275: 7270: 7262: 7257: 7249: 7244: 7236: 7231: 7223: 7218: 7210: 7205: 7197: 7192: 7184: 7182: 7174: 7169: 7161: 7159: 7151: 7146: 7138: 7135:Observation.org 7133: 7125: 7120: 7112: 7110: 7102: 7097: 7089: 7084: 7076: 7071: 7063: 7058: 7050: 7045: 7037: 7032: 7024: 7019: 7011: 7006: 6998: 6993: 6985: 6980: 6972: 6967: 6959: 6954: 6946: 6941: 6933: 6928: 6920: 6915: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6892: 6884: 6882: 6874: 6872: 6864: 6859: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6816: 6806: 6801: 6746: 6720:Colorado pinyon 6659: 6481: 6361: 6356: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6224: 6216: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6186: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6128:"Ginkgo folium" 6126: 6125: 6121: 6102: 6088: 6084: 6073: 6059: 6055: 6045: 6043: 6038: 6037: 6033: 5989: 5985: 5948:Yakugaku Zasshi 5943: 5936: 5932: 5893: 5889: 5852: 5848: 5825: 5821: 5770: 5766: 5731: 5727: 5687: 5683: 5644: 5640: 5601: 5597: 5566:(4): CD003691. 5552: 5548: 5503: 5499: 5468:(3): CD003852. 5454: 5450: 5419: 5415: 5378: 5374: 5335: 5331: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5294:10.1002/pca.733 5270: 5263: 5224: 5220: 5189: 5182: 5129: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5097: 5093: 5088:. 3 April 2018. 5084: 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5064:The Independent 5058: 5057: 5053: 5043: 5041: 5033: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5003: 5002: 4993: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4851: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4760: 4753: 4705: 4701: 4690:"Ginkgo biloba" 4686: 4682: 4672: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4648:"Ginkgo biloba" 4644: 4637: 4627: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4574: 4570: 4533: 4524: 4517: 4501: 4494: 4443: 4439: 4377: 4373: 4330: 4326: 4283: 4279: 4252: 4245: 4236: 4225: 4215: 4213: 4203: 4199: 4176:10.1038/423821a 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4126: 4122: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4041: 4037: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3973: 3969: 3938: 3931: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3776: 3769: 3745:10.2307/2445823 3724: 3720: 3705:Phytomorphology 3689: 3685: 3678: 3664: 3660: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3587: 3583: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3496: 3492: 3449: 3430: 3374: 3370: 3360: 3358: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3288: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3256: 3243: 3242: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3151: 3147: 3126: 3122: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3078: 3077: 3070: 3065: 3056: 3050: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3020: 3017:"Ginkgo biloba" 3015: 3014: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2865: 2863: 2851:"Ginkgo biloba" 2849: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2777: 2770: 2763:10.1139/b02-097 2747: 2743: 2738: 2721:, United States 2690: 2683: 2680: 2671: 2668: 2659: 2656: 2647: 2644: 2635: 2631:Ginkgo tree in 2629: 2620: 2617: 2608: 2605: 2596: 2593: 2584: 2581: 2572: 2569: 2560: 2557: 2548: 2545: 2536: 2533: 2524: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2482: 2409: 2378: 2351: 2262:systemic review 2260:According to a 2213: 2211:Adverse effects 2158: 2053: 2037: 2025: 1968: 1937: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1896: 1889: 1776: 1748:Tibetan Plateau 1711: 1679: 1649: 1555: 1483:Middle Jurassic 1465:epoch from the 1452: 1364: 1357: 1351: 1342: 1328: 1319: 1311: 1302: 1294: 1221: 1076:in Mandarin or 1070: 1010: 968: 959:Sakugoro Hirase 947: 946: 945: 944: 943: 940: 932: 931: 928: 916:at the center. 833: 791: 765:maidenhair tree 724: 689: 618: 614: 586: 582: 539: 518: 484:Middle Jurassic 468:tree native to 462:maidenhair tree 454: 425: 404: 400: 319: 314: 308: 295: 187: 179: 170: 166: 159: 148: 144: 137: 119: 105: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 38: 37: 34: 24: 17: 16:Species of tree 12: 11: 5: 7393: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7375:Trees of China 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7277:wfo-0000795526 7268: 7255: 7242: 7229: 7216: 7203: 7190: 7180: 7167: 7157: 7144: 7131: 7118: 7108: 7095: 7082: 7069: 7056: 7043: 7030: 7017: 7004: 6991: 6978: 6965: 6952: 6939: 6926: 6913: 6906:Conifers.org: 6903: 6890: 6880: 6870: 6857: 6842: 6826: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6762: 6756: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6730:Mexican pinyon 6727: 6722: 6717: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6687: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6669: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6655: 6650: 6648:English walnut 6645: 6640: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6594:Planted karuka 6586: 6581: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6472:Red bopple nut 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6435:European hazel 6432: 6427: 6425:American hazel 6417: 6416: 6415: 6413:Sweet chestnut 6405: 6400: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6391:European beech 6388: 6386:American beech 6378: 6372: 6370: 6368:botanical nuts 6363: 6362: 6355: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6317: 6316:Plant Database 6304: 6278: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266:External links 6264: 6261: 6260: 6234: 6209: 6202: 6180: 6159: 6141: 6119: 6100: 6082: 6071: 6053: 6031: 5983: 5941: 5930: 5903:(4): 290–296. 5887: 5866:(4): 169–173. 5846: 5835:(3): e277-84. 5819: 5784:(3): 107–111. 5764: 5725: 5698:(3): 285–293. 5681: 5638: 5595: 5546: 5497: 5448: 5429:(3): 256–263. 5413: 5372: 5345:(6): 527–533. 5329: 5307: 5261: 5218: 5199:(2): 325–327. 5180: 5120: 5091: 5077: 5051: 5026: 4991: 4973: 4962:. Ma-Ke Bonsai 4950: 4916: 4906: 4876: 4849:'Autumn Gold'" 4835: 4810: 4785: 4778: 4751: 4699: 4680: 4657: 4652:Flora of China 4635: 4609: 4568: 4547:(4): 396–401. 4522: 4515: 4492: 4437: 4371: 4344:(4): 709–721. 4324: 4297:(4): 442–453. 4291:Botany Letters 4277: 4243: 4223: 4197: 4146: 4120: 4061: 4035: 4018: 3992: 3985: 3967: 3942:J Chromatogr A 3929: 3894: 3866: 3855: 3829: 3767: 3738:(6): 870–872. 3718: 3699:Cycas revoluta 3683: 3676: 3658: 3637: 3630: 3606: 3599: 3581: 3517: 3510: 3490: 3428: 3368: 3343: 3318: 3293: 3286: 3266: 3233: 3208: 3201: 3181: 3160: 3145: 3120: 3100: 3068: 3054: 3048: 3030: 2989: 2956: 2922: 2897: 2872: 2842: 2817: 2768: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2712: 2700: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2638: 2636: 2630: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2408: 2405: 2377: 2374: 2349: 2309:anacardic acid 2251:anticoagulants 2212: 2209: 2157: 2154: 2052: 2049: 2036: 2033: 2024: 2021: 1967: 1964: 1952:Myōjōin temple 1888: 1885: 1775: 1772: 1710: 1707: 1648: 1645: 1596:G. adiantoides 1590:: present-day 1565:leaves from a 1554: 1551: 1461:leaf from the 1451: 1448: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1345: 1343: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1295: 1288: 1270:extant species 1220: 1219:Classification 1217: 1148:, "twice" and 1069: 1066: 1014:phenolic acids 1009: 1008:Phytochemicals 1006: 1004:indefinitely. 1002:phytochemicals 967: 964: 941: 934: 933: 929: 922: 921: 920: 919: 918: 864:microsporangia 832: 829: 790: 787: 779:saffron yellow 723: 720: 688: 685: 565:Materia Medica 517: 514: 382: 381: 380: 379: 371: 363: 355: 347: 339: 328: 327: 321: 320: 315: 304: 303: 297: 296: 292:G. biloba 289: 287: 283: 282: 275: 271: 270: 265: 261: 260: 255: 251: 250: 245: 241: 240: 235: 231: 230: 225: 218: 217: 212: 205: 204: 199: 195: 194: 181: 180: 164: 161: 160: 142: 139: 138: 133: 130: 129: 121: 120: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7392: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7325:Edible plants 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7278: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7176:Ginkgo biloba 7172: 7168: 7164: 7163:Ginkgo_biloba 7158: 7154: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6867: 6866:ginkgo-biloba 6862: 6858: 6853: 6852:Ginkgo biloba 6847: 6843: 6838: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6822:Ginkgo biloba 6819: 6815: 6810: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6770:Macadamia nut 6768: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6715:Chilgoza pine 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6692: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6678:Burrawang nut 6676: 6675: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6525:Chilean hazel 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6477:Yellow walnut 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6353: 6348: 6346: 6341: 6339: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6323: 6322: 6321:Ginkgo biloba 6318: 6315: 6311: 6309: 6308:Ginkgo biloba 6305: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6290:Ginkgo biloba 6285: 6281: 6249: 6245: 6238: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6205: 6203:9780834801455 6199: 6194: 6193: 6184: 6169: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6129: 6123: 6117: 6116:Ginkgo biloba 6111: 6107: 6103: 6101:965-350-068-6 6097: 6093: 6086: 6079: 6074: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6041: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5994: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5774:Ginkgo biloba 5768: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5735:Ginkgo biloba 5729: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5685: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5501: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5452: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5386:Phytomedicine 5383: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5318:. Mayo Clinic 5317: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5266: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5234:(4): 227–30. 5233: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5125: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5095: 5087: 5081: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5015:on 5 May 2018 5014: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4961: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4913: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4880: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4848: 4847:Ginkgo biloba 4839: 4820: 4814: 4799: 4797: 4796:Ginkgo biloba 4789: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4758: 4756: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4640: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4512: 4508: 4507: 4499: 4497: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4248: 4240: 4239:Ginkgo biloba 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4212: 4208: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4050: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4030: 4022: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3934: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3883: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3864: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3695:Ginkgo biloba 3687: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3463:(1): 84–104. 3462: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3332: 3328: 3327:"Ginkgo Tree" 3322: 3307: 3303: 3302:"Ginkgo Tree" 3297: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3240: 3238: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3185: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3116: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3086: 3081: 3075: 3073: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3018: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2944: 2940: 2938: 2937:Ginkgo biloba 2932: 2926: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2862: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2846: 2831: 2827: 2821: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2783:Ginkgo biloba 2775: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2699: 2698:North America 2695: 2694:André Michaux 2692: 2691: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2646:Seeds on tree 2642: 2637: 2634: 2627: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2603: 2598: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2559:Bud in spring 2555: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2468: 2467: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2358:Ginkgo biloba 2354: 2352: 2345: 2344:Ginkgo biloba 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332:Ginkgo biloba 2328: 2327: 2326:Toxicodendron 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305:adipostatin A 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289:Ginkgo biloba 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2270:bleeding time 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2243:Ginkgo biloba 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2208: 2206: 2205:schizophrenia 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2188:recovery, or 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:Ginkgo biloba 2163: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2073: 2065: 2057: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2041:Ginkgo biloba 2032: 2030: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2014:kakure-ichō's 2010: 2008: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1934: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836:Ginkgo biloba 1832: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1783:Ginkgo biloba 1780: 1771: 1769: 1764: 1762: 1761:Ginkgo biloba 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1726: 1724: 1723:Ginkgo biloba 1715: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1644: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1550: 1548: 1547:central China 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514:was the only 1513: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459:Ginkgo biloba 1456: 1447: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:living fossil 1380: 1379:Ginkgo biloba 1373: 1368: 1356: 1355:Ginkgo biloba 1349: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316:Ginkgo apodes 1309: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1292: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:living fossil 1271: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225:Spermatophyta 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1137: 1133: 1132:Carl Linnaeus 1129: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 984: 981: 977: 976:Ginkgo biloba 973: 963: 960: 956: 952: 938: 926: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 836:Ginkgo biloba 828: 826: 822: 818: 810: 809:Ginkgo biloba 806: 802: 800: 796: 786: 782: 780: 776: 775: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 747: 743: 739: 732: 728: 719: 717: 712: 705: 701: 697: 696:Ginkgo biloba 693: 684: 681: 675: 670: 669:Carl Linnaeus 665: 659: 654: 650: 646: 642: 613: 607: 579: 572: 571: 567:) (1329) and 566: 556: 552: 549: 538: 533: 527: 523: 513: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 495:living fossil 492: 491:human history 488: 485: 481: 480: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458: 449: 398: 394: 390: 389: 388:Ginkgo biloba 375: 372: 367: 364: 359: 356: 351: 348: 343: 340: 335: 332: 331: 329: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 310:Ginkgo biloba 305: 302: 301:Binomial name 298: 294: 293: 288: 285: 284: 281: 280: 276: 273: 272: 269: 266: 263: 262: 259: 256: 253: 252: 249: 246: 243: 242: 239: 236: 233: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215:Tracheophytes 213: 210: 207: 206: 203: 200: 197: 196: 191: 186: 182: 176: 162: 156: 151: 140: 136: 131: 127: 122: 118: 114: 110: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 42: 33: 32:Ginkgo biloba 29: 26: 22: 6821: 6782:Paradise nut 6689: 6684: 6638:Black walnut 6612:Panda oleosa 6610: 6576: 6430:Beaked hazel 6320: 6307: 6288: 6287: 6286:profile for 6283: 6251:. Retrieved 6247: 6237: 6225:. Retrieved 6221: 6212: 6191: 6183: 6171:. Retrieved 6162: 6153: 6144: 6132:. Retrieved 6122: 6115: 6091: 6085: 6076: 6062: 6056: 6044:. Retrieved 6034: 5999: 5995: 5986: 5951: 5947: 5933: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5651: 5647: 5641: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5514: 5510: 5500: 5465: 5461: 5451: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5320:. Retrieved 5310: 5277: 5273: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5196: 5192: 5140: 5136: 5111:. Retrieved 5104: 5094: 5080: 5068:. Retrieved 5063: 5054: 5042:. Retrieved 5038: 5029: 5017:. Retrieved 5013:the original 5008: 4985: 4976: 4964:. Retrieved 4953: 4941:. Retrieved 4937:the original 4928: 4919: 4911: 4887: 4879: 4867:. Retrieved 4846: 4838: 4826:. Retrieved 4813: 4801:. Retrieved 4795: 4788: 4764: 4713: 4709: 4702: 4693: 4683: 4671:. Retrieved 4660: 4651: 4626:. Retrieved 4621: 4612: 4585: 4581: 4571: 4544: 4540: 4505: 4454: 4450: 4440: 4389: 4385: 4374: 4341: 4337: 4327: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4263: 4259: 4238: 4214:. Retrieved 4200: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4137:. Retrieved 4133: 4123: 4081:(10): 1381. 4078: 4074: 4064: 4052:. Retrieved 4048: 4038: 4028: 4021: 4009:. Retrieved 4006:Ginkgo pages 4005: 3995: 3976: 3970: 3945: 3941: 3910:(1): 21–55. 3907: 3903: 3897: 3885:. Retrieved 3879: 3869: 3858: 3846:. Retrieved 3841: 3832: 3787: 3783: 3735: 3731: 3721: 3713:the original 3708: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3667: 3661: 3652: 3616: 3609: 3590: 3584: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3500: 3493: 3460: 3457:Paleobiology 3456: 3452: 3386: 3383:BMC Genomics 3382: 3371: 3359:. Retrieved 3355: 3346: 3334:. Retrieved 3330: 3321: 3309:. Retrieved 3305: 3296: 3276: 3269: 3257:. Retrieved 3253:the original 3248: 3224:. Retrieved 3220: 3211: 3191: 3184: 3153: 3148: 3137:(in Latin). 3133: 3123: 3112: 3103: 3095:the original 3083: 3039: 3033: 3021:. Retrieved 2980:. Retrieved 2947:. 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The genus 1478: 1476: 1458: 1443:Sphenobaiera 1441: 1435: 1431: 1421: 1412: 1394: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1354: 1337: 1331: 1314: 1297: 1277: 1263: 1253: 1222: 1212: 1209:romanization 1204: 1199:, the first 1192: 1188: 1182: 1178: 1176: 1169: 1164:proposed by 1161: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1138: 1130: 1077: 1073: 1071: 1058:alkylphenols 1044:trilactones 1034:isorhamnetin 1011: 991: 975: 969: 954: 948: 930:Pollen cones 887:butyric acid 868: 856:pollen cones 835: 834: 831:Reproduction 814: 808: 792: 783: 772: 764: 757:anastomosing 750: 741: 730: 716:aerial roots 708: 695: 671:in his book 655:in his book 652: 647: 580: 568: 519: 500:Ginkgo leaf 499: 477: 461: 396: 392: 387: 386: 385: 373: 365: 357: 349: 341: 333: 309: 307: 291: 290: 278: 248:Ginkgoopsida 228:Gymnospermae 221: 208: 39:51.5–0 31: 25: 21:Gingo biloba 7073:NatureServe 6995:iNaturalist 6909:Ginkgoaceae 6846:Wikispecies 6792:Peanut tree 6752:Angiosperms 6725:Korean pine 6665:Gymnosperms 6599:Wild karuka 6445:Asian hazel 6310:information 5322:26 December 5109:(in Korean) 4673:3 September 4624:(in Korean) 4509:. 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