281:, the dissolved oxygen content is approximately 8 cm/L compared to that of air which is 210 cm/L. Water is 777 times more dense than air and is 100 times more viscous. Oxygen has a diffusion rate in air 10,000 times greater than in water. The use of sac-like lungs to remove oxygen from water would not be efficient enough to sustain life. Rather than using lungs, "aseous exchange takes place across the surface of highly vascularised gills over which a one-way current of water is kept flowing by a specialised pumping mechanism. The density of the water prevents the gills from collapsing and lying on top of each other, which is what happens when a fish is taken out of water."
82:
518:
571:
299:
449:, the gills lie in a branchial chamber covered by a bony operculum. The great majority of bony fish species have five pairs of gills, although a few have lost some over the course of evolution. The operculum can be important in adjusting the pressure of water inside of the pharynx to allow proper ventilation of the gills, so bony fish do not have to rely on ram ventilation (and hence near constant motion) to breathe. Valves inside the mouth keep the water from escaping.
434:
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pairs of pouches, while hagfishes may have six to fourteen, depending on the species. In the hagfish, the pouches connect with the pharynx internally and a separate tube which has no respiratory tissue (the pharyngocutaneous duct) develops beneath the pharynx proper, expelling ingested debris by closing a valve at its anterior end.
738:, and nitrogen also diffuses out as its tension has been increased. Oxygen diffuses into the air film at a higher rate than nitrogen diffuses out. However, water surrounding the insect can become oxygen-depleted if there is no water movement, so many such insects in still water actively direct a flow of water over their bodies.
725:
on the body, which prevent water entry into the spiracles, but may also involve scales or microscopic ridges projecting from the cuticle. The physical properties of the interface between the trapped air film and surrounding water allow gas exchange through the spiracles, almost as if the insect were
414:
Most sharks rely on ram ventilation, forcing water into the mouth and over the gills by rapidly swimming forward. In slow-moving or bottom-dwelling species, especially among skates and rays, the spiracle may be enlarged, and the fish breathes by sucking water through this opening, instead of through
491:
do not have gill slits as such. Instead, the gills are contained in spherical pouches, with a circular opening to the outside. Like the gill slits of higher fish, each pouch contains two gills. In some cases, the openings may be fused together, effectively forming an operculum. Lampreys have seven
452:
The gill arches of bony fish typically have no septum, so the gills alone project from the arch, supported by individual gill rays. Some species retain gill rakers. Though all but the most primitive bony fish lack spiracles, the pseudobranch associated with them often remains, being located at the
230:
Many microscopic aquatic animals, and some larger but inactive ones, can absorb sufficient oxygen through the entire surface of their bodies, and so can respire adequately without gills. However, more complex or more active aquatic organisms usually require a gill or gills. Many invertebrates, and
540:
have from three to five gill slits that do not contain actual gills. Usually no spiracle or true operculum is present, though many species have operculum-like structures. Instead of internal gills, they develop three feathery external gills that grow from the outer surface of the gill arches.
352:
The gills of fish form a number of slits connecting the pharynx to the outside of the animal on either side of the fish behind the head. Originally there were many slits, but during evolution, the number reduced, and modern fish mostly have five pairs, and never more than eight.
284:
Usually water is moved across the gills in one direction by the current, by the motion of the animal through the water, by the beating of cilia or other appendages, or by means of a pumping mechanism. In fish and some molluscs, the efficiency of the gills is greatly enhanced by a
325:
When a fish breathes, it draws in a mouthful of water at regular intervals. Then it draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings, so it passes over the gills to the outside. Fish gill slits may be the evolutionary ancestors of the
599:, and some aquatic insects have tufted gills or plate-like structures on the surfaces of their bodies. Gills of various types and designs, simple or more elaborate, have evolved independently in the past, even among the same class of animals. The segments of
481:). Conversely, fresh water contains less osmolytes than the fish's internal fluids. Therefore, freshwater fishes must utilize their gill ionocytes to attain ions from their environment to maintain optimal blood osmolarity.
464:
of their internal fluids. Seawater contains more osmolytes than the fish's internal fluids, so marine fishes naturally lose water through their gills via osmosis. To regain the water, marine fishes drink large amounts of
289:
mechanism in which the water passes over the gills in the opposite direction to the flow of blood through them. This mechanism is very efficient and as much as 90% of the dissolved oxygen in the water may be recovered.
1354:
713:
is a type of structural adaptation occurring among some aquatic arthropods (primarily insects), a form of inorganic gill which holds a thin film of atmospheric oxygen in an area with small openings called
250:. The delicate nature of the gills is possible because the surrounding water provides support. The blood or other body fluid must be in intimate contact with the respiratory surface for ease of diffusion.
83:
152:
passes from the blood through the thin gill tissue into the water. Gills or gill-like organs, located in different parts of the body, are found in various groups of aquatic animals, including
610:
Aquatic arthropods usually have gills which are in most cases modified appendages. In some crustaceans these are exposed directly to the water, while in others, they are protected inside a
318:
system to enhance the diffusion of substances in and out of the gill, with blood and water flowing in opposite directions to each other. The gills are composed of comb-like filaments, the
686:, but the air tubes are sealed, commonly connected to thin external plates or tufted structures that allow diffusion. The oxygen in these tubes is renewed through the gills. In the
851:
1159:
Laurin M. (1998): The importance of global parsimony and historical bias in understanding tetrapod evolution. Part I-systematics, middle ear evolution, and jaw suspension.
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many of which carry gills. Sponges lack specialised respiratory structures, and the whole of the animal acts as a gill as water is drawn through its spongy structure.
633:. A current of water is maintained through the gills for gas exchange, and food particles are filtered out at the same time. These may be trapped in
460:
also use their gills to excrete osmolytes (e.g. Na⁺, Cl). The gills' large surface area tends to create a problem for fish that seek to regulate the
368:
typically have five pairs of gill slits that open directly to the outside of the body, though some more primitive sharks have six pairs with the
453:
base of the operculum. This is, however, often greatly reduced, consisting of a small mass of cells without any remaining gill-like structure.
701:) is richly supplied with tracheae as a rectal gill, and water pumped into and out of the rectum provides oxygen to the closed tracheae.
1178:"The Multifunctional Fish Gill: Dominant Site of Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regulation, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste"
421:
differ from other cartilagenous fish, having lost both the spiracle and the fifth gill slit. The remaining slits are covered by an
1222:
Florian
Witzmann; Elizabeth Brainerd (2017). "Modeling the physiology of the aquatic temnospondyl Archegosaurus decheni from the
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that resembles a gill in structure, but only receives blood already oxygenated by the true gills. The spiracle is thought to be
113:, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are kept moist. The microscopic structure of a gill presents a large
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The inorganic gill mechanism allows aquatic arthropods with plastrons to remain constantly submerged. Examples include many
388:, projections into the pharyngeal cavity that help to prevent large pieces of debris from damaging the delicate gills.
1348:(1999). "Morphological structures and vertical distribution in the soil indicate facultative plastron respiration in
1144:
274:
1430:"The marine-associated lifestyle of ameronothroid mites (Acari, Oribatida) and its evolutionary origin: a review"
176:
have gill chambers in which they store water, enabling them to use the dissolved oxygen when they are on land.
148:, from which gases are exchanged through the thin walls. The blood carries oxygen to other parts of the body.
126:
777:) may carry trapped air bubbles, but deplete the oxygen more quickly, and thus need constant replenishment.
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384:, which the individual lamellae of the gills lie on either side of. The base of the arch may also support
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being the only cartilaginous fish exceeding this number. Adjacent slits are separated by a
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that connect to the tracheal system. The plastron typically consists of dense patches of
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even amphibians, use both the body surface and gills for gaseous exchange.
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425:, developed from the septum of the gill arch in front of the first gill.
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of
Germany". Fossil Record. 20 (2): 105–127. doi:10.5194/fr-20-105-2017.
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Evans, David H.; Piermarini, Peter M.; Choe, Keith P. (January 2005).
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Still, some extinct tetrapod groups did retain true gills. A study on
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of aquatic organisms, as water contains only a small fraction of the
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191:), big enough to admit gases, but too fine to give passage to water.
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1027:"Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus"
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1139:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 316–327.
840: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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which are external flaps, each with many thin leaf-like membranes.
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125:: branchiae) is the zoologists' name for gills (from Ancient Greek
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380:. This gill ray is the support for the sheet-like interbranchial
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have modified gills that allow them to live in humid conditions.
652:) is carried out using a very primitive version of gills called
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and various mites. A somewhat similar mechanism is used by the
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588:) is visible in this view of the right-hand side of the animal.
509:, though the latter has a structure different from amphibians.
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133:
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656:. These thin protuberances on the surface of the body contain
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Sometimes, adults retain these, but they usually disappear at
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322:, which help increase their surface area for oxygen exchange.
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Cyclopædia, or an
Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences
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ionocytes (formerly known as mitochondrion-rich cells and
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held that fish respired by their gills, but observed that
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Andrews, Chris; Adrian Exell; Neville
Carrington (2003).
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demonstrates that it had internal gills like true fish.
1391:"Plastron respiration in the mite, Platyseius italicus"
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M. b. v. Roberts; Michael Reiss; Grace Monger (2000).
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diffuses into the surrounding water due to its high
72:
1478:. Updated: 11 June 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
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907:Dorit, R. L.; Walker, W. F.; Barnes, R. D. (1991).
1037:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 24.
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981:"Palatine tonsils—are they branchiogenic organs?"
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469:while simultaneously expending energy to excrete
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1161:Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, Paris
1087:Comparative Physiology of Vertebrate Respiration
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637:and moved to the mouth by the beating of cilia.
1352:(Arachnida, Ricinulei) from Central Amazonia".
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187:observed that fish had multitudes of openings (
855:(1st ed.). James and John Knapton, et al.
376:gill arch from which projects a cartilaginous
246:that have a highly folded surface to increase
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1262:
1355:Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment
1269:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 180.
234:Gills usually consist of thin filaments of
27:Respiratory organ used by aquatic organisms
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1235:
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302:Freshwater fish gills magnified 400 times
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1025:Graham, Anthony; Richardson, Jo (2012).
915:. Saunders College Publishing. pp.
890:. Oxford University Press. 2nd Ed. 1989.
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953:. London, UK: Nelson. pp. 164–165.
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242:(plates), branches, or slender, tufted
14:
1486:
1428:Pfingstl, Tobias (30 September 2017).
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978:
310:typically develop in the walls of the
253:A high surface area is crucial to the
1344:Joachim Adis, Benjamin Messner &
1171:
1169:
1090:. Harvard University Press. pp.
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761:, as well as at least one species of
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265:does, and it diffuses more slowly. A
109:. The gills of some species, such as
45:are visibly exposed as a result of a
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97:organisms use to extract dissolved
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625:Many marine invertebrates such as
529:, which flare just behind the head
25:
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199:was of another opinion. The word
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437:The red gills inside a detached
395:, lies in the back of the first
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1473:Fish Dissection - Gills exposed
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1382:
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1323:. Nelson Thornes. p. 139.
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1256:
1242:. APH Publishing. p. 269.
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1320:Biology: A Functional Approach
1084:Hughes, George Morgan (1963).
979:Slípka, J. (1 December 2003).
957:
880:
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1:
1135:; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
997:10.1016/S0531-5131(03)01403-1
985:International Congress Series
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117:to the external environment.
1447:10.24349/acarologia/20174197
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1395:Journal of Insect Physiology
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269:of air contains about 275
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888:Oxford English Dictionary
441:head (viewed from behind)
370:Broadnose sevengill shark
1376:10.1076/snfe.34.1.1.8915
1317:Roberts, M.B.V. (1986).
1296:. サイエンスハウス. p. 91.
1163:, 13e Série 19: pp 1–42.
792:Artificial gills (human)
581:Pleurobranchaea meckelii
500:, as does the primitive
218:(in singular, meaning a
391:A smaller opening, the
341:
316:countercurrent exchange
287:countercurrent exchange
168:marine animals such as
1290:Sekiguchi, K. (1988).
1266:Text Book of Crustacea
1263:Saxena, Amita (2005).
1133:Romer, Alfred Sherwood
1044:10.1186/2041-9139-3-24
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672:Caribbean hermit crabs
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407:to the ear opening in
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41:The red gills of this
1389:Hinton, H.E. (1971).
1182:Physiological Reviews
966:Manual Of Fish Health
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662:water vascular system
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399:. This bears a small
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212:, "gills", plural of
160:, insects, fish, and
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32:Gill (disambiguation)
726:in atmospheric air.
136:, the filaments and
30:For other uses, see
1407:1971JInsP..17.1185H
1368:1999SNFE...34....1A
1239:Teaching of Biology
1137:The Vertebrate Body
787:Aquatic respiration
775:hydrophilid beetles
763:ricinuleid arachnid
640:Respiration in the
1514:Respiratory system
1350:Cryptocellus adisi
767:diving bell spider
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525:larva showing the
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409:higher vertebrates
357:Cartilaginous fish
332:parathyroid glands
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1499:Arthropod anatomy
1476:Australian Museum
1330:978-0-17-448019-8
1303:978-4-915572-25-8
1276:978-81-8356-016-0
1249:978-81-7648-524-1
1101:978-0-674-15250-2
926:978-0-03-030504-7
868:Missing or empty
861:cite encyclopedia
847:Chambers, Ephraim
496:larvae also have
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111:hermit crabs
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1010:18 February
736:respiration
720:hydrophobic
658:diverticula
650:sea urchins
642:echinoderms
593:Crustaceans
523:alpine newt
475:Na/K-ATPase
415:the mouth.
386:gill rakers
308:vertebrates
294:Vertebrates
279:fresh water
267:cubic meter
174:mudskippers
158:crustaceans
43:common carp
1488:Categories
1434:Acarologia
1362:(1): 1–9.
823:References
807:Gill raker
749:, aquatic
732:solubility
620:book gills
538:amphibians
513:Amphibians
506:Polypterus
462:osmolarity
405:homologous
162:amphibians
93:that many
1202:0031-9333
1053:2041-9139
1005:0531-5131
991:: 71–74.
812:Gill slit
802:Fish gill
797:Book lung
755:true bugs
716:spiracles
705:Plastrons
691:dragonfly
644:(such as
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586:ctenidium
467:sea water
447:bony fish
429:Bony fish
423:operculum
419:Chimaeras
397:gill slit
348:Fish gill
244:processes
197:Aristotle
47:gill flap
1456:90340235
1210:15618479
1071:23020903
781:See also
711:plastron
684:tracheal
646:starfish
597:molluscs
576:sea slug
551:mudpuppy
549:and the
534:Tadpoles
494:Lungfish
485:Lampreys
458:teleosts
393:spiracle
378:gill ray
240:lamellae
226:Function
215:βράγχιον
201:branchia
189:foramina
154:mollusks
138:lamellae
119:Branchia
1403:Bibcode
1364:Bibcode
1062:3564725
1031:EvoDevo
917:273–276
911:Zoology
844::
751:weevils
747:Elmidae
743:beetles
660:of the
654:papulae
489:hagfish
456:Marine
312:pharynx
209:βράγχια
180:History
134:insects
127:βράγχια
95:aquatic
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362:Sharks
236:tissue
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1452:S2CID
723:setae
635:mucus
618:have
603:bear
277:. In
271:grams
261:than
205:Greek
185:Galen
170:crabs
142:blood
103:water
101:from
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18:Gills
1325:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1271:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1206:PMID
1198:ISSN
1141:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1094:–9.
1067:PMID
1049:ISSN
1012:2022
1001:ISSN
989:1257
921:ISBN
874:help
817:Lung
682:are
648:and
629:are
487:and
471:salt
439:tuna
366:rays
364:and
342:Fish
172:and
58:gill
1442:doi
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1057:PMC
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547:olm
536:of
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