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material independence, (5) self-cleaning, (6) anti-self sticking and (7) non-sticky default state. ... The gecko's adhesive structures are made from ß-keratin (modulus of elasticity 2 GPa). Such a stiff material is not inherently sticky; however, because of the gecko adhesive's hierarchical nature and extremely small distal features (spatulae are 200 nm in size), the gecko's foot is able to intimately conform to the surface and generate significant attraction using van der Waals forces.
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147:, there are two types of lamellae, primary and secondary. The primary gill lamellae (also called gill filament) extends from the gill arch, and the secondary gill lamellae extends from the primary gill lamellae. Gas exchange primarily occurs at the secondary gill lamellae, where the tissue is notably only one cell layer thick. Furthermore,
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Gecko "feet and toes are a hierarchical system of complex structures consisting of lamellae, setae, and spatulae. The distinguishing characteristics of the gecko adhesion system have been described (1) anisotropic attachment, (2) high pull-off force to preload ratio, (3) low detachment force, (4)
139:, gill lamellae are used to increase the surface area in contact with the environment to maximize gas exchange (both to attain oxygen and to expel carbon dioxide) between the water and the
287:"The Multifunctional Fish Gill: Dominant Site of Gas Exchange, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regulation, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste"
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232:"Ontogenetic changes in cutaneous and branchial ionocytes and morphology in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) larvae"
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Scanning electron microscopy image of the gill filament and lamellae from a 18-day-old larval
Yellowfin Tuna (
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very close to one another, with open space between. Aside from respiratory organs, they appear in other
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Kwan, Garfield T.; Wexler, Jeanne B.; Wegner, Nicholas C.; Tresguerres, Martin (February 2019).
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at the secondary gill lamellae further maximizes oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release.
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Santos, Daniel; Matthew Spenko; Aaron
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Evans, David H.; Piermarini, Peter M.; Choe, Keith P. (January 2005).
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is a thin plate-like structure, often one amongst many
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