1437:
1221:
2039:
1283:
620:
1254:
844:
1780:
1736:
1092:
148:
119:
2021:, where the enamel improperly forms with pits and grooves. This can be caused by malnutrition during growth years, which could point to periodic food shortages, though it can also be induced by other factors. Specimen PA1601-1 from Yanliang Cave shows evidence of tooth loss of the right second molar before the eruption of the neighboring third molar (which grew slantedly), which suggests this individual was able to survive for a long time despite impaired chewing abilities.
6953:
7675:
5157:
6113:
1179:
1615:
1342:
2109:", one of the most important mammalian faunal groups of the Early Pleistocene of southern China, includes tropical or subtropical forest species. This group has been subdivided into three stages spanning 2.6–1.8 million years ago, 1.8–1.2 million years ago, and 1.2–0.8 million years ago. The early stage is characterised by more ancient
1695:, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in each half of the jaw for both jaws. The canines, due to a lack of honing facets (which keep them sharp) and their overall stoutness, have been suggested to have functioned like premolars and molars (cheek teeth). Like other apes with enlarged molars, the incisors of
1652:, about 20–25% longer than those of gorillas. In 2017, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang and American anthropologist Terry Harrison suggested a body mass of 200–300 kg (440–660 lb), though conceded that it is impossible to obtain a reliable body mass estimate without more complete remains.
2325:
strength is also cited to be another major environmental force in the Middle
Pleistocene of China. Stratigraphic evidence suggests that it contracted severely in range from the provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, and Hainan to just the Guangxi region by 420–330 ka. The population of the giant ape dwindled
1639:
was twice the size of male gorillas. In 1957, Pei estimated a total height of about 3.7 m (12 ft). In 1970, Simons and
American palaeontologist Peter Ettel approximated a height of almost 2.7 m (9 ft) and a weight of up to 270 kg (600 lb), which is about 40% heavier than
1731:
16.9 mm × 19.6 mm (0.67 in × 0.77 in). The molars are the biggest of any known ape. Teeth continually evolved to become larger and larger. The premolars are high-crowned, and the lower have two tooth roots, whereas the upper have three. The lower molars are low-crowned,
3886:
Zhang, Yingqi; Westaway, Kira E.; Haberle, Simon; Lubeek, Juliën K.; Bailey, Marian; Ciochon, Russell; Morley, Mike W.; Roberts, Patrick; Zhao, Jian-xin; Duval, Mathieu; Dosseto, Anthony; Pan, Yue; Rule, Sue; Liao, Wei; Gully, Grant A.; Lucas, Mary; Mo, Jinyou; Yang, Liyun; Cai, Yanjun; Wang, Wei;
2627:
Zhang, Yingqi; Westaway, Kira E.; Haberle, Simon; Lubeek, Juliën K.; Bailey, Marian; Ciochon, Russell; Morley, Mike W.; Roberts, Patrick; Zhao, Jian-xin; Duval, Mathieu; Dosseto, Anthony; Pan, Yue; Rule, Sue; Liao, Wei; Gully, Grant A.; Lucas, Mary; Mo, Jinyou; Yang, Liyun; Cai, Yanjun; Wang, Wei;
1974:
to form (which is quite long), was estimated to have taken four years to form, which is within the range (albeit, far upper range) of what is exhibited in humans and chimpanzees. Like many other fossil apes, the rate of enamel formation near the enamel-dentine junction (dentine is the nerve-filled
827:
activity. Porcupines gnaw on bones to obtain nutrients necessary for quill growth, and can haul large bones into their underground dens and consume them entirely, except the hard, enamel-capped crowns of teeth. This may explain why teeth are typically found in great quantity, and why remains other
1714:
In the upper jaw, the first premolar (P) averages 20.3 mm × 15.2 mm (0.8 in × 0.6 in) in surface area, the second premolar (P) 15.2 mm × 16.4 mm (0.60 in × 0.65 in), the first and/or second molars (M, which are difficult to distinguish)
1746:
The tooth enamel on the molars is in absolute measure the thickest of any known ape, averaging 2.5–2.9 mm (0.098–0.114 in) in three different molars, and over 6 mm (0.24 in) on the tongue-side (lingual) cusps of an upper molar. This has attracted comparisons with the extinct
2029:
The high levels of sexual dimorphism could indicate relatively intense male–male competition, though considering the upper canines only projected slightly farther than the cheek teeth, canine display was probably not very important in agonistic behaviour, unlike modern non-human apes.
1838:
The molar-like premolars, large molars, and long rooted cheeked teeth could point to chewing, crushing, and grinding of bulky and fibrous materials. Thick enamel would suggest a diet of abrasive items, such as dirt particles on food gathered near or on the ground (like
2371:, so it is unclear if pressures such as competition over resources or overhunting were factors. Zhang et. al. in 2024 suggested that there is no evidence of any archaic hominin involvement in the early extinctions of the Pleistocene of southern China.
2313:
coexistent with it show few major morphological changes in comparison. In the late Middle
Pleistocene and early Middle Pleistocene, global trends indicate strong glaciation cycles, colder and/or wetter climates, increased seasonality, and decline in
585:
fruits, which may have been important dietary components. It primarily lived in subtropical to tropical forest, and went extinct about 300,000 years ago likely because of the retreat of preferred habitat due to climate change, and potentially
2433:, but this also incited a popular monster hunting following for both the yeti and the similar American bigfoot which has persisted into the present day. The only scientist who continued trying to prove such monsters exist was anthropologist
1914:
were a specialised form adapting to a changing environment with different food resources. The
Hejiang teeth display a less level (more crenulated) outer enamel surface due to the presence of secondary crests emanating from the
3523:
Bocherens, H.; Schrenk, F.; Chaimanee, Y.; Kullmer, O.; Mörike, D.; Pushkina, D.; Jaeger, J.-J. (2017). "Flexibility of diet and habitat in
Pleistocene South Asian mammals: Implications for the fate of the giant fossil ape
1707:. Overall mandibular anatomy and tooth wearing suggests a side-to-side movement of the jaw while chewing (lateral excursion). The incisors and canines have extremely long tooth roots, at least double the length of the
1761:
molar had a large and flat (tabular) grinding surface, with an even enamel coating, and short dentine horns (the areas of the dentine layer which project upwards into the top enamel layer). The molars are the most
4092:
Zanolli, Clément; Kullmer, Ottmar; Kelley, Jay; Bacon, Anne-Marie; Demeter, Fabrice; Dumoncel, Jean; Fiorenza, Luca; Grine, Frederick E.; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Nguyen, Anh Tuan; Nguyen, Thi Mai Huong (May 2019).
1659:
for presumed males and females are 21.1 mm (0.83 in) and 15.4 mm (0.61 in), respectively, and
Mandible III (presumed male) is 40% larger than Mandible I (presumed female). These imply
943:, that all modern races and ethnicities evolved independently from a local archaic human species, rather than sharing a more recent and fully modern common ancestor. In 1952, von Koenigswald agreed that
1930:
was a cave-dwelling predator and carried these animals in. This hypothesis is no longer considered viable because its dental anatomy is consistent with herbivory. In 1975, American palaeoanthropologist
577:
forest plants, with the jaw adapted to grinding, crushing, and cutting through tough, fibrous plants, and the thick enamel functioning to resist foods with abrasive particles such as stems, roots, and
3479:
Shao, q.; Wang, Y.; et al. (2017). "U-series and ESR/U-series dating of the
Stegodon–Ailuropoda fauna at Black Cave, Guangxi, southern China with implications for the timing of the extinction of
2330:
is estimated to be between 295,000 to 215,000 years ago in correlation with increased seasonality and major environmental turnovers. Savannas remained the dominant habitat of
Southeast Asia until the
1815:
indicates it was capable of resisting high strains while chewing through tough or hard foods. However, the same mandibular anatomy is typically seen in modern apes which primarily eat soft leaves (
2978:
2445:
he came up with for bigfoot included "Gigantopithecus canadensis". Scientists and amateur monster hunters both dismissed Krantz's arguments, saying he readily accepted clearly false evidence.
1664:, with males being larger than females. Such a high degree of dimorphism is only surpassed by gorillas among modern apes in canine size, and is surpassed by none for mandibular disparity.
1715:
19.8 mm × 17.5 mm (0.78 in × 0.69 in), and the third molar (M) 20.3 mm × 17.3 mm (0.80 in × 0.68 in). In the lower jaw, P
1000:, which is better established as a pongine based on skull features. In 2017, Chinese palaeoanthropologist Yingqi Zhang and American anthropologist Terry Harrison suggested that
1631:
Total size estimates are highly speculative because only tooth and jaw elements are known, and molar size and total body weight do not always correlate, such as in the case of
1986:(AHSG), which, in modern apes, is important in bone and dentine mineralisation. Because it was found in enamel, and not dentine, AHSG may have been an additional component in
496:, and numerous more remains have since been found in at least 16 sites. Only teeth and four mandibles are known currently, and other skeletal elements were likely consumed by
7925:
2155:
1436:
533:-like ape, potentially 200–300 kg (440–660 lb) when alive, but the paucity of remains make total size estimates highly speculative. The species may have been
721:
3213:
1536:
2351:
in the Middle
Pleistocene is thought to have been the result of the former having struggled to adapt to major environmental changes compared to the latter two.
557:
by absolute measure of any ape, up to 6 mm (a quarter of an inch) in some areas, though this is only fairly thick when tooth size is taken into account.
6459:
6401:
6339:
2589:"The Biggest Ape That Ever Lived Was Not Too Big to Fail - Fossil teeth reveal Gigantopithecus was doomed by a changing environment and an inflexible diet"
2359:
was a generalist and therefore was able to adapt to mixed habitats stemming from Middle
Pleistocene environmental changes. Some authors had suggested that
623:
2173:
1580:
754:
on his field. From 1957 to 1963, the IVPP survey team carried out excavations in this area and recovered two more mandibles and more than 1,000 teeth.
7179:
6873:
6366:
6332:
6268:
5757:
5495:
5372:
5320:
4209:
4176:
743:
6890:
6498:
5440:
5084:
4974:
4842:
4708:
4572:
4040:
2246:
1220:
7781:
6548:
6394:
6380:
6211:
5386:
5350:
5230:
4965:
4835:
4786:
4666:
2164:
1034:
1732:
long and narrow, and waist at the midline—which is more pronounced in the lower molars—with low-lying and bulbous cusps and rounded-off crests.
6755:
6483:
5713:
5542:
5111:
5094:
4870:
4722:
4715:
4694:
4595:
3437:
Kono, R. T.; Zhang, Y.; Jin, C.; Takai, M.; Suwa, G. (2014). "A 3-dimensional assessment of molar enamel thickness and distribution pattern in
808:
4342:"Gigantopithecus blacki (Primates, Ponginae) from the Lang Trang Cave (Northern Vietnam): The Latest Gigantopithecus in the Late Pleistocene?"
6660:
6275:
5467:
4981:
4821:
4800:
4680:
4673:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4602:
4588:
2203:
2076:
960:
2598:
6387:
5767:
5659:
5552:
5379:
4849:
4828:
4814:
4757:
4750:
4659:
2367:. Human activity in southern China is known as early as 800,000 years ago but does not become prevalent until after the extinction of
1757:
overlaps with that of several other living and extinct apes. Like orangutans and potentially all pongines (though unlike African apes) the
1753:
hominins, which had extremely large molars and thick enamel for their size. However, in relation to the tooth's size, enamel thickness for
901:", believing that the human lineage went through a gigantic phase. He stated that the teeth are more similar to those of modern humans and
766:
6373:
5532:
4940:
4926:
4877:
4793:
4776:
4729:
4687:
4616:
4581:
2143:
4947:
4912:
4856:
4764:
4743:
4701:
4561:
2209:
812:
762:
5306:
5220:
4988:
4954:
4919:
4891:
4863:
3683:
Qu, Y.; Jin, C.; Zhang, Y.; et al. (2014). "Preservation assessments and carbon and oxygen isotopes analysis of tooth enamel of
3225:
1827:
teeth have a markedly lower rate of pitting (caused by eating small, hard objects) than orangutans, more similar to the rate seen in
728:
locality. They collected 47 teeth among shipments of "dragon bones" in Guangdong and Guangxi. In 1956, the team discovered the first
7755:
5365:
4933:
4884:
2534:
796:
2405:, apelike monsters in local folklore. This began in 1960 with zoologist Wladimir Tschernezky, briefly describing in the journal
1923:
on the side of the molar closer to the midline (medially), as well as sharper major crests. That is, the teeth are not as flat.
7920:
7915:
2566:
1640:
the average male gorilla. In 1979, American anthropologist Alfred E. Johnson Jr. used the dimensions of gorillas to estimate a
549:, and the fourth premolar is very molar-like. The molars are the largest of any known ape, and have a relatively flat surface.
4171:"Paleoecology of Pleistocene mammals and paleoclimatic change in South China: Evidence from stable carbon and oxygen isotopes"
7905:
3147:
3038:
2803:
2326:
further by 300 ka as a response to its declining forest refugia resulting from grassland expansion. The extinction window of
940:
650:
485:
298:
1975:
layer beneath the enamel) was estimated to begin at about four μm per day; this is seen in only baby teeth for modern apes.
7910:
7865:
4452:
7895:
7855:
134:
2845:
7930:
3250:
1926:
In 1957, based on hoofed animal remains in a cave located in a seemingly inaccessible mountain, Pei had believed that
7885:
7875:
2828:
1832:
564:
414:
1635:
hominins (small-bodied primate exhibiting massive molars and thick enamel). In 1946, Weidenreich hypothesised that
3190:
Cameron, D. (2001). "The taxonomic status of the Siwalik late Miocene hominid Indopithecus (= Gigantopithecus)".
4094:
1699:
are reduced. Wearing on the tongue-side of the incisors (the lingual face), which can extend as far down as the
4231:
Louys, J.; Roberts, P. (2020). "Environmental Drivers of Megafauna and Hominin Extinction in South East Asia".
1871:
Cave were identified to have originated from grasses; though, the majority of phytoliths resemble the hairs of
537:, with males much bigger than females. The incisors are reduced and the canines appear to have functioned like
996:
and orangutans due to fragmentary remains, with the main morphological argument being its close affinities to
7900:
7860:
2875:
2423:. Subsequently, the yeti attracted short-lived scientific attention, with several more authors publishing in
2038:
673:, who had studied human evolution in China and had died the previous year. Von Koenigswald, working for the
147:
686:
4170:
1951:
specialists. This garnered support from some subsequent researchers, but thicker enamel and hypsodonty in
7890:
5865:
3722:
Zhang, Y.; Kono, R. T.; Jin, C.; Wang, W.; Harrison, T. (2014). "Possible change in dental morphology in
2588:
2412:
2309:
showed signs of dietary changes based on dental morphologies in response to ecological pressure. Other
3163:
Cameron, D. (2003). "A functional and phylogenetic interpretation of the late Miocene Siwalik hominid
761:
remains have since been found in 16 different sites across southern China. The northernmost sites are
7880:
7870:
7850:
7733:
2018:
6952:
4445:
1541:
1045:
in orangutans has remained constant, shared a common ancestor about 12–10 million years ago in the
1282:
7674:
6710:
6528:
5935:
3994:
Zhu, M.; Schubert, B. W.; Liu, J.; Wallace, S. C. (2014). "A new record of the saber-toothed cat
3311:
Dean, M. C.; Schrenk, F. (2003). "Enamel thickness and development in a third permanent molar of
1983:
665:"), measuring 20 mm × 22 mm (0.79 in × 0.87 in). The specific name
3024:
778:
7812:
7695:
5989:
5693:
5074:
3687:
and contemporary animals from Sanhe Cave, Chongzuo, South China during the Early Pleistocene".
1891:. This suggests that fruit was a significant dietary component for at least this population of
7786:
3137:
2793:
7822:
7807:
7799:
6775:
2869:
1800:
1632:
951:, but believed it was an offshoot rather than a human ancestor. Much debate followed whether
936:
710:
628:
279:
2935:
Zhang, Y.; Jin, C.; et al. (2015). "A fourth mandible and associated dental remains of
619:
7742:
6009:
4305:
4240:
4185:
4168:
Sun, Fajun; Wang, Yang; Wang, Yuan; Jin, Chang-zhu; Deng, Tao; Wolff, Burt (15 June 2019).
4109:
4056:
4011:
3968:
3906:
3860:
3782:
3735:
3696:
3637:
3576:
3563:
Kupczik, K.; Dean, M. C. (2008). "Comparative observations on the tooth root morphology of
3537:
3492:
3450:
3382:
3324:
3280:
3092:
2643:
2249:
hypothesised an undescribed, chimp-sized ape he identified from a few teeth coexisted with
1970:
permanent third molar, based on an approximate 600–800 days required for the enamel on the
956:
886:
843:
5156:
4095:"Evidence for increased hominid diversity in the Early to Middle Pleistocene of Indonesia"
8:
7452:
6833:
6112:
6030:
5975:
4438:
3726:
just prior to its extinction: evidence from the upper premolar enamel–dentine junction".
2068:
1920:
1779:
824:
497:
489:
4309:
4244:
4189:
4113:
4060:
4015:
3972:
3955:
Jin, C.; Wang, Y.; et al. (2014). "Chronological sequence of the early Pleistocene
3929:
3910:
3888:
3864:
3786:
3739:
3700:
3641:
3580:
3541:
3496:
3454:
3386:
3328:
3284:
3096:
2666:
2647:
2629:
2519:
1916:
1253:
7095:
6285:
6225:
5905:
5821:
5067:
4378:
4274:
4201:
4141:
3113:
3076:
3018:
2956:
2593:
2343:
2315:
2198:
2013:
rate of 11%, which could mean fruit was commonly included in its diet. The molars from
1899:
1050:
1018:
791:
689:. By 1939, after purchasing more teeth, he determined they had originated somewhere in
571:
455:
142:
4341:
4292:
Zhao, L.X.; Zhang, L.Z. (12 February 2013). "New fossil evidence and diet analysis of
1053:
of apes. The same study calculated a divergence time between the Ponginae and African
7845:
7794:
6674:
6650:
6323:
5635:
4416:
4382:
4370:
4362:
4321:
4278:
4266:
4205:
4145:
4133:
4125:
4074:
3934:
3872:
3751:
3665:
3660:
3621:
3592:
3410:
3405:
3362:
3340:
3292:
3242:
3143:
3118:
3014:
2960:
2890:
2857:
2824:
2799:
2767:
2671:
2429:
2237:
2179:
2046:
1991:
1907:
1661:
1588:
890:
855:
674:
534:
451:
4412:
2558:
2177:. The late stage features more typical Middle Pleistocene animals such as the panda
7582:
7226:
7119:
6802:
6585:
6521:
6491:
6428:
5515:
5431:
5276:
4408:
4354:
4313:
4256:
4248:
4193:
4117:
4064:
4019:
3976:
3924:
3914:
3897:
3868:
3824:
3790:
3743:
3704:
3655:
3645:
3584:
3545:
3500:
3458:
3400:
3390:
3332:
3288:
3234:
3108:
3100:
3054:
2948:
2910:
2757:
2661:
2651:
2634:
2407:
2379:
2331:
2260:
2060:
1944:
1551:
1270:
881:
316:
3829:
3812:
3045:
von Koenigswald, a giant fossil hominoid from the Pleistocene of southern China".
2952:
1847:
consumed more low-lying plants such as stems, roots, and grasses than orangutans.
1735:
1049:
to Late Miocene. Their last common ancestor would have been a part of the Miocene
7505:
7474:
7466:
7250:
7105:
7075:
6692:
6538:
6475:
6305:
6255:
6241:
6234:
6188:
5982:
5777:
5447:
5400:
5334:
4649:
4317:
4197:
4023:
3980:
3794:
3747:
3708:
3617:
3588:
3549:
3504:
3462:
3358:
3336:
2042:
1848:
1532:
774:
747:
493:
7631:
7592:
7523:
7380:
7370:
7340:
7317:
7307:
7297:
7209:
7158:
7143:
7128:
7065:
7044:
7034:
6701:
6681:
6296:
6023:
6000:
5458:
3919:
3769:
Zhang, Y.; Kono, R. T.; Jin, C.; Wang, W.; et al. (2014). "New 400–320 ka
3375:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2823:(fourth ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 119.
2656:
2484:
2470:
2463:
2264:
2134:
2128:
1971:
1906:
in southeastern China (near the time of extinction) show some differences from
1903:
1719:
averages 15.1 mm × 20.3 mm (0.59 in × 0.80 in), P
1677:
1389:
1365:
1156:
1091:
1046:
1006:
989:
670:
4358:
4252:
4121:
3104:
7839:
7718:
7610:
7445:
7436:
7165:
7135:
7085:
7055:
6897:
6863:
6795:
6717:
6667:
6626:
6605:
6204:
6164:
5885:
5848:
5804:
5797:
5747:
5723:
5343:
5266:
5033:
4366:
4325:
4129:
2861:
2442:
2434:
2419:. Tschernezky concluded that the yeti walked like a human and was similar to
2394:
2284:
2184:
1910:
material from other sites, which could potentially indicate that the Hejiang
1524:
1430:
1042:
770:
698:
640:
595:
587:
546:
492:
the ape. In 1956, the first mandible and more than 1,000 teeth were found in
242:
69:
3650:
7642:
7571:
7482:
7459:
7407:
7390:
7360:
7202:
7150:
7004:
6785:
6738:
6643:
6578:
6568:
6558:
6468:
6350:
6312:
6197:
6044:
6037:
5945:
5683:
5669:
5602:
5481:
5251:
5209:
5007:
4546:
4420:
4374:
4270:
4137:
4078:
3938:
3844:
3808:
3755:
3596:
3395:
3344:
3246:
3122:
2974:
2915:
2771:
2675:
2491:
2477:
2456:
2416:
2280:
2255:
2124:
2119:
1995:
1932:
1840:
1749:
1711:(the visible part of the tooth). These teeth were closely packed together.
1656:
1567:
1556:
1413:
1173:
1115:
1026:
963:
and multiregional hypotheses, firmly placing humanity's origins in Africa.
921:
903:
876:
871:
867:
800:
717:
706:
682:
554:
118:
3959:
faunas from cave sites in the Chongzuo, Zuojiang River area,South China".
3669:
3414:
2071:. Carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of Early Pleistocene enamel suggests
1958:
The species' reliance on barks and twigs for nutrition led to its demise.
1811:, such as fruits, leaves, and other forest plants. The robust mandible of
1727:
18.1 mm × 20.8 mm (0.71 in × 0.82 in), and M
1686:
1683:
7768:
7727:
7548:
6731:
6612:
6595:
6359:
5965:
5875:
5740:
5703:
5623:
5562:
5283:
4736:
4396:
2411:
a 1951 photograph of alleged yeti tracks taken by Himalayan mountaineers
2241:
2114:
2088:
2010:
1940:
1708:
1247:
654:
538:
481:
44:
30:
4261:
2939:
from the Early Pleistocene Yanliang Cave, Fusui, Guangxi, South China".
7760:
7024:
6816:
6143:
6130:
6080:
6016:
5955:
5858:
5841:
5733:
5676:
5649:
5612:
5582:
5572:
5297:
5023:
4905:
4609:
4554:
4506:
4461:
3238:
2762:
2741:
2259:. Longgudong Cave may have represented a transitional zone between the
2149:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1828:
1700:
1550:. This bore resemblance to a molar discovered in 1915 in the Pakistani
1070:
702:
582:
436:
209:
89:
54:
7773:
2527:
Proceedings of the Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam
1723:
13.7 mm × 20.3 mm (0.54 in × 0.80 in), M
7493:
7423:
7397:
7266:
7216:
6853:
6843:
6766:
6619:
6509:
6408:
6174:
5928:
5831:
5045:
4807:
4523:
2276:
2232:
1864:
1860:
1820:
1804:
1796:
1763:
1704:
1622:
with a speculative large build, gorilla-like posture, and orange hair
1599:
1575:" by American anthropologists Frederick Szalay and Eric Delson until
1200:
1128:
1085:
1060:
1054:
1041:
was indeed closely allied with orangutans, and, assuming the current
985:
970:
851:
690:
678:
567:
517:
513:
473:
450:
from 2 million to approximately 300,000-200,000 years ago during the
229:
159:
94:
38:
7689:
4069:
4044:
3058:
795:. Two mandibular fragments each preserving the last two molars from
709:. The originally discovered teeth are part of the collection of the
677:
Mineralogical Survey on Java, had found the teeth in a drugstore in
7712:
7559:
7535:
7328:
7287:
7233:
7172:
6745:
5895:
5788:
5488:
5413:
5313:
4898:
4538:
4479:
2289:
2189:
2139:
1880:
1816:
1322:
1233:
1178:
973:
931:
912:
816:
782:
751:
735:
634:
542:
520:
465:
179:
130:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
3075:
Welker, F.; Ramos-Madrigal, J.; Kuhlwilm, M.; et al. (2019).
1859:
does not appear to have consumed the commonplace savanna grasses (
1614:
1341:
823:
gnawing marks, teeth primarily accumulated in caves likely due to
7620:
7513:
7240:
6880:
6809:
6061:
6054:
5916:
5811:
5593:
5474:
5420:
5240:
5101:
5058:
4491:
3773:
remains from Hejiang Cave, Chongzuo City, Guangxi, South China".
2846:"The ape that was – Asian fossils reveal humanity's giant cousin"
2402:
2322:
2310:
2214:
2194:
2110:
1692:
1645:
1214:
1022:
948:
730:
694:
603:
530:
505:
469:
199:
99:
74:
7747:
3522:
3074:
3047:
Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History
2305:
Over the course of the Pleistocene, the environment-specialized
889:
of humans and other apes. In 1946, Jewish German anthropologist
7190:
7014:
6823:
6724:
6445:
5642:
5358:
5188:
5175:
5127:
4485:
4473:
4399:(2008). "Amateur versus professional: the search for Bigfoot".
2219:
2153:. The middle stage is indicated by the appearance of the panda
2064:
1948:
1888:
820:
716:
In 1955, a survey team that was led by Chinese palaeontologist
219:
189:
169:
403:
322:
4517:
4430:
2272:
2228:
2169:
2160:
2106:
2080:
2079:
featured a mixed deciduous and evergreen forest dominated by
1852:
1641:
578:
509:
447:
439:
4339:
Lopatin, A. V.; Maschenko, E. N.; Dac, Le Xuan (June 2022).
2355:
likely was more flexible in seasonal dietary habits whereas
722:
Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology
382:
355:
7600:
6633:
2398:
2294:
2224:
2096:
2092:
1276:
599:
391:
364:
358:
343:
325:
3885:
2626:
955:
was a hominin or not for the next three decades until the
789:, though these could also represent the extinct orangutan
6983:
6970:
6920:
4091:
2979:"The dentition of the Transvaal Pleistocene anthropoids,
2084:
815:. In 2014, a fourth confirmed mandible was discovered in
657:, which, he noted, were of enormous size (the first was "
443:
406:
385:
379:
349:
334:
331:
3622:"Opal phytoliths found on the teeth of the extinct ape
1955:
could suggest different functionality for these teeth.
1766:(where the enamel extends beyond the gums) of any ape.
750:
farmer Xiuhuai Qin discovered more teeth and the first
3998:(Felidae, Machairodontinae) from an Early Pleistocene
3616:
2441:
and bigfoot from 1970 to his death in 2002. Among the
2253:, which in 2019 was identified as the closely related
2193:. Other classic animals typically include orangutans,
807:. The oldest remains date to 2 million years ago from
512:
line, but it is now thought to be closely allied with
4296:
and its distribution and extinction in South China".
3993:
2746:: a giant ape from the Pleistocene of Asia revisited"
2059:
remains are generally found in what were subtropical
1579:
was resurrected in 2003 by Australian anthropologist
415:
394:
388:
367:
361:
337:
328:
7638:
7627:
7616:
7606:
7588:
7578:
7567:
7519:
7501:
7433:
7403:
7386:
7376:
7366:
7356:
7346:
7336:
7313:
7303:
7293:
7283:
7246:
7222:
7198:
7116:
7101:
7091:
7081:
7071:
7061:
7051:
7040:
7030:
7020:
7010:
7000:
6886:
6869:
6859:
6849:
6839:
6829:
6791:
6781:
6751:
6656:
6639:
6601:
6591:
6574:
6564:
6554:
6544:
6534:
6517:
6456:
6441:
6281:
6252:
6222:
6185:
6170:
6160:
6050:
5971:
5961:
5951:
5941:
5924:
5901:
5891:
5881:
5871:
5854:
5837:
5827:
5817:
5773:
5763:
5753:
5729:
5719:
5709:
5699:
5689:
5665:
5655:
5631:
5608:
5578:
5568:
5558:
5548:
5538:
5528:
5397:
5331:
5294:
5263:
5247:
5236:
5226:
5216:
5205:
5107:
5090:
5080:
5040:
5029:
5019:
4519:
4002:
fauna, Yanliang Cave, Fusui, Guangxi, South China".
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2630:"The demise of the giant ape Gigantopithecus blacki"
2520:"Eine fossile Säugetierfauna mit Simia aus Südchina"
1935:
drew similarities between the jaws and dentition of
400:
376:
346:
340:
319:
7926:
Taxa named by Gustav Heinrich Ralph von Koenigswald
4338:
3214:"Molar enamel thickness and dentine horn height in
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
1523:In 1969, an 8.6 million year old mandible from the
984:. This would make its closest living relatives the
875:from India. In 1939, South African palaeontologist
484:, were identified in a drugstore by anthropologist
464:. Potential identifications have also been made in
373:
352:
4340:
4169:
3267:Johnson, A. E. Jr. (1979). "Skeletal Estimates of
3009:
3007:
811:, and the youngest 380,000–310,000 years ago from
4177:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3436:
3207:
3205:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2437:, who continued pushing for a connection between
1648:length of 62.7 cm (2 ft 1 in) for
1644:length of 54.4 cm (1 ft 9 in) and
7837:
3768:
3721:
3518:
3516:
3514:
2798:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–372.
2682:
2559:"Definition of gigantopithecus | Dictionary.com"
3630:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3037:
3004:
2517:
2321:plant abundance. Intensified winter and summer
1843:). Similarly, oxygen isotope analysis suggests
1514:
803:, Indonesia, described in 2016 could represent
4167:
4163:
4161:
4035:
4033:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3202:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2506:
2075:inhabited dense, humid, closed-canopy forest.
1010:, which went extinct 4 million years prior to
669:is in honour of Canadian palaeoanthropologist
529:has traditionally been restored as a massive,
4446:
3762:
3511:
3070:
3068:
2864:. Archived from the original on May 25, 2015.
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2739:
879:hypothesised that it was closely allied with
4230:
3135:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2818:
1943:, and suggested they both occupied the same
4158:
4030:
3603:
3562:
3474:
3472:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3351:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3013:
2613:
2580:
2382:, though the evidence for this is limited.
2363:was a possible factor in the extinction of
773:, and southernmost on Hainan Island in the
420:
5186:
4453:
4439:
3950:
3948:
3813:"Giant ape's jaw bone discovered in China"
3682:
3620:; Piperno, D. R.; Thompson, R. G. (1990).
3211:
3065:
2837:
2812:
2778:
785:, Thailand, could possibly be assigned to
117:
6981:
6919:
6141:
6079:
4291:
4260:
4224:
4068:
3928:
3918:
3828:
3659:
3649:
3404:
3394:
3226:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3112:
2923:
2914:
2882:
2761:
2750:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2665:
2655:
2628:Joannes-Boyau, Renaud (10 January 2024).
2267:realms, featuring, alongside the typical
2245:. In 2009, American palaeoanthropologist
1571:, but this was changed again in 1979 to "
988:. However, there are few similar traits (
416:jy-gan-toh-pi-thee-kuhs, pith-i-kuhs, ji-
3847:(1975). "Geomorphology to paleoecology:
3626:: implications for paleodietary studies"
3478:
3469:
3421:
3299:
3023:. University of Chicago Press. pp.
2934:
2586:
2037:
1778:
1734:
1655:The average maximum length of the upper
1613:
925:(then considered a human ancestor), to "
842:
819:, Central China. Indicated by extensive
618:
4039:
3954:
3945:
3357:
3266:
3212:Olejniczak, A. J.; et al. (2008).
3189:
3162:
2843:
2791:
2397:circles as the identity of the Tibetan
1063:according to Zhang and Harrison, 2017:
606:, apelike creatures in local folklore.
598:circles as the identity of the Tibetan
7838:
2891:"Primata Besar di Jawa: Spesimen Baru
2888:
1546:, who believed it was the ancestor of
1004:is most closely allied to the Chinese
781:, Vietnam, and a fourth premolar from
7694:
7693:
6968:
6128:
5173:
4504:
4434:
4395:
4212:from the original on 14 November 2022
4045:"The mystery ape of Pleistocene Asia"
3843:
2973:
2117:proboscidean (relative of elephants)
1527:in northern India was classified as "
697:. He could not formally describe the
581:with dirt. Some teeth bear traces of
3887:Joannes-Boyau, Renaud (2024-01-10).
3879:
3167:and the Chinese Pleistocene hominid
3142:. Academic Press. pp. 493–494.
3139:Evolutionary History of the Primates
2601:from the original on 10 January 2024
2045:(above) may be a modern analogue to
1863:). Nonetheless, in 1990, a few opal
862:In 1935, von Koenigswald considered
545:and molars). The premolars are high-
3807:
2819:Poirier, F.E.; McKee, J.K. (1999).
1831:, which could indicate a similarly
614:
135:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
13:
2897:[Giant Primate of Java: A new
2587:Tamisiea, Jack (10 January 2024).
2518:von Koenigswald, G. H. R. (1935).
2337:The extinction of the specialized
14:
7942:
2378:may have survived into the early
2374:Some authors have suggested that
1667:
1561:". Von Koenigswald reclassified "
1057:about 26–17.7 million years ago.
915:), and envisioned a lineage from
831:
738:, in a cave (subsequently named "
724:(IVPP) with finding the original
653:in 1935 based on two third lower
7673:
6951:
6111:
5155:
2889:Sofwan, N.; et al. (2016).
2740:Zhang, Y.; Harrison, T. (2017).
2385:
2033:
1769:
1435:
1340:
1281:
1252:
1219:
1177:
1090:
661:", the second was described as "
659:Ein gewaltig grosser (...) Molar
315:
146:
42:
5174:
4413:10.1016/j.endeavour.2008.04.005
4389:
4332:
4285:
4085:
3987:
3837:
3801:
3715:
3676:
3556:
3371:from Tham Khuyen Cave, Vietnam"
3260:
3183:
3156:
3136:Szalay, F.; Delson, E. (1979).
3129:
3081:was an early diverging pongine"
3031:
2967:
2569:from the original on 2022-10-03
2540:from the original on 2017-12-12
2091:, as well as several low-lying
681:where they were being sold as "
6969:
6129:
4505:
4460:
4102:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2994:Annals of the Transvaal Museum
2551:
1609:
1565:" in 1950 into its own genus,
866:to be closely allied with the
458:, represented by one species,
1:
7921:Fossil taxa described in 1935
7916:Pleistocene genus extinctions
3889:"The demise of the giant ape
3830:10.1525/aa.1957.59.5.02a00080
3271:Based on a Gorilla Analogy".
2953:10.1080/08912963.2015.1024115
2821:Understanding Human Evolution
2499:
2300:
1898:The 400,000–320,000 year old
1851:indicates the consumption of
1795:is considered to have been a
1788:Scale 3 cm (1.2 in)
500:before they could fossilise.
7906:Extinct animals of Indonesia
4318:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.12.016
4198:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.021
4024:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.052
3981:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.051
3873:10.1016/0047-2484(75)90009-3
3795:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.12.008
3748:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.06.010
3709:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.10.053
3589:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.013
3550:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.059
3505:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.016
3463:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.02.012
3337:10.1016/j.jhevol.2003.08.009
3293:10.1016/0047-2484(79)90111-8
3077:"Enamel proteome shows that
2236:, and more rarely the large
2001:
1867:adhering to four teeth from
836:
687:traditional Chinese medicine
649:was named by anthropologist
609:
7:
7911:Tortonian first appearances
7866:Pleistocene mammals of Asia
4347:Doklady Biological Sciences
2901:specimen from Semedo].
2448:
1994:of enamel during prolonged
734:remains, a third molar and
10:
7947:
7896:Extinct animals of Vietnam
7856:Prehistoric primate genera
3920:10.1038/s41586-023-06900-0
3853:Journal of Human Evolution
3728:Journal of Human Evolution
3569:Journal of Human Evolution
3317:Journal of Human Evolution
3273:Journal of Human Evolution
2657:10.1038/s41586-023-06900-0
2156:Ailuropoda wulingshanensis
2063:in South China, except in
2061:evergreen broadleaf forest
2024:
1801:Carbon-13 isotope analysis
959:hypothesis overturned the
777:. An isolated canine from
720:was tasked by the Chinese
705:by Japanese forces during
488:in 1935, who subsequently
7931:Mammals described in 1935
7702:
7670:
7558:
7543:
7534:
7492:
7432:
7421:
7327:
7279:
7275:
7264:
7189:
7115:
6996:
6992:
6977:
6964:
6949:
6915:
6765:
6700:
6691:
6508:
6455:
6437:
6426:
6349:
6322:
6295:
6263:
6251:
6221:
6184:
6156:
6152:
6137:
6124:
6109:
6075:
5999:
5915:
5787:
5622:
5592:
5524:
5513:
5457:
5430:
5408:
5396:
5330:
5293:
5262:
5201:
5197:
5182:
5169:
5152:
5126:
5057:
5015:
5006:
5002:
4964:
4774:
4647:
4571:
4533:
4513:
4500:
4468:
4359:10.1134/S0012496622010069
4253:10.1038/s41586-020-2810-y
4122:10.1038/s41559-019-0860-z
3105:10.1038/s41586-019-1728-8
3039:von Koenigswald, G. H. R.
2874:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2795:The Primate Fossil Record
2019:pitting enamel hypoplasia
1961:
1602:(with only one species),
1427:
1410:
1403:
1386:
1379:
1362:
1355:
1333:
1326:
1267:
1244:
1237:
1211:
1204:
1170:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1112:
1105:
1082:
1075:
969:is now classified in the
746:, Guangxi. Also in 1956,
663:der enorme Grösse besitzt
285:
278:
143:Scientific classification
141:
125:
116:
23:
7886:Extinct animals of India
7876:Extinct animals of China
4298:Quaternary International
4004:Quaternary International
3961:Quaternary International
3775:Quaternary International
3689:Quaternary International
3530:Quaternary International
3485:Quaternary International
3443:Quaternary International
3363:"Dated Co-Occurrence of
2017:Cave frequently exhibit
1803:suggests consumption of
941:multiregional hypothesis
897:as a human ancestor as "
828:than teeth are so rare.
504:was once argued to be a
31:Early–Middle Pleistocene
3817:American Anthropologist
3651:10.1073/pnas.87.20.8120
2792:Hartwig, W. C. (2002).
1984:alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein
1774:
1626:
939:. This was part of his
850:is closely allied with
563:appears to have been a
476:. The first remains of
446:that lived in southern
4294:Gigantopithecus blacki
3891:Gigantopithecus blacki
3771:Gigantopithecus blacki
3724:Gigantopithecus blacki
3685:Gigantopithecus blacki
3624:Gigantopithecus blacki
3565:Gigantopithecus blacki
3481:Gigantopithecus blacki
3439:Gigantopithecus blacki
3396:10.1073/pnas.93.7.3016
3361:; et al. (1996).
3313:Gigantopithecus blacki
3216:Gigantopithecus blacki
3043:Gigantopithecus blacki
2937:Gigantopithecus blacki
2916:10.30883/jba.v36i2.241
2744:Gigantopithecus blacki
2053:
1978:Protein sequencing of
1875:fruits, which include
1789:
1743:
1623:
1593:Indopithecus giganteus
1587:" is now considered a
1531:" by palaeontologists
976:, closely allied with
937:Aboriginal Australians
859:
701:until 1952 due to his
647:Gigantopithecus blacki
643:
638:Gigantopithecus blacki
594:has become popular in
461:Gigantopithecus blacki
292:Gigantopithecus blacki
7808:Paleobiology Database
3020:Apes, Giants, and Man
2041:
1782:
1738:
1633:postcanine megadontia
1617:
1537:Shiv Raj Kumar Chopra
913:early Javan specimens
846:
711:University of Utrecht
651:Ralph von Koenigswald
622:
486:Ralph von Koenigswald
7901:Fossils of Indonesia
7861:Pleistocene primates
2844:Coichon, R. (1991).
2113:animals such as the
1554:then classified as "
887:last common ancestor
769:, just south of the
516:, classified in the
6834:Paradolichopithecus
4310:2013QuInt.286...69Z
4245:2020Natur.586..402L
4190:2019PPP...524....1S
4114:2019NatEE...3..755Z
4061:2009Natur.459..910C
4016:2014QuInt.354..100Z
3973:2014QuInt.354....4J
3911:2024Natur.625..535Z
3865:1975JHumE...4..219W
3787:2014QuInt.354...35Z
3740:2014JHumE..75..166Z
3701:2014QuInt.354...52Q
3642:1990PNAS...87.8120C
3581:2008JHumE..54..196K
3542:2017QuInt.434..148B
3497:2017QuInt.434...65S
3455:2014QuInt.354...46K
3387:1996PNAS...93.3016C
3329:2003JHumE..45..381D
3285:1979JHumE...8..585J
3097:2019Natur.576..262W
2648:2024Natur.625..535Z
2201:, the extinct pigs
2069:tropical rainforest
2009:molars have a high
919:, to the Javan ape
7891:Fossils of Vietnam
6460:Victoriapithecidae
6402:Plesiopliopithecus
6340:Platodontopithecus
3239:10.1002/ajpa.20711
2941:Historical Biology
2763:10.1002/ajpa.23150
2594:The New York Times
2563:www.dictionary.com
2344:Pongo weidenreichi
2054:
1990:which facilitated
1982:enamel identified
1900:Middle Pleistocene
1790:
1786:mandible, top view
1744:
1624:
1618:Reconstruction of
1019:peptide sequencing
860:
792:Pongo weidenreichi
644:
624:Friedemann Schrenk
535:sexually dimorphic
508:, a member of the
456:Middle Pleistocene
7833:
7832:
7795:Open Tree of Life
7696:Taxon identifiers
7687:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7417:
7416:
7260:
7259:
6960:
6959:
6947:
6946:
6943:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6324:Dionysopithecidae
6226:Propliopithecidae
6120:
6119:
6107:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6071:
6070:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5165:
5164:
5150:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5122:
5121:
4998:
4997:
4239:(7829): 402–406.
4055:(7249): 910–911.
3905:(7995): 535–539.
3636:(20): 8120–8124.
3192:Himalayan Geology
3173:Himalayan Geology
3149:978-1-4832-8925-0
3091:(7786): 262–265.
2903:Berkala Arkeologi
2805:978-0-521-66315-1
2642:(7995): 535–539.
2393:has been used in
2238:saber-toothed cat
2180:Ailuropoda baconi
2067:which featured a
2047:Early Pleistocene
1998:(enamel growth).
1992:biomineralisation
1939:and those of the
1908:Early Pleistocene
1672:Like other apes,
1662:sexual dimorphism
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1293:
1190:
1189:
891:Franz Weidenreich
856:Bornean orangutan
675:Dutch East Indies
553:had the thickest
306:
305:
7938:
7881:Fossils of India
7871:Fossils of China
7851:Prehistoric apes
7826:
7825:
7816:
7815:
7803:
7802:
7790:
7789:
7777:
7776:
7764:
7763:
7751:
7750:
7738:
7737:
7736:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7691:
7690:
7678:
7677:
7640:
7629:
7618:
7608:
7590:
7583:Australopithecus
7580:
7569:
7541:
7540:
7521:
7503:
7435:
7430:
7429:
7405:
7388:
7378:
7368:
7358:
7348:
7338:
7315:
7305:
7295:
7285:
7277:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7248:
7224:
7200:
7120:Dendropithecidae
7118:
7103:
7093:
7083:
7073:
7063:
7053:
7042:
7032:
7022:
7012:
7002:
6994:
6993:
6990:
6989:
6979:
6978:
6966:
6965:
6955:
6917:
6916:
6888:
6871:
6861:
6851:
6841:
6831:
6793:
6783:
6753:
6698:
6697:
6658:
6641:
6603:
6593:
6576:
6566:
6556:
6546:
6536:
6522:Cercopithecoides
6519:
6492:Victoriapithecus
6458:
6443:
6435:
6434:
6429:Cercopithecoidea
6283:
6261:
6260:
6254:
6224:
6187:
6172:
6162:
6154:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6139:
6138:
6126:
6125:
6115:
6077:
6076:
6052:
5973:
5963:
5953:
5943:
5926:
5903:
5893:
5883:
5873:
5856:
5839:
5829:
5819:
5775:
5765:
5755:
5731:
5721:
5711:
5701:
5691:
5667:
5657:
5633:
5610:
5580:
5570:
5560:
5550:
5540:
5530:
5522:
5521:
5432:Proteopithecidae
5406:
5405:
5399:
5333:
5296:
5265:
5249:
5238:
5228:
5218:
5207:
5199:
5198:
5195:
5194:
5184:
5183:
5171:
5170:
5160:
5159:
5109:
5092:
5082:
5042:
5031:
5021:
5013:
5012:
5004:
5003:
4531:
4530:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4502:
4501:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4344:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4264:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4173:
4165:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4099:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4072:
4037:
4028:
4027:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3952:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3922:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3663:
3653:
3614:
3601:
3600:
3560:
3554:
3553:
3520:
3509:
3508:
3476:
3467:
3466:
3434:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3381:(7): 3016–3020.
3355:
3349:
3348:
3308:
3297:
3296:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3249:. Archived from
3222:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3072:
3063:
3062:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3011:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2932:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2789:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2756:(S63): 153–177.
2737:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2524:
2515:
2380:Late Pleistocene
2341:and survival of
2332:Late Pleistocene
2275:animals such as
2174:Tapirus sinensis
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1585:G. bilaspurensis
1581:David W. Cameron
1552:Pothohar Plateau
1545:
1529:G. bilaspurensis
1517:G. bilaspurensis
1439:
1406:
1405:
1382:
1381:
1358:
1357:
1344:
1329:
1328:
1285:
1271:Australopithecus
1256:
1240:
1239:
1223:
1207:
1206:
1181:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1108:
1107:
1094:
1078:
1077:
1067:
1066:
882:Australopithecus
779:Thẩm Khuyên Cave
685:" to be used in
632:
615:Research history
602:or the American
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
402:
397:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
370:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
294:
290:
254:
241:
151:
150:
121:
111:
41:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
16:Genus of primate
7946:
7945:
7941:
7940:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7935:
7836:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7821:
7819:
7811:
7806:
7798:
7793:
7785:
7780:
7772:
7767:
7759:
7754:
7746:
7741:
7734:Gigantopithecus
7732:
7731:
7726:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7704:Gigantopithecus
7698:
7688:
7679:
7672:
7648:
7554:
7530:
7506:Chororapithecus
7488:
7475:Pierolapithecus
7467:Hispanopithecus
7426:
7413:
7351:Gigantopithecus
7323:
7269:
7256:
7251:Yuanmoupithecus
7185:
7180:Turkanapithecus
7111:
7106:Samburupithecus
7076:Nacholapithecus
6986:
6973:
6956:
6935:
6903:
6874:Procynocephalus
6761:
6693:Cercopithecinae
6687:
6539:Dolichopithecus
6504:
6476:Nsungwepithecus
6451:
6431:
6414:
6367:Barberapithecus
6345:
6333:Dionysopithecus
6318:
6306:Epipliopithecus
6291:
6269:Krishnapithecus
6256:Pliopithecoidea
6247:
6242:Propliopithecus
6235:Aegyptopithecus
6217:
6189:Oligopithecidae
6180:
6146:
6133:
6116:
6095:
6067:
5995:
5911:
5783:
5758:Proteropithecia
5618:
5588:
5518:
5501:
5496:Ucayalipithecus
5453:
5426:
5401:Parapithecoidea
5392:
5373:Myanmarpithecus
5335:Amphipithecidae
5326:
5321:Phenacopithecus
5289:
5258:
5191:
5178:
5161:
5154:
5142:
5118:
5053:
4994:
4960:
4770:
4650:Anaptomorphinae
4643:
4567:
4527:
4509:
4496:
4464:
4459:
4429:
4428:
4394:
4390:
4337:
4333:
4290:
4286:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4166:
4159:
4150:
4148:
4097:
4090:
4086:
4070:10.1038/459910a
4038:
4031:
4000:Gigantopithecus
3992:
3988:
3957:Gigantopithecus
3953:
3946:
3884:
3880:
3849:Gigantopithecus
3842:
3838:
3806:
3802:
3767:
3763:
3720:
3716:
3681:
3677:
3615:
3604:
3561:
3557:
3526:Gigantopithecus
3521:
3512:
3477:
3470:
3435:
3422:
3369:Gigantopithecus
3356:
3352:
3309:
3300:
3269:Gigantopithecus
3265:
3261:
3253:
3220:
3210:
3203:
3188:
3184:
3169:Gigantopithecus
3161:
3157:
3150:
3134:
3130:
3079:Gigantopithecus
3073:
3066:
3036:
3032:
3015:Weidenreich, F.
3012:
3005:
2989:
2972:
2968:
2947:(1–2): 95–104.
2933:
2924:
2899:Gigantopithecus
2893:Gigantopithecus
2887:
2883:
2867:
2866:
2850:Natural History
2842:
2838:
2831:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2790:
2779:
2738:
2683:
2625:
2614:
2604:
2602:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2570:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2522:
2516:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2451:
2439:Gigantopithecus
2421:Gigantopithecus
2391:Gigantopithecus
2388:
2376:Gigantopithecus
2369:Gigantopithecus
2365:Gigantopithecus
2353:P. weidenreichi
2339:Gigantopithecus
2328:Gigantopithecus
2319:
2307:Gigantopithecus
2303:
2269:Gigantopithecus
2251:Gigantopithecus
2147:, and the deer
2104:Gigantopithecus
2073:Gigantopithecus
2057:Gigantopithecus
2050:Gigantopithecus
2043:Dinghu Mountain
2036:
2027:
2015:Gigantopithecus
2007:Gigantopithecus
2004:
1988:Gigantopithecus
1980:Gigantopithecus
1968:Gigantopithecus
1964:
1953:Gigantopithecus
1937:Gigantopithecus
1928:Gigantopithecus
1912:Gigantopithecus
1893:Gigantopithecus
1869:Gigantopithecus
1857:Gigantopithecus
1849:Dental calculus
1845:Gigantopithecus
1833:generalist diet
1825:Gigantopithecus
1813:Gigantopithecus
1808:
1793:Gigantopithecus
1787:
1784:Gigantopithecus
1777:
1772:
1759:Gigantopithecus
1755:Gigantopithecus
1740:Gigantopithecus
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1697:Gigantopithecus
1682:
1681:
1674:Gigantopithecus
1670:
1650:Gigantopithecus
1637:Gigantopithecus
1629:
1620:Gigantopithecus
1612:
1597:Gigantopithecus
1539:
1533:Elwyn L. Simons
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1337:Gigantopithecus
1313:
1304:
1295:
1191:
1039:Gigantopithecus
1037:indicates that
1031:Gigantopithecus
1012:Gigantopithecus
1002:Gigantopithecus
994:Gigantopithecus
967:Gigantopithecus
953:Gigantopithecus
945:Gigantopithecus
935:", and finally
927:Pithecanthropus
917:Gigantopithecus
909:Pithecanthropus
899:Gigantanthropus
895:Gigantopithecus
864:Gigantopithecus
848:Gigantopithecus
841:
834:
805:Gigantopithecus
787:Gigantopithecus
775:South China Sea
759:Gigantopithecus
744:Niusui Mountain
740:Gigantopithecus
726:Gigantopithecus
626:
617:
612:
592:Gigantopithecus
575:
561:Gigantopithecus
551:Gigantopithecus
527:Gigantopithecus
502:Gigantopithecus
478:Gigantopithecus
432:
429:
426:
423:
399:
372:
318:
314:
310:Gigantopithecus
302:
299:von Koenigswald
296:
288:
287:
274:
257:Gigantopithecus
252:
239:
145:
128:Gigantopithecus
112:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
33:
27:
25:Gigantopithecus
17:
12:
11:
5:
7944:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7827:
7817:
7804:
7791:
7778:
7765:
7752:
7739:
7724:
7708:
7706:
7700:
7699:
7685:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7636:
7632:Sahelanthropus
7625:
7614:
7604:
7597:
7593:Graecopithecus
7586:
7576:
7564:
7562:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7544:
7538:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7524:Nakalipithecus
7517:
7510:
7498:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7479:
7471:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7441:
7439:
7427:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7401:
7394:
7384:
7381:Lufengpithecus
7374:
7371:Khoratpithecus
7364:
7354:
7344:
7341:Ankarapithecus
7333:
7331:
7325:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7318:Ouranopithecus
7311:
7308:Nakalipithecus
7301:
7298:Graecopithecus
7291:
7280:
7270:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7244:
7237:
7230:
7220:
7213:
7206:
7195:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7159:Rangwapithecus
7155:
7147:
7144:Nyanzapithecus
7140:
7132:
7129:Dendropithecus
7124:
7122:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7099:
7089:
7079:
7069:
7066:Morotopithecus
7059:
7049:
7045:Kamoyapithecus
7038:
7035:Griphopithecus
7028:
7018:
7008:
6997:
6987:
6982:
6975:
6974:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6925:
6923:
6913:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6894:
6891:Soromandrillus
6884:
6877:
6867:
6857:
6847:
6837:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6789:
6779:
6771:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6760:
6759:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6711:Allenopithecus
6706:
6704:
6702:Cercopithecini
6695:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6682:Trachypithecus
6678:
6671:
6664:
6654:
6647:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6599:
6589:
6582:
6572:
6562:
6552:
6542:
6532:
6525:
6514:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6499:Zaltanpithecus
6495:
6488:
6480:
6472:
6464:
6462:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6438:
6432:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6355:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6336:
6328:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6309:
6301:
6299:
6297:Pliopithecidae
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6279:
6272:
6264:
6258:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6245:
6238:
6230:
6228:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6191:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6178:
6168:
6157:
6147:
6142:
6135:
6134:
6122:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6058:
6048:
6041:
6038:Leontopithecus
6034:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6005:
6003:
6001:Callitrichidae
5997:
5996:
5994:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5969:
5959:
5949:
5939:
5932:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5889:
5879:
5869:
5862:
5852:
5845:
5835:
5825:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5791:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5771:
5761:
5751:
5744:
5737:
5727:
5717:
5707:
5697:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5663:
5653:
5646:
5639:
5628:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5606:
5598:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5587:
5586:
5576:
5566:
5556:
5546:
5536:
5525:
5519:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5463:
5461:
5459:Parapithecidae
5455:
5454:
5452:
5451:
5444:
5441:Proteopithecus
5436:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5403:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5383:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5355:
5347:
5339:
5337:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5300:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5270:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5245:
5234:
5224:
5214:
5202:
5192:
5187:
5180:
5179:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5105:
5098:
5088:
5085:Hesperotarsius
5078:
5071:
5063:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5038:
5027:
5016:
5010:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4978:
4970:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4843:Gunnelltarsius
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4782:
4780:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4709:Pseudotetonius
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4655:
4653:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4575:
4573:Microchoerinae
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4543:
4534:
4528:
4518:
4511:
4510:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4426:
4388:
4331:
4284:
4223:
4157:
4108:(5): 755–764.
4084:
4029:
3986:
3944:
3878:
3859:(3): 219–233.
3851:reappraised".
3836:
3823:(5): 834–838.
3800:
3761:
3714:
3675:
3602:
3575:(2): 196–204.
3555:
3510:
3468:
3420:
3350:
3323:(5): 381–388.
3298:
3279:(6): 585–587.
3259:
3256:on 2016-03-03.
3201:
3182:
3155:
3148:
3128:
3064:
3030:
3003:
2981:Plesianthropus
2966:
2922:
2909:(2): 141–160.
2881:
2836:
2829:
2811:
2804:
2777:
2681:
2612:
2579:
2550:
2533:(8): 874–879.
2504:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2485:Pongo hooijeri
2481:
2474:
2471:Lufengpithecus
2467:
2464:Khoratpithecus
2460:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2443:binomial names
2387:
2384:
2317:
2302:
2299:
2247:Russel Ciochon
2135:Hippopotamodon
2129:Hesperotherium
2035:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2003:
2000:
1963:
1960:
1806:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1703:, suggests an
1678:dental formula
1669:
1668:Teeth and jaws
1666:
1628:
1625:
1611:
1608:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:Ankarapithecus
1385:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:Lufengpithecus
1361:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1251:(chimpanzees)
1243:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:Ouranopithecus
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1029:proteins of a
1007:Lufengpithecus
990:synapomorphies
907:(at the time "
840:
835:
833:
832:Classification
830:
671:Davidson Black
616:
613:
611:
608:
573:
304:
303:
297:
283:
282:
276:
275:
271:G. blacki
267:
265:
261:
260:
250:
246:
245:
237:
233:
232:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
126:Reconstructed
123:
122:
114:
113:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7943:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7824:
7818:
7814:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7770:
7766:
7762:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7744:
7740:
7735:
7729:
7725:
7720:
7714:
7710:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7692:
7676:
7645:
7644:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7615:
7613:
7612:
7611:Kenyanthropus
7605:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7533:
7526:
7525:
7518:
7516:
7515:
7511:
7508:
7507:
7500:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7484:
7480:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7446:Anoiapithecus
7443:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7437:Dryopithecini
7431:
7428:
7425:
7420:
7410:
7409:
7402:
7400:
7399:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7385:
7383:
7382:
7375:
7373:
7372:
7365:
7363:
7362:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7268:
7263:
7253:
7252:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7166:Rukwapithecus
7163:
7161:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7148:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7136:Micropithecus
7133:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7121:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7100:
7098:
7097:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7086:Otavipithecus
7080:
7078:
7077:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7056:Kenyapithecus
7050:
7047:
7046:
7039:
7037:
7036:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7009:
7007:
7006:
6999:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6967:
6963:
6954:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6900:
6899:
6898:Theropithecus
6895:
6893:
6892:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6864:Procercocebus
6858:
6856:
6855:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6800:
6798:
6797:
6796:Gorgopithecus
6790:
6788:
6787:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6750:
6748:
6747:
6743:
6741:
6740:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6725:Cercopithecus
6722:
6720:
6719:
6718:Allochrocebus
6715:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6690:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6668:Semnopithecus
6665:
6663:
6662:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6651:Rhinopithecus
6648:
6646:
6645:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6608:
6607:
6606:Parapresbytis
6600:
6598:
6597:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6549:Kuseracolobus
6543:
6541:
6540:
6533:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6425:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6395:Laccopithecus
6392:
6390:
6389:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6381:Egarapithecus
6378:
6376:
6375:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6287:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6227:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6212:Talahpithecus
6209:
6207:
6206:
6205:Oligopithecus
6202:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6165:Micropithecus
6159:
6158:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6114:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5978:
5977:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5886:Protopithecus
5880:
5878:
5877:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5807:
5806:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5748:Plecturocebus
5745:
5743:
5742:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5724:Miocallicebus
5718:
5716:
5715:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5557:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5512:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5387:Siamopithecus
5384:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:Bugtipithecus
5348:
5346:
5345:
5344:Amphipithecus
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5292:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:Afrotarsiidae
5261:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5231:Aseanpithecus
5225:
5223:
5222:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5114:
5113:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5075:Cephalopachus
5072:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5047:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:Afrotarsiidae
5028:
5026:
5025:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4966:Tarkadectinae
4963:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4836:Ekwiiyemakius
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4787:Ageitodendron
4784:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4667:Anaptomorphus
4664:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4493:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4343:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4164:
4162:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3882:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3473:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3219:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3000:(3): 303–314.
2999:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2885:
2877:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2830:0-13-096152-3
2826:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2583:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2435:Grover Krantz
2432:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2395:cryptozoology
2392:
2386:Cryptozoology
2383:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:(a cow), the
2226:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2187:proboscidean
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2165:Cuon antiquus
2162:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2115:gomphotheriid
2112:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:Palaeoecology
2031:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:bamboo shoots
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1770:Palaeobiology
1767:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1621:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:Sivalik Hills
1518:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1434:(orangutans)
1433:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1073: (apes)
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:mutation rate
1040:
1036:
1035:Chuifeng Cave
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:
968:
964:
962:
958:
957:Out of Africa
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:
928:
924:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
873:
869:
865:
857:
853:
849:
845:
839:
829:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:Yangtze River
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
699:type specimen
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
642:
639:
636:
630:
625:
621:
607:
605:
601:
597:
596:cryptozoology
593:
589:
588:archaic human
584:
580:
576:
569:
566:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
438:
418:
417:
411:
312:
311:
300:
295:
293:
284:
281:
280:Binomial name
277:
273:
272:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:Sivapithecini
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
124:
120:
115:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
32:
26:
22:
19:
7703:
7643:Paranthropus
7641:
7630:
7619:
7609:
7599:
7591:
7581:
7572:Ardipithecus
7570:
7547:
7522:
7512:
7504:
7483:Rudapithecus
7481:
7473:
7465:
7460:Dryopithecus
7458:
7451:
7444:
7408:Sivapithecus
7406:
7396:
7391:Meganthropus
7389:
7379:
7369:
7361:Indopithecus
7359:
7350:
7349:
7339:
7316:
7306:
7296:
7286:
7249:
7241:Symphalangus
7239:
7232:
7225:
7215:
7208:
7203:Bunopithecus
7201:
7178:
7171:
7164:
7157:
7151:Oreopithecus
7149:
7142:
7134:
7127:
7104:
7094:
7084:
7074:
7064:
7054:
7043:
7033:
7023:
7013:
7005:Afropithecus
7003:
6896:
6889:
6879:
6872:
6862:
6852:
6842:
6832:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6786:Dinopithecus
6784:
6774:
6756:Nanopithecus
6754:
6744:
6739:Erythrocebus
6737:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6649:
6644:Rhinocolobus
6642:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6613:Piliocolobus
6611:
6604:
6594:
6584:
6579:Microcolobus
6577:
6569:Mesopithecus
6567:
6559:Libypithecus
6557:
6547:
6537:
6527:
6520:
6497:
6490:
6484:Prohylobates
6482:
6474:
6469:Noropithecus
6467:
6444:
6407:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6358:
6351:Crouzeliidae
6338:
6331:
6313:Pliopithecus
6311:
6304:
6284:
6274:
6267:
6240:
6233:
6210:
6203:
6198:Catopithecus
6196:
6173:
6163:
6060:
6053:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6022:
6015:
6008:
5988:
5981:
5974:
5964:
5954:
5946:Dolichocebus
5944:
5934:
5927:
5904:
5894:
5884:
5874:
5864:
5857:
5847:
5840:
5830:
5820:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5776:
5766:
5756:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5722:
5714:Mazzonicebus
5712:
5702:
5692:
5682:
5675:
5670:Cebupithecia
5668:
5658:
5648:
5641:
5636:Antillothrix
5634:
5611:
5601:
5581:
5571:
5561:
5551:
5543:Perupithecus
5541:
5531:
5494:
5487:
5482:Parapithecus
5480:
5473:
5466:
5446:
5439:
5419:
5412:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5349:
5342:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5282:
5275:
5252:Phileosimias
5250:
5239:
5229:
5219:
5210:Altiatlasius
5208:
5112:Xanthorhysis
5110:
5100:
5095:Oligotarsius
5093:
5083:
5073:
5066:
5043:
5032:
5022:
5008:Tarsiiformes
4987:
4980:
4973:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4871:Macrotarsius
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4763:
4756:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4723:Strigorhysis
4721:
4716:Sphacorhysis
4714:
4707:
4700:
4695:Chlororhysis
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4636:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4596:Microchoerus
4594:
4587:
4580:
4560:
4553:
4547:Altiatlasius
4545:
4537:
4407:(2): 53–57.
4404:
4400:
4391:
4350:
4346:
4334:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4287:
4262:10072/402368
4236:
4232:
4226:
4214:. Retrieved
4181:
4175:
4149:. Retrieved
4105:
4101:
4087:
4052:
4048:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3881:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3845:White, T. D.
3839:
3820:
3816:
3803:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:Homo erectus
3364:
3353:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3251:the original
3233:(1): 85–91.
3230:
3224:
3215:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3165:Indopithecus
3164:
3158:
3138:
3131:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3033:
3019:
2997:
2993:
2985:Paranthropus
2984:
2980:
2969:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:dari Semedo"
2892:
2884:
2870:cite journal
2853:
2849:
2839:
2820:
2814:
2794:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2639:
2633:
2603:. Retrieved
2592:
2582:
2571:. Retrieved
2562:
2553:
2542:. Retrieved
2530:
2526:
2492:Sivapithecus
2490:
2483:
2478:Meganthropus
2476:
2469:
2462:
2457:Bunopithecus
2455:
2438:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:Eric Shipton
2413:Michael Ward
2406:
2401:or American
2390:
2389:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2306:
2304:
2288:
2287:, the bovid
2271:fauna, more
2268:
2256:Meganthropus
2254:
2250:
2240:
2231:
2218:
2208:
2202:
2188:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2125:chalicothere
2120:Sinomastodon
2118:
2103:
2101:
2072:
2056:
2055:
2049:
2028:
2014:
2006:
2005:
1996:amelogenesis
1987:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1936:
1933:Tim D. White
1927:
1925:
1911:
1904:Hejiang Cave
1897:
1892:
1868:
1856:
1844:
1837:
1824:
1819:) or seeds (
1812:
1792:
1791:
1783:
1758:
1754:
1750:Paranthropus
1748:
1745:
1739:
1713:
1696:
1673:
1671:
1654:
1649:
1636:
1630:
1619:
1603:
1596:
1592:
1584:
1577:Indopithecus
1576:
1573:G. giganteus
1572:
1568:Indopithecus
1566:
1563:D. giganteus
1562:
1557:Dryopithecus
1555:
1547:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1429:
1428:
1414:Sivapithecus
1412:
1411:
1388:
1387:
1364:
1363:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1246:
1245:
1213:
1212:
1174:Dryopithecus
1172:
1171:
1155:
1154:
1116:Oreopithecus
1114:
1113:
1084:
1083:
1059:
1038:
1030:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1001:
998:Sivapithecus
997:
993:
982:Indopithecus
981:
978:Sivapithecus
977:
966:
965:
952:
944:
932:Javanthropus
930:
926:
922:Meganthropus
920:
916:
908:
904:Homo erectus
902:
898:
894:
880:
877:Robert Broom
872:Sivapithecus
870:
868:Late Miocene
863:
861:
847:
837:
809:Baikong Cave
804:
801:Central Java
790:
786:
758:
756:
739:
729:
725:
718:Pei Wenzhong
715:
707:World War II
683:dragon bones
666:
662:
658:
646:
645:
637:
633:holding the
591:
560:
559:
550:
526:
525:
501:
480:, two third
477:
460:
459:
309:
308:
307:
291:
286:
270:
269:
256:
255:
216:Infraorder:
127:
24:
18:
7769:iNaturalist
7728:Wikispecies
7191:Hylobatidae
6881:Rungwecebus
6746:Miopithecus
6732:Chlorocebus
6661:Sawecolobus
6596:Paracolobus
6360:Anapithecus
6276:Paidopithex
6031:Leontocebus
5966:Panamacebus
5876:Paralouatta
5812:Brachyteles
5704:Insulacebus
5624:Pitheciidae
5563:Canaanimico
5516:Platyrrhini
5468:Abuqatrania
5284:Afrotarsius
5189:Simiiformes
5176:Simiiformes
5128:Simiiformes
4982:Tarkadectes
4822:Diablomomys
4801:Brontomomys
4737:Teilhardina
4681:Arapahovius
4674:Anemorhysis
4638:Vectipithex
4631:Quercyloris
4624:Pseudoloris
4603:Nannopithex
4589:Melaneremia
4353:(1): 6–10.
4216:14 November
4041:Ciochon, R.
4010:: 100–109.
3996:Megantereon
3734:: 166–171.
3618:Ciochon, R.
3536:: 148–155.
3359:Ciochon, R.
3053:: 292–325.
2261:Palaearctic
2242:Megantereon
2204:Sus xiaozhu
2185:stegodontid
2132:, the suid
2077:Queque Cave
1941:giant panda
1902:teeth from
1829:chimpanzees
1709:tooth crown
1691:, with two
1610:Description
1540: [
1218:(gorillas)
1033:molar from
961:Out of Asia
655:molar teeth
627: [
539:cheek teeth
482:molar teeth
220:Simiiformes
37:2–0.3
7840:Categories
7025:Equatorius
6984:Hominoidea
6971:Hominoidea
6930:see below↓
6921:Hominoidea
6817:Mandrillus
6803:Lophocebus
6776:Cercocebus
6627:Procolobus
6388:Fanchangia
6144:Catarrhini
6131:Catarrhini
6090:see below↓
6081:Catarrhini
6017:Callithrix
5956:Killikaike
5859:Mohanamico
5842:Chilecebus
5768:Soriacebus
5734:Nuciruptor
5694:Homunculus
5684:Chiropotes
5677:Cheracebus
5660:Carlocebus
5650:Callicebus
5613:Tremacebus
5583:Lagonimico
5573:Branisella
5553:Szalatavus
5380:Pondaungia
5298:Eosimiidae
5137:see below↓
5024:Archicebus
4906:Shoshonius
4850:Hemiacodon
4829:Dyseolemur
4815:Chumashius
4758:Trogolemur
4751:Tetonoides
4660:Absarokius
4610:Necrolemur
4555:Bownomomys
4507:Haplorhini
4462:Haplorhini
4151:2022-11-17
2605:11 January
2573:2022-10-02
2544:2017-12-12
2500:References
2361:H. erectus
2301:Extinction
2223:(a deer),
2168:, and the
2150:Cervavitus
1885:breadfruit
1873:fig family
1865:phytoliths
1821:granivores
1701:tooth root
1595:, leaving
1089:(gibbons)
1071:Hominoidea
1055:great apes
992:) linking
986:orangutans
893:described
852:orangutans
767:Longgudong
757:Confirmed
742:Cave") in
703:internment
590:activity.
583:fig family
565:generalist
514:orangutans
498:porcupines
210:Haplorhini
206:Suborder:
7494:Gorillini
7424:Homininae
7267:Hominidae
7217:Hylobates
7096:Proconsul
6854:Pliopapio
6844:Parapapio
6767:Papionini
6634:Pygathrix
6620:Presbytis
6510:Colobinae
6409:Pliobates
6374:Crouzelia
6175:Saadanius
6010:Callimico
5929:Acrecebus
5906:Stirtonia
5849:Lagothrix
5832:Cartelles
5778:Xenothrix
5533:Parvimico
5059:Tarsiidae
5046:Omomyidae
4941:Washakius
4927:Uintanius
4878:Nesomomys
4808:Chipetaia
4794:Asiomomys
4777:Omomyinae
4730:Tatmanius
4688:Aycrossia
4617:Paraloris
4582:Indusomys
4524:Omomyidae
4472:Kingdom:
4401:Endeavour
4397:Regal, B.
4383:254413457
4367:0012-4966
4326:1040-6182
4304:: 69–74.
4279:222217295
4206:134558136
4146:102353734
4130:2397-334X
3781:: 35–45.
3695:: 52–58.
3491:: 65–74.
3449:: 46–51.
3041:(1952). "
2975:Broom, R.
2961:130928802
2862:0028-0712
2856:: 54–62.
2277:hedgehogs
2233:Megalovis
2144:Dorcabune
2089:chinkapin
2052:habitats.
2002:Pathology
1921:protocone
1861:C4 plants
1817:folivores
1797:herbivore
1764:hypsodont
1705:underbite
1604:G. blacki
1600:monotypic
1559:giganteus
1548:G. blacki
1280:(humans)
1201:Homininae
1129:Hominidae
1086:Hylobates
1061:Cladogram
1051:radiation
1017:In 2019,
971:subfamily
838:G. blacki
825:porcupine
691:Guangdong
679:Hong Kong
610:Discovery
568:herbivore
543:premolars
518:subfamily
490:described
474:Indonesia
430:giant ape
264:Species:
230:Hominidae
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
7846:Ponginae
7713:Wikidata
7560:Hominina
7536:Hominini
7453:Danuvius
7329:Ponginae
7288:Buronius
7234:Nomascus
7173:Simiolus
6062:Saguinus
6024:Cebuella
5976:Patasola
5896:Solimoea
5798:Alouatta
5789:Atelidae
5741:Pithecia
5489:Qatrania
5414:Arsinoea
5314:Eosimias
4948:Wyomomys
4913:Steinius
4899:Rooneyia
4857:Jemezius
4765:Walshina
4744:Tetonius
4702:Gazinius
4562:Kohatius
4539:Altanius
4492:Primates
4486:Mammalia
4480:Chordata
4478:Phylum:
4474:Animalia
4421:18514914
4375:35298746
4271:33029012
4210:Archived
4184:: 1–12.
4138:30962558
4079:19536242
4043:(2009).
3967:: 4–14.
3939:38200315
3930:10794149
3811:(1957).
3756:25063565
3597:18045651
3345:14624748
3247:17941103
3198:: 29–34.
3179:: 19–28.
3123:31723270
3059:2246/298
3017:(1946).
2977:(1939).
2772:28105715
2676:38200315
2667:10794149
2599:Archived
2567:Archived
2535:Archived
2449:See also
2311:hominids
2290:Leptobos
2265:Oriental
2210:Sus peii
2195:macaques
2190:Stegodon
2183:and the
2140:tragulid
1917:paracone
1881:mulberry
1693:incisors
1323:Ponginae
1234:Hominini
974:Ponginae
885:and the
854:(a male
817:Yanliang
813:Hei Cave
783:Pha Bong
763:Longgupo
752:mandible
748:Liucheng
736:premolar
635:holotype
521:Ponginae
494:Liucheng
466:Thailand
435:) is an
226:Family:
200:Primates
190:Mammalia
180:Chordata
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
131:mandible
7823:6759220
7800:3607693
7787:1066203
7761:4827697
7748:4454566
7719:Q310434
7621:Orrorin
7514:Gorilla
7210:Hoolock
6586:Nasalis
6529:Colobus
6055:Micodon
5990:Sapajus
5983:Saimiri
5917:Cebidae
5866:Oreonax
5822:Caipora
5643:Cacajao
5594:Aotidae
5475:Apidium
5448:Serapia
5421:Biretia
5307:Bahinia
5277:Afrasia
5241:Nosmips
5221:Amamria
5102:Tarsius
5068:Carlito
4989:Tarkops
4955:Yaquius
4920:Stockia
4892:Ourayia
4864:Loveina
4490:Order:
4484:Class:
4306:Bibcode
4241:Bibcode
4186:Bibcode
4110:Bibcode
4057:Bibcode
4012:Bibcode
3969:Bibcode
3907:Bibcode
3861:Bibcode
3809:Pei, W.
3783:Bibcode
3736:Bibcode
3697:Bibcode
3670:2236026
3638:Bibcode
3577:Bibcode
3538:Bibcode
3493:Bibcode
3451:Bibcode
3415:8610161
3383:Bibcode
3325:Bibcode
3281:Bibcode
3114:6908745
3093:Bibcode
2644:Bibcode
2430:Science
2403:bigfoot
2323:monsoon
2215:muntjac
2111:Neogene
2025:Society
1687:2.1.2.3
1684:2.1.2.3
1657:canines
1646:humerus
1589:synonym
1215:Gorilla
1023:dentine
949:hominin
929:", to "
731:in situ
695:Guangxi
604:bigfoot
547:crowned
531:gorilla
506:hominin
470:Vietnam
437:extinct
424:
289:†
268:†
249:Genus:
236:Tribe:
196:Order:
186:Class:
137:, Ohio
133:at the
106:↓
7820:uBio:
7774:470613
7015:Ekembo
6810:Macaca
6675:Simias
6446:Alophe
5805:Ateles
5366:Krabia
5359:Ganlea
4934:Utahia
4885:Omomys
4419:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4324:
4277:
4269:
4233:Nature
4204:
4144:
4136:
4128:
4077:
4049:Nature
3937:
3927:
3898:Nature
3754:
3668:
3658:
3595:
3413:
3403:
3343:
3245:
3146:
3121:
3111:
3085:Nature
2959:
2860:
2827:
2802:
2770:
2674:
2664:
2635:Nature
2425:Nature
2408:Nature
2293:, and
2285:horses
2281:hyenas
2273:boreal
2220:Cervus
2199:rhinos
2159:, the
2138:, the
2123:, the
2087:, and
2065:Hainan
2011:cavity
1962:Growth
1949:bamboo
1889:banyan
1853:tubers
1809:plants
1676:had a
1047:Middle
1027:enamel
947:was a
911:" for
858:above)
821:rodent
797:Semono
667:blacki
579:tubers
555:enamel
472:, and
301:, 1935
7813:40894
7782:IRMNG
7398:Pongo
7227:Junzi
6824:Papio
5936:Cebus
5603:Aotus
4975:Tarka
4379:S2CID
4275:S2CID
4202:S2CID
4142:S2CID
4098:(PDF)
3661:54904
3406:39753
3254:(PDF)
3221:(PDF)
2990:(PDF)
2957:S2CID
2538:(PDF)
2523:(PDF)
2347:plus
2295:pikas
2229:bovid
2170:tapir
2161:dhole
2107:fauna
2102:The "
2097:ferns
2093:herbs
2081:birch
1972:cusps
1945:niche
1742:molar
1642:femur
1544:]
1431:Pongo
641:molar
631:]
510:human
452:Early
448:China
440:genus
7756:GBIF
7601:Homo
6286:Kapi
6045:Mico
4417:PMID
4371:PMID
4363:ISSN
4322:ISSN
4267:PMID
4218:2022
4134:PMID
4126:ISSN
4075:PMID
3935:PMID
3752:PMID
3666:PMID
3593:PMID
3411:PMID
3367:and
3341:PMID
3243:PMID
3144:ISBN
3119:PMID
3027:–66.
2983:and
2876:link
2858:ISSN
2825:ISBN
2800:ISBN
2768:PMID
2672:PMID
2607:2024
2427:and
2415:and
2399:yeti
2357:Homo
2349:Homo
2263:and
2225:gaur
2207:and
2095:and
1919:and
1887:and
1877:figs
1775:Diet
1627:Size
1535:and
1277:Homo
1274:and
1025:and
980:and
765:and
600:yeti
421:lit.
45:PreꞒ
7743:EoL
7549:Pan
4409:doi
4355:doi
4351:502
4314:doi
4302:286
4257:hdl
4249:doi
4237:586
4194:doi
4182:524
4118:doi
4065:doi
4053:459
4020:doi
4008:354
3977:doi
3965:354
3925:PMC
3915:doi
3903:625
3869:doi
3825:doi
3791:doi
3779:354
3744:doi
3705:doi
3693:354
3656:PMC
3646:doi
3585:doi
3567:".
3546:doi
3534:434
3528:".
3501:doi
3489:434
3483:".
3459:doi
3447:354
3441:".
3401:PMC
3391:doi
3333:doi
3315:".
3289:doi
3235:doi
3231:135
3171:".
3109:PMC
3101:doi
3089:576
3055:hdl
2949:doi
2911:doi
2854:100
2758:doi
2754:162
2662:PMC
2652:doi
2640:625
2085:oak
1947:as
1823:).
1725:1/2
1680:of
1591:of
1583:. "
1248:Pan
1021:of
799:in
693:or
570:of
454:to
444:ape
442:of
7842::
7810::
7797::
7784::
7771::
7758::
7745::
7730::
7715::
4415:.
4405:32
4403:.
4377:.
4369:.
4361:.
4349:.
4345:.
4320:.
4312:.
4300:.
4273:.
4265:.
4255:.
4247:.
4235:.
4208:.
4200:.
4192:.
4180:.
4174:.
4160:^
4140:.
4132:.
4124:.
4116:.
4104:.
4100:.
4073:.
4063:.
4051:.
4047:.
4032:^
4018:.
4006:.
3975:.
3963:.
3947:^
3933:.
3923:.
3913:.
3901:.
3895:.
3867:.
3855:.
3821:59
3819:.
3815:.
3789:.
3777:.
3750:.
3742:.
3732:75
3730:.
3703:.
3691:.
3664:.
3654:.
3644:.
3634:87
3632:.
3628:.
3605:^
3591:.
3583:.
3573:54
3571:.
3544:.
3532:.
3513:^
3499:.
3487:.
3471:^
3457:.
3445:.
3423:^
3409:.
3399:.
3389:.
3379:93
3377:.
3373:.
3339:.
3331:.
3321:45
3319:.
3301:^
3287:.
3275:.
3241:.
3229:.
3223:.
3204:^
3196:22
3194:.
3177:24
3175:.
3117:.
3107:.
3099:.
3087:.
3083:.
3067:^
3051:43
3049:.
3025:58
3006:^
2998:19
2996:.
2992:.
2955:.
2945:28
2943:.
2925:^
2907:36
2905:.
2872:}}
2868:{{
2852:.
2848:.
2780:^
2766:.
2752:.
2748:.
2684:^
2670:.
2660:.
2650:.
2638:.
2632:.
2615:^
2597:.
2591:.
2565:.
2561:.
2531:38
2529:.
2525:.
2508:^
2334:.
2297:.
2283:,
2279:,
2217:,
2213:,
2197:,
2099:.
2083:,
1966:A
1895:.
1883:,
1879:,
1855:.
1835:.
1799:.
1606:.
1542:de
1014:.
713:.
629:de
523:.
468:,
419:;
410:-/
344:oʊ
326:aɪ
95:Pg
39:Ma
7639:†
7635:?
7628:†
7624:?
7617:†
7607:†
7596:?
7589:†
7579:†
7575:?
7568:†
7527:?
7520:†
7509:?
7502:†
7478:?
7470:?
7434:†
7404:†
7387:†
7377:†
7367:†
7357:†
7347:†
7337:†
7314:†
7304:†
7294:†
7284:†
7247:†
7223:†
7199:†
7154:?
7139:?
7117:†
7102:†
7092:†
7082:†
7072:†
7062:†
7052:†
7048:?
7041:†
7031:†
7021:†
7011:†
7001:†
6887:†
6870:†
6860:†
6850:†
6840:†
6830:†
6792:†
6782:†
6752:†
6657:†
6640:†
6602:†
6592:†
6575:†
6565:†
6555:†
6545:†
6535:†
6518:†
6487:?
6479:?
6457:†
6442:†
6282:†
6253:†
6223:†
6186:†
6171:†
6161:†
6051:†
5972:†
5962:†
5952:†
5942:†
5925:†
5902:†
5892:†
5882:†
5872:†
5855:†
5838:†
5828:†
5818:†
5774:†
5764:†
5754:†
5730:†
5720:†
5710:†
5700:†
5690:†
5666:†
5656:†
5632:†
5609:†
5579:†
5569:†
5559:†
5549:†
5539:†
5529:†
5398:†
5354:?
5332:†
5295:†
5269:?
5264:†
5255:?
5248:†
5244:?
5237:†
5227:†
5217:†
5213:?
5206:†
5115:?
5108:†
5091:†
5081:†
5050:?
5048:"
5044:"
5041:†
5037:?
5030:†
5020:†
4779:"
4775:"
4652:"
4648:"
4550:?
4542:?
4526:"
4522:"
4520:†
4454:e
4447:t
4440:v
4423:.
4411::
4385:.
4357::
4328:.
4316::
4308::
4281:.
4259::
4251::
4243::
4220:.
4196::
4188::
4154:.
4120::
4112::
4106:3
4081:.
4067::
4059::
4026:.
4022::
4014::
3983:.
3979::
3971::
3941:.
3917::
3909::
3893:"
3875:.
3871::
3863::
3857:4
3833:.
3827::
3797:.
3793::
3785::
3758:.
3746::
3738::
3711:.
3707::
3699::
3672:.
3648::
3640::
3599:.
3587::
3579::
3552:.
3548::
3540::
3507:.
3503::
3495::
3465:.
3461::
3453::
3417:.
3393::
3385::
3347:.
3335::
3327::
3295:.
3291::
3283::
3277:8
3237::
3218:"
3152:.
3125:.
3103::
3095::
3061:.
3057::
2987:"
2963:.
2951::
2919:.
2913::
2878:)
2833:.
2808:.
2774:.
2760::
2742:"
2678:.
2654::
2646::
2609:.
2576:.
2547:.
2318:4
2316:C
1807:3
1805:C
1729:3
1721:4
1717:3
1519:"
1515:"
574:3
572:C
541:(
433:'
427:'
407:ɪ
404:ʒ
401:d
398:,
395:s
392:ə
389:k
386:ɪ
383:θ
380:ɪ
377:p
374:ˈ
371:,
368:s
365:ə
362:k
359:i
356:θ
353:ˈ
350:ɪ
347:p
341:t
338:n
335:æ
332:ɡ
329:ˌ
323:ʒ
320:d
317:/
313:(
253:†
240:†
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
34:~
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
