888:
631:
562:
278:
780:). One survivor, Yehuda Chachmon, recalls that the Italian guards treated the prisoners with "brutality", while the Arab guards did not "talk to", "torture", or "make trouble for" Jewish prisoners; "he attitude of the Italian police was different from the attitude of the Arab police". Livia Tagliacozzo writes that the general characterization of Arab guards by Giado survivors as gentler than the Italians can be explained by the Arab guards' complicity in the life-saving trade between Jews and Arabs, even when forbidden: "An Arab guard’s simple act of turning away could be crucial to the possibility of bartering across the barbed wire." One survivor recalls that Arabs living nearby were hostile, throwing stones at the prisoners.
727:
died." Over 500 died in three months. Initially, the sick were sent back to
Tripoli, but as the outbreak worsened, the sick were concentrated in one barrack. Two Italian doctors treated the patients, with the help of 3–4 nurses. In order to prevent the spread of the louse-borne typhus, camp guards shaved the heads of detainees with lice. Anat Helman notes that, of the 22 Giado survivors she interviewed as part of her research, "only the women mention the shaving of heads and their desperate attempt to evade this fate. They do not speak about fear of the epidemic or of the deaths to which it led, but rather about their profound anxiety at the prospect of having their hair shaved off."
521:
to see if his name appeared and if so he had to leave. We did not know whereto. We figured that it was not good. They took Jews from
Benghazi and from the vicinity: Derna, Barce, Tobruk ... By the way, the bad Jew was not taken by the Fascists to the camp. Each day, Joseph would go the Synagogue to view the list and I used to sit and cry. One day he said, Bruria we are going. The journey took five days; we traveled about 2,000 km from Benghazi to Giado. The trip took a few days and nights. They took us like animals to the slaughter house. 40 people in each truck and each truck two Italian policemen. They took only Jews. According to one rumor it was the Germans who gave the order.
839:
3301:
419:
576:, a Jewish prisoner who acted as a representative and negotiator for his barrack to the camp's administration. Families hung blankets to act as partitions in the undivided quarters. Barracks had no furniture but beds, which were sometimes insufficient for the prisoners in number. A machine gunman watched from a hill opposite the camp in order to prevent escape. One of the barracks served as a jail for prisoners who were determined to have committed crimes, though prisoners accused of multiple or serious crimes were sent to a criminal prison in Tripoli.
52:
36:
627:. Once weekly, they did the twelve-hour task of weeding and transporting dirt. The usefulness of the work was dubious to the Jews, who suspected that their assignments' main function was humiliation. As disease, malnutrition, and exhaustion increased, the work assignments decreased. It is not known whether any private firms used Jewish prisoners at Giado as forced laborers. Prisoners who oversaw the distribution of rations were spared the mandate of labor.
583:, the governor of Libya and the commander-in-chief of Italian troops in North Africa. His deputy was Major Guerriero Modestino, who acted as the head of camp. Bastico was known for his antisemitism and humiliating, cruel treatment of prisoners. Modestino was considered to be more sympathetic to Jews. The two regularly walked camp grounds together, Bastico wielding a whip or club and threatening inmates. Prisoners were not allowed to speak at night.
453:, the Italian authorities requested that the Jewish community prepare a daily quota of Jews to be deported to Giado. Renato Tesciuba, the official Jewish representative to the municipality, refused to prepare the list, citing "Levantine disorder" as the reason, thus delaying the deportations. The concentration of Libyan Jews in Giado was the first stage of a German plan to transfer all of Libya's Jews to Italy, and from Italy to the European
59:
817:, it was ordered that the Jews at Giado all be exterminated. The healthy were to be killed with machine guns, and the sick to be burned in their quarantine. The prisoners were gathered and waited for hours for the order to kill to be confirmed. The order was finally rescinded, for reasons unclear; Eric Salerno argues that the Italian officers feared prosecution as war criminals in the likely event of an
858:
their imprisoned families. The prisoners were brought to better housing in
Tripoli, where they could bathe, be fed, and receive medical care, including from one Jewish doctor. Once this was done, they began transferring survivors back to Cyrenaica, family by family, in two-week intervals in the spring of 1943. This process was financially supported by the
705:
food since it's not worth wasting bullets on you." One survivor recounts that those who pleaded for more food were told: "The purpose of bringing you here is not to feed you but to starve you to death." A survivor recalls that the bread was full of bugs. Prisoners got the permission of the guards to bury their dead in the vicinity of a nearby medieval
388:, as liberators from fascist antisemitism. Each time the Italians repossessed Libya, the Jews were punished harshly for "collaborating" with the British. Mussolini responded to the positive Jewish reception of the British by ordering for Libya's Jewish community to be dispersed or removed, in a campaign called
854:
the remaining prisoners. In early
January, weeks before the British liberation, the Italian guards had all fled. Survivor Jean Nissim testified that an Italian in charge of the weapons depot had distributed guns to the Jews to defend themselves against local Arabs who threatened to break into the camp.
696:
The conditions of Giado were extremely poor and difficult, and it is known as the harshest of the Libyan labor camps where Jews were interned in World War II. The days were extremely hot, and the nights extremely cold. The camp was overcrowded, and there was not enough food. Daily rations constituted
618:
Forced labor began on June 28, 1942. Though there was no daily work quota, men interned at the camp aged 18–45 labored in various daily assignments from morning until night: cleaning toilets, disposing of garbage, transporting sand and stone, and tiling roofs inside and outside the camp. They did not
525:
Approximately 2,600 Jews were deported to Giado. The vast majority of
Cyrenaican Jews were deported to Giado. Among Tripolitanian Jews, only those with British or French citizenship were sent to Giado, with the Tripolitanian Jews who held Libyan citizenship being sent to nearby labor camps like those
853:
on
January 24, 1943, along with the smaller detention centers at Gharian and Yefren. Several weeks before the arrival of the British at the camp, some 200 Jews ripped through the fence and fled the camp, having noticed that some Italian guards had already run away. Italian troops then opened fire on
717:
Tens of families were concentrated in a space of four square meters and separated by bedding and blankets. There was no place for a table or chairs and the cooking was done in the center of the room where all the smoke and the smell from the cooking penetrated the noses of all the inhabitants of the
520:
In the synagogue they started hanging lists every day of 20–30 families that had to leave. The
Italians came to the president of the community and asked to prepare the lists of Jews. He refused because he understood the circumstances. However, a bad Jew volunteered to prepare the lists. Each Jew had
515:
took five days, and the Jewish prisoners were made to sleep outside en route. When the deportation convoys passed through Arab villages and cities, Jews had the opportunity to trade and eat. In at least one instance, Arabs threw rotten tomatoes at Jews passing through their town on the way to Giado.
433:
On
February 7, 1942, Mussolini ordered the internment of the Jews of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania, in order to move them from the war zone and prevent them from aligning with the British. Some Jews were convinced that the order was also retaliation for a number of Jews having left Benghazi in the wake
899:
Roumani writes that survivors of Giado "returned to find their homes ransacked and destroyed, their shops bombarded and in ruins, and hardly any aspect of community life left." Jewish soldiers of the
British Eighth Army supported the repatriated Jews and helped them to rebuild their communities and
795:
for Giado prisoners. In
January 1943, shortly before the camp's liberation (but when Tripoli had already been liberated), the Tripolitanian Jewish community sent three Jews to Giado with food for the prisoners, whom they had presumed had already been freed. The party's vehicle got stuck in the mud
726:
outbreak beginning in December 1942, accounting for most of the camp's death toll. The outbreak killed tens of people daily, and those who were sent to the makeshift quarantine room almost never survived. One survivor remembered: "I looked to one side, one died; I looked to the other side, another
704:
Though no prisoners were shot or otherwise killed by guards, deaths by starvation were tolerated by the camp's administration. Several weeks into their internment, a delegation of prisoners requested an increase in food provisions and were answered: "We didn't come here to support you, we give you
488:
Deportations began in May 1942, and through October Jews were brought on twice-weekly convoys of 8–10 trucks from their homes in Cyrenaica to Giado following the posting of a summons in the synagogue. By late July, 591 Jews of Benghazi (the last community depleted) had been sent to Giado, with the
857:
Before the Jewish prisoners could be returned home, the occupying British first had to contain the typhus outbreak and treat the approximately 480 seriously ill prisoners. Due to the British management of the typhus outbreak, those prisoners who had fled were not initially allowed to reunite with
767:
Jens Hoppe notes that the arrangement of trade at Giado between Arabs and Jews indicates that the Arab communities surrounding the camp were aware of the inhumane conditions in which the Jews were being kept. Arab policemen were also on the Italian-commandeered guard force, and survivors describe
825:
One day – I remember that day very well, I was fourteen or fifteen—they gathered all the men together and said they had to come to the middle of the camp. I remember that day. My mom hid me ... All the Jews, all the women, the children, the women were crying ... I went to see, and I saw all the
946:
of Giado survivor Yosef Dadush, whose infant daughter Ada died of typhus in Giado, was published posthumously after being discovered by his son. The manuscript, written in Italian, had been buried among Dadush's old photos and papers, and took four years to decipher and translate to Hebrew for
947:
publication. The diary's editor, Shlomo Abramovich, won the Israeli Prime Minister's Prize for Encouraging and Empowering Research about Jewish Communities in Arab Countries and Iran for the book in 2022. The book was approved for inclusion in Israeli high school curricula in 2021.
878:
in Libya. The funds for the endeavor were raised by Renato Tesciuba, the leader of Benghazi's Jewish community who had refused to prepare a deportation quota for Italian authorities in 1942. The camp was finally dissolved with the last Jews leaving at the beginning of October 1943.
966:, "Hallelujah, a Nation Is Born"), which was composed after the liberation of Giado. Stanislao Pugliese writes that " role in the death process of Jews in Libya in the Giado camp and elsewhere not only deserves to be condemned but is also an important and neglected part of
887:
510:
The deported Jews were allowed to bring a small quantity of personal effects, including food, clothing, and bedding. They often smuggled valuable personal effects, including jewelry, which they could use to barter with local Arabs for food. The journey across the
748:, gold, and clothing—things with little to no value inside the camp. The main foods purchased from the Arabs were barley, onions, peanuts, potatoes, and poultry. The Jews also collectively bought a flour grinder from the Arabs, and baked in
718:
area. The poor living conditions brought infection and illness and consequently plagues that killed a good number of the people in the camp. They were buried on a valley nearby that used to be a burial place of Jews hundreds of years ago.
676:
Roughly 2,600 prisoners were confined at Giado. By the end of June 1942, the camp housed 2,584 Jews, 47 of whom were Italian citizens. 380 Jews were shipped to the camp at a later date. This number fell dramatically due to a
484:
of Benghazi intervened and obtained the "temporary suspension" of the deportation order. The French Jews were returned to Barce, having already sold many of their belongings in preparation for their internment at Giado.
1393:
Site of amnesia: the lost historical consciousness of Mizrahi Jewry: representation of the experience of the Jews of North Africa and the Middle East during World War II in Israeli, European and Middle Eastern film and
800:
helped them get unstuck. They continued to Giado, where they found that the camp had not yet been liberated. While delivering the food, the Jewish party's driver, Benedetto Arbib, was slapped by an Italian guard.
1858:
2507:
569:
The concentration camp at Giado, set up in a former military camp, consisted of ten long barracks, each with a capacity of 400 inmates, surrounded by barbed wire. In each barrack was a deputy and an elected
739:
merchants—initially surreptitiously, and later allowed by the Italian guards at the fence and inside the camp. Other opportunities for trade occurred when laborers were sent out for assignments to nearby
2624:
630:
712:
Survivors describe the camp guards as especially cruel, and Guerriero Modestino was known to order the confinement of individual inmates in order to have them beaten. Maurice Roumani quotes a survivor:
534:. These deportations left only 120 Jews in Cyrenaica, who were spared "because of their good connections with the Italian authorities". Benghazi was the last community to be cleared out and deported.
2386:
650:
organized the daily life of their communities in Giado, overseeing labor and distributing goods including firewood and food, which was sometimes sent by the Jewish community in Tripoli. The
2852:
752:. Those with valuables to trade held a position of importance and power in the community. One survivor recounts that the blankets were used to barter with the Arabs for ingredients to make
2456:
598:, which contained one of the largest Jewish communities in Libya. Family units were kept together. The camp also briefly held Jews with French citizenship (who were later deported to
927:
determined that imprisonment of Jews at Giado was not German-instigated, and thus that survivors of the camp were not entitled to compensation from the German government's fund for
489:
remaining 33 awaiting deportation. A wealthy Jewish merchant named Mordechai Duani, who had preexisting connections to the Italians, provided truck transport from Derna, Benghazi,
3120:
2486:
376:, which at the time was 25% Jewish. The race laws began to be enforced more strictly, and Libyan Jews of foreign nationality were deported to detention or concentration camps in
2862:
2830:
2825:
2255:
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quotes a survivor who described the ration as "no more than a few grams of rice, oil, sugar and coffee made out of barley seeds". Cold water was available for two hours a day.
349:
1978:
1192:
2000:
1848:
1141:
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, vol. III: Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany
293:, had had a Jewish quarter since at least the tenth century, though by the second half of the sixteenth century the only remaining Jews in Libya were in the areas of
2366:
1431:
2406:
531:
2651:
1948:
928:
82:
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also converted a camp barrack into a makeshift synagogue, so that the imprisoned Jews could practice their Judaism in detention. The synagogue housed a
2431:
2314:
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to Giado. 260 of Duani's family and wealthy friends were spared deportation. Yvonne Kozlovsky-Golan cites Duani as an example of the Italians forming "
2361:
1823:
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epidemic, which killed 562, putting the camp's mortality rate at about 21%. It had the highest death toll of any of the North African labor camps of
3402:
2331:
1918:
561:
512:
2810:
1016:
1682:
859:
549:, to manage overcrowding. In these towns, Jews were housed in separate buildings, with one family per room, and monitored closely with no
384:, and Italy. As Italy and Britain struggled for control of Cyrenaica, the Jews welcomed the British soldiers, some of whom were Jews from
348:", hold employment with the state or in any skilled profession, or enroll their children in public or private Italian schools. In 1940,
2087:
3387:
2683:
2247:
935:
communities during the Holocaust, survivors of Giado were granted recognition and eligibility to receive compensation from Germany.
2728:
449:. Most of the Jews deported on Mussolini's orders were sent to Giado, with some being sent to a camp for foreigners at Gharian. In
3086:
277:
3005:
2028:"Behind the Battle Lines: Italian Atrocities and the Persecution of Arabs, Berbers, and Jews in North Africa during World War II"
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police, the Captain, both Arabs and Italians. I saw them and I ran away. I fell and hurt myself very much ... it became infected.
51:
1772:
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3170:
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1970:
1184:
905:
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3115:
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2004:
1895:
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1401:
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1157:
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2193:
1528:
Hoppe, Jens (2018). "The Persecution of Jews in Libya Between 1938 and 1945". In Boum, Aomar; Abrevaya Stein, Sarah (eds.).
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205:
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During the period of European rule in Libya, from 1911 to 1951, most of the Libyan Jewry lived in the northern regions of
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2163:
1365:
27:
2743:
3206:
2748:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2055:
1611:
976:
No physical trace of the camp remains at its site. The camp's structure was leveled and its Jewish cemetery destroyed.
847:
2708:
345:
2678:
2673:
2436:
2300:
1549:
1428:
3697:
3439:
3288:
3278:
2820:
2815:
2805:
1246:
912:. Further expulsion and flight took place until 2004, when the last Libyan Jew escaped. Today, Libya has no Jews.
3647:
3424:
2919:
2914:
931:. In 2002, following the 1997 publication of a study by Dr. Irit Abramski-Bligh on the history of the Libyan and
481:
783:
The Jewish community of Tripoli gathered information about the camp's conditions and sent assistance, including
735:
Prisoners who had brought valuables with them could barter their personal effects "at an exorbitant price" with
3712:
3707:
3682:
3258:
2909:
2411:
2396:
1940:
967:
932:
2646:
3434:
3409:
3331:
3226:
2224:
325:
3419:
2540:
2446:
1796:"Réflexions du rabbin Frija Zoaretz présentées par ses élèves et amis à l'occasion de son 80e anniversaire"
920:
No trials were ever held for the guards or administrators of the concentration camp in Giado. In 1978, the
875:
797:
272:
213:
75:
1795:
697:
of 100–150 grams of bread, with a small weekly provision of "rice, macaroni, oil, sugar, tea and coffee".
3341:
2461:
814:
1219:"L'espulsione Degli Ebrei Libici in Tunisia Nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale E Il Bombardamento a La Marsa"
3497:
3397:
3163:
2980:
2595:
2441:
943:
251:. Due to its poor conditions, Giado had the highest death toll of all the North African labor camps in
225:
3692:
3321:
2641:
2280:
1008:
3596:
3520:
3044:
2891:
2857:
2323:
970:
1655:
Kerem, Yitzchak (2001), Roth, John K.; Maxwell, Elisabeth; Levy, Margot; Whitworth, Wendy (eds.),
3492:
3326:
3283:
2899:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2753:
2665:
2351:
381:
233:
3253:
3201:
3139:
2975:
2560:
818:
268:
2520:
2140:] (in Hebrew). Municipality of Ra'anana, Department of Social Services. 2012. p. 232.
900:
establish Jewish schools. Even under British occupation, antisemitism worsened, and following
3614:
3561:
3525:
3487:
3449:
3356:
3156:
3020:
3000:
2426:
2421:
870:. The permission for the orphans was obtained from Britain by Rabbis Louis I. Rabinowitz and
498:
369:
2077:
3515:
3482:
3454:
3300:
3231:
3221:
3067:
3052:
2610:
2515:
2416:
838:
821:
victory. Maurice Roumani presents the testimony of survivor Haim Gerbi about the incident:
607:
465:
8:
3444:
3216:
2466:
2156:"Hidden diary reveals heartbreaking realities of Holocaust in Libyan concentration camps"
638:
The Jewish families formed a camp council, led by Camus Suarez, consisting of an elected
550:
385:
337:
2939:
3566:
3535:
3392:
3351:
3336:
3309:
3010:
2590:
2391:
1741:
1357:
1311:
1238:
1163:
892:
792:
770:
698:
678:
527:
454:
248:
537:
At least 400 Jews at Giado were sent to other sites, including in the nearby towns of
255:, and its victims make up the highest number of Jewish victims of World War II in the
3609:
3601:
3581:
3375:
3361:
3236:
3110:
2555:
2530:
2401:
2047:
1915:
1891:
1815:
1764:
1731:
1672:
1577:
1545:
1471:
1397:
1347:
1303:
1230:
1153:
1073:
1045:, https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MjcyNjM1Ng==?aid=237298.
924:
776:
685:, and its dead represent the highest number of Jewish victims of World War II in any
619:
work on Saturdays. Those who fixed roofs outside the camp received a daily wage of 5
361:
329:
202:
418:
3640:
3549:
3530:
3470:
3263:
3188:
2525:
2356:
2138:
Remembered for Generations: Documentation of Holocaust survivors living in Ra'anana
2039:
1807:
1723:
1664:
1537:
1461:
1449:
1339:
1145:
442:
422:
333:
290:
229:
1668:
1429:
https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MjcyNzE2Mw==?aid=237298
3571:
3510:
3246:
3211:
3015:
2844:
2550:
2185:
1922:
1888:
Among the righteous: lost stories from the Holocaust's long reach into Arab lands
1435:
1072:. Studies in contemporary jewry (1 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
850:
723:
706:
224:(now called Jadu), operating during the Second World War from May 1942 until its
1656:
1466:
460:
The first scheduled deportation to Giado was postponed. The cohort included 145
3656:
3621:
3591:
3586:
2904:
2605:
2451:
2346:
871:
791:. The community's 1943 financial report listed a subsidy of nearly 1.7 million
784:
686:
580:
446:
373:
310:
137:
2565:
2155:
1541:
1361:
1333:
247:
Of the 2,600 Jews who were imprisoned there, 562 died, mostly from hunger and
3676:
3576:
3346:
3241:
3196:
3030:
2585:
2570:
2535:
2109:
2051:
1819:
1475:
1307:
1234:
665:
341:
241:
237:
189:
127:
97:
84:
2027:
1745:
1167:
1139:
908:, almost all of Libya's Jews immigrated to the newly-formed Jewish state of
768:
regular inspections and visits from Germans (presumably members of the Nazi
3661:
3502:
3077:
3062:
2580:
2575:
2292:
2082:
1811:
690:
682:
661:
657:
644:
from each of the ten barracks at Giado. Each barrack also housed a deputy.
603:
591:
357:
353:
317:
256:
252:
209:
179:
117:
35:
2289:
written after the liberation of the Giado camp, performed by Kalimo Doss.
2043:
1727:
1300:
Pe'amim: Studies in Oriental Jewry / פעמים: רבעון לחקר קהילות ישראל במזרח
1149:
939:
810:
744:
Arab villages beyond the camp's fence. Goods traded by the Jews included
587:
473:
461:
365:
286:
240:. At the time, Libya was under Italian colonial control and was known as
1315:
1295:
1242:
1218:
360:, and the war reached Libya that year when the British entered Libya in
3025:
1533:
761:
749:
16:
Italian forced labor and concentration camp in Libya for Jews (1942–43)
2217:"הסופר שלמה אברמוביץ' מחיפה זכה בפרס ראש הממשלה על ספרו "היומן הגנוז""
2797:
2633:
2600:
2545:
764:, and was beaten by the camp's guards for the forbidden transaction.
546:
321:
842:
The Jewish Brigade of the British Eighth Army in Libya, c. 1943–1944
336:
took power in Italy, and in 1938 his government began to promulgate
1343:
788:
595:
503:
494:
477:
450:
2216:
1576:. Contributions in ethnic studies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
730:
1853:
1396:. Brill's series in Jewish Studies. Leiden ; Boston: Brill.
921:
757:
745:
741:
599:
538:
377:
306:
298:
1612:"Solidarity Among Colonial Subjects in Wartime Libya, 1940–1943"
464:
already transferred on April 15, 1942, from the Eastern city of
2284:
1661:
Remembering for the Future: The Holocaust in an Age of Genocide
952:
909:
867:
863:
542:
490:
426:
294:
3273:
3179:
753:
736:
620:
441:, a former military post in the Tripolitanian Plateau of the
438:
302:
221:
217:
2248:"Jewish Lybia and Holocaust: Giado, a silence to be broken"
2186:"היומן שנכתב בסתר במחנה ריכוז בלוב מסעיר את הגולשים הערבים"
586:
The prisoners at Giado were almost exclusively families of
469:
437:
A new concentration camp was erected for the internment at
228:
in January 1943. The camp was established on the orders of
882:
664:. A number of rabbis were among the prisoners, including
624:
434:
of the retreat of British troops on April 2 and 3, 1941.
3148:
1765:"Giado Concentration Camp, Libya | Archive | Diarna.org"
689:. No prisoners were executed, and most deaths were from
671:
862:. Many Jews still remained in March 1943, including 60
846:
The camp was liberated by British forces led by Jewish
1720:
Jews of Libya: Coexistence, Persecution, Resettlement
1663:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 2034–2041,
413:
1144:. Indiana University Press. 2018. pp. 527–530.
1971:"Establishment of Jadu concentration camp in Libya"
1849:"A New Look at Libyan Jewry's Holocaust Experience"
1423:, edited by Norman Stillman, 1st ed., Brill, 2010.
1041:, edited by Norman Stillman, 1st ed., Brill, 2010.
445:, roughly 153 kilometres (95 mi) southwest of
289:for thousands of years. Giado, a settlement in the
1916:https://doi.org/10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_SIM_0008510
309:(both of whom persecuted Jews) for strongholds of
1574:The Most ancient of minorities: the Jews of Italy
874:, the two chaplains of the Jewish Brigade of the
66:Location of Giado concentration camp within Libya
3674:
1912:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World Online
1448:Davidovitch, Nitza; Dort, Ruth (June 17, 2021).
1331:
58:
1450:"Pillar of Fire – from Auschwitz to Casablanca"
1447:
1390:
731:Contact between prisoners and the outside world
516:An account by a prisoner named Bruria records:
3164:
2308:
2245:
2214:
1070:No small matter: features of Jewish childhood
1009:"The Jews of Libya, by Sheryl Silver Ochayon"
651:
645:
639:
571:
476:to depart to the second stop on the journey,
389:
328:from the Ottoman Empire by Italy, during the
2322:
2134:זוכרים לדורות: תיעוד ניצולי שואה תושבי רעננה
1793:
1619:Quest. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History
1185:"Labor and Internment Camps in North Africa"
957:
860:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
301:, having fled the sites of struggle between
1910:Simon, Rachel. "Giado Concentration Camp".
1609:
833:
610:in Italy and at a few other Libyan camps).
579:The camp's commandant was General d'armate
395:
3171:
3157:
2506:
2315:
2301:
1332:De Felice, Renzo; Roumani, Judith (1985).
2215:כרנתינג'י, סמר עודה- (December 3, 2022).
1794:Buaron, Zevoulon; Drevon, Claire (2016).
1657:"Sephardic and Oriental Oral Testimonies"
1465:
1421:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
1039:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
956:(Jewish liturgical poem or hymn) called "
2632:
2025:
1571:
1454:Journal of Education Culture and Society
886:
837:
629:
560:
417:
344:. Jews could no longer intermarry with "
340:that affected the Jewish communities in
276:
2114:מוזיאון הלוחם היהודי במלחמת העולם ה - 2
1885:
1717:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1216:
883:Destruction of Libya's Jewish community
3675:
3126:Jurisdictional Immunities of the State
2221:חי פֹּה – תאגיד החדשות של חיפה והסביבה
2183:
2153:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1419:Roumani, Maurice. “Tesciuba, Renato.”
1335:Jews in an Arab Land: Libya, 1835–1970
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1067:
796:following a rainstorm, and a group of
634:A model of the camp showing its layout
565:A model of the camp showing its layout
3152:
3116:Palazzo Cesi-Gaddi war crimes archive
3094:Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz
3087:Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica
2963:
2296:
2149:
2147:
1951:from the original on January 11, 2023
1935:
1933:
1931:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1527:
1415:
1413:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1293:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1212:
1210:
1179:
1177:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1019:from the original on December 4, 2023
760:. Another traded a golden belt for a
672:Living conditions and typhus outbreak
472:to Tripoli. The group was waiting in
1572:Pugliese, Stanislao G., ed. (2002).
1327:
1325:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
613:
2853:SS Police Regiment Alpine Foothills
2339:
2246:International (February 21, 2022).
2090:from the original on April 18, 2023
2075:
1941:"Roumani-Denn | Sephardic Horizons"
1837:
1696:
1558:
1494:
958:
950:On Yom HaShoah, Libyan Jews sing a
556:
13:
3207:Islamic Tripolitania and Cyrenaica
2258:from the original on June 20, 2024
2227:from the original on July 15, 2024
2196:from the original on June 20, 2024
2184:אייכנר, איתמר (February 1, 2021).
2144:
2078:"הקצין היהודי הבכיר ששחרר את הגטו"
1981:from the original on June 20, 2024
1928:
1872:
1775:from the original on June 20, 2024
1752:
1685:from the original on July 15, 2024
1629:
1590:
1482:from the original on July 15, 2024
1410:
1379:
1260:
1207:
1195:from the original on July 15, 2024
1174:
1086:
414:Deportation and internment of Jews
14:
3724:
2274:
2110:"הלוחם היהודי במלחמת עולם השנייה"
1847:Barkat, Amiram (April 30, 2003).
1322:
1138:"ITALIAN-OCCUPIED NORTH AFRICA".
1048:
986:
830:Gerbi's leg was later amputated.
804:
507:-like networks" in North Africa.
3299:
3121:Bilateral Compensation Agreement
2652:SS Volunteer Karstwehr Battalion
1391:Kozlovsky-Golan, Yvonne (2019).
895:in the Jewish Quarter of Tripoli
57:
50:
34:
3403:Foreign relations under Gaddafi
2387:Monchio, Susano and Costrignano
2281:A recording of "הללויה עם נברא"
2239:
2208:
2177:
2166:from the original on 2024-06-20
2126:
2102:
2069:
2058:from the original on 2024-06-20
2019:
2003:. July 14, 2010. Archived from
1993:
1963:
1904:
1861:from the original on 2023-01-14
1826:from the original on 2024-07-15
1787:
1441:
1368:from the original on 2024-06-20
1249:from the original on 2024-07-01
1037:Simon, Rachel. “Jebel Nafusa.”
364:. Libya was repossessed by the
2811:1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division
2032:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1722:. Liverpool University Press.
1530:The Holocaust and North Africa
1031:
1:
3410:Government of National Accord
2863:SS Police Regiment Schlanders
2831:20th Luftwaffe Field Division
2826:19th Luftwaffe Field Division
2729:90th Panzergrenadier Division
2699:29th Panzergrenadier Division
2684:15th Panzergrenadier Division
2252:Pagine Ebraiche International
1669:10.1007/978-1-349-66019-3_142
1338:. University of Texas Press.
1223:La Rassegna Mensile di Israel
979:
750:a pit they had dug as an oven
370:German troops were dispatched
262:
3688:Concentration camps in Italy
3415:Government of National Unity
2674:3rd Panzergrenadier Division
2154:Batito, Merav (2023-04-18).
2076:קיש, יואב (April 17, 2023).
1890:. New York: Public Affairs.
1800:Revue d'Histoire de la Shoah
1718:Roumani, Maurice M. (2021).
1217:Roumani, Maurice M. (2017).
722:Poor medical care led to an
482:Polizia dell'Africa Italiana
281:A Jewish family from Tripoli
273:History of the Jews in Libya
226:liberation by British troops
7:
3703:Italian war crimes in Libya
2647:SS Division Reichsführer-SS
1610:Tagliacozzo, Livia (2022).
1467:10.15503/jecs2021.1.390.412
815:Second Battle of El Alamein
709:, at least as old as 1183.
594:from Cyrenaica, especially
10:
3729:
2981:Italian military internees
2026:Bernhard, Patrick (2012).
1068:Helman, Anat, ed. (2021).
604:and with British passports
266:
28:Italian concentration camp
3634:
3557:
3548:
3478:
3469:
3383:
3374:
3317:
3308:
3297:
3187:
3178:
3134:
3103:
3076:
3043:
2993:
2956:
2932:
2890:
2843:
2796:
2664:
2642:SS Division Leibstandarte
2623:
2499:
2479:
2379:
2330:
1945:www.sephardichorizons.org
1542:10.1515/9781503607064-003
915:
185:
175:
167:
159:
151:
143:
133:
123:
113:
74:
45:
33:
26:
21:
3521:National Oil Corporation
3440:House of Representatives
2920:4th Division "Monterosa"
2915:3rd Division "San Marco"
2858:SS Police Regiment Bozen
2324:Nazi war crimes in Italy
2001:"The Last Jews of Libya"
1886:Satloff, Robert (2006).
971:Holocaust historiography
929:Nazi-era forced laborers
834:Liberation and aftermath
693:and louse-borne typhus.
606:(who were later held at
199:Giado concentration camp
40:Giado concentration camp
22:Giado concentration camp
3698:The Holocaust in Africa
2910:2nd Division "Littorio"
2900:Republican Police Corps
2878:20th SS Police Regiment
2873:15th SS Police Regiment
2868:12th SS Police Regiment
2784:362nd Infantry Division
2779:356th Infantry Division
2774:334th Infantry Division
2769:305th Infantry Division
2764:278th Infantry Division
2759:232nd Infantry Division
2754:162nd Turkoman Division
2749:148th Infantry Division
2457:San Leonardo al Frigido
147:May 1942 – January 1943
3140:The Holocaust in Italy
2905:Italian Black Brigades
2821:4th Parachute Division
2816:2nd Parachute Division
2806:1st Parachute Division
2739:94th Infantry Division
2734:92nd Infantry Division
2724:71st Infantry Division
2719:65th Infantry Division
2714:44th Infantry Division
2704:34th Infantry Division
2561:Eberhard von Mackensen
1812:10.3917/rhsho.205.0159
1296:"יהודי לוב על סף שואה"
1189:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
896:
868:immigrate to Palestine
843:
828:
720:
652:
646:
640:
635:
572:
566:
523:
430:
390:
282:
269:The Holocaust in Libya
3713:Libya in World War II
3708:Jewish Libyan history
3683:Antisemitism in Libya
3435:High Council of State
3021:Roderick Stephen Hall
3001:Leonardo de Benedetti
2679:5th Mountain Division
2487:San Martino di Lupari
2437:Sant'Anna di Stazzema
890:
841:
823:
715:
633:
564:
518:
421:
324:. In 1911, Libya was
280:
98:31.96889°N 12.01944°E
3516:Great Man-Made River
3420:Presidential Council
3232:Italian Tripolitania
3227:Italian colonization
3068:Risiera di San Sabba
2744:114th Jäger Division
2694:26th Panzer Division
2689:16th Panzer-Division
2516:Heinrich Andergassen
1728:10.2307/j.ctv3029jsr
1150:10.2307/j.ctt22zmbr7
866:who were allowed to
798:South African troops
608:Ferramonti di Tarsia
3269:Libya under Gaddafi
3217:Hospitaller Tripoli
2709:42nd Jäger Division
2521:Friedrich Boßhammer
2447:Padule di Fucecchio
1294:סימון, רחל (1986).
964:Hallelujah Am Nivra
876:British Eighth Army
551:freedom of movement
455:extermination camps
163:2,600 (approximate)
94: /
3430:Head of government
3058:Borgo San Dalmazzo
3011:Giovanni Fornasini
2591:Josef Scheungraber
2462:Certosa di Farneta
2044:10.1093/hgs/dcs054
1921:2024-07-15 at the
1769:archive.diarna.org
1434:2024-06-20 at the
897:
844:
771:Sicherheitspolizei
679:louse-borne typhus
636:
567:
431:
287:a Jewish community
285:Libya was home to
283:
249:louse-borne typhus
206:concentration camp
103:31.96889; 12.01944
3670:
3669:
3630:
3629:
3544:
3543:
3465:
3464:
3398:Foreign relations
3370:
3369:
3259:Allied occupation
3237:Italian Cyrenaica
3146:
3145:
3111:Togliatti amnesty
3039:
3038:
2989:
2988:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2928:
2927:
2886:
2885:
2839:
2838:
2792:
2791:
2660:
2659:
2619:
2618:
2556:Albert Kesselring
2531:Theodor Dannecker
2495:
2494:
2475:
2474:
2442:San Terenzo Monti
2375:
2374:
1975:Zachor Foundation
1897:978-1-58648-399-9
1737:978-1-84519-137-5
1678:978-1-349-66019-3
1583:978-0-313-31895-5
1403:978-90-04-39561-9
1353:978-0-292-74016-7
1159:978-0-253-02373-5
1079:978-0-19-757730-1
1013:www.yadvashem.org
925:Oberlandesgericht
872:Ephraim E. Urbach
848:Brigadier General
777:Sicherheitsdienst
614:Labor and society
362:Operation Compass
356:in alliance with
330:Italo-Turkish War
195:
194:
160:Number of inmates
3720:
3693:History of Libya
3650:
3643:
3555:
3554:
3506:
3476:
3475:
3381:
3380:
3315:
3314:
3303:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3150:
3149:
2991:
2990:
2961:
2960:
2940:Bandenbekämpfung
2930:
2929:
2888:
2887:
2841:
2840:
2794:
2793:
2662:
2661:
2630:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2526:Eduard Crasemann
2504:
2503:
2477:
2476:
2377:
2376:
2337:
2336:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2007:on July 14, 2010
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1937:
1926:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1883:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1844:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1761:
1750:
1749:
1715:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1652:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1607:
1588:
1587:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1525:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1469:
1445:
1439:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1388:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1291:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1135:
1084:
1083:
1065:
1046:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1005:
961:
960:
655:
649:
643:
575:
557:Life in the camp
443:Nafusa Mountains
423:Benito Mussolini
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
393:
334:Benito Mussolini
291:Nafusa Mountains
230:Benito Mussolini
109:
108:
106:
105:
104:
99:
95:
92:
91:
90:
87:
61:
60:
54:
38:
19:
18:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3626:
3597:Public holidays
3540:
3504:
3461:
3366:
3304:
3295:
3289:2014–2020
3247:Libyan genocide
3212:Spanish Tripoli
3183:
3177:
3147:
3142:
3130:
3099:
3072:
3035:
3016:Maurizio Giglio
3006:Einstein family
2985:
2944:
2924:
2882:
2835:
2788:
2656:
2615:
2596:Michael Seifert
2551:Herbert Kappler
2541:Friedrich Engel
2491:
2471:
2371:
2326:
2321:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2182:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2152:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2059:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1939:
1938:
1929:
1923:Wayback Machine
1914:. Brill, 2010.
1909:
1905:
1898:
1884:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1845:
1838:
1829:
1827:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1738:
1716:
1697:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1653:
1630:
1614:
1608:
1591:
1584:
1570:
1559:
1552:
1526:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1446:
1442:
1436:Wayback Machine
1425:Credo Reference
1418:
1411:
1404:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1354:
1330:
1323:
1292:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1215:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1160:
1137:
1136:
1087:
1080:
1066:
1049:
1043:Credo Reference
1036:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1007:
1006:
987:
982:
933:Tunisian Jewish
918:
902:pogroms in 1945
885:
851:Frederick Kisch
836:
807:
733:
724:epidemic typhus
707:Jewish cemetery
699:Maurice Roumani
674:
616:
559:
429:, Libya in 1937
416:
407:
404:
401:
398:
275:
267:Main articles:
265:
186:Notable inmates
102:
100:
96:
93:
88:
85:
83:
81:
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70:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
62:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3705:
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3690:
3685:
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3659:
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3651:
3644:
3636:
3635:
3632:
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3618:
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3612:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3493:Communications
3490:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3442:
3437:
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3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3352:Municipalities
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3276:
3274:State of Libya
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
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3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
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2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2965:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2800:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
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2696:
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2649:
2644:
2638:
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2627:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2606:Gerhard Sommer
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
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2523:
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2389:
2383:
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2370:
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2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
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2305:
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2276:
2275:External links
2273:
2270:
2269:
2238:
2207:
2176:
2143:
2125:
2101:
2068:
2038:(3): 425–446.
2018:
1992:
1962:
1927:
1903:
1896:
1871:
1836:
1806:(2): 159–176.
1786:
1751:
1736:
1695:
1677:
1628:
1589:
1582:
1557:
1550:
1493:
1460:(1): 390–412.
1440:
1409:
1402:
1378:
1362:10.7560/740167
1352:
1344:10.7560/740167
1321:
1259:
1229:(2/3): 13–44.
1206:
1173:
1158:
1085:
1078:
1047:
1030:
984:
983:
981:
978:
959:הללויה עם נברא
917:
914:
884:
881:
835:
832:
813:defeat in the
806:
805:Near-execution
803:
732:
729:
687:Muslim country
673:
670:
615:
612:
581:Ettore Bastico
558:
555:
513:Sirtica desert
415:
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264:
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234:Prime Minister
193:
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138:Ettore Bastico
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3577:Libyan Arabic
3575:
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3425:Head of state
3423:
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3408:
3404:
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3382:
3379:
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3350:
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3347:Libyan Desert
3345:
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3340:
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3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
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3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3313:
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3307:
3302:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:Libyan Crisis
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3254:The Holocaust
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Italian Libya
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
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3106:
3102:
3096:
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3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3031:Ettore Ovazza
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
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2959:
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2908:
2906:
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2901:
2898:
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2895:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
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2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Theo Saevecke
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Erich Priebke
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Anton Dostler
2534:
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2527:
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2522:
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2458:
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2400:
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2385:
2384:
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2378:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Lake Maggiore
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2226:
2223:(in Hebrew).
2222:
2218:
2211:
2195:
2192:(in Hebrew).
2191:
2187:
2180:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2072:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1860:
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1850:
1843:
1841:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
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1805:
1802:(in French).
1801:
1797:
1790:
1774:
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1766:
1760:
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1725:
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1714:
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1598:
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1551:9781503607064
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1502:
1500:
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1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1426:
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1414:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:(28): 44–77.
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
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1228:
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1190:
1186:
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1151:
1147:
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1142:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
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1104:
1102:
1100:
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1092:
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1081:
1075:
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1064:
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1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
985:
977:
974:
972:
969:
965:
955:
954:
948:
945:
942:in 2020, the
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
923:
913:
911:
907:
903:
894:
889:
880:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
855:
852:
849:
840:
831:
827:
822:
820:
816:
812:
802:
799:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
778:
773:
772:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
728:
725:
719:
714:
710:
708:
702:
700:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
669:
667:
666:Frija Zoaretz
663:
659:
654:
648:
642:
632:
628:
626:
622:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
577:
574:
563:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
522:
517:
514:
508:
506:
505:
500:
496:
492:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
428:
424:
420:
411:
392:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:in 1941 when
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:Italy entered
347:
343:
342:Italian Libya
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
279:
274:
270:
260:
258:
254:
250:
245:
243:
242:Italian Libya
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
200:
191:
190:Frija Zoaretz
188:
184:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
136:
132:
129:
128:Fascist Italy
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
107:
79:
77:
73:
53:
44:
37:
32:
29:
25:
20:
3562:Demographics
3526:Oil reserves
3488:Central Bank
3450:Human rights
3388:Constitution
3357:Subdivisions
3136:
3092:
3085:
2971:Italian Jews
2581:Walter Reder
2576:Walter Rauff
2500:Perpetrators
2427:Piazza Tasso
2422:Guardistallo
2367:Pietransieri
2285:
2260:. Retrieved
2251:
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2220:
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2189:
2179:
2168:. Retrieved
2159:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2083:Israel Hayom
2081:
2071:
2060:. Retrieved
2035:
2031:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2005:the original
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1944:
1911:
1906:
1887:
1863:. Retrieved
1852:
1828:. Retrieved
1803:
1799:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1768:
1746:j.ctv3029jsr
1719:
1687:, retrieved
1660:
1622:
1618:
1573:
1529:
1484:. Retrieved
1457:
1453:
1443:
1424:
1420:
1392:
1370:. Retrieved
1334:
1299:
1251:. Retrieved
1226:
1222:
1197:. Retrieved
1188:
1168:j.ctt22zmbr7
1140:
1069:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1012:
975:
968:World War II
963:
951:
949:
937:
919:
898:
891:Damage from
856:
845:
829:
824:
808:
782:
775:
769:
766:
734:
721:
716:
711:
703:
695:
691:malnutrition
683:World War II
675:
658:Torah scroll
637:
617:
592:Italian Jews
585:
578:
568:
536:
524:
519:
509:
502:
487:
459:
436:
432:
358:Nazi Germany
354:World War II
318:Tripolitania
315:
284:
257:Muslim world
253:World War II
246:
203:forced labor
198:
196:
180:British Army
176:Liberated by
118:Giado, Libya
3483:Agriculture
2994:Individuals
2976:Libyan Jews
2566:Kurt Mälzer
2508:Individuals
2417:Capistrello
2407:Vallucciole
940:Yom HaShoah
480:, when the
462:French Jews
391:sfollamento
338:racial laws
332:. In 1922,
214:Libyan Jews
144:Operational
101: /
76:Coordinates
3677:Categories
3582:Literature
3505:(currency)
3342:Ecoregions
3026:Primo Levi
2611:Karl Titho
2467:Marzabotto
2170:2024-06-20
2119:2024-07-16
2062:2024-06-20
1865:2024-06-20
1830:2024-07-15
1625:: 109–140.
1534:De Gruyter
1394:television
1372:2024-06-20
1253:2024-07-01
980:References
944:camp diary
809:After the
762:watermelon
263:Background
134:Commandant
3567:Education
3536:Transport
3498:Companies
3393:Elections
3337:Districts
3310:Geography
3137:See also:
2845:SS Police
2798:Luftwaffe
2634:Waffen-SS
2601:Max Simon
2546:Karl Hass
2392:Ardeatine
2332:Massacres
2052:1476-7937
1820:2111-885X
1476:2081-1640
1308:0334-4088
1235:0033-9792
787:food for
602:in 1942)
532:Sidi Azaz
499:Apollonia
493:, Barca,
474:El Coefia
425:visiting
386:Palestine
322:Cyrenaica
89:12°1′10″E
86:31°58′8″N
3657:Category
3615:Olympics
3610:Football
3602:Religion
3445:Military
3376:Politics
3362:Wildlife
3104:Post-war
2933:Doctrine
2402:Fragheto
2262:June 19,
2256:Archived
2231:June 20,
2225:Archived
2200:June 20,
2194:Archived
2164:Archived
2160:Ynetnews
2088:Archived
2056:Archived
2011:June 20,
1985:June 20,
1979:Archived
1955:June 20,
1949:Archived
1919:Archived
1859:Archived
1824:Archived
1779:June 20,
1773:Archived
1689:June 20,
1683:archived
1486:June 20,
1480:Archived
1432:Archived
1366:Archived
1316:23424001
1247:Archived
1243:26870446
1199:June 19,
1193:Archived
1023:June 20,
1017:Archived
789:Passover
746:diamonds
623:and one
596:Benghazi
547:Triginna
504:Judenrat
495:Ajdabiya
478:Agedabia
451:Benghazi
405:clearing
326:captured
124:Built by
114:Location
3641:Outline
3606:Sports
3550:Culture
3531:Tourism
3471:Economy
3332:Climate
3322:Borders
3264:Kingdom
3222:Ottoman
3197:Ancient
3189:History
3078:Looting
3063:Fossoli
3053:Bolzano
2957:Victims
2892:Italian
2432:Piavola
2397:Ameglia
2357:Caiazzo
2094:July 3,
1854:Haaretz
922:Koblenz
864:orphans
758:Shabbat
742:Bedouin
600:Tunisia
539:Gharian
528:Buq Buq
447:Tripoli
399:
382:Algeria
378:Tunisia
374:Tripoli
311:Ottoman
307:Berbers
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