Ghurid dynasty - Knowledge

3390: 2795: 1739: 3429: 2919: 2719: 3728: 3665: 7479:, p. 68: "In 1173, Shahabuddin, Muhammad (1173–1206 (also known as Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam) ascended the throne at Ghazni, while his elder brother was ruling at Ghur. Proceeding by way of the Gomal pass, Muizzuddin Muhammad conquered Multan and Uchch. In 1178, he attempted to penetrate into Gujarat by marching across the Rajputana desert. But the Gujarat ruler completely routed him in a battle near Mount Abu, and Muizzuddin Muhammad was lucky in escaping alive. He now realised the necessity of creating a suitable base in the Punjab before venturing upon the conquest of India. Accordingly he launched a campaign against the Ghaznavid possessions in the Punjab. By 1190, Muizzuddin Muhammad had conquered Peshawar, Lahore and Sialkot, and was poised fora thrust towards Delhi and the Gangetic doab" 2907: 2888: 2767: 2779: 2752: 2946: 53: 3424: 2740: 3475: 1154: 2934: 2583: 759: 1296: 1312: 1278: 2204: 834: 2210: 2704: 2653: 983: 2673: 2685: 3784: 13365: 13375: 992: 7708:, p. 71: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed" 1303: 1102:

Husayn remained a prisoner for two years, until he was released in return for a heavy ransom to the Seljuqs and was allowed to reclaim his principality in Ghor. However, Sanjar was soon captured and imprisoned by the Ghuzz nomads in 1153, which allowed the Ghurids to expand their polity again. Meanwhile, a rival of Ala al-Din named Husayn ibn Nasir al-Din Muhammad al-Madini had seized

7192:ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Ḥosayn's expansionist policies raised the Ghurids into a power of significance well beyond Ḡūr itself. Latterly, he was able to take advantage of a certain power-vacuum in the eastern Islamic world which had arisen through the decay of the Ghaznavids and the collapse of Saljuq power in Khorasan consequent on Sanjar's defeat and capture by the Ḡozz (q.v.) in 548/1153. 6729:"... there is no evidence for assuming that the inhabitants of Ghūr were originally Pashto-speaking (cf. Dames, in E I1). If we are to believe the Paṭa Khazāna (see below, iii), the legendary Amīr Karōṝ, grandson of Shansab, (8th century) was a Pashto poet, but this for various reasons is very improbable ..." 3389: 1907:

by a coalition of Rajput chiefs, which forced him to change his route for further incursions into India. Afterwards, Muhammad pressed upon the Ghanzavids, whose domain was considerably truncated, though they were still controlling parts of Punjab and Pakistan down to the valley of Kabul which were of

1070:(1149–61), one of the youngest of Sayf's brothers and newly crowned Ghurid king, also set out to avenge the death of his two brothers. He managed to defeat Bahram-Shah, and then had Ghazni sacked; the city burned for seven days and seven nights. He also sacked the Ghaznavid fortresses and palaces of 7931:

Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal ... All that Bakhtyār can justly take credit for is that by his conquest of Western and a part of Northern Bengal he laid the foundation of the Muslim State in Bengal. The

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And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary

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The actual fighting in Khorasan at this time was largely between the Ghurids and Tekeš's brother Solṭānšāh, who had carved out for himself personally a principality in western Khorasan, until in 586/1190. Ḡīāṯ-al–Dīn and Moʿezz-al-Dīn defeated Solṭānšāh near Marv in 588/1192, captured him, and took

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There was a strong Turkic presence among the Ghurids, since Turk slave-soldiers formed the vanguard of the Ghurid armies. There was intense amalgamation between these various ethnic groups: "a notable admixture of Tajik, Persian, Turkish and indigenous Afghan ethnicities therefore characterized the

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The Ghurids adopted the role of defenders of Sunnism. They had cordial relations with the ʿAbbasids in Baghdad, frequently exchanging embassies (Jūzjānī's father took part in one of the last, Jūzjānī, I, p. 361, tr. p. 383). Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was admitted to al-Nāṣer's fotūwa order, and the caliph more

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The Turkish arms penetrated into Bihar and Bengal, through the enterprising efforts of Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji ... he started plundering raids into Bihar and, within four or five years, occupied a large part of it ... Nadia was sacked by the Turks and a few districts of Bengal

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In the winter of A.D. 1194–1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into Hindustan and invaded the doab. Rai Jaichand moved forward to meet him....then description of Chandwar struggle (...) Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Benaras, 'where he converted about thousand

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after his forces defected to the Seljuqs. During the battle, 6000 nomads from Ala al-Din's forces went over to the Seljuk army. Despite relatively smaller size of both armies, the defection of nomads at critical point of the battle eventually decided the issue in favour of the Seljuks. Ala al-Din

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Muhammad placed his faithful Turkic generals, rather than his own Ghurid brethens, in position of authority over local tributary kings, throughout the conquered Indian lands. After the assassination of Muhammad in March 1206, his territories fragmented into smaller Sultanates led by his former

6979:Ḡazna and Bost suffered frightful sackings by ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Ḥosayn, in which colleges and libraries were despoiled, and the buildings of previous sultans destroyed (Jūzjānī, pp. 343–345; Čahār maqāla, ed. Qazvīnī, p. 31), earning him the uneviable epithet of Jahānsūz (world incendiary). 7368:, pp. 421, 433–434: "The campigns saw Muhammad in control of Lahore and led to the visions of further conquests in India. An attack was launched on the Rajput kingdoms controlling the watershed and the western Ganges Plain, now beginning to be viewed as the frontier.." 6454:

In 1205, Bakhtīyar Khilji sacked Nudiya, the pre-eminent city of western Bengal and established an Islamic government at Laukhnauti, the capital of the predecessor Sena dynasty. On this occasion, commemorative coins were struck in gold and silver in the name of Muhammad b.

7267:, p. 73:"Muizzuddin led his last campaign into India in 1206 in order to deal with the Khokhar rebellion. He resorted to large-scale slaughter of the Khokhars and cowed them down. On his way back to Ghazni, he was killed by a Muslim fanatic belonging to a rival sect" 2645:

in India, the Turks in the Ghurid realm maintained their ethnical characteristics, continuing to use Turkish as their main language, rather than Persian, and persisting in their rude and bellicose ways as "men of the sword", in opposition to the Persian "men of the pen".

6695:. The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1885. Web. 29 April 2010. 8506:

At the time that this ewer and the group of long-necked ewers to which it relates were produced, Herat was under the control of the Ghurids, not the Seljuqs, but evidence strongly suggests that these pieces were exported to centers in Seljuq Iran and

6701:"IZ-ud-DIN Husain, the founder of the Ghori dynasty, was a native of Afghanistan. The origin of the house of Ghor has, however, been much discussed, – the prevailing opinion being that both they and their subjects were an Afghan race. " 2718: 871:, but of eastern Persian or Tājīk origin, speaking a distinct Persian dialect of its own, like the rest of the inhabitants of the remote and isolated mountain region of Ghūr and its capital of Fīrūzkūh (in what is now central Afghanistan). 7851:

After the arrival of Islam, the universities such as Nalanda and Vikramshila were no longer existent. The destruction of Nalanda by Bakhtiyar Khalji was the last nail in this pre-Islamic Indic university, which had survived three major

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In 1201 Ghurid troops entered Khurasan and captured Nishapur, Merv, Sarakhs and Tus, reaching as far as Gurgan and Bistam. Kuhistan, a stronghold of the Ismailis, was plundered and all Khurasan was brought temporarily under Ghurid

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over his territories (Jūzjānī, I, 303–304, tr. I, pp. 246–247). When Tekeš died in 596/1200 (Ebn al-Aṯīr, Beirut, XII, pp. 156–158), Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was able to take over most of the towns of Khorasan as far west as Besṭām in Qūmes.

1173:(later known as "Shihabuddin Ghuri"), killed a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas. Ghiyath then defeated his uncle Fakhr al-Din Masud who claimed the Ghurid throne and had allied with the Seljuq governor of Herat and Balkh. 2956:

The practice of inlaying "required relatively few tools" and the technique spread westward, perhaps by Khurasani artisans moving to other cities. By the turn of the 13th century, the silver-inlaid-brass technique had reached

7570:"The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his army 2626:(died 1325), the Indians learned Persian because of the influence of the "Ghurids and Turks." The notion of Persian kingship served as the basis for the imperial formation, political and cultural unity of the Ghurids. 2849:, is marked with a poem in Persian which specifically records its manufacture in Herat in 1181–1182, and permits the attribution and dating of this group of ewers to 1180–1200 in Herat, at the time of Ghurid rule. 3727: 1060:. In revenge, Sayf marched towards Ghazni and defeated Bahram-Shah. However, one year later, Bahram returned and scored a decisive victory against Sayf, who was shortly captured and crucified at Pul-i Yak Taq. 1106:, but was murdered at the right moment when Ala al-Din returned to reclaim his ancestral domain. Ala al-Din spent the rest of his reign expanding the domains of his kingdom; he managed to conquer Garchistan, 2853:

My ewer is the most beautiful ewer of all time. Who in this world has anything like this today? Everyone who has seen it has said it is very beautiful. No one has seen its equal, for it is unparalleled

2867:. Who else could product anything like it (in the world)? Although the seven stars the Planets of the celestial sphere lift their heads high, May they look favorably upon him who produces such a ewer 6763:

The dynamics of north Indian politics changed dramatically, however, when the Ghurids, a dynasty of Tajik (eastern Iranian), origin arrived from central Afghanistan towards the end of twelfth century

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Mercy be on him who makes such a ewer. May he be given silver and gold for making it. May good fortune come to him and caress him in friendship. May affliction be removed and given to his enemies

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Ewer in the name of Mahmud b. Muhammad al-Harawi Khurasan, Herat, dated A.H. Sha'ban 577 (December 10, 1181–January 7, 1182). Brass; raised, repousse, engraved, inlaid with copper and silver.

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Look at the ewer that is praised by everyone. It would be worthy of service to an honored person like you Every eye that sees it opens wide. And says that nothing could be better than this

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states: "Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks".

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Look at the ewer from which spirit is born. It is the water of life that flows from it. Any stream that comes from it into the hand. Creates a new pleasure every moment

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In the west, Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn, often in concert with his brother, extended his suzerainty over the maleks of Nīmrūz or Sīstān and even over the Kermān branch of the Saljuqs.

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Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse : legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204

3710: 517: 503: 489: 475: 450: 436: 422: 408: 8433: 8247:, Z. Safa, The Cambridge history of Iran: The Timurid and Safavid periods, Vol. 6, Ed. Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart,(Cambridge University Press, 1986), 951; " 7971:(Malda, Dinajpur, Murshidabad and Birbhum) were occupied by them ... Bathtiyar Khalji could not retain his hold over Nadia and made Lakhnauti or Gaur as his capital. 2778: 2766: 2751: 924:

left for Ghoristan and sent his learned companion with two people from Ghor as interpreters between this person and the people of that region." However, like the

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A series of remarkable ewers is attributed to this Herat school of metalwork at the time of Ghurid rule, during the 1180–1200 period. One of them, now in the

4124: 9443: 1169:, who was the son of Baha al-Din Sam I, and proved himself to be a capable king. Right after Ghiyath's ascension, he, with the aid of his loyal brother 13026: 11879: 8432:

Raby, Julian (2012). "The Principle of Parsimony and the Problem of the 'Mosul School of Metalwork'". In Porter, Venetia; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).

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After the death of his brother Ghiyath on 13 March 1203, Muhammad became the successor of his empire and ruled until his assassination in 1206 near

52: 12546: 12537: 12281: 11793: 9699: 6669: 11778: 9154: 8662: 8635: 1723: 883:) forged a fictive genealogy which connected the Ghurids with the Iranian past. They traced the Ghurid family back to the mythical Arab tyrant 1040:

for about 150 years. Beginning in the mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire. The early Ghurids followed

2483:. Notwithstanding, Muhammad within a year or so raised a vast army and build bridge across the Oxus to launch a full-scale invasion of 12069: 8985: 6256: 3007: 2652: 624:. However, during the early twelfth century the long-standing rivalry between the Seljuks and Ghaznavids created a power vacuum in eastern 2164:

Sultanate in 1227. Between 1206 and 1228 the various Turkic rulers and their successors rivaled for preeminence until the Sultan of Delhi

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of Afghanistan, established by the Ghurids and finished in 1174/75 CE. Inscription on the Minaret, showing the name and titles of Sultan

2203: 1295: 12215: 11731: 10792: 2542:. Though the Ghūrids' empire was short-lived, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad's conquests strengthened the foundations of Muslim rule in India. 11010: 9144: 1064:, another brother of Sayf, set out to avenge the death of his two brothers, but died of natural causes before he could reach Ghazni. 6478: 2906: 2065:. The Ghurids toppled local dynasties and destroyed Hindu temples during their advance across northern India, in place constructing 2424: 11766: 9881: 9129: 6654:"In the time of Sultan Mahmud it was held, as has been observed, by a prince whom Ferishta calls Mohammed Soory (or Sur) Afghan." 2006:(Kashi) was taken and razed, and "idols in a thousand temples" were destroyed. It is generally thought that the Buddhist city of 1240:

by the Ghurids, who captured his territories. The Ghurids then took control of all Khorasan following the death of his successor

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which established the Persian language as the official court language of the region – a status it retained until the late

2672: 13404: 12737: 12567: 12512: 12381: 12247: 11145: 9159: 8905: 8884: 8768: 8693: 8568: 8446: 8409: 8377: 8338: 8272: 8249:...Ghurids and Ghurid mamluks, all of whom established centres in India where poets and writers received ample encouragement. 8229: 8158: 8131: 8085: 7955: 7901: 7875: 7844: 7793: 7763: 7732: 7690: 7632: 7605: 7563: 7347: 7320: 7122: 7092: 6923: 6896: 6857: 6830: 6756: 6626: 6599: 6447: 6392: 6366: 6327: 2933: 11899: 11889: 1979:. The newly conquered territories were then put under the governorship of Qutb ud-Din Aibak, who was now Viceroy in Delhi. 1959:. Nevertheless, Muhammad returned a year later with an army of Turkish mounted archers and routed the Rajput forces in the 1272: 676: 172: 167: 13097: 13047: 12773: 12307: 11067: 9692: 9260: 7984: 636:

ended the Ghurid subordination to the Ghaznavids, ruthlessly sacking their capital, although he was soon defeated by the

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than once urged the Ghurids to halt the advance into western Persia of the Ḵᵛārazmšāhs (Jūzjānī, I, 302, tr. I, p. 243).

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and made it their capital, at the same time, the minor branches of the family who were the offshoot of concubinage with

12322: 12311: 12256: 12204: 12059: 11862: 11062: 10063: 9255: 9164: 9134: 8929: 8789: 8717: 8544: 6516:, Vol. 6, (1968), 35;;"Like the Ghaznavids whom they supplanted, the Ghurids had their court poets, and these wrote in 2176:, which in total had five dynasties and would rule most of India for more than three centuries until the advent of the 1188:

from the Seljuks, and the city became one of their main power bases and centers of cultural development, together with

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After the death of Muhammad Ghori in 1206, a confused struggle then ensued among the remaining Ghūrid leaders and the

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The Shansabānī dynasty superseded the Ghaznavids in the second half of the twelfth century. This dynasty was not of

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purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth

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during the Ghurid period, following the conquest of the Seljuk city by the Ghurids in 1175. In the Islamic world,

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Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11th–13th Centuries

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in 1215, completing the takeover of the western part of the Ghūrid empire. The Ghurid capital was transferred to

2267: 2096:, greatly contributing to the decline of pre-Islamic Indic scholarship. In Bengal, he sacked the ancient city of 78: 2703: 875:

When the Ghurids started to distinguish themselves through their conquests, courtiers and genealogists (such as

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after he stopped paying tribute to them. The Seljuk imperial power, however, was itself swept away in eastern

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in particular had already gained a reputation for its high-quality inlaid metalwork, with works such as the

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into western Persia. Their conquests in India were also presented as a battle between the armies of Islam (

2471:(1204), fought near the river Oxus, the Ghurid troops were completely routed by the combined forces of the 1998:, who was killed in action. After the battle, Muhammad continued his advance to the east, with his general 1908:

strategic importance in the pathway to northern India. Thus by the turn of next decade, Muhammad conquered

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The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

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The Later Ghaznavids ; Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186

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and instead marched an army from Firozkoh but was defeated and captured at Nab in the Harīrūd Valley by

663:, the Ghurid empire reached its greatest territorial extent, holding encompassed territory from eastern 13201: 12662: 12527: 11995: 11773: 11671: 10322: 9458: 9192: 8679: 8656: 8629: 8592: 8019:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 201. 2898: 2815: 2023: 7231:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 44. 6666: 2618:. However, most of the literature produced during the Ghurid era has been lost. They also transferred 2495:

in large number. On his way back, Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated near the Indus on March 15, 1206.

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was also ravaged at that time. In 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak vanquished Sulakshanapala, the ruler of the

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Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent

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Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent

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The Coins of the Indian Sultanates: Covering the Area of Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

2830:, consisting of patterned silver inlays in a brass background, was first developed in the region of 2582: 1757:

On the eve of the Ghurid invasion of the subcontinent, northern India was ruled by many independent

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At this juncture Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghuri died at Herat on 27 Jamadi I.A H 599 (13 March A.D 1203)

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but this is generally rejected by modern scholarship. Most scholars state that the dynasty was of

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historians of the 13th century never attributed the conquest of the whole of Bengal to Bakhtyār.

6677: 6578:, Vol.4, Part 1, ed. M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth, (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1999), 178. 2479:. The defeat at Andkhud was a watershed for the Ghurids who lost their control over most of the 806: 13337: 12976: 12717: 12672: 12396: 12358: 12086: 11842: 11082: 10842: 9867: 9802: 9645: 9638: 9562: 9538: 9491: 9438: 9114: 9109: 9099: 9084: 9006: 8998: 8047: 6938: 6774: 6746: 6722: 6281: 6251: 2642: 2444:

and was succeeded by Muhammad of Ghor as the sole ruler of the vast Ghurid Empire. Soon after,

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There is nothing to confirm the recent conclusion that the inhabitants of Ghor were originally

610: 127: 107: 8850: 8399: 8367: 8219: 8121: 7891: 7310: 7082: 6696: 6645: 6437: 6382: 6317: 12625: 12577: 12552: 12272: 12020: 11798: 11716: 11333: 11290: 10917: 10892: 10802: 10433: 10267: 9609: 9594: 9518: 9513: 9364: 9139: 8558: 8328: 8262: 8075: 8013:(1992). "The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). 7945: 7865: 7753: 7722: 7112: 6847: 6820: 6616: 6589: 6356: 5816: 3491: 2724: 1639: 1564: 1049: 921: 911: 7834: 7783: 7680: 7622: 7595: 6913: 940:, and promoted these in their courts as their own. Modern-day authors refer to them as the " 13176: 13078: 12971: 12911: 12886: 12865: 12845: 12818: 12620: 12562: 12457: 12220: 12185: 11949: 11131: 10852: 10699: 10234: 10032: 9661: 9589: 9381: 9208: 9094: 6682:"The next conqueror after Mahmud who made a name in India, was Muhammad Ghori, the Afghan." 5744: 4115: 3372: 3109: 2834:

in the 12th century, by silversmiths facing a shortage of silver. By the mid-12th century,

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invasion of the subcontinent (orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests from 1175 to 1205).

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Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation

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In 1173, Muhammad of Ghor after multiple attempts reconquered the city of Ghazni from the

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poisoned a local Ghurid leader, Qutb al-Din Muhammad, who had taken refuge in the city of

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The Ghurids' native language was apparently different from their court language, Persian.

895:("The Book of Kings"), whose family had reportedly settled in Ghur after the Iranian hero 8: 12916: 12605: 12338: 12230: 11829: 11824: 11788: 11721: 11570: 11258: 11092: 11026: 10882: 10307: 10297: 10027: 9952: 9584: 8490: 8469: 6117: 3828: 3816: 3594: 3520: 2615: 2527: 2085: 2073:

temples fuelled the efforts of Muhammad to finance his imperial aspirations in the west.

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Bosworth, C.E. (2015). "The Ghurids in Khurasan". In Peacock, A.C.S.; Tor, D.G. (eds.).

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In the Mirror of Persian Kings: The Origins of Perso-Islamic Courts and Empires in India

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India on Our Minds: Essays by Tharman Shanmugaratnam and 50 Singaporean Friends of India

586:, and became an Empire from 1175 to 1215. The Ghurids were centered in the hills of the 13280: 13242: 13187: 13182: 13087: 13002: 12642: 12502: 12462: 12302: 12297: 12195: 12180: 11939: 11741: 11562: 11531: 11424: 11181: 11042: 10995: 10862: 10777: 10762: 10719: 10674: 10538: 10327: 10113: 10002: 9962: 9887: 9732: 9666: 9214: 9079: 8581:(1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In 8040: 7549: 7534:. Berkeley · Los Angeles · London: University of California Press. p. Chapter 1–2. 6665:

A short history of India: and of the frontier states of Afghanistan, Nipal, and Burma,

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during the period from 1175 to 1205, just before his death in 1206. His capital was in

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slave girls whom chronicler Juzjani called "Kanizak-i-turki" established themselves in

929: 715: 692: 645: 468: 455: 67: 8185:

Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press 2002

13374: 13290: 13207: 13113: 13103: 13012: 12921: 12906: 12901: 12870: 12860: 12850: 12840: 12827: 12682: 12386: 12200: 12138: 12113: 12093: 12043: 11963: 11811: 11440: 11432: 11357: 11309: 11097: 10206: 10048: 10022: 10017: 9917: 9902: 9792: 9787: 9757: 9737: 9064: 8949: 8925: 8901: 8880: 8856: 8837: 8829: 8806: 8785: 8764: 8752: 8737: 8713: 8689: 8596: 8582: 8564: 8540: 8442: 8405: 8373: 8334: 8268: 8225: 8154: 8127: 8081: 8051: 8020: 7990: 7961: 7951: 7922: 7897: 7871: 7840: 7789: 7759: 7728: 7686: 7628: 7601: 7559: 7459: 7343: 7316: 7284: 7232: 7118: 7088: 6919: 6892: 6853: 6826: 6752: 6622: 6595: 6552: 6443: 6388: 6362: 6323: 5210: 5194: 4608: 4487: 3986: 3334: 3295: 3237: 3196: 3067: 2487: to avenge his defeat. However, he was forced to move towards Punjab to crush a 2468: 2312: 2189: 2141: 2133: 2035: 1999: 1976: 1778: 1388: 1241: 1213: 1067: 1061: 868: 833: 799: 747: 723: 633: 87: 8617: 2574:), and gave them great prestige in the Islamic world as defenders of the orthodoxy. 944:

Ghurids". Wink describes the tongue of the Ghurids as a "distinct Persian dialect".

902:

Additionally, nothing is known of the pre-Islamic religious beliefs of the Ghurids.

13261: 13252: 13162: 13152: 13108: 12948: 12936: 12890: 12835: 12652: 12517: 12348: 12317: 12162: 12143: 11852: 11472: 11087: 11015: 10636: 10523: 10332: 10317: 10166: 10012: 9972: 9927: 9912: 9089: 9029: 8703: 6742: 6063: 5755: 5165: 3800: 3549: 3266: 3087: 2839: 2401: 2209: 2105: 2077: 1821: 1746: 1447: 1423: 1221: 1118:

and other parts of Khurasan. Ala al-Din died in 1161, and was succeeded by his son

1057: 916: 876: 660: 607: 603: 542: 240: 186: 116: 8825: 8150:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One

8077:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One

7225:(1992). "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). 13295: 13232: 13167: 13142: 13127: 13066: 12855: 12707: 12597: 12419: 12118: 12054: 11958: 11806: 11708: 11480: 11456: 11392: 11373: 11365: 11341: 11226: 11168: 11077: 11020: 10960: 10950: 10912: 10654: 10347: 10146: 10103: 10085: 9922: 9892: 9797: 9772: 9727: 9034: 8943: 8919: 8895: 8874: 8800: 8779: 8756: 8731: 8727: 8707: 8683: 8196: 8148: 8014: 7893:

Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections

7553: 7453: 7337: 7226: 7185: 7165: 7139: 6970: 6880: 6726:(CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. 6673: 6485: 6439:

Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections

4239: 3138: 2630: 2603: 2390: 2173: 1956: 1766: 1487: 1029: 948: 937: 743: 691:, while in the west under Ghiyath al-Din, engaging in a protracted duel with the 576: 496: 7204: 6618:

Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia

2464: 594:, where they initially started out as local chiefs. They gradually converted to 13137: 12657: 12482: 11970: 11934: 11597: 11448: 11274: 11037: 11000: 10822: 10757: 10631: 10483: 10468: 10438: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10156: 10007: 9997: 9742: 9574: 9503: 9069: 8554: 8123:

The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna

8071: 7651: 7222: 6692: 5384: 3578: 2962: 2611: 2587: 2245: 2117: 1964: 1904: 1810: 1695: 1680: 1531: 1508: 1376: 1138: 1071: 1037: 1001: 982: 941: 933: 880: 864: 795: 779: 323: 8398:

Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A. C. S. (2016).

8369:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

8221:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter

7312:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

7114:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter

7084:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter

6915:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

6822:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

6715: 2092:. In Bihar, he is said to have destroyed Buddhist centers of learning such as 13393: 13368: 13272: 13257: 13227: 13172: 13052: 13007: 12956: 12926: 11629: 11523: 11488: 11210: 11032: 10985: 10877: 10709: 10694: 10626: 10385: 10151: 10123: 10108: 10068: 9967: 9822: 9807: 9762: 9307: 9059: 9024: 8870: 8841: 8644: 8613: 7965: 7545: 6959:ūid period, but the significance of this work has not yet been evaluated ..." 3215: 2641:

Shansabanis". At least until the end of the 13th century when they ruled the

2634: 2453: 2363: 2294: 2256: 2177: 2081: 2062: 1729: 1478: 1469: 1260: 1133:

During the reign of Ala ad-Din, the Ghurids firmly established themselves at

1005: 952: 838: 621: 8915: 8024: 7236: 6876: 6290:. Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library. p. 147, Map "g". 1022:

and ancestor of the medieval Ghurid rulers. His rule was legitimized by the

850: 13300: 13285: 13237: 13146: 12691: 12557: 11980: 11929: 11637: 11621: 11605: 11547: 10955: 10922: 10902: 10807: 10714: 10669: 10646: 10563: 10458: 10375: 10365: 10257: 9992: 9987: 9977: 9937: 9877: 9842: 9767: 9044: 8810: 8010: 7926: 7655: 7463: 2951:

High-spouted brass ewer, from Herat in the Ghurid period (dated 1180–1200).

2623: 2381: 2372: 2352: 2019: 1983: 1806: 1595: 1225: 1098: 1083: 956: 914:, the famous historian of the Ghaznavid era, wrote on page 117 in his book 783: 680: 632:

which the Ghurids took advantage of and began their territorial expansion.

579: 9677: 6498:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-volume set

1212:

Afterwards, Muhammad assisted his brother Ghiyath in his contest with the

13378: 13342: 13093: 12778: 12701: 12532: 11047: 10980: 10932: 10897: 10872: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10817: 10812: 10767: 10747: 10739: 10568: 10553: 10503: 10493: 10448: 10405: 10181: 10176: 10141: 9942: 9897: 9837: 9604: 9174: 9039: 8994: 6951:

to-speaking the Paṭa Khazāna "Treasury of secrets", claims to include Pa

6807:

The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Chauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000

2710: 2539: 2523: 2484: 2472: 2460: 2343: 2276: 2101: 1995: 1888: 1861: 1849: 1841: 1794: 1782: 1346: 1229: 1217: 1197: 1193: 1177: 1158: 1123: 1107: 1087: 842: 719: 704: 625: 595: 591: 271: 202: 147: 2798:

Ewer inscribed in the name of Mahmud b. Muhammad al-Harawi Khurasan, at

12732: 12123: 11645: 11613: 11539: 11507: 11317: 10927: 10752: 10684: 10679: 10606: 10588: 10548: 10533: 10513: 10478: 10463: 10425: 10415: 10400: 10390: 10357: 10244: 10171: 9947: 9847: 9777: 9332: 9327: 8963: 8939: 6591:

The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience

2100:

in central Bengal, and established an Islamic government in the former

1872: 1845: 1410: 1181: 1111: 1033: 617: 572: 510: 413: 10131: 8588:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods

2452:, although Muhammad drove him back and further besieged their capital 11858:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

11578: 11555: 11349: 11282: 11250: 10847: 10797: 10729: 10664: 10611: 10601: 10573: 10508: 10453: 10443: 10380: 10370: 10216: 10093: 10053: 9982: 9832: 9342: 8763:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 242–250. 8016:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

7336:

Goron, Stan; Goenka, J. P.; Robinson (numismatist.), Michael (2001).

7228:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

6644:. The History of India. Vol. 1. J. Murray, 1841. Web. 29 April 2010. 3869: 3037: 2659: 2165: 2047: 2043: 1900: 1458: 1232:

in 1153, which left the region at the hands of the Turkmen. In 1181,

890: 599: 2448:

besieged and captured some of the strongholds of the Ghurids around

1967:, son of Prithviraj Chauhan, submitted to the Ghurids the region of 1749:(1204–1206 CE). Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, dated 991: 734:. The dynasty became extinguished all together within a decade when 12768: 12108: 11990: 11242: 10907: 10887: 10488: 10312: 10226: 10161: 9932: 9619: 9352: 9337: 9312: 7986:

India and the Afghans: A study of a neglected region, 1370–1576 A.D

7950:. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers. pp. 81–82. 7802: 2831: 2555: 2480: 2039: 1936: 1913: 1837: 1801:, further in the east of Ganges Plain there were other independent 1245: 1189: 1134: 1103: 1041: 925: 896: 791: 786:

origin. Many Ghurid princes married into local ethnicities such as

778:, favoured the idea that the Ghurid dynasty was related to today's 731: 260: 219: 190: 27:

Late 8th-century–1215 Iranian dynasty from Ghor, modern Afghanistan

7335: 6336: 2802:, and dated A.H. Sha'ban 577 (December 10, 1181–January 7, 1182). 2069:

on the same sites. The revenue and booty gained after sacking the

714:

and soon after the Ghurids suffered a crushing defeat against the

13311: 11234: 10787: 10782: 10724: 10659: 10543: 10528: 10395: 10272: 10262: 10211: 9817: 9403: 9322: 2694: 2591: 2559: 2551: 2488: 2303: 2236: 2216: 2093: 2027: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1917: 1884: 1833: 1786: 1142: 1115: 1032:. Before the mid-12th century, the Ghurids had been bound to the 1023: 672: 652: 637: 285: 98: 58: 13117: 12437: 11266: 10689: 10621: 10252: 10186: 10098: 9812: 9357: 9347: 9317: 7544: 6989: 6987: 2663: 2515: 2412: 2153: 2137: 2129: 2121: 2113: 2097: 2089: 2066: 1948: 1925: 1921: 1892: 1876: 1857: 1853: 1825: 1814: 1798: 1758: 1750: 1742: 1667: 1256: 1249: 1201: 1053: 1026: 884: 787: 767: 742:

nevertheless survived for several centuries under the evolving

696: 684: 629: 227: 206: 198: 11123: 8281: 6716:

M. Longworth Dames; G. Morgenstierne; R. Ghirshman (1999). "AF

1836:, governed the western part of the empire from his capital at 814:

further points out that the actual name of the Ghurid family,

710:

Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad died in 1203 of illness caused due to

11975: 10518: 10410: 10337: 10287: 10136: 9782: 9413: 7755:

Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began

7724:

Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began

7106: 7104: 6943:"... There is nothing to confirm the recent surmise that the 6510:

The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids

2958: 2864: 2835: 2827: 2823: 2799: 2595: 2519: 2507: 2285: 2161: 2145: 2070: 2054: 2031: 1972: 1968: 1940: 1909: 1802: 1774: 1770: 1224:. Seljuk power in Khorasan had collapsed since the defeat of 1216:, who were at times supported by their "pagan" suzerains the 1185: 1127: 730:

soon after in March 1206 which ended the Ghurid influence in

668: 223: 138: 8761:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/3: Dehqān I–Deylam, John of

7661:

Politics And Society During The Early Medieval Period Vol. 2

6984: 6588:

Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020).

606:

in 1011. The Ghurids eventually overran the Ghaznavids when

11755: 11218: 11154: 10942: 10704: 9752: 9374: 8736:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–165. 8730:(1975). "The Ghaznavids and Ghūrids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). 2966: 2729: 2535: 2511: 2449: 2441: 2053:

In 1202–1203 CE, Qutbu l-Din Aibak, now Ghurid governor of

1654: 1319: 1237: 1019: 700: 664: 641: 587: 583: 194: 8733:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Iranian world

8397: 7814: 7283:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147. 7101: 1891:, where his armies got exhausted in their long march from 1018:

A certain Ghurid prince named Amir Banji was the ruler of

687:

and eventually succeeded in conquering wide swaths of the

582:

origin, which ruled from the 8th-century in the region of

12733:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

7575: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7398: 6530: 6528: 6526: 1880: 1865: 1200:, and extended their suzerainty as far as the Seljuks of 1184:

from there earlier. In 1175, the Ghurids took control of

1093:

In 1152, Ala al-Din Husayn refused to pay tribute to the

802:, thus characterizing them as some of these ethnicities. 7435: 7433: 613:

and expelled the Ghaznavids from their last stronghold.

8167: 8094: 7482: 7383: 7246: 7062: 7050: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 1871:

In 1178, he turned south and again marched through the

8347: 7395: 7040: 7038: 6523: 3827:

Green shaded row signifies Ghurid vassalage under the

8649:

Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6

8622:

Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6

7506: 7430: 7371: 6891:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 96. 6299: 6297: 2156:, but was soon assassinated and succeeded by several 1728:

Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the

738:

uprooted the Ghurids in 1215. Their conquests in the

556: 185:

Map of Ghurid territory, before the assassination of

8404:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 155, item 85. 7531:

The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760

7451: 7023: 7011: 6879:(2010). "The early expansion of Islam in India". In 6551:. Leningrad: University Press, Oxford. p. 110. 6405: 2733:) with remains of Ghurid inscriptions. 1200–1201 CE. 2522:, recognizing Khwarazmian rule on north and central 1982:

In 1194, Muhammad returned to India and crossed the

774:

In the 19th century some European scholars, such as

8921:

The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: c.700–1800 CE

8435:

Metalwork and Material Culture in the Islamic World

7494: 7418: 7035: 6999: 6711: 6709: 2879:, Janashia Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi (19-2008;32). 2459:Alauddin then appealed to his nominal suzerain the 1761:kings, often fighting with each other, such as the 1266: 1192:and Ghazni. They also took control of the areas of 1122:, who died two years later in a battle against the 8819: 8305: 8293: 8039: 7627:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. pp. 1–3. 6941:, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: 6787: 6777:, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: 6294: 2550:The Ghurids positioned themselves as defenders of 2526:. The Ghurids continued their rule on much of the 2084:general of Muhammad of Ghor, swept down the lower 1975:was conquered by Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad's general 928:and Ghaznavids, the Ghurids were great patrons of 8751:Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Asher, Catherine B. (1994). 7921:. Calcutta: G. Bharadwaj & Co. pp. 1–2. 6587: 2789: 1165:Sayf al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his cousin 822:), is the Arabic pronunciation of the originally 13391: 8848: 8372:. Princeton University Press. pp. 105–106. 7808: 7315:. Princeton University Press. pp. 115–117. 6871: 6869: 6779:"... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the 6706: 6460: 11794:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 8261:Patel, Alka (University of California) (2017). 7947:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India 7685:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 2. 2678:The eastern mausoleum of Chisht (built in 1194) 1963:, and executed Prithviraja shortly afterwards. 1920:and annexed the last Ghaznavid principality in 11880:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 11779:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 8485: 8483: 8401:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs 8146: 8037: 7650: 7221: 2810:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs 2562:, who urged them to repel the advances of the 1207: 1148: 959:, from the Ghurid period are unsubstantiated. 616:The Ghurids initially ruled as vassals of the 11662:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 11139: 9693: 8979: 8777: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8038:Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003). 6866: 6741: 2822:An important metalwork school was located in 888: 562: 12738:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 8778:Morgan, David; Stewart, Sarah, eds. (2017). 8115: 8113: 8111: 8109: 8009: 7458:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 131–132. 7276: 6472: 6280: 6257:List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty 2784:Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, naskhi inscription 2772:Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, kufic inscriptions 2745:Friday Mosque keyhole arch (Ghaznavid style) 2428:The Ghurids and contemporary Asian polities 1820:Northern India and Bengal were conquered by 189:. In the west, Ghurid territory extended to 11848:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 9707: 8750: 8480: 8287: 8224:. Princeton University Press. p. 106. 7087:. Princeton University Press. p. 105. 6594:. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. 6549:Ḥudūd al-'Ālam, "The Regions of the World," 6491: 6479:Firuzkuh: the summer capital of the Ghurids 2463:, who dispatched a large contingent led by 381:2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi) 12354:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 12216:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 11732:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 11146: 11132: 9700: 9686: 8986: 8972: 8817: 8661:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8634:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8418: 8080:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 43–44. 7716: 7714: 7667:idol-temples into house for the Musalmans. 7664:. People's Publishing House. p. 116. 7117:. Princeton University Press. p. 90. 6905: 6825:. Princeton University Press. p. 92. 6581: 6534: 6500:, by Jonathan Bloom, Sheila Blair, p. 108. 6358:An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History 3805: 3794: 3759: 3748: 3738: 3715: 3704: 3686: 3675: 3652: 3641: 3583: 3572: 3554: 3543: 3525: 3514: 3496: 3485: 3450: 3439: 3411: 3400: 3377: 3366: 3339: 3328: 3318: 3300: 3289: 3271: 3260: 3242: 3231: 3201: 3190: 3172: 3161: 3143: 3132: 3114: 3103: 3072: 3061: 3042: 3031: 3012: 3001: 1932:through stratagem after three incursions. 899:had ended Zahhak's thousand-year tyranny. 205:. Eastward, the Ghurids invaded as far as 11863:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 11011:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho 8642: 8612: 8462: 8441:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 11–85. 8267:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 19–25. 8106: 7781: 7678: 7620: 7614: 7593: 7512: 6993: 6918:. Princeton University Press. p. 3. 6809:, (Cambridge University Press, 2016), 36. 6783:ūrīs, of eastern Iranian Tājik stock ..." 6565: 6424: 2160:, until Bengal was incorporated into the 1986:with an army of 50,000 horses and at the 1852:, in order to outflank the Ghaznavids in 887:, mentioned in the medieval Persian epic 13410:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent 11682:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 8993: 8876:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 8669: 8577: 8553: 8245:Persian Literature in the Safavid Period 8173: 8100: 7916: 7863: 7777: 7775: 7646: 7644: 7488: 7252: 7068: 6751:. Oxford University Press. p. 100. 6614: 6576:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 6546: 6384:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 6319:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 6315: 3815: 3593: 2793: 2581: 1971:, which became a vassal state. In 1193, 1737: 1276: 1263:whom he persecuted during his lifetime. 1152: 1074:. These actions earned him the title of 1056:after having a quarrel with his brother 832: 757: 718:aided by timely reinforcements from the 675:, Muhammad of Ghor and his lieutenants 197:, while Ghurid troops reached as far as 12468:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 10858:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 9748:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 9185: 9120:Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war 8678: 8322: 8320: 8070: 7836:Political Thought in Indic Civilization 7745: 7711: 7705: 7476: 7264: 6354: 644:with the contemporaneous advent of the 14: 13392: 12006:History of democracy in classical Iran 11113:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great 8893: 8869: 8798: 8709:India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 8393: 8391: 8389: 8153:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 29. 8126:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 103. 8119: 7982: 7820: 7581: 7523: 7521: 7439: 7377: 7365: 7304: 7302: 7300: 7029: 7017: 6342: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2350: 2321: 2292: 1614: 1577: 1562: 1551: 1494: 1485: 1476: 1467: 1445: 1432: 1311: 1302: 1082:. The Ghaznavids retook the city with 165: 125: 114: 105: 12804: 12728:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 12513:Iran and the World Trade Organization 12417: 12160: 12041: 11166: 11127: 9681: 8967: 8897:The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire 8802:The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty 8702: 8365: 8353: 8326: 8260: 8217: 7943: 7772: 7751: 7720: 7641: 7527: 7412: 7308: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7110: 7080: 6911: 6845: 6818: 6303: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5970: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5783: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5763: 5761: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5661: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5454: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5209: 5207: 5202: 5200: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5164: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5062: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4976: 4974: 4968: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4794: 4718: 4716: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3836: 2570:) and the armies of the unbelievers ( 2410: 2341: 2330: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2254: 2214: 2168:prevailed, marking the advent of the 1625: 1605: 1538: 1529: 1518: 1456: 1421: 1386: 154: 145: 136: 56: 11900:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 11890:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 8938: 8914: 8726: 8534: 8431: 8317: 8311: 8299: 8194: 7884: 7864:Koh, Tommy; Singh, Hernaikh (2020). 7839:. Sage Publishing India. p. 6. 7788:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. 7600:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. 7500: 7424: 7389: 7137: 7131: 7056: 7044: 7005: 6875: 6793: 6466: 2388: 2310: 2301: 2243: 2234: 2223: 2172:. This was the first dynasty of the 1408: 1397: 1317: 1273:Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor 96: 85: 65: 13133:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 12774:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 12748:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 12547:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 12282:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 11068:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 8386: 7832: 7518: 7297: 6361:. Routledge. p. 37, Map 16.2. 3435:Sultan Shahāb-ud-din Muhammad Ghori 2554:. They had good relations with the 2399: 2183: 1707: 1044:before being converted to Islam by 563: 546: 76: 24: 11672:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 11063:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription 10064:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 8879:. University of California Press. 8685:History of Medieval India:800–1700 7758:. Getty Publications. p. 74. 7727:. Getty Publications. p. 11. 7153: 6963: 6748:Essays on Islam and Indian History 6430: 2602:The Ghurids were great patrons of 2022:. Also in 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1330: 951:, and claims of the existence of " 856:The New Cambridge History of Islam 598:after the conquest of Ghor by the 590:region in the present-day central 25: 13436: 12743:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 12364:Supreme National Security Council 12190:Persian Constitutional Revolution 11820:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 11727:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 11717:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 10474:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm 8519:Metropolitan Museum of Art notice 8197:"Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)" 7989:. Janaki Prakashan. p. 148. 7558:. Psychology Press. p. 167. 7140:"Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)" 6971:"Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)" 6348: 6316:Bosworth, C.E. (1 January 1998). 6274: 3603: 2972: 2629:Out of the Ghurid state grew the 1161:as printed on an Afghan banknote. 695:, the Ghurids, reached as far as 13373: 13364: 13363: 12339:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 8828:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 8512: 7870:. World Scientific. p. 91. 7280:A Historical atlas of South Asia 7277:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 6375: 6287:A Historical Atlas of South Asia 3782: 3726: 3663: 3473: 3427: 3422: 3388: 2944: 2932: 2917: 2905: 2886: 2777: 2765: 2750: 2738: 2717: 2702: 2683: 2671: 2651: 2208: 2202: 1840:. In 1175, Muhammad crossed the 1310: 1301: 1294: 1267:Conquest of India (1175 to 1205) 1252:in the ancient region of Qūmes. 1248:in 1200, and reaching as far as 990: 981: 967: 515: 501: 487: 473: 448: 434: 420: 406: 51: 12538:Military equipment manufactured 12104:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 11868:United States withdrawal (2018) 11789:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 11153: 11073:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka 10343:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 9524:Opium production in Afghanistan 8527: 8359: 8254: 8238: 8211: 8188: 8179: 8140: 8064: 8031: 8003: 7983:Thakur, Amrendra Kumar (1992). 7976: 7937: 7910: 7857: 7826: 7699: 7672: 7587: 7538: 7470: 7445: 7359: 7329: 7270: 7258: 7215: 7197: 7178: 7074: 6932: 6839: 6812: 6799: 6768: 6735: 6686: 6659: 6635: 6608: 6540: 6503: 3682:Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud 3048:9th-century – 10th-century 2666:(the western was built in 1167) 655:of Ala al-Din Husayn nephews - 13098:modern / contemporary 12344:Expediency Discernment Council 11667:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 11656:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 11180: 11108:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum) 11053:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman 8924:. Cambridge University Press. 8836:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 8563:. Edinburgh University Press. 8539:. Cambridge University Press. 8495:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 8474:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 8046:. Praeger Publishers. p. 7205:"Encyclopedia Iranica, Sanjar" 7187:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Ghurids 7167:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Ghurids 6309: 2790:Metalwork of the Ghurid period 1883:to enter into the present-day 1832:with whom Muhammad ruled in a 1048:. In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler 575:dynasty of presumably eastern 13: 1: 12312:state-sponsorship allegations 12042: 10059:Silk Road transmission of art 8852:The Early Rulers of Khajurāho 8651:. New York. pp. 586–590. 8643:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001b). 8624:. New York. pp. 578–583. 8366:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). 8218:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). 7452:Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). 7111:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). 7081:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). 6912:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). 6267: 5204:Nasir al-Din Muhammad Kharnak 2863:This water vessel is made in 2842:(dated inscription of 1163). 2760:mausoleum, interior of portal 2440:died on 13 March 1203 due to 2429: 2002:in the vanguard. The city of 1903:at Kasahrada in the southern 1844:, approaching it through the 13405:Empires and kingdoms of Iran 12769:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 12161: 12070:twin towns and sister cities 11376:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 11253:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 11229:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 11058:Kandahar Aramaic inscription 9444:Current provincial governors 9298:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 7944:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986) . 7896:. Brill. 2020. p. 237. 7752:Asher, Frederick M. (2020). 7721:Asher, Frederick M. (2020). 6442:. Brill. 2020. p. 237. 6322:. UNESCO. pp. 432–433. 3440:سلطان شهاب‌ الدین محمد غوری 1935:In 1191, the Ghurids seized 1157:Fortress and Ghurid arch of 837:The Ghurids originated from 766:. Dated AH 601 (1204/5 CE), 7: 13048:Water supply and sanitation 12805: 12779:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 12418: 11838:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 11213:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 11167: 8900:. Sydney University Press. 7919:History of Mediaeval Bengal 6245: 3844:Ghurid dynasty family tree 2926:Museum of Islamic Art, Doha 2545: 1990:defeated the forces of the 1943:, but were defeated in the 1208:Conquest of Khorasan (1192) 1149:The Ghurids at their zenith 1086:help, but later lost it to 905: 707:, albeit for a short time. 557: 10: 13441: 12528:Economy of the Middle East 11905:2021–2022 Iranian protests 11895:2019–2020 Iranian protests 11875:2017–2018 Iranian protests 11336:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 9605:Pashtunwali (Pashtun life) 9544:Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline 8593:Cambridge University Press 7528:Eaton, Richard M. (1993). 7309:Flood, Finbarr B. (2018). 6819:Flood, Finbarr B. (2018). 6615:Barisitz, Stephan (2017). 6547:Minorsky, Vladmir (1970). 3873:(9th-century-10th-century) 2899:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2816:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2577: 2193: 2187: 1828:, while his elder brother 1745:coinage of Turkic general 1270: 962: 753: 703:) on the shoreline of the 13359: 13325: 13271: 13074: 13065: 12995: 12947: 12879: 12826: 12817: 12813: 12800: 12761: 12753:National Development Fund 12716: 12673:Telecommunications and IT 12667:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 12596: 12493:Foreign direct investment 12438:Bonyad (charitable trust) 12430: 12426: 12413: 12372: 12331: 12173: 12169: 12156: 12050: 12037: 11917: 11784:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 11774:Interim Government (1979) 11753: 11701: 11694: 11590: 11500: 11417: 11408: 11385: 11302: 11195: 11188: 11179: 11175: 11162: 10973: 10941: 10738: 10645: 10587: 10559:Siypantosh Rock Paintings 10424: 10356: 10243: 10225: 10122: 10084: 10077: 10041: 9715: 9632: 9570: 9561: 9499: 9490: 9399: 9390: 9288: 9236: 9227: 9020:Indus Valley civilisation 9005: 8849:Sisirkumar Mitra (1977). 8784:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 8781:The Coming of the Mongols 8333:. Routledge. p. 41. 8264:The Coming of the Mongols 6852:. Routledge. p. 41. 6488:, by David Thomas, p. 18. 6355:Schmidt, Karl J. (2015). 6022: 6020: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5968: 5964: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5908: 5906: 5868: 5866: 5727: 5725: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5659: 5655: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5633: 5629: 5627: 5621: 5599: 5597: 5530: 5528: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5452: 5450: 5430: 5428: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5365: 5363: 5343: 5341: 5325: 5323: 5303: 5301: 5152: 5150: 5130: 5128: 5120: 5118: 5110: 5108: 5098: 5096: 5086: 5084: 5074: 5072: 5058: 5056: 5036: 5034: 5026: 5024: 5016: 5014: 5004: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4980: 4978: 4964: 4962: 4942: 4940: 4932: 4930: 4922: 4920: 4910: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4886: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4792: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4676: 4674: 4547: 4545: 4416: 4414: 4299: 4297: 4182: 4180: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4054: 4050: 4044: 3929: 3927: 3769: 3624: 3460: 3349: 3211: 3083: 2502:. The Khwarezmians under 1875:, marching by the way of 1282:The last stand of Rajputs 442:Chahamanas of Shakambhari 385: 377: 372: 368: 358: 348: 344: 336: 332: 317: 304: 300: 292: 277: 249: 236: 215: 46: 41: 34: 13425:History of Ghor Province 13415:Dynasties of Afghanistan 12503:International oil bourse 12268:Ministry of Intelligence 11853:Syrian civil war (2011–) 11677:1921 Persian coup d'état 11006:Mogao Christian painting 10579:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings 10293:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen 10283:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries 9241:Administrative divisions 8818:O'Neal, Michael (2015). 7917:Majumdar, R. C. (1973). 7342:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 6642:Elphinstone, Mountstuart 6621:. Springer. p. 94. 6262: 3687:شمس‌ الدین محمد بن مسعود 3078:10th-century – 1011 2895:Georgian National Museum 2877:Georgian National Museum 2847:Georgian National Museum 2804:Georgian National Museum 2610:and lay the basis for a 2586:Ornamental bands on the 1924:, with their capital in 1309: 1300: 483:Khalji dynasty of Bengal 13027:scientists and scholars 12533:Milad Tower and complex 12323:Women's rights movement 12318:White Revolution (1963) 11986:Peoples of the Caucasus 11328:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 11221:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 11103:Saksanokhur gold buckle 10991:Hephthalite silver bowl 10868:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa 9908:Second Turkic Khaganate 9709:History of Central Asia 9105:Second Anglo-Afghan War 9075:Third Battle of Panipat 8855:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8608:(subscription required) 8288:Hambly & Asher 1994 8147:Satish Chandra (2004). 8120:Sicker, Martin (2000). 8042:Islam at War: A History 6282:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. 5504:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 3407:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 2939:Enthroned figure detail 2622:to India. According to 2196:Battle of Jhelum (1206) 2012:Kachchhapaghata dynasty 1961:Second Battle of Tarain 1895:and were routed in the 1830:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1286:Second Battle of Tarain 1167:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1010:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 776:Mountstuart Elphinstone 657:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 13338:Anti-Iranian sentiment 13333:Science and technology 13158:Intellectual movements 13038:International rankings 13022:Intellectual movements 12508:International rankings 12001:Heads of state of Iran 11807:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 11368:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 11205:culture (3400–2000 BC) 11083:Stamp seal (BM 119999) 10843:Alexandria Prophthasia 9868:First Turkic Khaganate 9803:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 9175:Second Islamic Emirate 9115:Kingdom of Afghanistan 9110:Third Anglo-Afghan War 9100:First Anglo-Afghan War 9085:Emirate of Afghanistan 9035:Yabghus of Tokharistan 8894:Thomas, David (2018). 8834:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8327:Avari, Burjor (2013). 7833:Roy, Himanshu (2021). 7782:Jayapalan, N. (2001). 7679:Jayapalan, N. (2001). 7621:Jayapalan, N. (2001). 7594:Jayapalan, N. (2001). 6939:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6846:Avari, Burjor (2013). 6775:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6723:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6667:Wheeler, James Talboys 6252:History of Afghanistan 5517:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad 3446:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad 2893:A ewer similar to the 2882: 2819: 2599: 2493:defeated and massacred 2446:Alauddin Khwarazm Shah 1945:First Battle of Tarain 1754: 1289: 1220:, for the lordship of 1180:, who had deposed the 1162: 889: 873: 846: 771: 764:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad 360:• Disestablished 12626:Shetab Banking System 12616:Banking and insurance 12578:Tehran Stock Exchange 12498:Intellectual property 11843:PJAK conflict (2004–) 11616:Turcomans (1378–1508) 11608:Turcomans (1374–1468) 11557:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 11360:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 10893:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum 10268:Karsakpay inscription 9723:Mal'ta–Buret' culture 9155:First Islamic Emirate 8799:Niyogi, Roma (1959). 7809:Sisirkumar Mitra 1977 7455:Chaulukyas of Gujarat 5817:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 5550:Shams al-Din Muhammad 5177:Shuja al-Din Muhammad 3627:As independent rulers 3492:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 3352:As independent rulers 2851: 2797: 2725:Great Mosque of Herat 2637:in the 19th century. 2585: 2514:in 1206, and finally 2046:, thereafter sacking 1741: 1280: 1156: 1050:Bahram-Shah of Ghazna 861: 836: 761: 237:Common languages 201:on the shores of the 12587:Technology start-ups 12488:Environmental issues 12478:Economic Reform Plan 12392:Provincial governors 12082:Environmental issues 11830:Iran Air Flight 655 11571:Jalayirid Sultanate 11443:Caliphate (750–1258) 11285:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 10700:Kutlug Timur Minaret 10235:Noin-Ula burial site 10033:Chinese Central Asia 9261:Environmental issues 9209:Graveyard of empires 9198:Arabs in Afghanistan 8535:Auer, Blain (2021). 7823:, pp. 434, 436. 6484:6 April 2012 at the 6345:, p. 26, Figure I:2. 5745:Sayf al-Din Muhammad 5186:Qutb al-Din Muhammad 4116:Abu Ali ibn Muhammad 3373:Sayf al-Din Muhammad 3110:Abu Ali ibn Muhammad 2924:An example from the 2620:Persian architecture 2425:class=notpageimage| 2126:Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha 2120:became the ruler of 1939:and marched towards 1856:. Muhammad captured 1724:class=notpageimage| 1120:Sayf al-Din Muhammad 1046:Abu Ali ibn Muhammad 807:Encyclopædia Iranica 667:through easternmost 561:; self-designation: 12987:Freedom of religion 12573:Supreme Audit Court 12452:Automotive industry 12099:Iranian Balochistan 11825:1987 Mecca incident 11722:Iran crisis of 1946 11711:dynasty (1925–1979) 11640:Dynasty (1751–1794) 11581:dynasty (1338–1357) 11573:dynasty (1335–1432) 11565:dynasty (1314–1393) 11550:dynasty (1244–1381) 11534:dynasty (1077–1231) 11518:dynasty (1011–1215) 11435:Caliphate (661–750) 11427:Caliphate (632–661) 11395:Empire (AD 224–651) 11312:Empire (550–330 BC) 11293:Empire (626–539 BC) 11277:Empire (678–549 BC) 11261:Empire (911–609 BC) 11093:Siberian Ice Maiden 10883:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan 10298:Petrovka settlement 10028:Soviet Central Asia 9953:Great Seljuq Empire 9215:Wars in Afghanistan 9135:Democratic Republic 8614:Bosworth, C. Edmund 8579:Bosworth, C. Edmund 8290:, pp. 242–250. 7811:, pp. 123–126. 7584:, pp. 434–435. 7059:, pp. 136–137. 6996:, pp. 578–583. 6955:to poetry from the 6672:9 June 2007 at the 6118:Baha al-Din Sam III 6077:Ala al-Din Muhammad 3990:(10th-century-1011) 3829:Khwarazmian dynasty 3521:Baha al-Din Sam III 2828:inlaid metalworking 2727:: Ghurid entrance ( 2616:Indian subcontinent 2528:Indian subcontinent 2504:Ala al-Din Muhammad 2026:a coalition of the 1988:Battle of Chandawar 1897:Battle of Kasahrada 1805:powers such as the 1244:in 1200, capturing 1099:Sultan Ahmed Sanjar 740:Indian Subcontinent 712:rheumatic disorders 428:Great Seljuq Empire 350:• Established 306:• 8th-century 282:Hereditary monarchy 244:(court, literature) 13118:Persian New Year ( 12523:Main economic laws 12094:Iranian Azerbaijan 11996:Monarchs of Persia 11940:Persianate society 11648:Empire (1789–1925) 11632:Empire (1736–1796) 11624:Empire (1501–1736) 11600:Empire (1370–1507) 11526:Empire (1037–1194) 11491:dynasty (934–1062) 11483:dynasty (931–1090) 11475:dynasty (861–1003) 11344:Empire (312–63 BC) 11245:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 11043:Buddhas of Bamiyan 10996:Chilek silver bowl 10863:Buddhas of Bamiyan 10539:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto 10328:Talapty Settlement 10114:Filippovka kurgans 10003:Khanate of Bukhara 9963:Khwarazmian Empire 9888:Ikhshids of Sogdia 9733:Afanasievo culture 9534:Telecommunications 9504:Afghani (currency) 9419:Leadership Council 9203:European influence 9080:Dost Mohammad Khan 9015:Pre-Islamic period 8824:. In Fleet, Kate; 8688:. Orient Longman. 8595:. pp. 1–202. 8583:Boyle, John Andrew 8195:Bosworth, Edmond. 7555:A History of India 7550:Dietmar Rothermund 7392:, p. 139–140. 7138:Bosworth, Edmond. 5778:Baha al-Din Sam II 5765:Abbas ibn Muhammad 5232:Fakhr al-Din Masud 4357:Muhammad ibn Abbas 4125:Shith ibn Muhammad 3837:Ghurid family tree 3774:Khwarazmian Empire 3755:Baha al-Din Sam II 3711:Abbas ibn Muhammad 3648:Fakhr al-Din Masud 3465:Khwarazmian Empire 3463:As vassals of the 3214:As vassals of the 3168:Muhammad ibn Abbas 3086:As vassals of the 2820: 2600: 2491:rebellion whom he 2094:Nalanda University 1949:Rajput confederacy 1755: 1290: 1214:Khwarezmian Empire 1163: 930:Persian literature 922:Mas'ud I of Ghazni 912:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi 847: 772: 726:in 1204. Muhammad 646:Khwarazmian Empire 469:Khwarazmian Empire 456:Gahadavala dynasty 13387: 13386: 13355: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13321: 13320: 13228:Opium consumption 13061: 13060: 12897:Ethnic minorities 12871:Iranian languages 12796: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12409: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12288:Political parties 12226:Children's rights 12211:Foreign relations 12205:2009 presidential 12152: 12151: 12114:Iranian Kurdistan 12033: 12032: 12029: 12028: 11913: 11912: 11885:COVID-19 pandemic 11744:Revolution (1979) 11690: 11689: 11510:Empire (977–1186) 11467:dynasty (864–928) 11459:dynasty (821–873) 11451:dynasty (819–999) 11404: 11403: 11320:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 11121: 11120: 11098:Ai-Khanoum plaque 10969: 10968: 10773:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi 10049:Central Asian art 10023:Russian Turkestan 10018:Chinese Turkestan 9918:Abbasid Caliphate 9882:Anxi Protectorate 9828:Kushano-Sasanians 9793:Macedonian Empire 9788:Achaemenid Empire 9758:Andronovo culture 9738:Sintashta culture 9675: 9674: 9628: 9627: 9557: 9556: 9486: 9485: 9449:Foreign relations 9284: 9283: 9223: 9222: 9125:Saqqawist Emirate 9065:Siege of Kandahar 8907:978-1-74332-542-1 8886:978-0-520-24225-8 8770:978-1-56859-021-9 8753:"Delhi Sultanate" 8704:Eaton, Richard M. 8695:978-81-250-3226-7 8657:cite encyclopedia 8630:cite encyclopedia 8570:978-0-85224-315-2 8448:978-0-85773-343-6 8411:978-1-58839-589-4 8379:978-1-4008-3324-5 8356:, pp. 48–49. 8340:978-0-415-58061-8 8274:978-1-78673-383-2 8231:978-1-4008-3324-5 8201:iranicaonline.org 8160:978-81-241-1064-5 8133:978-0-313-00111-6 8087:978-81-241-1064-5 7957:978-81-207-0617-0 7903:978-90-04-43736-4 7877:978-981-12-2453-9 7846:978-93-5479-159-8 7795:978-81-7156-928-1 7765:978-1-60606-616-4 7734:978-1-60606-616-4 7692:978-81-7156-928-1 7634:978-81-7156-928-1 7607:978-81-7156-928-1 7565:978-0-415-32919-4 7415:, pp. 39–45. 7349:978-81-215-1010-3 7322:978-0-691-18074-8 7209:iranicaonline.org 7144:iranicaonline.org 7124:978-1-4008-3324-5 7094:978-1-4008-3324-5 6975:iranicaonline.org 6925:978-0-691-12594-7 6898:978-0-521-85031-5 6859:978-0-415-58061-8 6832:978-0-691-18074-8 6758:978-0-19-565114-0 6628:978-3-319-51213-6 6601:978-0-19-977311-4 6512:, C.E. Bosworth, 6449:978-90-04-43736-4 6394:978-92-3-103467-1 6368:978-1-317-47681-8 6329:978-92-3-103467-1 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 5211:Ala al-Din Husayn 5195:Baha al-Din Sam I 4609:Izz al-Din Husayn 4488:Qutb al-din Hasan 3987:Muhammad ibn Suri 3823: 3822: 3808: 3797: 3772:As vassal of the 3762: 3751: 3741: 3718: 3707: 3689: 3678: 3655: 3644: 3601: 3600: 3586: 3575: 3557: 3546: 3528: 3517: 3499: 3497:غیاث‌ الدین محمود 3488: 3453: 3442: 3414: 3403: 3396:Sultan Abul-Fateh 3380: 3369: 3342: 3335:Ala al-Din Husayn 3331: 3324:Sultan al-Muazzam 3321: 3303: 3296:Baha al-Din Sam I 3292: 3274: 3263: 3245: 3238:Izz al-Din Husayn 3234: 3207:1080 – 1100 3204: 3197:Qutb al-din Hasan 3193: 3178:1060 – 1080 3175: 3164: 3149:1035 – 1060 3146: 3135: 3117: 3106: 3075: 3068:Muhammad ibn Suri 3064: 3045: 3034: 3018:8th-century 3015: 3004: 2961:under the Turkic 2469:Battle of Andkhud 2467:. In the ensuing 2190:Battle of Andkhud 2152:became Sultan of 2144:became Sultan of 2142:Qutb al-Din Aibak 2136:became Sultan of 2134:Bahauddin Tughril 2128:became Sultan of 2000:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1977:Qutbu l-Din Aibak 1586: 1571: 1080:the world burner" 1068:Ala al-Din Husayn 1062:Baha al-Din Sam I 748:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 724:Battle of Andkhud 693:Shahs of Khwarazm 634:Ala al-Din Husayn 620:and later of the 555: 531: 530: 527: 526: 523: 522: 461: 460: 328: 319:• 1214–1215 313: 245: 232: 16:(Redirected from 13432: 13377: 13367: 13366: 13218:National symbols 13072: 13071: 12887:Iranian citizens 12824: 12823: 12815: 12814: 12802: 12801: 12784:Research centers 12473:Economic history 12428: 12427: 12415: 12414: 12349:Guardian Council 12171: 12170: 12158: 12157: 12039: 12038: 12016:Electric history 12011:Military history 11925:Ancient Persians 11833: 11832:shootdown (1988) 11815: 11802: 11799:Iranian Embassy 11769: 11758: 11756:Islamic Republic 11745: 11737:1953 coup d'état 11712: 11699: 11698: 11657: 11654:Khanates of the 11649: 11641: 11633: 11625: 11617: 11609: 11601: 11582: 11574: 11566: 11558: 11551: 11543: 11535: 11527: 11519: 11511: 11492: 11484: 11476: 11468: 11460: 11452: 11444: 11436: 11428: 11415: 11414: 11396: 11377: 11369: 11361: 11353: 11345: 11337: 11329: 11321: 11313: 11294: 11286: 11278: 11270: 11262: 11254: 11246: 11238: 11230: 11222: 11214: 11206: 11193: 11192: 11177: 11176: 11164: 11163: 11148: 11141: 11134: 11125: 11124: 11088:Seal of Khingila 11016:Penjikent murals 10637:Kalai Kafirnigan 10524:Koi Krylgan Kala 10333:Turkistan (city) 10318:Steppe Geoglyphs 10082: 10081: 10013:Khanate of Khiva 9973:Chagatai Khanate 9928:Saffarid dynasty 9913:Uyghur Khaganate 9702: 9695: 9688: 9679: 9678: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9568: 9567: 9497: 9496: 9397: 9396: 9234: 9233: 9183: 9182: 9170:Islamic Republic 9130:Daoud's Republic 9095:Afghan–Sikh Wars 9090:Battle of Jamrud 9050:Islamic conquest 9030:Greater Khorasan 8988: 8981: 8974: 8965: 8964: 8959: 8935: 8911: 8890: 8866: 8845: 8823: 8814: 8795: 8774: 8757:Yarshater, Ehsan 8747: 8723: 8699: 8675: 8666: 8660: 8652: 8639: 8633: 8625: 8609: 8606: 8574: 8550: 8521: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8487: 8478: 8477: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8440: 8429: 8416: 8415: 8395: 8384: 8383: 8363: 8357: 8351: 8345: 8344: 8324: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8258: 8252: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8215: 8209: 8208: 8192: 8186: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8117: 8104: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8045: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7785:History of India 7779: 7770: 7769: 7749: 7743: 7742: 7718: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7682:History of India 7676: 7670: 7669: 7648: 7639: 7638: 7624:History of India 7618: 7612: 7611: 7597:History of India 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7542: 7536: 7535: 7525: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7333: 7327: 7326: 7306: 7295: 7294: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7162: 7151: 7150: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7108: 7099: 7098: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6982: 6981: 6967: 6961: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6881:Morgan, David O. 6873: 6864: 6863: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6816: 6810: 6805:Cynthia Talbot, 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6713: 6704: 6690: 6684: 6663: 6657: 6639: 6633: 6632: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6585: 6579: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6521: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6403: 6402: 6387:. UNESCO. 1998. 6379: 6373: 6372: 6352: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6278: 6064:Jalal al-Din Ali 5756:Ala al-Din Atsiz 5166:Sayf al-Din Suri 3850: 3849: 3841: 3840: 3807: 3804: 3801:Jalal al-Din Ali 3796: 3793: 3786: 3761: 3758: 3750: 3747: 3740: 3737: 3730: 3717: 3714: 3706: 3703: 3688: 3685: 3677: 3674: 3667: 3654: 3651: 3643: 3640: 3614:Titular Name(s) 3608: 3607: 3585: 3582: 3574: 3571: 3556: 3555:علاء الدین دراست 3553: 3550:Ala al-Din Atsiz 3545: 3542: 3527: 3524: 3516: 3513: 3498: 3495: 3487: 3484: 3477: 3452: 3449: 3441: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3413: 3412:غیاث‌ الدین محمد 3410: 3402: 3399: 3392: 3379: 3376: 3368: 3365: 3341: 3338: 3330: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3302: 3299: 3291: 3288: 3273: 3270: 3267:Sayf al-Din Suri 3262: 3259: 3244: 3241: 3233: 3230: 3203: 3200: 3192: 3189: 3174: 3171: 3163: 3160: 3145: 3142: 3134: 3131: 3116: 3113: 3105: 3102: 3088:Ghaznavid Empire 3074: 3071: 3063: 3060: 3044: 3041: 3033: 3030: 3014: 3011: 3003: 3000: 2983:Titular Name(s) 2977: 2976: 2965:(area of modern 2948: 2936: 2921: 2909: 2890: 2880: 2840:Bobrinski Bucket 2781: 2769: 2754: 2742: 2721: 2706: 2687: 2675: 2655: 2643:Mamluk Sultanate 2572:lashkar-i kuffar 2431: 2419: 2417: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2395: 2386: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2368: 2366: 2359: 2357: 2348: 2346: 2339: 2337: 2328: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2308: 2306: 2299: 2297: 2290: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2263: 2261: 2252: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2232: 2230: 2221: 2219: 2212: 2206: 2184:Decline and fall 2150:Bakhtiyar Khilji 2078:Bakhtiyar Khalji 2059:Chandela kingdom 1864:, and also took 1822:Muhammad of Ghor 1747:Bakhtiyar Khalji 1718: 1716: 1702: 1687: 1672: 1659: 1646: 1634: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1600: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1549: 1547: 1536: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1492: 1490: 1483: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1465: 1463: 1454: 1452: 1443: 1441: 1430: 1428: 1419: 1417: 1406: 1404: 1395: 1393: 1381: 1368: 1352: 1341: 1339: 1328: 1326: 1314: 1313: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1284:, depicting the 1171:Muhammad of Ghor 1058:Sayf al-Din Suri 994: 985: 917:Tarikh-i Bayhaqi 894: 877:Fakhr-i Mudabbir 736:Shah Muhammad II 728:was assassinated 677:were active east 661:Muhammad of Ghor 608:Muhammad of Ghor 604:Mahmud of Ghazni 566: 565: 560: 558:Dudmân-e Ğurīyân 550: 548: 519: 518: 505: 504: 491: 490: 477: 476: 465: 464: 452: 451: 438: 437: 424: 423: 410: 409: 403: 402: 387: 386: 326: 311: 269: 258: 243: 230: 187:Muhammad of Ghor 177: 175: 170: 163: 161: 152: 150: 143: 141: 134: 131: 123: 120: 112: 110: 103: 101: 94: 92: 83: 81: 74: 72: 63: 61: 55: 32: 31: 21: 13440: 13439: 13435: 13434: 13433: 13431: 13430: 13429: 13420:Sunni dynasties 13390: 13389: 13388: 13383: 13347: 13317: 13296:Rap and hip-hop 13267: 13248:Public holidays 13233:Persian gardens 13222:Imperial Anthem 13213:National Jewels 13168:Iranian studies 13057: 12991: 12943: 12875: 12836:Persian (Farsi) 12809: 12788: 12757: 12719: 12712: 12647:Pharmaceuticals 12592: 12583:Venture capital 12558:Rial (currency) 12543:Nuclear program 12422: 12401: 12368: 12327: 12278:Nuclear program 12243:Judicial system 12165: 12148: 12119:Iranian plateau 12046: 12025: 11909: 11831: 11813: 11800: 11768:History (1979–) 11767: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11743: 11710: 11686: 11655: 11647: 11639: 11631: 11623: 11615: 11607: 11599: 11586: 11580: 11572: 11564: 11556: 11549: 11541: 11533: 11525: 11517: 11509: 11496: 11490: 11482: 11474: 11466: 11458: 11450: 11442: 11434: 11426: 11410: 11400: 11394: 11381: 11375: 11367: 11359: 11351: 11343: 11335: 11327: 11319: 11311: 11298: 11292: 11291:Neo-Babylonian 11284: 11276: 11269:(860 BC–590 BC) 11268: 11260: 11252: 11244: 11237:(c.2300–675 BC) 11236: 11228: 11220: 11212: 11204: 11184: 11171: 11158: 11152: 11122: 11117: 11078:Afrasiab murals 11021:Sampul tapestry 10965: 10961:Shahr-e Sukhteh 10951:Bandian complex 10937: 10913:Musalla Complex 10793:Tapa-i Kafariha 10734: 10655:Cave of Dzhebel 10641: 10583: 10420: 10352: 10348:Araltobe kurgan 10239: 10221: 10147:Kizilgaha caves 10118: 10104:Pazyryk burials 10086:Southern Russia 10073: 10037: 9923:Tahirid dynasty 9893:Tokhara Yabghus 9798:Seleucid Empire 9773:Pazyryk culture 9728:Yamnaya culture 9711: 9706: 9676: 9671: 9658: 9651: 9644: 9637: 9624: 9553: 9482: 9386: 9280: 9219: 9181: 9165:War (2001–2021) 9055:Mongol invasion 9001: 8992: 8962: 8956: 8932: 8908: 8887: 8863: 8830:Rowson, Everett 8792: 8771: 8744: 8720: 8696: 8680:Chandra, Satish 8654: 8653: 8627: 8626: 8607: 8603: 8571: 8555:Bosworth, C. E. 8547: 8530: 8525: 8524: 8517: 8513: 8499: 8497: 8489: 8488: 8481: 8468: 8467: 8463: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8438: 8430: 8419: 8412: 8396: 8387: 8380: 8364: 8360: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8325: 8318: 8310: 8306: 8298: 8294: 8286: 8282: 8275: 8259: 8255: 8243: 8239: 8232: 8216: 8212: 8193: 8189: 8184: 8180: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8145: 8141: 8134: 8118: 8107: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8072:Chandra, Satish 8069: 8065: 8058: 8036: 8032: 8008: 8004: 7997: 7981: 7977: 7958: 7942: 7938: 7915: 7911: 7904: 7890: 7889: 7885: 7878: 7862: 7858: 7847: 7831: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7750: 7746: 7735: 7719: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7677: 7673: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7592: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7566: 7543: 7539: 7526: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7396: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7350: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7307: 7298: 7291: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7220: 7216: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7164: 7163: 7154: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7079: 7075: 7067: 7063: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6992: 6985: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6937: 6933: 6926: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6874: 6867: 6860: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6817: 6813: 6804: 6800: 6792: 6788: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6740: 6736: 6714: 6707: 6693:Balfour, Edward 6691: 6687: 6674:Wayback Machine 6664: 6660: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6586: 6582: 6574:, K.A. Nizami, 6570: 6566: 6559: 6545: 6541: 6533: 6524: 6508: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6486:Wayback Machine 6477: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6450: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6406: 6395: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6248: 6120: 6066: 5819: 5780: 5767: 5758: 5747: 5552: 5519: 5506: 5387: 5234: 5213: 5197: 5168: 4611: 4490: 4359: 4242: 4240:Abbas ibn Shith 4118: 3989: 3872: 3839: 3806:جلال‌ الدین علی 3803: 3792: 3757: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3713: 3702: 3684: 3673: 3650: 3639: 3606: 3581: 3570: 3552: 3541: 3523: 3512: 3494: 3483: 3448: 3437: 3409: 3398: 3378:سیف‌ الدین محمد 3375: 3364: 3340:علاء الدین حسین 3337: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3298: 3287: 3272:سیف‌ الدین سوری 3269: 3258: 3240: 3229: 3199: 3188: 3170: 3159: 3141: 3139:Abbas ibn Shith 3130: 3112: 3101: 3079: 3070: 3059: 3049: 3040: 3029: 3019: 3010: 2999: 2975: 2952: 2949: 2940: 2937: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2910: 2901: 2891: 2881: 2874: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2773: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2746: 2743: 2734: 2722: 2713: 2709:Ghurid arch in 2707: 2698: 2697:(built in 1176) 2688: 2679: 2676: 2667: 2656: 2631:Delhi Sultanate 2604:Persian culture 2580: 2568:lashkar-i Islam 2548: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2174:Delhi Sultanate 1957:Prithviraja III 1953:Ajmer-Chahamana 1767:Prithviraja III 1753:1262 (1204 CE). 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1315: 1307: 1306: 1275: 1269: 1210: 1151: 1145:and elsewhere. 1030:Harun al-Rashid 1016: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012:(1163–1202 CE). 997: 996: 995: 987: 986: 977: 976: 970: 965: 949:Pashto-speaking 908: 756: 746:established by 744:Delhi Sultanate 516: 502: 497:Delhi Sultanate 488: 474: 449: 435: 421: 407: 361: 351: 320: 307: 284: 270: 264: 263: 259: 253: 226: 222: 211: 210: 182: 181: 180: 179: 178: 173: 168: 166: 164: 159: 157: 155: 153: 148: 146: 144: 139: 137: 135: 129: 126: 124: 118: 115: 113: 108: 106: 104: 99: 97: 95: 90: 88: 86: 84: 79: 77: 75: 70: 68: 66: 64: 59: 57: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13438: 13428: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13400:Ghurid dynasty 13385: 13384: 13382: 13381: 13371: 13360: 13357: 13356: 13353: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13329: 13327: 13323: 13322: 13319: 13318: 13316: 13315: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13277: 13275: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13265: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13199: 13185: 13180: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13091: 13085: 13075: 13069: 13063: 13062: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13010: 13005: 12999: 12997: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12989: 12984: 12974: 12969: 12959: 12953: 12951: 12945: 12944: 12942: 12941: 12940: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12894: 12883: 12881: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12832: 12830: 12821: 12811: 12810: 12798: 12797: 12794: 12793: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12765: 12763: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12724: 12722: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12710: 12705: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12680: 12670: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12613: 12602: 12600: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12445: 12440: 12434: 12432: 12424: 12423: 12411: 12410: 12407: 12406: 12403: 12402: 12400: 12399: 12397:Supreme Leader 12394: 12389: 12384: 12378: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12366: 12361: 12359:Local councils 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12335: 12333: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12259: 12254: 12245: 12240: 12239: 12238: 12236:Women's rights 12233: 12228: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12198: 12193: 12183: 12177: 12175: 12167: 12166: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12087:Climate change 12079: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12067: 12057: 12051: 12048: 12047: 12035: 12034: 12031: 12030: 12027: 12026: 12024: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11971:Jiroft culture 11968: 11967: 11966: 11959:Iranic peoples 11956: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11952: 11947: 11935:Persianization 11932: 11927: 11921: 11919: 11915: 11914: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11827: 11822: 11817: 11809: 11804: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11763: 11761: 11751: 11750: 11748: 11747: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11705: 11703: 11696: 11692: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11651: 11643: 11635: 11627: 11619: 11611: 11603: 11594: 11592: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11584: 11576: 11568: 11560: 11553: 11545: 11542:(1135/36-1225) 11537: 11529: 11521: 11513: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11497: 11495: 11494: 11486: 11478: 11470: 11462: 11454: 11446: 11438: 11430: 11421: 11419: 11412: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11398: 11389: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11380: 11379: 11371: 11363: 11355: 11352:(c.295–220 BC) 11347: 11339: 11331: 11323: 11315: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11288: 11280: 11272: 11264: 11256: 11248: 11240: 11232: 11224: 11216: 11211:Proto-Elamite 11208: 11199: 11197: 11190: 11186: 11185: 11173: 11172: 11160: 11159: 11151: 11150: 11143: 11136: 11128: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11038:Bimaran Casket 11035: 11030: 11027:Sogdian Daēnās 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 11001:Gardez Ganesha 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10947: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10823:Takht-e Rostam 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10758:Dilberjin Tepe 10755: 10750: 10744: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10651: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10632:Takht-i Sangin 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10593: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10484:Guldursun-Kala 10481: 10476: 10471: 10469:Dalverzin Tepe 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10439:Akchakhan-Kala 10436: 10430: 10428: 10422: 10421: 10419: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10362: 10360: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10249: 10247: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10237: 10231: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10197:Dunhuang Caves 10194: 10192:Bezeklik Caves 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10157:Subashi Temple 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10128: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10090: 10088: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10051: 10045: 10043: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10010: 10008:Durrani Empire 10005: 10000: 9998:Timurid Empire 9995: 9990: 9985: 9980: 9975: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9875: 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9743:Vakhsh culture 9740: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9705: 9704: 9697: 9690: 9682: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9657: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9634: 9633: 9630: 9629: 9626: 9625: 9623: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9509:Communications 9506: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9468: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9429:Prime Minister 9426: 9424:Supreme Leader 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9400: 9394: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9384: 9379: 9378: 9377: 9375:Persian (Dari) 9367: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9294: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9266:Extreme points 9263: 9258: 9253: 9251:Climate change 9248: 9243: 9237: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9189: 9187: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9070:Durrani Empire 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9011: 9009: 9003: 9002: 8991: 8990: 8983: 8976: 8968: 8961: 8960: 8954: 8936: 8931:978-1108417747 8930: 8912: 8906: 8891: 8885: 8871:Thapar, Romila 8867: 8861: 8846: 8826:Krämer, Gudrun 8815: 8796: 8791:978-1788312851 8790: 8775: 8769: 8748: 8742: 8724: 8719:978-0713995824 8718: 8712:. Allen Lane. 8700: 8694: 8676: 8674:. I.B. Tauris. 8667: 8640: 8610: 8601: 8575: 8569: 8551: 8546:978-1108832311 8545: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8511: 8479: 8461: 8447: 8417: 8410: 8385: 8378: 8358: 8346: 8339: 8316: 8304: 8292: 8280: 8273: 8253: 8237: 8230: 8210: 8187: 8178: 8176:, p. 165. 8166: 8159: 8139: 8132: 8105: 8103:, p. 164. 8093: 8086: 8063: 8056: 8030: 8002: 7995: 7975: 7956: 7936: 7909: 7902: 7883: 7876: 7856: 7845: 7825: 7813: 7801: 7794: 7771: 7764: 7744: 7733: 7710: 7698: 7691: 7671: 7652:Mohammad Habib 7640: 7633: 7613: 7606: 7586: 7574: 7564: 7537: 7517: 7513:Bosworth 2001a 7505: 7503:, p. 144. 7493: 7491:, p. 129. 7481: 7469: 7444: 7442:, p. 434. 7429: 7427:, p. 143. 7417: 7394: 7382: 7380:, p. 433. 7370: 7358: 7348: 7328: 7321: 7296: 7289: 7269: 7257: 7255:, p. 168. 7245: 7223:Mohammad Habib 7214: 7196: 7177: 7152: 7130: 7123: 7100: 7093: 7073: 7071:, p. 163. 7061: 7049: 7047:, p. 138. 7034: 7022: 7010: 7008:, p. 136. 6998: 6994:Bosworth 2001a 6983: 6962: 6931: 6924: 6904: 6897: 6865: 6858: 6838: 6831: 6811: 6798: 6786: 6767: 6757: 6734: 6705: 6685: 6658: 6634: 6627: 6607: 6600: 6580: 6564: 6557: 6539: 6522: 6502: 6490: 6471: 6459: 6448: 6429: 6425:Bosworth 2001b 6404: 6393: 6374: 6367: 6347: 6335: 6328: 6308: 6293: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5762: 5760: 5753: 5751: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5385:Ala al-Din Ali 5382: 5380: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5208: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4113: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3846: 3845: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3821: 3820: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3798: 3787: 3779: 3778: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3760:بهاء الدین سام 3752: 3731: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3708: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3679: 3668: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653:فخرالدین مسعود 3645: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3617:Personal Name 3615: 3612: 3605: 3604:Bamiyan Branch 3602: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3584:علاء الدین علی 3579:Ala al-Din Ali 3576: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3547: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3526:بهاء الدین سام 3518: 3507: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3489: 3478: 3470: 3469: 3458: 3457: 3454: 3451:معز الدین محمد 3443: 3432: 3419: 3418: 3415: 3404: 3401:سلطان ابوالفتح 3393: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3370: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3332: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3301:بهاء الدین سام 3293: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3264: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3246: 3235: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3209: 3208: 3205: 3202:قطب‌ الدین حسن 3194: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3165: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3147: 3136: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3118: 3115:ابوعلی بن محمد 3107: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3065: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3035: 3024: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3005: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2987: 2986:Personal Name 2984: 2981: 2974: 2973:List of rulers 2971: 2963:Zengid dynasty 2954: 2953: 2950: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2931: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2904: 2902: 2892: 2885: 2872: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2764: 2762: 2758:Ghiyath al-Din 2756: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2737: 2735: 2723: 2716: 2714: 2708: 2701: 2699: 2692:Shah-i Mashhad 2689: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2657: 2650: 2590:, bearing the 2588:Minaret of Jam 2579: 2576: 2547: 2544: 2423: 2422: 2238:CUMAN KHANATES 2207: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2188:Main article: 2185: 2182: 2170:Mamluk dynasty 2118:Tajuddin Elduz 2086:Gangetic Plain 2057:, invaded the 1965:Govindaraja IV 1905:Aravalli Hills 1727: 1722: 1721: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1347: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1308: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1271:Main article: 1268: 1265: 1209: 1206: 1150: 1147: 1002:Minaret of Jam 999: 998: 989: 988: 980: 979: 978: 974: 973: 972: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 907: 904: 824:Middle Persian 818:(Persianized: 780:Pashtun people 755: 752: 689:Gangetic Plain 537:(also spelled 535:Ghurid dynasty 529: 528: 525: 524: 521: 520: 513: 507: 506: 499: 493: 492: 485: 479: 478: 471: 462: 459: 458: 453: 445: 444: 439: 431: 430: 425: 417: 416: 411: 399: 398: 393: 383: 382: 379: 375: 374: 370: 369: 366: 365: 362: 359: 356: 355: 352: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 334: 333: 330: 329: 324:Zia al-Din Ali 321: 318: 315: 314: 308: 305: 302: 301: 298: 297: 294: 290: 289: 279: 275: 274: 251: 247: 246: 238: 234: 233: 217: 213: 212: 184: 183: 50: 49: 48: 47: 44: 43: 39: 38: 36:Ghurid dynasty 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13437: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13370: 13362: 13361: 13358: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13330: 13328: 13324: 13314: 13313: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13278: 13276: 13274: 13270: 13263: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13223: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13203: 13200: 13197: 13193: 13192:news agencies 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13178: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13148: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13123: 13121: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13099: 13095: 13092: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13064: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 13000: 12998: 12994: 12988: 12985: 12982: 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12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12553:Privatization 12551: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12435: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12416: 12412: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12371: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12336: 12334: 12330: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12313: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12223: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12191: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12159: 12155: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12088: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12062: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12049: 12045: 12040: 12036: 12022: 12021:Years in Iran 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11960: 11957: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11945:Turco-Persian 11943: 11942: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11922: 11920: 11916: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11828: 11826: 11823: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11814:War (1980–88) 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11746: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11700: 11697: 11693: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11652: 11650: 11644: 11642: 11636: 11634: 11628: 11626: 11620: 11618: 11612: 11610: 11606:Qara Qoyunlu 11604: 11602: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11589: 11583: 11577: 11575: 11569: 11567: 11561: 11559: 11554: 11552: 11546: 11544: 11538: 11536: 11530: 11528: 11522: 11520: 11514: 11512: 11506: 11505: 11503: 11499: 11493: 11487: 11485: 11479: 11477: 11471: 11469: 11463: 11461: 11455: 11453: 11447: 11445: 11439: 11437: 11431: 11429: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11416: 11413: 11407: 11397: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11384: 11378: 11372: 11370: 11364: 11362: 11356: 11354: 11348: 11346: 11340: 11338: 11332: 11330: 11324: 11322: 11316: 11314: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11303:550 BC–AD 224 11301: 11295: 11289: 11287: 11281: 11279: 11273: 11271: 11265: 11263: 11259:Neo-Assyrian 11257: 11255: 11249: 11247: 11241: 11239: 11233: 11231: 11225: 11223: 11217: 11215: 11209: 11207: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11194: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11165: 11161: 11156: 11149: 11144: 11142: 11137: 11135: 11130: 11129: 11126: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11033:Oxus Treasure 11031: 11029: 11028: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10986:Orlat plaques 10984: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10972: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10878:Dasht-e Nawar 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10737: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10710:Monjukli Depe 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10695:Konye-Urgench 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10644: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10627:Takht-i Kuwad 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10586: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10427: 10423: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10386:Koshoy Korgon 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10355: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10242: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10152:Kumtura Caves 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10124:Western China 10121: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10109:Salbyk kurgan 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10099:Arzhan kurgan 10097: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10070: 10069:Serindian art 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10014: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9968:Mongol Empire 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9958:Ghurid Empire 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9883: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9873:Western Turks 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9823:Kushan Empire 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9808:Guiyi Circuit 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9783:Median Empire 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9763:Tagar culture 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9703: 9698: 9696: 9691: 9689: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9650: 9647: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9631: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9560: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9489: 9477: 9476:Chief Justice 9474: 9473: 9472: 9471:Supreme Court 9469: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9456: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9434:Deputy Leader 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9389: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9300: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9238: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9216: 9213: 9210: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9184: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9160:2001 invasion 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9150:Islamic State 9148: 9147: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9060:Hotak dynasty 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9025:Maurya Empire 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8989: 8984: 8982: 8977: 8975: 8970: 8969: 8966: 8957: 8951: 8947: 8946: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8892: 8888: 8882: 8878: 8877: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8862:9788120819979 8858: 8854: 8853: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8822: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8803: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8783: 8782: 8776: 8772: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8749: 8745: 8743:0-521-20093-8 8739: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8715: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8691: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8677: 8673: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8650: 8646: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8604: 8602:0-521-06936-X 8598: 8594: 8591:. Cambridge: 8590: 8589: 8584: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8566: 8562: 8561: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8538: 8533: 8532: 8520: 8515: 8508: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8475: 8471: 8465: 8450: 8444: 8437: 8436: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8413: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8381: 8375: 8371: 8370: 8362: 8355: 8350: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8331: 8323: 8321: 8314:, p. 12. 8313: 8308: 8302:, p. 30. 8301: 8296: 8289: 8284: 8276: 8270: 8266: 8265: 8257: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8233: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8214: 8207: 8202: 8198: 8191: 8182: 8175: 8174:Bosworth 1968 8170: 8162: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8143: 8135: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8102: 8101:Bosworth 1968 8097: 8089: 8083: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8067: 8059: 8057:9780275981013 8053: 8049: 8044: 8043: 8034: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8006: 7998: 7996:9788185078687 7992: 7988: 7987: 7979: 7972: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7949: 7948: 7940: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7913: 7905: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7887: 7879: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7838: 7837: 7829: 7822: 7817: 7810: 7805: 7797: 7791: 7787: 7786: 7778: 7776: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7748: 7741: 7736: 7730: 7726: 7725: 7717: 7715: 7707: 7702: 7694: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7675: 7668: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7653: 7647: 7645: 7636: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7617: 7609: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7590: 7583: 7578: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7546:Hermann Kulke 7541: 7533: 7532: 7524: 7522: 7514: 7509: 7502: 7497: 7490: 7489:Bosworth 1977 7485: 7478: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7456: 7448: 7441: 7436: 7434: 7426: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7391: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7351: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7332: 7324: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7292: 7286: 7282: 7281: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7253:Bosworth 1968 7249: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7224: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7193: 7189: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7169: 7168: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7134: 7126: 7120: 7116: 7115: 7107: 7105: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7085: 7077: 7070: 7069:Bosworth 1968 7065: 7058: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7039: 7032:, p. 56. 7031: 7026: 7020:, p. 55. 7019: 7014: 7007: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6935: 6927: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6908: 6900: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6885:Reid, Anthony 6882: 6878: 6872: 6870: 6861: 6855: 6851: 6850: 6842: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6815: 6808: 6802: 6796:, p. 78. 6795: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6776: 6771: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6743:Richard Eaton 6738: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6712: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6689: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6662: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6630: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6611: 6603: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6584: 6577: 6573: 6568: 6560: 6558:9780906094037 6554: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6506: 6499: 6494: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6351: 6344: 6339: 6331: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6312: 6306:, p. 38. 6305: 6300: 6298: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6277: 6273: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6236: 6168: 6166: 6119: 6089: 6087: 6078: 6065: 5991: 5988: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5960: 5958: 5952: 5950: 5877: 5875: 5818: 5788: 5786: 5779: 5766: 5757: 5746: 5696: 5693: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5657: 5651: 5649: 5643: 5641: 5631: 5625: 5623: 5619: 5617: 5568: 5566: 5551: 5518: 5505: 5475: 5472: 5460: 5458: 5457: 5416: 5410: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5386: 5370: 5368: 5286: 5284: 5233: 5212: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5067: 5065: 4973: 4971: 4879: 4876: 4856: 4854: 4846: 4844: 4836: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4790: 4742: 4740: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4651: 4649: 4610: 4586: 4584: 4522: 4520: 4489: 4465: 4463: 4391: 4389: 4358: 4334: 4332: 4274: 4272: 4241: 4217: 4215: 4157: 4155: 4126: 4117: 4101: 4098: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4052: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4040: 4025: 4023: 3988: 3968: 3966: 3908: 3906: 3871: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3799: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3753: 3745: 3744:Abul-Mu'ayyid 3735: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3709: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3680: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3646: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3577: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3551: 3548: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3519: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3490: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3444: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3405: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3371: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3333: 3325: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3294: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3265: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3243:عز الدین حسین 3239: 3236: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3216:Seljuk Empire 3210: 3206: 3198: 3195: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3166: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3137: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3108: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3082: 3077: 3069: 3066: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3039: 3036: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3009: 3006: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2920: 2915: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2817: 2813: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2780: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2690:Ruins of the 2686: 2681: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2614:state in the 2613: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2541: 2538:and south of 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2426: 2418: 2407: 2396: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2347: 2338: 2327: 2318: 2307: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2260:CONFEDERATION 2251: 2240: 2231: 2220: 2211: 2205: 2197: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2178:Mughal Empire 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2158:Khalji rulers 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2076:Around 1203, 2074: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063:Ganges Valley 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1731: 1730:Ghurid Empire 1725: 1717: 1715: 1703: 1701: 1688: 1686: 1673: 1671: 1660: 1658: 1647: 1645: 1633: 1631: 1622: 1620: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1589: 1588: 1574: 1572: 1559: 1557: 1548: 1546: 1535: 1526: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1502: 1500: 1491: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1453: 1451: 1442: 1440: 1429: 1427: 1418: 1416: 1405: 1403: 1394: 1392: 1382: 1380: 1369: 1367: 1354: 1351: 1340: 1338: 1327: 1325: 1297: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1155: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1011: 1007: 1006:Ghor Province 1003: 993: 984: 968:Early history 960: 958: 954: 953:Pashto poetry 950: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918: 913: 903: 900: 898: 893: 892: 886: 882: 878: 872: 870: 866: 860: 858: 857: 852: 844: 840: 839:Ghor Province 835: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 769: 765: 760: 751: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 702: 699:(present-day 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 612: 611:seized Lahore 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 578: 574: 570: 559: 553: 547:دودمان غوریان 544: 540: 536: 514: 512: 509: 508: 500: 498: 495: 494: 486: 484: 481: 480: 472: 470: 467: 466: 463: 457: 454: 447: 446: 443: 440: 433: 432: 429: 426: 419: 418: 415: 412: 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 367: 363: 357: 353: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 325: 322: 316: 309: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 280: 276: 273: 268: 262: 257: 252: 248: 242: 239: 235: 229: 225: 221: 218: 214: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 176: 171: 162: 151: 142: 133: 132: 122: 121: 111: 102: 93: 82: 73: 62: 54: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 13326:Other topics 13310: 13238:Persian name 13177:Islamization 13119: 13079:Architecture 13032:universities 12977:Zoroastrians 12972:Christianity 12962:Baháʼí Faith 12912:Azerbaijanis 12819:Demographics 12633:Construction 12621:Central Bank 12563:Space Agency 12458:Child labour 12293:Principlists 12273:Cyberwarfare 12221:Human rights 12186:Constitution 11981:Azerbaijanis 11950:Indo-Persian 11930:Greater Iran 11801:siege (1980) 11760:1979–present 11515: 11411:early modern 11409:Medieval and 11203:Kura-Araxes 11025: 10956:Mount Khajeh 10923:Qala-i-Jangi 10903:Khair Khaneh 10808:Khair Khaneh 10715:Namazga-Tepe 10670:Anau culture 10647:Turkmenistan 10564:Tavka Kurgan 10459:Balalyk Tepe 10376:Burana Tower 10366:Aigyr-Zhal 2 10258:Issyk kurgan 9993:Kart dynasty 9988:Sufi dynasty 9978:Golden Horde 9957: 9903:Oghuz Yabgus 9878:Tang dynasty 9843:Hephthalites 9768:Uyuk culture 9653:Bibliography 9454:Human rights 9409:Constitution 9290:Demographics 9045:Hindu Shahis 8944: 8920: 8896: 8875: 8851: 8833: 8805:. Oriental. 8801: 8780: 8760: 8732: 8708: 8684: 8671: 8648: 8621: 8618:"Ghaznavids" 8587: 8559: 8536: 8528:Bibliography 8514: 8505: 8498:. Retrieved 8494: 8473: 8464: 8452:. Retrieved 8434: 8400: 8368: 8361: 8349: 8329: 8307: 8295: 8283: 8263: 8256: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8220: 8213: 8204: 8200: 8190: 8181: 8169: 8149: 8142: 8122: 8096: 8076: 8066: 8041: 8033: 8015: 8011:K. A. Nizami 8005: 7985: 7978: 7969: 7946: 7939: 7930: 7918: 7912: 7892: 7886: 7866: 7859: 7852:destructions 7850: 7835: 7828: 7816: 7804: 7784: 7754: 7747: 7738: 7723: 7706:Chandra 2007 7701: 7681: 7674: 7665: 7660: 7656:K. A. Nizami 7623: 7616: 7596: 7589: 7577: 7569: 7554: 7540: 7530: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7477:Chandra 2007 7472: 7454: 7447: 7420: 7385: 7373: 7361: 7353: 7338: 7331: 7311: 7279: 7272: 7265:Chandra 2007 7260: 7248: 7240: 7227: 7217: 7208: 7199: 7191: 7186: 7180: 7171: 7166: 7147: 7143: 7133: 7113: 7083: 7076: 7064: 7052: 7025: 7013: 7001: 6978: 6974: 6965: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6947:ūids were Pa 6944: 6942: 6934: 6914: 6907: 6888: 6848: 6841: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6801: 6789: 6780: 6778: 6770: 6762: 6747: 6737: 6728: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6700: 6688: 6681: 6661: 6653: 6649: 6637: 6617: 6610: 6590: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6548: 6542: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6474: 6469:, p. 6. 6462: 6453: 6438: 6432: 6398: 6383: 6377: 6357: 6350: 6338: 6318: 6311: 6286: 6276: 3826: 3789: 3771: 3770: 3743: 3733: 3716:عباس بن محمد 3699: 3670: 3636: 3626: 3625: 3567: 3538: 3509: 3480: 3462: 3461: 3434: 3395: 3361: 3351: 3350: 3329:سلطان المعظم 3323: 3313: 3284: 3255: 3226: 3213: 3212: 3185: 3173:محمد بن عباس 3156: 3127: 3098: 3085: 3084: 3073:محمد بن سوری 3056: 3026: 2996: 2955: 2869: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2821: 2809: 2728: 2691: 2639: 2628: 2624:Amir Khusrau 2601: 2571: 2567: 2549: 2500:Khwarezmians 2497: 2477:Khwarizmians 2465:Yelü Zhilugu 2458: 2436: 2110: 2075: 2052: 2020:Gwalior fort 2018:, capturing 1984:Yamuna River 1981: 1934: 1899:fought near 1870: 1819: 1756: 1711: 1697: 1682: 1669: 1656: 1641: 1629: 1618: 1597: 1580: 1566: 1555: 1542: 1522: 1510: 1498: 1449: 1436: 1425: 1412: 1401: 1390: 1378: 1363: 1361: 1349: 1334: 1321: 1281: 1254: 1228:against the 1226:Ahmad Sanjar 1211: 1175: 1164: 1132: 1092: 1079: 1075: 1066: 1017: 957:Pata Khazana 946: 915: 909: 901: 874: 862: 854: 853:explains in 848: 827: 819: 815: 805: 804: 773: 720:Qara Khitais 709: 681:Indus Valley 650: 615: 568: 538: 534: 532: 396:Succeeded by 395: 390: 293:Malik/Sultan 266: 255: 231:(1170s–1215) 128: 117: 29: 13343:Tehrangeles 13306:Traditional 13043:Nationality 12981:persecution 12966:persecution 12917:Circassians 12866:Neo-Aramaic 12846:Azerbaijani 12718:State-owned 12643:Health care 12606:Agriculture 12443:Brain drain 12382:Ambassadors 12077:Earthquakes 11614:Aq Qoyunlu 11563:Muzaffarid 11540:Eldiguzids 11532:Anushtegin 11358:Kingdom of 11334:Kingdom of 11326:Kingdom of 11318:Atropatene 11310:Achaemenid 11251:Kingdom of 11196:3400–539 BC 11048:Kabul hoard 10981:Sokh snakes 10933:Surkh Kotal 10898:Haji Piyada 10873:Darra-e Kur 10838:Yemshi Tepe 10833:Tillya Tepe 10828:Tepe Fullol 10818:Tepe Narenj 10813:Tapa Sardar 10803:Fondukistan 10768:Tapa Shotor 10748:Tepe Fullol 10740:Afghanistan 10569:Toprak-Kala 10554:Shahrukhiya 10504:Kampir Tepe 10494:Itchan Kala 10449:Ancient Pap 10406:Shakh Fazil 10278:Krasnyi Yar 10182:Mogao Caves 10142:Kizil Caves 10078:Archaeology 9943:Farighunids 9898:Turk Shahis 9838:Alchon Huns 9256:Earthquakes 9040:Turk Shahis 8995:Afghanistan 8940:Wink, Andre 8916:Wink, André 8454:18 November 7821:Thapar 2004 7582:Thapar 2004 7440:Thapar 2004 7378:Thapar 2004 7366:Thapar 2004 7030:Thomas 2018 7018:Thomas 2018 6877:Wink, André 6656:pp. 598–599 6572:The Ghurids 6535:O'Neal 2015 6343:Thomas 2018 6121:(1212–1213) 6067:(1206–1215) 5820:(1206–1212) 5781:(1192–1206) 5759:(1213–1214) 5748:(1149–1157) 5553:(1163–1192) 5520:(1202–1206) 5507:(1163–1202) 5388:(1214–1215) 5235:(1152–1163) 5214:(1149–1161) 5169:(1146–1149) 4612:(1100–1146) 4491:(1080–1100) 4360:(1060–1080) 4243:(1035–1060) 4119:(1011–1035) 3817:Khwarazmian 3595:Khwarazmian 3144:عباس بن شیث 2711:Qala-e-Bost 2612:Persianized 2564:Kwarizmians 2540:Afghanistan 2524:Afghanistan 2485:Transoxiana 2473:Qara-Khitai 2461:Qara-Khitai 2278:QARA KHITAI 2227:KHWARAZMIAN 2104:capital of 2038:under king 1996:Jayachandra 1951:led by the 1889:Thar desert 1862:Carmathians 1850:Khyber Pass 1848:instead of 1842:Indus River 1795:Jayachandra 1783:Mularaja II 1585:(RATNAPURA) 1523:GAHADAVALAS 1350:QARA KHITAI 1234:Sultan Shah 1230:Ghuzz Turks 1218:Qara Khitai 1178:Ghuzz Turks 1159:Qala-e-Bost 1124:Oghuz Turks 1108:Tukharistan 1088:Oghuz Turks 1078:, meaning " 975:Jam Minaret 955:", such as 942:Persianized 867:, nor even 843:Afghanistan 841:in central 816:Āl-e Šansab 762:Coinage of 716:Khwrezmians 705:Caspian Sea 651:During the 626:Afghanistan 596:Sunni Islam 592:Afghanistan 391:Preceded by 310:Amir Banji 288:(1173–1206) 272:Sunni Islam 254:Before 1011 203:Caspian Sea 149:QARA KHITAI 130:BUNDELKHAND 69:KHWARAZMIAN 13394:Categories 13243:Philosophy 13202:newspapers 13183:Literature 13088:architects 13083:Achaemenid 13003:Corruption 12463:Corruption 12303:Reformists 12298:Propaganda 12196:Corruption 12181:Censorship 12124:Lake Urmia 11812:Iran–Iraq 11508:Ghaznavid 11386:AD 224–651 11350:Frataraka 11182:Prehistory 10928:Rag-i-Bibi 10753:Ai-Khanoum 10685:Gonur Depe 10680:Dev-Kesken 10617:Kafir-kala 10607:Ajina tepe 10589:Tajikistan 10549:Sarmishsay 10534:Kyzyl-Kala 10514:Khalchayan 10499:Kafir-kala 10479:Fayaz Tepe 10464:Burchmulla 10426:Uzbekistan 10416:Tash Rabat 10391:Manas Ordo 10358:Kyrgyzstan 10245:Kazakhstan 9948:Ghaznavids 9853:Ustrushana 9848:Tocharians 9778:Massagetae 9414:Loya jirga 9333:Nuristanis 9145:since 1992 9140:Soviet war 8955:9004102361 8728:Frye, R.N. 8507:elsewhere. 8354:Eaton 2019 7413:Eaton 2019 7290:0226742210 6720:ĀNISTĀN". 6304:Eaton 2019 6268:References 3811:1206–1215 3765:1192–1206 3692:1163–1192 3658:1152–1163 3589:1214–1215 3560:1213–1214 3531:1212–1213 3502:1206–1212 3456:1203–1206 3417:1163–1203 3383:1161–1163 3345:1149–1161 3277:1146–1149 3248:1100–1146 3227:Abul-Muluk 3120:1011–1035 3008:Amir Banji 2806:. Exhibit 2660:mausoleums 2635:Mughal era 2608:literature 2534:region of 2194:See also: 2116:generals. 2080:, another 2036:Chaulukyas 2024:vanquished 1992:Gahadavala 1873:Gomal Pass 1846:Gomal Pass 1791:Gahadavala 1582:KALACHURIS 1567:KALACHURIS 1543:KACHCHAPA- 1415:GHAZNAVIDS 1402:CHAHAMANAS 1391:CHAULUKYAS 1335:KARAKHANID 1322:South Asia 1182:Ghaznavids 1112:Zamindawar 1034:Ghaznavids 920:: "Sultan 881:al-Juzjani 851:André Wink 849:Historian 683:as far as 618:Ghaznavids 573:Persianate 511:Qarlughids 414:Ghaznavids 278:Government 13208:Mythology 13114:Calendars 13104:Astronomy 13013:Education 12922:Georgians 12907:Assyrians 12902:Armenians 12828:Languages 12720:companies 12683:Transport 12663:Petroleum 12448:Companies 12387:President 12374:Officials 12308:Terrorism 12257:Air Force 12201:Elections 12139:Provinces 12134:Mountains 12044:Geography 11964:languages 11702:1925–1979 11630:Afsharid 11591:1370–1925 11579:Chobanid 11473:Saffarid 11425:Rashidun 11393:Sasanian 11374:Kings of 11366:Parthian 11342:Seleucid 11283:Scythian 11243:Kassites 11227:Akkadian 10974:Artifacts 10848:Aq Kupruk 10798:Mes Aynak 10730:Ulug Depe 10665:Altyndepe 10612:Cyropolis 10602:Penjikent 10574:Varakhsha 10509:Kara Tepe 10454:Ayaz-Kala 10444:Akhsikath 10434:Afrasiyab 10381:Issyk-Kul 10371:Balasagun 10217:Beshbalik 10094:Sintashta 10054:Silk Road 9983:Ilkhanate 9938:Ma'munids 9833:Kidarites 9580:Education 9549:Transport 9370:Languages 9343:Qizilbash 9271:Volcanoes 9229:Geography 8948:. BRILL. 8842:1873-9830 8821:"Ghūrids" 8645:"Ghurids" 8616:(2001a). 8500:4 January 8312:Auer 2021 8300:Auer 2021 7966:883279992 7501:Wink 1991 7425:Wink 1991 7390:Wink 1991 7057:Wink 1991 7045:Wink 1991 7006:Wink 1991 6794:Wink 2020 6467:Auer 2021 3870:Amir Suri 3819:conquest 3749:ابوالمؤید 3597:conquest 3043:امیر سوری 3038:Amir Suri 3013:امیر سوری 2592:19th Sura 2506:captured 2403:SULTANATE 2394:SULTANATE 2316:CALIPHATE 2269:KIPCHACKS 2180:in 1526. 2166:Iltutmish 2108:in 1205. 2106:Lakhnauti 2088:and into 2048:Anhilwara 2044:Mount Abu 1901:Mount Abu 1868:by 1176. 1860:from the 1811:Lakshmana 1809:'s under 1779:Chaulukya 1763:Chahamana 1714:SULTANATE 1630:KAMARUPAS 1619:NAGVANSIS 1570:(TRIPURI) 1556:CHANDELAS 1450:KAKATIYAS 1439:CHALUKYAS 1426:PARAMARAS 1261:Ismāʿīlīs 891:Shahnameh 820:Šansabānī 600:Ghaznavid 569:Šansabānī 552:romanized 378:1200 est. 265:From 1011 250:Religion 91:CALIPHATE 13369:Category 13262:football 13253:Scouting 13163:Iranians 13153:Folklore 12949:Religion 12861:Georgian 12841:Armenian 12702:shipping 12697:railways 12687:airlines 12653:Industry 12518:Taxation 12332:Councils 12248:Military 12163:Politics 12144:Wildlife 12109:Caucasus 11991:Persians 11918:See also 11742:Iranian 11709:Pahlavi 11622:Safavid 11598:Timurid 11501:977–1432 11481:Ziyarid 11457:Tahirid 11449:Samanid 11441:Abbasid 11433:Umayyad 11418:632–1090 11235:Lullubi 11219:Elamite 10908:Mundigak 10888:Firozkoh 10778:Shotorak 10597:Bunjikat 10489:Hazorasp 10313:Shilikty 10303:Boralday 10227:Mongolia 10162:Dunhuang 9933:Samanids 9863:Farghana 9716:Polities 9662:Category 9620:War rugs 9615:Religion 9600:Olympics 9529:Taxation 9392:Politics 9353:Turkmens 9338:Pashtuns 9313:Farsiwan 9276:Wildlife 9193:Timeline 9186:By topic 8999:articles 8942:(1991). 8918:(2020). 8873:(2004). 8832:(eds.). 8706:(2019). 8682:(2007). 8557:(1977). 8074:(2004). 8025:31870180 7654:(1981). 7552:(2004). 7237:31870180 6887:(eds.). 6745:(2000). 6670:Archived 6482:Archived 6284:(1978). 6246:See also 3611:Coinage 2980:Coinage 2912:Top view 2873:— 2832:Khurasan 2814:(2016), 2658:The two 2556:Abbasids 2546:Religion 2481:Khurasan 2475:and the 2040:Bhima II 2034:and the 1937:Bathinda 1914:Peshawar 1838:Fīrōzkōh 1609:KARNATAS 1511:HOYSALAS 1499:KADAMBAS 1246:Nishapur 1222:Khorasan 1190:Firozkoh 1135:Firuzkuh 1114:, Bust, 1104:Firozkoh 1076:Jahānsūz 1042:Paganism 926:Samanids 906:Language 897:Fereydun 812:Bosworth 792:Persians 732:Khurasan 571:) was a 261:Paganism 220:Firozkoh 191:Nishapur 80:KIPCHAKS 42:786–1215 13312:Ey Iran 13260: ( 13220: ( 13196:student 13194: ( 13190: ( 13175: ( 13143:Cuisine 13128:Fashion 13116: ( 13096: ( 13081: ( 13067:Culture 13015: ( 12979: ( 12964: ( 12937:Turkmen 12889: ( 12880:Peoples 12851:Kurdish 12807:Society 12708:Tourism 12685: ( 12675: ( 12665: ( 12645: ( 12638:Defense 12608: ( 12598:Sectors 12585: ( 12545: ( 12450: ( 12431:General 12420:Economy 12310: ( 12280: ( 12250: ( 12203: ( 12188: ( 12174:General 12129:Islands 12065:largest 12055:Borders 11524:Seljuk 11516:Ghurid 11465:Alavid 11275:Median 11267:Urartu 11189:Ancient 11169:History 10853:Asqalan 10788:Bimaran 10783:Paitava 10725:Togolok 10660:Abiward 10544:Poykent 10529:Koktepe 10396:Navekat 10273:Kerderi 10263:Jankent 10212:Kashgar 10187:Tumshuq 10132:Bulayïq 10042:Culture 9858:Khuttal 9818:Xiongnu 9639:Outline 9575:Cuisine 9563:Culture 9539:Tourism 9492:Economy 9439:Cabinet 9404:Taliban 9323:Hazaras 9246:Borders 9007:History 8811:5386449 8759:(ed.). 8585:(ed.). 7927:1031074 7658:(ed.). 7464:4413150 6518:Persian 6400:control 3232:ابولملک 2695:madrasa 2594:of the 2578:Culture 2560:Baghdad 2552:Sunnism 2532:Sisitan 2489:Khokhar 2454:Gurgānj 2438:Ghiyath 2392:AYYUBID 2356:DYNASTY 2336:DYNASTY 2325:YADAVAS 2314:ABBASID 2305:ZENGIDS 2296:GHURIDS 2067:mosques 2061:in the 2028:Rajputs 2016:Gwalior 2008:Sarnath 2004:Benares 1947:by the 1918:Sialkot 1885:Gujarat 1834:diarchy 1787:Gujarat 1700:EMIRATE 1642:EASTERN 1533:GUHILAS 1489:PANDYAS 1437:WESTERN 1337:KHANATE 1324:1175 CE 1288:in 1192 1143:Bamiyan 1139:Turkish 1116:Bamiyan 1095:Seljuks 1038:Seljuks 1024:Abbasid 963:History 938:culture 865:Turkish 828:Wišnasp 800:Afghans 754:Origins 722:in the 679:of the 673:dyarchy 653:dyarchy 638:Seljuks 622:Seljuks 577:Iranian 564:شنسبانی 554:: 543:Persian 539:Ghorids 337:History 312:(first) 286:Diarchy 241:Persian 216:Capital 160:KHANIDS 109:YADAVAS 100:ZENGIDS 89:ABBASID 18:Ghorids 13379:Portal 13138:Cinema 13120:Nowruz 13017:higher 12891:abroad 12856:Hebrew 12762:Places 12658:Mining 12483:Energy 12060:Cities 11976:Aryans 11695:Modern 11646:Qajar 11489:Buyid 11157:topics 10918:Nagara 10690:Jeitun 10622:Sarazm 10308:Sawran 10253:Begash 10207:Khotan 10202:Loulan 9813:Yuezhi 9667:Portal 9610:Poetry 9595:Cinema 9519:Mining 9514:Energy 9365:Health 9358:Uzbeks 9348:Tajiks 9318:Gurjar 9308:Baloch 8997: 8952: 8928: 8904: 8883: 8859: 8840: 8809: 8788: 8767: 8740: 8716: 8692: 8599: 8567: 8543: 8491:"Ewer" 8470:"Ewer" 8445: 8408: 8376: 8337: 8271: 8228: 8157: 8130: 8084: 8054: 8023: 7993: 7964: 7954: 7925: 7900: 7874: 7843: 7792: 7762: 7731: 7689: 7631: 7604: 7562: 7462: 7346: 7319: 7287: 7235: 7121: 7091: 6922: 6895: 6856: 6829: 6755: 6703:p. 392 6652:& 6625: 6598: 6555: 6446: 6391: 6365: 6326: 5768:(1192) 5198:(1149) 3620:Reign 3568:Sultan 3539:Sultan 3510:Sultan 3481:Sultan 2989:Reign 2897:ewer. 2664:Chisht 2516:Ghazni 2405:OF RUM 2345:XI XIA 2258:MONGOL 2247:KIEVAN 2229:EMPIRE 2154:Bengal 2138:Bayana 2130:Multan 2122:Ghazni 2114:Mamluk 2098:Nudiya 2090:Bengal 2082:Turkic 1926:Lahore 1922:Punjab 1893:Ghazna 1877:Multan 1858:Multan 1854:Panjab 1826:Ghazni 1815:Bengal 1799:Kanauj 1793:ruler 1789:, the 1781:ruler 1777:, the 1765:ruler 1759:Rajput 1751:Samvat 1743:Bengal 1712:MAKRAN 1698:SOOMRA 1670:MARYUL 1644:GANGAS 1545:GHATAS 1480:CHERAS 1471:CHOLAS 1460:SHILA- 1379:KUMAON 1366:EMPIRE 1364:GHURID 1257:Jhelum 1250:Besṭām 1242:Tekish 1202:Kerman 1198:Sīstān 1194:Nīmrūz 1084:Seljuq 1054:Ghazni 1027:caliph 936:, and 934:poetry 885:Zahhak 869:Afghan 798:, and 788:Tajiks 768:Ghazni 697:Gorgan 685:Bengal 630:Panjab 602:ruler 340: 327:(last) 296: 228:Ghazni 207:Bengal 199:Gorgan 71:EMPIRE 13273:Music 13258:Sport 13188:Media 13173:Islam 13109:Blogs 13053:Women 13008:Crime 12996:Other 12957:Islam 12927:Kurds 12692:metro 12610:fruit 12568:Setad 11638:Zand 11548:Kart 10763:Hadda 10519:Khiva 10411:Suyab 10401:Özgön 10338:Urpek 10323:Sumbe 10288:Otrar 10177:Rawak 10167:Miran 10137:Kucha 9646:Index 9590:Music 9464:women 9382:Women 9303:Arabs 8755:. In 8439:(PDF) 6263:Notes 3790:Malik 3734:Malik 3721:1192 3700:Malik 3671:Malik 3637:Malik 3573:سلطان 3544:سلطان 3515:سلطان 3486:سلطان 3362:Malik 3314:Malik 3306:1149 3285:Malik 3256:Malik 3186:Malik 3157:Malik 3128:Malik 3099:Malik 3057:Malik 3027:Malik 2959:Mosul 2865:Herat 2836:Herat 2824:Herat 2800:Herat 2596:Koran 2520:Delhi 2508:Herat 2383:KHMER 2365:PAGAN 2287:QOCHO 2162:Delhi 2146:Delhi 2071:Hindu 2055:Delhi 2032:Ajmer 1994:king 1973:Delhi 1969:Ajmer 1955:king 1941:Delhi 1928:, in 1910:Sindh 1817:etc. 1803:Hindu 1775:Ajmer 1771:Delhi 1683:LOHA- 1598:SENAS 1462:HARAS 1186:Herat 1128:Balkh 826:name 796:Turks 784:Tajik 770:mint. 669:India 580:Tajik 224:Herat 158:KARA- 140:QOCHO 119:MALWA 13301:Rock 13286:Jazz 13281:Folk 13147:wine 12932:Jews 12262:Navy 12252:Army 12231:LGBT 11155:Iran 10943:Iran 10720:Nisa 10705:Merv 10675:Anau 10172:Niya 9753:Saka 9585:Flag 9459:LGBT 8950:ISBN 8926:ISBN 8902:ISBN 8881:ISBN 8857:ISBN 8838:ISSN 8807:OCLC 8786:ISBN 8765:ISBN 8738:ISBN 8714:ISBN 8690:ISBN 8663:link 8636:link 8597:ISBN 8565:ISBN 8541:ISBN 8502:2024 8456:2022 8443:ISBN 8406:ISBN 8374:ISBN 8335:ISBN 8269:ISBN 8226:ISBN 8155:ISBN 8128:ISBN 8082:ISBN 8052:ISBN 8021:OCLC 7991:ISBN 7962:OCLC 7952:ISBN 7923:OCLC 7898:ISBN 7872:ISBN 7841:ISBN 7790:ISBN 7760:ISBN 7729:ISBN 7687:ISBN 7629:ISBN 7602:ISBN 7560:ISBN 7460:OCLC 7344:ISBN 7317:ISBN 7285:ISBN 7233:OCLC 7119:ISBN 7089:ISBN 6920:ISBN 6893:ISBN 6854:ISBN 6827:ISBN 6753:ISBN 6697:Link 6678:LINK 6646:Link 6623:ISBN 6596:ISBN 6553:ISBN 6514:Iran 6444:ISBN 6389:ISBN 6363:ISBN 6324:ISBN 3795:ملک 3739:ملک 3705:ملک 3676:ملک 3642:ملک 3367:ملک 3319:ملک 3290:ملک 3261:ملک 3191:ملک 3162:ملک 3133:ملک 3104:ملک 3062:ملک 3002:امیر 2997:Amir 2967:Iraq 2730:iwan 2606:and 2536:Iran 2512:Ghor 2510:and 2450:Merv 2442:gout 2432:1215 2416:RYEO 2374:DALI 2354:SONG 2249:RUS' 2218:1215 2140:and 2102:Sena 1930:1186 1887:via 1879:and 1807:Sena 1773:and 1657:GUGE 1413:LATE 1238:Merv 1196:and 1072:Bost 1036:and 1020:Ghor 1000:The 879:and 701:Iran 665:Iran 659:and 642:Iran 628:and 588:Ghor 584:Ghor 533:The 373:Area 364:1215 195:Merv 193:and 60:1203 13291:Pop 13094:Art 12677:TCI 9328:Kho 6680:): 6676:, ( 6455:Sām 3032:ملک 2969:). 2662:of 2558:in 2414:GO- 2334:JIN 2042:at 2030:of 2014:of 1881:Uch 1866:Uch 1813:in 1797:in 1785:in 1769:in 1685:RAS 1259:by 1126:of 1004:in 354:786 13396:: 8659:}} 8655:{{ 8647:. 8632:}} 8628:{{ 8620:. 8504:. 8493:. 8482:^ 8472:. 8420:^ 8388:^ 8319:^ 8251:". 8203:. 8199:. 8108:^ 8050:. 8048:56 7968:. 7960:. 7929:. 7849:. 7774:^ 7737:. 7713:^ 7643:^ 7568:. 7548:; 7520:^ 7432:^ 7397:^ 7352:. 7299:^ 7239:. 7207:. 7190:. 7170:. 7155:^ 7146:. 7142:. 7103:^ 7037:^ 6986:^ 6977:. 6973:. 6957:Gh 6953:sh 6949:sh 6945:Gh 6883:; 6868:^ 6781:Gh 6761:. 6718:GH 6708:^ 6699:: 6648:: 6525:^ 6452:. 6407:^ 6397:. 6296:^ 2530:, 2456:. 2430:c. 2148:. 2132:, 2124:, 2050:. 1916:, 1912:, 1204:. 1130:. 1110:, 1090:. 932:, 830:. 794:, 790:, 750:. 648:. 567:, 549:, 545:: 541:; 174:▷ 169:◁ 13264:) 13224:) 13204:) 13198:) 13179:) 13149:) 13145:( 13124:) 13122:) 13100:) 13090:) 13034:) 12983:) 12968:) 12893:) 12704:) 12679:) 12669:) 12649:) 12612:) 12589:) 12549:) 12454:) 12314:) 12284:) 12264:) 12207:) 12192:) 11147:e 11140:t 11133:v 9884:) 9880:( 9701:e 9694:t 9687:v 9211:" 9207:" 8987:e 8980:t 8973:v 8958:. 8934:. 8910:. 8889:. 8865:. 8844:. 8813:. 8794:. 8773:. 8746:. 8722:. 8698:. 8665:) 8638:) 8605:. 8573:. 8549:. 8476:. 8458:. 8414:. 8382:. 8343:. 8277:. 8234:. 8163:. 8136:. 8090:. 8060:. 8027:. 7999:. 7906:. 7880:. 7798:. 7768:. 7695:. 7637:. 7610:. 7515:. 7466:. 7325:. 7293:. 7211:. 7127:. 7097:. 6928:. 6901:. 6862:. 6835:. 6631:. 6604:. 6561:. 6537:. 6520:" 6427:. 6371:. 6332:. 3831:. 2818:. 2812:" 2808:" 2598:. 859:: 845:. 267:: 256:: 209:. 20:)

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