258:, some 10,000 prisoners passed through over the next decade. Inmates had to pay for their own food and clothing or else rely on charity. Discipline consisted of labor, beatings with bats and whips, pillorying and branding. The main building was constructed between 1857 and 1860. It is a U-shaped structure with 36 large rooms. Initially, the ground floor and four rooms on the first floor were reserved for workshops and storage, with the remaining 21 for prisoners. Another building from the same period housed the administration; it had two floors and sat on a bastion from the fortress. From 1898, the warden lived on the upper floor, used for offices under communism. Until 1945, the ground floor included offices for the administration, guard commander and chaplains; subsequently, it contained the office of the prison furniture factory. An exterior security point became a telephone room under communism. Other changes included turning the provisions office and guard commander’s residence near the gate into a meeting hall for cadres; and closing the two churches (Orthodox and Greek-Catholic) on the prison ground floor, making them into a kitchen.
287:
434:, an ex-detainee, Constantin Vlasie, recounts how the guards at Gherla Prison "were evil. They made us eat feces, we slept on the floor, they beat our feet until we fainted." He went on: "They wanted to break up our morale. They had evil methods to make us renounce our faith and worship them instead." Another ex-prisoner, Mihai Stăuceanu (arrested for being a border-jumper), recalls: "The detention regime at Gherla was probably very similar to the extermination regime applied in the
338:, the lead torturer at Pitești, arrived at Gherla. During the preceding fourteen months, Țanu, his adjunct and rival at Pitești, had won the respect of the Gherla administration. As a result, in trying to mark their territory, the two men exacerbated the beatings and tortures, doubling the number of deaths in Room 99, nicknamed the “chamber of death”. The prison doctor falsified the death certificates of those who had succumbed to torture, eventually serving five years in prison.
319:
a 3-meter wide space, fenced with a 2-meter high barbed wire fence. At the front entrance was the one-story administration building, and from this building, through a vaulted door, one reached the two courtyards, paved with stones. The main building had two entrances, one to the inner courtyard and the other to the workshop courtyard; the inner courtyard had a gate to the south leading to the workshops.
27:
428:, and had either been caught or returned to Romania—rebelled, asking for a more humane treatment. The disturbance was quickly put down by the authorities, and the rebellious inmates were subjected to terrible beatings and torture; twenty-two of them received sentences of five to fifteen years. In an interview with
302:. It housed both political prisoners and common criminals from 1945, all men. Between 1945 and 1964, many inmates were peasants and workers, while others came from the middle class: self-employed, intellectuals, pupils and students. Many Romanian military officers who had initially fought against the Soviet Army in
318:
The prison (called by the locals the "Yellow House") was very imposing. To the south was a cemetery, and next to it, a smaller one, for detainees dying at the prison. The fortress was surrounded by a 4-meter high wall, topped by several watchtowers with armed soldiers on guard. Next to the wall was
382:
were removed from the prison on pretext of being transferred, and shot in an unknown location. In 1950, a convoy of 38 detainees left the prison and its members were shot. From 1958 to 1960, twenty-eight judicial executions were carried out at the prison; 200 prisoners died during the same period.
373:
in
Bucharest. It is unknown what happened to him there; he was brought back in June. One night shortly thereafter, he was moved into a ground-floor cell, where three ex-"re-educators" beat him until morning with their fists, broomsticks, boots and sandbags. Sent to the sickroom, the doctor ignored
341:
Room 99, isolated from the other cells, was very spacious; prisoners would sit around the edges, with the torturers guarding the exits. Whoever complained to the guards would immediately be beaten, stripped naked, chained to the solitary confinement cell, constantly having cold water poured on him
269:
and the men unable to work, to other prisons. Thus, the population fell to 250. It peaked at 767 in 1897, of whom 10% were repeat offenders. Some 60-70 prisoners remained in 1913, when it became a correctional institute for minors, amidst a youth crime wave. By 1914, there were 600 minors and 22
310:
figures spent jail time or disappeared forever into this prison. The spacious building soon filled up, with eight to twelve crowded into two-man cells. There were 703 prisoners in late 1948, of whom over 600 were political. By 1950, there were 1600, almost 1200 of them political. The population
369:. In mid-1952, Goiciu ordered Flueraș to clean the toilets at the local furniture factory. Developing an obsession with the imprisoned politician, Goiciu would start screaming at him whenever he found Flueraș outside his assigned area. In March 1953, the 70-year-old Flueraș was sent to the
398:, was selected as leader. Another 72 people, many of whom were strangers to one another, were arrested. Nistor was tried and executed at Gherla in January 1959. Another eight executions of the fictitious group’s members took place there in 1958–1959. A group of resisters led by
342:
and left to hunger for days on end. Room 97 had wooden beds, with detainees staying naked underneath. Known as the “madmen’s room”, it involved savage beatings to the point of unconsciousness. Room 97, the “Chinese cell”, involved tying down the victim and subjecting him to a form of
253:
decreed it as the central prison for
Transylvania, and it opened in 1787. The military deposit rooms and barns were turned into large detention rooms, seven for men and two for women. Two pillories were built, one in front of the prison and the other in the town center. Following the
274:, it continued as a youth prison, housing between 136 and 276 boys and girls. It had an industrial orientation, training tailors, carpenters and gardeners. Frequent epidemics of typhoid, for example in 1914 and 1926, ended up killing 22 children. From 1940, after the
315:, 20.3% of all political prisoners in Communist Romania spent time at Gherla. Food consisted of gruel and sour soups, consumed in a foul air, and packages were forbidden from 1951. Beatings and torture made it among the toughest prisons in the system.
270:
teachers who gave lessons on the first six grade subjects as well as sewing, shoemaking, gardening and locksmithing. The teachers and the students aged 18 and older were drafted into World War I, when the building housed wounded troops. After the
364:
With the end of "re-education" came a new warden, the notorious
Petrache Goiciu, who quickly turned the prison into a place of hard work and violence. The remaining "re-educators" assumed a position as prominent torturers, who ended up killing
438:: 10 to 12 hours of physical work on a construction site, which was cordoned off with double fences of barbed-wire and with guarding towers, exactly like those to be found at the border." From 1964 to 1989, the prison housed common criminals.
446:
The penitentiary is in service today as a "Maximum
Security Penitentiary". It also houses a museum, which opened in 1997. As of December 2020, there were 979 detainees at Gherla, of which 242 had retained their right to vote; at the
374:
him and only an assistant wiped and tried to feed Flueraș, who died. The killing had been ordered from the top echelons of the ministry. Gherla was associated with summary, extralegal executions. In August 1949, on orders from
1158:
995:
421:
before continuing their activity underground for a number of years, was arrested starting in
December 1957. They were tried in mid-1958 and the leaders executed at Gherla in September.
361:
secret police wanted to carry on the experiment under maximum-security conditions, or because they wished to collect evidence for the eventual trial of the Țurcanu group.
349:
By late 1951, “re-education” had failed in several prisons and was fading away in Pitești. That
December, Țurcanu and ten associates, believing they were on the way to
312:
762:
599:
623:
1165:
566:
1080:
265:, a cloth factory opened, employing all able-bodied prisoners until 1840. There were 384 prisoners in 1855. The following year, the women were sent to
705:
403:
727:
611:
464:
749:
645:
553:
1024:
958:
1406:
1293:
379:
307:
1416:
425:
1411:
255:
1126:
812:
594:
1421:
1151:
604:
448:
271:
327:
48:
278:
returned the area to
Hungary, it held common criminals; these were freed upon the end of Hungarian rule in 1944.
903:
418:
262:
261:
In its first two years (1787-1788), the prison received 151 male and female prisoners. After the 1817 visit of
218:. The prison dates from 1785; it is infamous for the treatment of its political inmates, especially during the
854:
250:
219:
744:
41:
1242:
394:
or of the regime. It invented a resistance group called the White Guard. Ioan Nistor, a technician at the
1401:
459:
This is a partial list of notable inmates of Gherla Prison; the symbol † indicates those who died there.
414:
391:
1216:
998:[The drama of a former political prisoner: "It was like Auschwitz, only they didn't gass us"].
1211:
1334:
754:
767:
678:
435:
370:
1344:
880:
1283:
1058:
628:
881:"Recensământul populaţiei concentraţionare din România în anii 1945 – 1989 (date preliminare)"
722:
700:
395:
343:
424:
In June 1958 a group of prisoners—consisting mostly of young men who had tried to escape to
1143:
571:
357:
for interrogation. Two torturers carried on at Gherla until March 1952, either because the
1380:
1278:
1190:
306:
were incarcerated at Gherla by the communist regime after the end of the war. Many of the
8:
1339:
1081:"Alegeri Parlamentare 2020: Penitenciarul Gherla din Cluj a finalizat procesul de votare"
963:
375:
331:
311:
peaked at 4500 in summer 1959, dropping to 600 by 1964. According to a study done by the
290:
Detail from the Icon of the New
Martyrs of the Romanian Land (at Diaconești Monastery in
286:
275:
1195:
1237:
717:
710:
507:
408:
222:. In Romanian slang, the generic word for a prison is "gherlă", after the institution.
207:
1360:
673:
522:
497:
1175:
1132:
1122:
808:
775:
732:
688:
616:
469:
1329:
635:
323:
1117:(in Romanian). Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului în România. Iași:
996:"Drama unui fost deținut politic: "A fost ca la Auschwitz, doar că nu ne-au gazat""
658:
589:
1365:
1263:
739:
335:
330:”. Led by Alexandru Popa Țanu, they were joined in December by another group from
802:
683:
650:
640:
558:
517:
298:
From late summer 1944 until early 1945, the prison was used as a deposit for the
243:
548:
537:
486:
399:
366:
1375:
1232:
694:
584:
236:
1370:
476:
239:
1395:
1324:
1319:
1303:
1298:
1136:
1110:
780:
578:
532:
527:
512:
354:
63:
50:
481:
303:
502:
1268:
1258:
668:
492:
350:
299:
266:
215:
180:
151:
1000:
430:
1273:
358:
543:
387:
291:
353:
in order to continue the process there, were in fact transported to
804:
Christians or Jews?: Early
Transylvanian Sabbatarianism (1580–1621)
663:
235:
The prison was built on the site of an old fortress from 1540. The
1118:
199:
169:
203:
141:
294:), showing political detainees being tortured at Gherla Prison
961:[June 1958: half a century since the Gherla revolt].
1173:
1115:
Dicționarul penitenciarelor din România comunistă: 1945–1967
959:"Iunie 1958: o jumătate de secol de la revolta de la Gherla"
26:
322:
In June 1950, a group of torturers arrived at Gherla from
390:
Securitate concocted a plan for eliminating opponents of
417:
activists who had emerged as anti-communists during the
1023:
Constantinoiu, Marina; Deak, Istvan (January 2, 2017).
906:[Description of Gherla Prison] (in Romanian)
1025:"The defector who took the Romanian State to court"
334:, where the experiment had failed. In August 1951,
1022:
1393:
313:International Centre for Studies into Communism
1159:
246:and spent three years in Szamosújvár Prison.
326:, the site of a wide-ranging experiment in “
800:
1166:
1152:
807:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 55.
25:
857:[Gherla, the communist inferno].
117:Administrația Națională a Penitenciarelor
956:
925:
923:
921:
840:
838:
836:
826:
824:
285:
242:was arrested in May 1621 by then-Prince
1394:
1109:
801:Újlaki-Nagy, Réka Tímea (2022-09-05).
1147:
957:Mihalcea, Alexandru (June 26, 2008).
918:
901:
833:
821:
451:, 191 of those exercised that right.
13:
1407:Buildings and structures in Gherla
950:
454:
380:anti-communist resistance movement
272:union of Transylvania with Romania
256:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan
14:
1433:
198:is a penitentiary located in the
1252:Transylvania, Crișana, Maramureș
281:
1417:Political repression in Romania
1087:(in Romanian). December 6, 2020
1073:
1059:"Muzeul Penitenciarului Gherla"
1051:
1042:
1016:
988:
979:
1412:Human rights abuses in Romania
941:
932:
904:"Descrierea închisorii Gherla"
895:
873:
847:
794:
441:
230:
1:
1354:Western Moldavia and Bukovina
1103:
251:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor
133:Strada Andrei Mureșanu nr. 4
7:
10:
1438:
1422:Execution sites in Romania
1004:(in Romanian). May 4, 2010
883:(in Romanian). 31 May 2009
745:Ștefana Velisar Teodoreanu
449:2020 legislative elections
225:
1353:
1312:
1251:
1225:
1204:
1183:
308:anti-communist resistance
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105:
95:
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40:
36:
31:Gherla Prison, circa 1918
24:
16:Prison in Gherla, Romania
855:"Gherla, iadul comunist"
787:
415:National Peasants' Party
371:Interior Ministry Palace
378:, seven members of the
1217:Danube–Black Sea Canal
295:
211:
763:Constantin Voiculescu
600:Gheorghe D. Marinescu
396:Hunedoara Steel Works
344:Chinese water torture
289:
187:/penitenciarul-gherla
64:47.03611°N 23.90861°E
902:Bordeianu, Dumitru.
723:Păstorel Teodoreanu
701:Ion Dezideriu Sîrbu
679:Gheorghe Răscănescu
624:Constantin Panaitiu
376:Alexandru Nicolschi
276:Second Vienna Award
60: /
21:
1402:Prisons in Romania
1029:balcanicaucaso.org
947:Muraru, pp. 330-32
938:Muraru, pp. 328-30
929:Muraru, pp. 325-28
844:Muraru, pp. 322-23
830:Muraru, pp. 320-22
718:Nicolae Steinhardt
595:Nicolae Mărgineanu
296:
263:Emperor Francis II
99:4,500 (as of 1959)
69:47.03611; 23.90861
19:
1389:
1388:
1176:Communist Romania
1128:978-973-46-0893-5
814:978-3-647-57331-1
776:Richard Wurmbrand
567:Gheorghe Jienescu
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125:Ioana Alina Miron
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659:Florin Pavlovici
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392:collectivization
220:Communist regime
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186:
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109:October 20, 1785
101:924 (as of 2024)
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834:
829:
822:
815:
799:
795:
790:
785:
765:
752:
730:
708:
706:Olimpiu Stavrat
684:Alexander Ratiu
674:Mihai Rădulescu
648:
641:Ovidiu Papadima
626:
614:
602:
569:
556:
523:Dumitru Coroamă
518:Corneliu Coposu
498:Gheorghe Cardaș
467:
457:
455:Notable inmates
444:
406:
404:Alexandru Dejeu
284:
244:Gabriel Bethlen
233:
228:
179:
100:
68:
66:
62:
59:
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1219:
1214:
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1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1127:
1111:Muraru, Andrei
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1072:
1050:
1048:Muraru, p. 322
1041:
1015:
987:
985:Muraru, p. 324
978:
964:România Liberă
949:
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820:
813:
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773:
760:
747:
742:
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728:George Tomaziu
725:
720:
715:
703:
698:
695:Alexandru Rusu
692:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
643:
638:
636:Gherman Pântea
633:
621:
612:Gheorghe Mosiu
609:
597:
592:
587:
585:Leon Kalustian
582:
576:
564:
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546:
541:
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465:Agricola Filip
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130:Street address
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88:Security class
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44:
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1335:Râmnicu Sărat
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1061:(in Romanian)
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967:(in Romanian)
966:
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944:
935:
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924:
922:
905:
898:
882:
876:
861:(in Romanian)
860:
856:
850:
841:
839:
837:
827:
825:
816:
810:
806:
805:
797:
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782:
781:Alexandru Zub
779:
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769:
764:
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751:
748:
746:
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740:Eugen Țurcanu
738:
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579:Iosif Jumanca
577:
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533:Ilarion Felea
531:
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528:Ioan Dragomir
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513:Radu Ciuceanu
511:
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508:Ștefan Cârjan
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419:1946 election
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240:Simon Péchi
237:Sabbatarian
231:Early years
216:Cluj County
212:Szamosújvár
152:Cluj County
83:Operational
67: /
42:Coordinates
1396:Categories
1381:Târgu Ocna
1294:Lead mines
1279:Dumbrăveni
1191:Caransebeș
1104:References
436:Nazi camps
426:Yugoslavia
359:Securitate
114:Managed by
96:Population
55:23°54′31″E
1345:Văcărești
1313:Wallachia
1243:Târgu Jiu
1196:Timișoara
1137:297531689
887:April 18,
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503:Ion Cârja
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1085:bursa.ro
1065:June 23,
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226:History
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1269:Cluj
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1123:ISBN
1093:2020
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