German school of fencing

493:("Collection of Oddities"), the use of long swords in those fencing schools. Most fencers of the 18th century viewed longsword fencing as a curious thing, and it was probably only taught in the few remaining fencing schools of the Marxbrüder and Federfechter and in some stage fencing schools. There is an illustration of a fencing school from 1726, where *Fechtfedern* (two-handed training swords) are being used and Huten of Liechtenauer's school of fencing are recognizable. This portrayal is compatible with the contemporary sources which refer to longsword fencing in the existing fencing schools of the 18th century in the Holy Roman Empire. Author and historian Joseph Ott notices that the longsword survived the rapier in the fencing schools of the Marksbrüder in the 18th century. The rapier was replaced by the smaller 609:. Johann Georg Pascha, a passionate fencer, was one of the most popular and prominent bayonet fencing masters of the time (though no bayonet fencing book of his seemingly has survived, his books about shooting however still exist). Pascha himself seemingly based large parts of his own combat system on existing fencing schools (his book about Kampfringen makes direct references to Liechtenauer's fencing style). The earliest surviving fencing manual about bayonet fencing is most likely Pierre Francois Giffart 's "L' Art Militaire Françoise Pour L'Infanterie" (1697), while written in French, was from a German author. Giffart directly references "thrusting with a longsword" and compares his own bayonet fencing system with "the handling of a large sword" (" épée-grande"). 628:'s "All-in Fighting" still makes references to the older bayonet fencing systems and ignores the 19th century systems which used saber-based guards, attacks and parries. Especially noteworthy is the bayonet fencing system of American soldier John Styers, which uses the same basics as Liechtenauer's system and - like Fairbairn's system - completely ignores the 19th century schools in favor of a more traditional method of bayonet fencing. Like Liechtenauer's system, Styers' method doesn't have parries, but uses bladework to focus the enemy weapon away from its original target and provide openings for the fencer to attack. The similarities were so obvious that historian Hortst Ueberhorst referenced them in his publication about physical exercises. 97: 854:

on Lichtenauers principles, which was considered to be the most effective and efficient school of fencing. There is evidence that, in the second half of the 16th century, at least a handful of German long sword fencers (Marksbrüder) traveled to England and gave fencing lessons. Frederic Hervey said that "the Imperial German fencers came to Britain to teach their Anglo-Saxon brethren the old and knightly art of fencing". However, it can be assumed that few fencers in Britain received such training. One source mentions a "nobleman named Alberth", from Britain, who was experienced in the German school of longsword fencing, and who was also trained in a Spanish school of swordsmanship, either an early rapier-fencing school of

1721: 469:, from 1664 (another edition was published in 1708), that "a big sword is very dangerous in our times because it is more difficult to around with clothing than a smaller thrusting sword, which can easily be worn." He also writes that "it is possible to kill a man who is armed with a gun in a short range, when he stands close to you with the help of the rapier, because of the highly effective thrusting techniques will save your life, rather than with the slower cutting of a bigger sword or a sabre. You may even be able to kill him, before he can take his gun out of its halter, before he can make the first shot". 613:

techniques from Liechtenauer's tradition. German schools of bayonet fencing later became more prominent throughout Europe and even influenced both French as well as Anglo-Saxon bayonet fencing systems. Julius Friedrich, Duke of Württemberg argues that German bayonet fencing has its roots both in "wrestling as well as the traditional fencing school" (he most likely references Liechtenauer's school of fencing, which was considered to be the indigenous school of fencing of Germany at the time).

864:

his mother's fatherland. When they were finished with the swordplay, he (Louis XIV) clapped loudly and asked for more (stage fights and friendly bouts)" (Note: Anne of Austria, the mother of Louis, was a Spanish princess from the Holy Roman Empire, given that the Liechtenauer tradition was both the most widely practiced and officially recognised form of fencing in the Holy Roman Empire, it is very likely that these fencers were practitioners of the Liechtenauer tradition).

1775: 4295: 4371: 4315: 1686:

in the medieval and early modern period. Fencing master Joachim Meyer later added Italian-inspired footwork to his style of longsword fencing in the late 16th century (techniques such as the "Ausfall", the lunge, which was seemingly unknown or unused in contemporary German swordsmanship of the time. Paulus Hector Mair makes no mention of it in his Fechtbuch which is also from the 16th century. Mair was a contemporary of Mayer).

40: 664:, i.e. the early modern rapier systems, as opposed to the generic systems of "combat" or "fighting" of the late medieval period, developed in close contact with each other, which led to the separate but closely related rapier styles of Italy, Spain, and later France, all of which were also well received in Germany. For example: Paulus Hector Mair describes a Spanish style of rapier fencing in his book on fencing. 4305: 4062: 1107: 596:, where some of the old terminologies (for example: swords are divided into parts called "Stärke" and "Schwäche", the term "Anhauen" and the saying "in die Schranken weisen" are directly descended from the medieval German fencing terminology of the Liechtenauer canon) and traditions (such as the unbroken line of German Fencing masters which reaches back to the medieval period) are still active. 486:

still in use, although it is highly likely that most 18th century fencers were not at all familiar with longsword fencing and would likely not have known how to handle these weapons, which indicates that these pictures show lines of the Liechtenauer tradition that are referred in literature (and did continue to exist at least until the end of the 18th century / the early 19th century).

1088: 1747:, the longsword and dagger (possibly of special make optimized for piercing the openings in armour); but the techniques were entirely different. Attacking an opponent in plate armour is carried out in two ways: percussive force or penetration at joints or unprotected areas. Penetration was extremely unlikely even with thrusting attacks. Percussion was realized with the 581:. Fabricius was later captured by American troops, it is unclear whether or not he continued his reconstruction efforts after the war, although there is evidence that his interest in the subject never faded. The last references and active lines of these techniques in classical German stage fencing vanished almost entirely with the 3615:Ökonomisch-technologische Encyklopädie, oder allgemeines System der Staats-, Stadt-, Haus- und Landwirthschaft, und der Kunst-Geschichte: in alphabetischer Ordnung. Welcher die Artikel Transport bis Trieb enthält : Nebst zwei Kupfertafeln und dem Portrait des Prinzen Albert, Gemahl der Königin Victoria, von England. 187 551:, a British fencer of the 19th century who was interested into the reconstruction of old fencing systems. Hutton could have met some living longsword fencers and interviewed them. He could have preserved at least a part of their knowledge, if he had been to Germany and met the last living Marksbrüder members. 3469:

Aber man wird noch manchen Leichmeister finden, der da spricht, das er selber eine neue Kunst gefunden hat und meinen das Ihr glaubt, dass sich die Kunst des Fechtens von Tag zu Tag verbessern würde. Aber ich würde gerne einen sehen, der ein Gefecht oder einen Hau erdenkt den es nicht in Lichtenauers

1685:

The Fechtbücher themselves rarely if ever mention complex footwork, which caused a debate among historians whether or not there was complex footwork in Liechtenauer's system. However, the fencing master Hugo Wittenwiler strongly implies that "fancy footwork" was seen as impractical and even dangerous

863:

was entertained by longsword fencers at a party (the sources specifically mention the swords as "alte, zweihändige Schlachtenschwerter", in English: "old, two handed battle swords"). One German source states: "the young prince (Louis XIV) was very excited by the stage fencing provided by fencers from

858:

or a surviving Spanish Medieval school of fencing). Although the German school of fencing was mostly distributed in the Holy Roman Empire, there are hints of practitioners even in Greece, Spain and Scandinavia. The German fencing master Konrad Ditzefeldberg stated in the late 16th century: "the noble

853:

In spite of the surging popularity of the Italian and Spanish rapier, elements of the German tradition survived well into the 17th century. Even in 1614, many fencing masters based their fighting styles on the tradition. An example is would-be master Joachim Meyer, who based his early rapier fencing

612:

The 17th century military expert Johann Jacob von Wallhausen describes that longsword fencing was in large parts used as a basis for both fencing with the pike as well as bayonet fencing and the soldier and experienced shootist D.M.B.G.L compares close combat with the bayonet directly with halfsword

472:

L'Ange also writes, "you can hide your rapier well under your mantle and thus avoid any provocation in public. A long sword may cause problems and excite enemies". But L'Ange also pays tribute to the Marksbrüder and states, "their art is truly a knightly science, it must be preserved for the coming,

1494:

In the Fool's Guard, the point of the sword is lowered to the ground, appearing to "foolishly" expose the upper parts of the body and inviting an attack. Although the Fool's Guard exposes the upper openings, it does provide excellent protection to the lower openings. From the Fool's Guard an attack

636:

The geographical origin of the tradition of Liechtenauer is difficult to establish. There are several places called "Lichtenau" in Germany, and Ms. 3227a states explicitly that Johannes Liechtenauer traveled widely to learn from as many masters as possible. Of course, it is to be assumed that there

485:

There are paintings from the middle of the 18th century that show practitioners still using long swords in the fencing schools of the Marxbrüder and Federfechter. It cannot be verified if these depictions are anachronistic or they show techniques and practices of the original Liechtenauer tradition

339:

In 1514, Emperor Maximilian L. gave special privileges to both the Marksbrüder and much later to the Federfechter, and propagated the fencing style of Liechtenauer in the entire Holy Roman Empire (it became de facto the dominant martial arts within the Holy Roman Empire, despite the fact that there

1422:

A vertical descending hew that ends in the guard Alber. This hew is dealt to the opponent's upper openings, most often to the opponent's head, where the hair parts (hence the name of the hew). Through the principle of überlauffen, "overrunning" or "overreaching", a Scheitelhau is used to break the

616:

Despite the German fencing school's decline since the 16th century, its basics, techniques, movements and tactics remained powerful and influential in bayonet fencing as well as pike and polearm combat and was spread slowly across many different European countries. The Hews "Pflug", "Langort" and

461:

make references in their works to the excessive number of deaths among the member of the traditional fencing guilds and the massive destruction of the regions in which they were active (this also explains why most of the surviving schools and lines were active in the eastern part of the Holy Roman

1480:

a position with the sword held to either side of the body with the pommel near the back hip, with the point aiming at the opponent's chest or face. Some historical manuals state that when this guard is held on the right side of the body that the short edge should be facing up and when held on the

543:

The last known source who mentions living members of the Marksbrüder is the "Jagd-Zeitung" ("Hunting Newspapers") part 9 from 1866. The author Jos Baader, mentions living veterans of the old fencing schools who were still alive but very old (he mentions a gentleman who is in his late 80s, but was

505:

mentioned the existence of both the Brotherhood of St. Mark and the Federfechter as well as the existence of "Klopffechter" (artistic and stage fencers who used blunt weapons) as late as 1735. He further stated that there were alive in 1817 at least a handful of skilled people who knew how to use

1324:

Called "five hews" in 3227a, later "hidden hews," and in late manuals "master hews", these likely originated as secret surprise attacks in Liechtenauer's system, but with the success of Liechtenauer's school, they may have become common knowledge. All five are attacks from the first phase of the

588:

After the war, Germans started to vastly prefer modern American stage fencing (which was a mix between 19th century saber fencing and some East Asian martial arts techniques), probably due to the popularity of Hollywood movies in Germany after the second world war. Classical German stage fencing

554:

Some aspects and basics—such as the Huten, the basic four guards of the Liechtenauer traditions, and some terminology (terms such as "Schrankhut" and "Langort" can still be found in rare German stage fencing literature of the 19th and early 20th centuries), as well as the four basic cuts and the

3387:

Fixed Bayonets: A Complete System of Fence for the British Magazine Rifle, Explaining the Use of Point, Edges, and Butt, Both in Offence and Defence; Comprising Also a Glossary of English, French, and Italian Terms Common to the Art of Fencing, with a Bibliographical List of Works Affecting the

528:

The German historian Alfred Schaer presented evidence that longsword fencing was referenced in descriptions and even portrayed on images of the Marksbrüder and the Federfechter as long as these institutions existed. He makes the argument that longsword fencing was such an integral part of the

934:

are introduced by some general principles (foll. 13–17). The anonymous author explicitly states that Liechtenauer had cast his teaching in opaque verses intended to hide their meaning from the uninitiated. He stressed that there is "only a single art of the sword" which had been the same for

521:

The collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, in 1806, and the wars and battles of the period destroyed several of the remaining old fencing schools and led to the death of many active fencers. It is possible that the Napoleonic wars brought an end to most of the remaining lines of the Liechtenauer

1640:: "tugging", a technique used in a strong bind between blades in which a combatant goes weak in the bind so as to disengage his blade from the bind and stabs or hews to the other side of the other combatant's blade. This technique is based upon the concept of using weakness against strength. 2502:

Sechs Fechtschulen (d. i. Schau- und Preisfechten) der Marxbrüder und Federfechter aus den Jahren 1573 bis 1614; Nürnberger Fechtschulreime v. J. 1579 und Rösener's Gedicht: Ehrentitel und Lobspruch der Fechtkunst v. J. 1589: Eine Vorarbeit zu einer Geschichte der Marxbrüder und

2005:

506:"battle swords" ("Schlachtschwerter", another name for either longswords or Zweihänder). Büsching goes on to say that the art was dying out very slowly, mostly due to the fact that there were fewer living fencers who were trained by the few remaining Marxbrüder und Federfechter. 448:

fencing was gradually discontinued at noble fencing schools, including most universities, at the time. The rapier had an advantage in that it could be worn well with the clothing of that time period when longswords were typically seen as too large to be worn fashionably.

1195:) relate to the amount of force that is applied in a bind, or contact, of the swords. Here, neither is better than the other, but one needs to counter the opponent's action with a complementary reaction; strength is countered with weakness, and weakness with strength. 517:

Some historians assume that it was the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire which directly led to the end and eventual extinction of its unique fencing culture, because the downfall of the Empire did also destroy much of its oldest institutions and practices.

2213: 950:

the difficulty of explaining techniques in words and the importance of direct instruction and intensive training, offering the aphorism that "exercise is better than art, because exercise without art is useful, but art without exercise is useless"

3507: 3253:"'L' Art Militaire Françoise Pour l'Infanterie : Contenant l'exercice et le maniement des armes, tant des Officiers, que des Soldats, réprésenté par des Figures en taille-douce déssinées d'après Nature ...' - Digitalisat | MDZ" 1362:

A vertical hew from above that reaches across the direct line to the opponent, traveling left from a right position and vice versa. Krumphau is almost always accompanied with a wide diagonal sideways step. The Krumphau breaks the guard

473:

yet unborn generations!". However, some civilian fencers still practiced the German school instead of the rapier-fencing of the noble elite. The last known practitioner by name was Theodori Verolini in 1679, when he published his book

514:, holy Roman Emperor who enjoyed the presentation very much. Strangely enough, the public demonstrations of these fencing styles seem to end very abruptly, despite the big popularity they had among both noblemen and common citizens. 576:

Wilhelm Fabricius (1894–1989), a silviculture scientist and passionate admirer of historical martial arts and fencing even wanted to reconstruct German medieval fencing on the basis of traditional stage fencing and the Fechtbuch of

509:

The last of public displays of longsword fencing was on 5 November 1741, the author clearly mentions the use of "Schlachtenschwerter" ("battle swords"). The most prominent guest of one of the last of these displays was the young

3472:"But you will still find some "sporting" master, who says, that he himself has created a new art of fencing. But I want to see one of these men, who has created a technique, that is not included in master Lichtenauers art" 604:

Bayonets (daggers or short swords which were mounted on the barrels of the muskets) were first introduced in either France or Germany in the 16th century and became commonly used in the 17th century (especially during the

497:

during the late 17th century and the foil became a fashionable training weapon in the 18th century, however both fencing with the longsword and the Dusack was till being taught in the fencing schools of the Marksbrüder.

304:

The history of the German school of fencing in the tradition of Liechtenauer spans roughly 250 years, or 8–10 generations of masters (depending on the dating of Liechtenauer) from 1350 to 1600. The earliest source, Ms.

3296:"Militia Discipline. The words of command, and directions for exercising the musket, bayonet and carthridge: And the exercise for the soldiers of the militia horse ... By W. B. Gent. (Will. Breton.) the second edition" 1763:, most armoured fights were concluded by wrestling moves, with one combatant falling to the ground. Lying on the ground, he could then be easily killed with a stab into his visor or another opening of the armour. 1622:: "over-running" or "overrunning", the act of countering a hew or thrust made from below with an attack from above; a slight step backward usually accompanies the attack, the higher blow out-ranging the lower one. 2702:

Abhandlung von den Thurnieren, besonders denen Deutschen: Nebst einem Vorschlage, diese festlichen Aufzüge und Uebungen zum Gebrauch der Reuterey zu erneuern, und der heutigen Kriegsverfassung gemäß einzurichten

2455: 539:

mentioned the death of an unnamed, 76-year-old (born in 1786) former member of the Marksbrüder, who having fenced longsword in his teenage years in the early 1800s, was possibly the last living practitioner.

1676:: "Winding", the combatant moves the strong side of his blade to the weak side of the opponent's blade to gain leverage while keeping his point online with the opponent's opening. There are eight variations. 2684:

Handbuch der gesetze und verordnungen welche für die polizei-verwaltung im österreichischen kaiserstaate von 1740–1852 erschienen sind: Mit einem nachtrage enthaltend die verordnunen von 1853 bis ende juni

2834: 1502:: Liechtenauer is emphatic that the above four guards are sufficient, and all guards taught by other masters may be derived from them. Later masters introduce richer terminology for variant guards: 3649:

Anfangsgründe der Fechtkunst: nebst einer Vorrede in welcher eine kurze Geschichte der Fechtkunst vorgetragen und von dem Nutzen derselben wie auch von den Vorzügen dieser Anweisung gehandelt wird

1936:(the term describes the change from a combat system into a martial sport) as a mitigation of the fight sequences first appeared in the late 18th century, when fencing, mostly took place with the 1349:) another oberhau, the impact and binding of the blades will result in the hew ending in a lower hanging at the center of the body. This strike is normally thrown to the opponent's upper opening. 1153:

vor noch swach stark Indes / an den selben woertern leit alle kunst / meister lichtnawers / Und sint dy gruntfeste und der / kern alles fechtens czu fusse ader czu rosse / blos ader in harnuesche

2209: 2105: 2094: 1199:

means "meanwhile" or "interim", referring to the time it takes for the opponent to complete an action. At the instant of contact with the opponent's blade, an experienced fencer uses "feeling" (

589:

became more and more rare and its practitioners started to die out. As of 2018, almost all of the practitioners of this classical style of stage fencing either have died or would be very old.

525:

Another source mentions living longsword fencers who were alive in 1819, but who were "without any fencing schools" (a reference to the decline of both the Federfechter and the Marksbrüder).

641:

of their details. What is now known as the "German school" comprises those traditions which were put on paper in the late medieval period, and this tradition of compiling written manuals or

1163:('meanwhile'), on these five words hinges the entire art of master Lichtenauer, and they are the foundation and the core of all combat, on foot or on horseback, unarmoured or armoured." 3282:"Speculum militare. Oder ... Schauplatz des Deutschen und Niederländischen Kriegs-Exercitien zu Tusz ... In hundert Kupferstucken erklahret und ans licht gebracht durch D. M. B. G. L" 555:

thrusts from all guards of medieval German longsword fencing—survived in some classic German stage fencing schools ("Bühnenfechtkunst") at least until the middle of the 20th century.

1616:: "after-traveling", the act of attacking an opponent after he has pulled back to attack, or an attack after the opponent has missed, or an attack following the opponent's action. 1380:

A high horizontal hew, with the short (backhand) edge when thrown from the right side and with the long edge when thrown from the left side. The Zwerchau breaks the guard vom Tag.

3115: 1078:"Young knight, learn to love God and revere noble ladies, so that your honour grows. Practice knighthood and learn the art that dignifies you, and brings you honour in wars." 2147: 364:. In the 16th century, the tradition became more a sporting exercise than a system of combat for duelling or the battlefield. Early 16th-century masters include Hans Wurm, 309:

of 1389, mentions a number of masters who are considered peers of Liechtenauer: Hanko Döbringer, Andres Jud, Jost von der Nyssen, and Niklaus Preuss. Martin Hundsfeld and

1578:: "long point", the sword point is extended straight out at the opponent. Many of the cuts pass through this transitional guard, and it is the natural ending of a thrust. 529:

tradition of these imperial institutions that they stubbornly clinged to it, even centuries after longsword fencing had lost its relevancy for battles or judicial duels.

2344: 859:

art of Liechtenauer may be at home in the (Holy Roman) Empire, but everywhere in Christendom you can find adherents and adepts of the art!". In 1646, the young prince

617:"Schlüssel" seem to have been considered the best guards and there were still references to their roots in older, medieval fencing styles as late as the 19th century. 3309: 2452: 2131: 1634:: "changing-through", name for various techniques of escaping a bind by sliding the sword's point out from underneath the blade and then stabbing to another opening. 1315:, "slicing off": Slicing attacks made with the edge of the sword by placing the edge against the body of the opponent and then pushing or pulling the blade along it. 1183:, one responds to the decisions made by his opponent. Under Liechtenauer's system, a combatant must always strive to be in control of the engagement—that is, in the 2927:

Ritterliche Waffenspiele, Schwert- und Stock-fechten, Bogenschiessen, Armbrustschiessen, Bau von Übungswaffen. Mit 66 abbildungen nach Zeichnungen des Verfassers

297:, which was written around 1300. The next documents date from approximately a century later, when records of the tradition attributed to the 14th-century master 3168: 2846: 1259:(close measure) the attacker and his opponent are so close that they are able to reach the other person with their hands. Most of the wrestling-techniques ( 3372:"Die Bajonetfechtkunst oder Lehre des Verhaltens mit dem Infanterie-Gewehre als Angriffs- und Vertheidigungs-Waffe / Herausgegeben von Eduard von Selmnitz" 340:

were other martial art schools active in the Empire at the time). The Emperor also granted students the right to bear arms and allowed them to have duels.

2393: 1881:

as "fencing" in a pre-16th century context is an anachronism; the English verb "to fence" in the sense of "fighting with swords" arises in the 1590s, in

1446:

a basic position with the sword held either on the right shoulder or above the head. The blade can be held vertically or at roughly 45-degrees. The word

1587:

Other terms in Liechtenauer's system (most of them referring to positions or actions applicable in mid-combat, when the blades are in contact) include:

558:

The close relationship between longsword fencers of the Liechtenauer tradition and stage fencers can be traced back at least until the medieval period.

532:

The last practitioners of longsword fencing may have ceased activity with the dissolution of the Marxbrüder and Federfechter by the early 19th century.

3698: 1203:) to immediately sense his opponent's pressure in order to know whether he should be "weak" or "strong" against him. He then either attacks on the 383:

of Vienna"), which is one of the earliest printed fencing manuals. Comparisons with descriptions in other manuscripts from the period (such as the

3005:

Ritterliche Waffenspiele: Schwert- u. Stockfechten, Bogenschießen, Armbrustschießen, Bau von Übungswaffen ; Mit 66 Abb. nach Zeichn. d. Verf

1074:

Jung Ritter lere / got lip haben frawen io ere / So wechst dein ere / Uebe ritterschaft und lere / kunst dy dich zyret und in krigen sere hofiret

624:'s bayonet system - or smallsword fencing), there remained an influence of older, pike and longsword-based methods well into the 20th century. 1709:: this step begins by moving forward, making a tilt, moving slight backward movement and then attacking with the strong side of the other foot. 17: 1693:: moving the rear foot in front while following with the behind one, all while transferring weight and stability from one foot to the other. 248:. The earliest surviving treatise on Liechtenauer's system is a manuscript dated to possibly the late 14th, or early 15th century, known as 2436: 420:

falls into this late period. The final phase of the tradition stretches from the late 16th to the early 17th century, with masters such as

2796: 1753:("murder strike"), an attack with the hilt when holding the sword at the blade, and then penetration into openings of the armour with the 1570:: "crown", the sword hilt is held out about head height with the point up. Kron is used at the bind and is usually a prelude to grappling. 403:

and others). A later manuscript, dated 1564 and attributed to Lienhart Sollinger, cites Pauernfeindt and is largely identical in content.

4025: 3822: 2779: 1409:

with the short edge. The Schielhau breaks both the Pflug and Langen Ort guards and can be used to counter-hew against a powerful Oberhau.

1397:

guard that ends in an upper hanger on the opposite side and usually targets the head or the right shoulder. It is basically a twist from

2763: 2409: 1986: 1207:

or remains in the bind until his opponent acts, depending on what he feels is right. When his opponent starts to act, the fencer acts

252:. More manuscripts survive from the 15th century, and during the 16th century the system was also presented in print, most notably by 4846: 4841: 3129: 2003: 876:. He used this weapon to exemplify several overarching martial principles that also apply to other disciplines within the tradition. 458: 267:

fencing by the early 17th century. Practitioners of the German school persisted at least until the end of the 18th century, though.

2032: 2019: 2356: 1495:

or displacement can be made with the false edge of the sword, or the hilt of the sword can be quickly raised into a hanging parry.

2295: 2283: 2271: 2380: 2128: 569:

to conserve classical German stage fencing and to teach specifically longsword fencing techniques to young boys who were in the

4790: 3402: 3484: 2241: 3945: 3901: 3885: 3832: 3802: 3452: 3412: 3267:"Künstliche Picquen Handlung. Darinnen schrifftlich und mit Figuren dieses ... Exercitium angewiesen und gelehret wirdt, etc" 3099: 3072: 3045: 2948: 2924: 2890: 2483: 3473: 4733: 1056:

A characteristic, introductory verse of Liechtenauer's – often repeated in later manuscripts – echoes classic 14th century

1942: 313:

were probably active in the early 15th century, but there is a scarcity of historical sources until the mid-15th century.

3727:

A Zornhau may be thrown from another guard, such as Ochs, but in doing so the person will move through the vom Tag guard.

734: 3035: 1272:

Liechtenauer and other German masters describe three basic methods of attack with the sword. They are sometimes called

2340: 2308: 502: 4587: 3995: 3931: 3916: 3875: 3865: 3847: 3816: 3385: 2872: 4443: 3768: 3165: 3064:

Das SS-Helferinnenkorps: Ausbildung, Einsatz und Entnazifizierung der weiblichen Angehörigen der Waffen-SS 1942–1949

2420: 1467:

a position with the sword held to either side of the head, with the point (as a horn) aiming at the opponent's face.

1230:

Some of the later practitioners of the German school of fencing, such as Theodori Verolini, started to use the term

4360: 3550: 2148:

Location, Location, Location: What to keep in mind when choosing a place to fight | The Secret History of the Sword

1788: 1701:: a quick movement with the forward foot while the backfoot stabilizes the fast momentum by being focused sideways. 444:, and the German tradition becoming regarded as old-fashioned and unrefined among the nobility during the Baroque. 271: 3715: 4531: 620:

While there were other bayonet fencing systems (some which were based on saber fencing - like in the case of Sir

437: 2254: 1600:: "mutating", change of attack method, changing a displaced hew into a thrust, or a displaced thrust into a hew. 4629: 4467: 4351: 4076: 2391: 2184: 2989: 972:

The text goes on to present the core principles of successful swordsmanship in eight rhyming couplets (17v):

511: 4831: 3695: 3523:

Ein russischer Staatsmann: Des Grafen Jakob Johann Sievers Denkwürdigkeiten zur Geschichte Rußlands, Band 1

999: 3581:

Geschichte der Schiffahrt und Seemacht Gross-Britanniens von den frühesten Zeiten an bis auf das Jahr 1779

3209:

Die Kreussler'sche Stossfechtschule : Mit 120 nach des Natur gez. Abbildungen u. dem Porträt des Verf

2229: 4836: 4826: 4081: 2940:

Ein Kampf für das Recht der Musen: Leben und Werk von Karl Christian Müller alias Teut Ansolt (1900–1975)

1646:: "running-through", a technique by which one combatant "runs through" his opponent's attack to initiate 244:

Most authors of writings on the system are, or claim to be, in the tradition of the 14th-century master

3442: 2518: 453:

also led to a massive decline of both fencing schools and practitioners in the Holy Roman Empire. Both

3428: 3252: 2116: 1720: 592:

Today, the only surviving part of the medieval German school of fencing can be found in modern German

4856: 4821: 1793: 650: 410:, at preserving and reconstructing the teachings of the past century appeared. The foundation of the 317: 3528:

A Russian statesman: The Count Jakob Johann Sievers's Memorabilia on the History of Russia, Volume 1

2808: 179:("fencing books") written at the time. The geographical center of this tradition was in what is now 4609: 4308: 1798: 1481:

left side of the body the short edge should be facing down with the thumb on the flat of the blade.

1247:(middle measure) the attacker has to make one footstep to reach the other combatant with the blade. 846:

Karl Ludwig Blum mentioned that there were traveling masters, who gave lectures to noblemen in the

724: 293: 3675: 4492: 4127: 2665: 700: 333: 3647: 3495: 2433: 1147:

At the center of the art is an emphasis on swiftness, as well as on balance and good judgement:

536: 4851: 4189: 3632:

Versuch einer theoretischen Anweisung zur Fechtkunst im Hiebe: Mit 20 erläuternden Kupfertafeln

3089: 2837:[Baden 1939: The Gateway to the Destruction of Everyday life under National Socialism] 1607: 1345:

guard that ends in the Wechsel guard on the opposite side. When a Zornhau is used to displace (

3662: 3613: 2964: 2938: 2700: 2682: 2631: 768: 349: 4692: 4471: 4429: 3988: 3579: 3521: 3062: 2648: 2473: 2171: 1253:(near measure) the attacker can cut or thrust his enemy without having to make any footsteps. 1179:, one dictates his opponent's actions and thus is in control of the engagement, while in the 927: 855: 847: 692: 657:, who mentions a master of Swabia called Johannes "who was a student of Nicholai of Toblem." 638: 388: 298: 245: 111: 3630: 3341:

Kurtze iedoch deutliche Beschreibung des Pique-Spielens/ Wie auch des Trillens auf der Pique

1932:

could still be used for self-defense and never really became a fully combat sport. The term

1241:(wide measure) the attacker has to make two footsteps to reach his opponent with his weapon. 4741: 4407: 4234: 3795:

Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts: Rediscovering The Western Combat Heritage

3557:

Information on fencing manuscripts and printed fencing books of the 16th and 17th centuries

3485:

http://www.lupi-venaritis.de/EuropKamfK/Dokumente/080317%20D%F6rbringer%20%DCbersetzung.pdf

3223: 3192: 2314:

Wöchentliche Nachrichten für Freunde der Geschichte, Kunst und Gelahrtheit des Mittelalters

625: 606: 450: 4329: 3552:

Aufschlüsse über Fechthandschriften und gedruckte Fechtbücher des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts

2083: 8: 4697: 4376: 4280: 4205: 4112: 4020: 3665:

Jahrbücher des Vereins für Mecklenburgische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Band 41 (1876)

3474:

http://www.lupi-venaritis.de/EuropKamfK/Dokumente/120105%20Lichtenauer%20Druckausgabe.pdf

2925:

http://mindhost.tumblr.com/post/141843140312/from-wiktenauer-the-exploits-of-19th-century

2912: 2072: 2030: 1855: 1780: 860: 738: 684: 667:

The 15th century Liechtenauerian tradition seems to have been geographically centered on

4174: 3153: 387:) confirm that this period was a transitional stage between the late medieval school of 4571: 4481: 4455: 4344: 4318: 4194: 4117: 4107: 4015: 3124: 2633:

Thassilo, Herzog von Bojarien: Ein vaterländisch-historisches Trauerspiel in 5 Aufzügen

1759:(short sword), which allowed stabbing with greater precision. From the evidence of the 1749: 821: 811: 661: 407: 392: 168: 123: 45: 3239:"Deutliche Beschreibung, von dem Exerciren in der Muszquet, in drey Theil abgetheilet" 4762: 4729: 4645: 4641: 4576: 4370: 4255: 4086: 3941: 3927: 3912: 3897: 3881: 3871: 3861: 3843: 3828: 3812: 3798: 3530:] (in German). Leipzig, Heidelberg: C. F. Winter'sche Verlagshandlung. p. 38 3448: 3408: 3095: 3068: 3041: 2944: 2886: 2479: 2312: 1732: 1234:(measure) in the 17th century to explain the different ranges of the art of fencing. 801: 384: 316:

The mid-15th century saw the peak and decline of the "Society of Liechtenauer" under

160: 101: 96: 4224: 3355: 3339: 3323: 2548: 1835:"school of fencing" does not refer to the "German school" but to individual fencing 1610:" or "parrying" (upper/lower, left/right), to parry an attack with one's own weapon. 1035:

7. correct distance, concealing one's intentions, reason, anticipation and dexterity

780: 467:

Deutliche und gründliche Erklärung der adelichen und ritterlichen freyen Fecht-Kunst

4800: 4757: 4535: 4298: 4159: 4154: 3981: 2048: 1808: 654: 646: 593: 399:

as practiced in the late 16th century (as recorded in the later printed manuals by

180: 164: 138: 4507: 3186: 2500: 1136:) or "hidden hews" from which many masterful techniques arise, 12 "chief pieces" ( 881: 719:). Masters or treatises of the period that can be located geographically include: 637:

were traditions of combat training throughout the medieval world, in spite of the

4795: 4747: 4737: 4725: 4614: 4546: 4518: 4412: 4250: 4229: 4219: 4179: 4144: 4139: 4131: 4102: 4051: 3964: 3960:(wiktenauer.com), a wiki dedicated to historical European martial arts in general 3757: 3702: 3596: 3371: 3295: 3281: 3266: 3238: 3207: 3172: 3166:

http://www.mittelalter-abc.de/gruppen-vereine/bund-deutscher-buehnenkampfmeister/

3019: 3003: 2716: 2602: 2459: 2453:

Marxbrüder und Federfechter « Stahl auf Stahl » Schwertkampf und Ringen

2440: 2397: 2217: 2036: 912: 908: 454: 441: 396: 353: 321: 220: 216: 127: 76: 72: 3741: 829: 365: 336:, which enjoyed a quasi-monopoly on teaching martial arts from 1487 until 1570. 4767: 4714: 4702: 4662: 4602: 4592: 4476: 4169: 4046: 1950: 1890: 1664:("overcut") such that the wrists of the opponent are sliced all the way around. 892: 751: 329: 232: 228: 207:. The German school of fencing focuses primarily on the use of the two-handed 119: 4815: 4650: 4597: 4551: 4487: 4337: 4270: 3677:

Churfürstlich-Pfalzbaierischer Hof- und Staatskalender: auf das Jahr ... 1802

2781:

Geschichte der Weltliteratur und des Theaters aller Zeiten und Völker, Band 2

2135: 1866: 1841: 1220:(with rough translation; they should each be explained in a separate section) 968:

the tactical importance of hiding the intended action from the opponent (16r)

872:

Master Johannes Liechtenauer based his system of fencing upon the use of the

835: 621: 578: 548: 547:

There were some living German longsword fencers alive during the lifetime of

489:

In 1726, Gottfried Rudolf Pommer auf Bugenhagen mentions, in his publication

421: 400: 357: 275: 253: 115: 3779: 3040:(in German). Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1984. 2733: 2319:

Weekly news for friends of the history, art, and learning of the Middle Ages

1557:

The following are transitional stances that are not properly called guards:

291:

The first document of German heritage which shows fencing techniques is the

4666: 4541: 4497: 4438: 4275: 4184: 2990:

http://blogs.epb.uni-hamburg.de/kuk2012/files/2012/02/Coesfeld_3.Reich_.pdf

1740: 754:, in the 1440s to 1460s, was active throughout Southern Germany, including 742: 708: 696: 582: 570: 562: 412: 260: 172: 2159: 1874: 755: 377:

Ergründung der ritterlichen kunst des fechtens durch freyfechter czu Vienn

4681: 4671: 4619: 4260: 2768:(in German). Verlag und Druck von B. Leubner in Leipzig und Berlin. 1919. 2085:

Wiktenauer. Das Leben eines Söldners im Dreißigjährigen Krieg (1618–1648)

1937: 1916: 1903:

The occasional spelling Paurñfeyndt is due to a misinterpretation of the

1886: 1882: 1803: 1755: 1628:: "off-setting", deflecting a thrust or hew at the same time as stabbing. 1099: 494: 380: 935:

centuries and which is the kernel and foundation of all arts of combat.

4707: 4402: 4265: 2400:. Geschichte des Fechtens in Deutschland Autor / Hrsg.: Dr. Ole Krönert 839: 794: 759: 325: 2835:"Baden 1939: Das Tor zur Zerstörung Der Alltag im Nationalsozialismus" 2721:(in German). Druck und Kommissionverlag F.A. Günther & Sohn. 1950. 2242:

1745 a Fechtschul of the Marxbrüder in Frankfurt « Hans Talhoffer

2150:. Fencingclassics.wordpress.com (2011-11-01). Retrieved on 2013-02-09. 2107:

Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, Erzähler und Schriftsteller

1862: 711:, which apparently originated in the southeastern part of the empire ( 477:("The Artful Fencer"), which was based upon Joachim Meyers fechtbuch. 4772: 4655: 4502: 4417: 4214: 4041: 3938:

In Saint George's Name: An Anthology of Medieval German Fighting Arts

1760: 1647: 1122: 954:

the importance of footwork and stance (15v) and of correct distance (

939:

the principle of taking the shortest and most direct line of attack (

873: 815: 776: 772: 746: 728: 704: 680: 672: 445: 361: 208: 192: 188: 176: 68: 3205: 763: 675:, and influenced development in the adjacent territories, including 4676: 4582: 4433: 1057: 825: 274:

reconstruction since the late 19th century, when swordsmen such as

212: 184: 80: 3325:

Deutliche Beschreibung von dem Exerciren in der Musquete und Pique

2475:

Kulturgeschichte des Sports: Vom antiken Olympia bis zur Gegenwart

2296:

Geschichte des Kriegswesen von der Urzei bis zur Renaissance, 1880

1988:

Von unehrlichen Leuten: cultur-historische Studien und Geschichten

1309:, "stabbing": A thrusting attack made with the point of the sword. 1140:) that categorize the main components of the art, and five words ( 741:

dialectal elements. By 1495, this manuscript had been acquired by

39: 4513: 4164: 4004: 2575: 1574: 904: 896: 805: 790: 688: 310: 224: 195:. During the period in which it was taught, it was known as the 3781:. Call to Arms: The German Longsword – An article by Bill Grandy 3037:

Das österreichische Theater in Krakau im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert

1025:

6. speed and courage paired with wariness, deceit and cleverness

1015:

Hewe stiche snete drücken / leger schütczen stöße fülen czücken

544:

once a practitioner of their specific longsword fencing style).

4720: 4688: 4567: 4524: 2189:

The Secret History of the Sword (Fencingclassics.wordpress.com)

1106: 1087: 1061: 885: 884:, and staff. Also part of the curriculum was fighting with the 880:(wrestling/grappling) was taught, as well as fighting with the 784: 716: 712: 676: 668: 433: 417: 264: 237: 84: 3770:. Higginssword.org. Kleine Kleine Toggenburger Chroniken, 1874 2129:

Deutliche Erklårung der Fechtkunst (Jean Daniel L'Ange)/Images

1283:, "hews": A hewing stroke with one of the edges of the sword. 1276:, "three wounders", with a deliberate pun on "three wonders." 1175:) correspond to offensive and defensive actions. While in the 941:

of das aller neheste vnd kors körtzste / slecht vnd gerade czu

779:

also was in Nuremberg in the late 15th to early 16th century.

462:

Empire or in regions that were far less affected by the war).

4752: 4624: 4149: 4061: 3091:

Die Bundeswehr: Eine politische Geschichte von 1955 bis heute

1904: 1528: 931: 695:. In the 16th century, there was an established tradition of 566: 306: 249: 211:; it also describes the use of many other weapons, including 3957: 2117:

Deutliche und gründliche Erklä – Titel – Digitale Sammlungen

1045:

8. training and confidence, speed, agility and good footwork

645:

of fighting systems appears to mostly have been confined to

4450: 4359: 3663:

http://mvdok.lbmv.de/mjbrenderer?id=mvdok_document_00002645

1839:

held in the early modern period, equivalent to the English

1132:

The foundation of the system comprises five "master-hews" (

1019:

Winden vnd hengen / rücken striche sprönge greiffen ringen

903:

involved the sword: fencing with (single-handed) sword and

653:

document the German school, beginning with the writings of

3973: 3508:

DFG-Viewer > De arte athletica II – BSB Cod.icon. 393(2

1594:: "doubling", the immediate redoubling of a displaced hew. 1329:) and are long range, accompanied by triangular stepping. 1301:, "under hew": A stroke delivered from below the attacker. 992:

Gerader leip vnd gesvnder / eyn gancz vertik swert pesundr

2462:. Stahlaufstahl.de (2013-02-05). Retrieved on 2013-02-09. 2119:. Digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de. Retrieved on 2013-02-09. 1289:, "over hew": A stroke delivered from above the attacker. 943:) disregarding flourishes or flashy parrying techniques ( 3188:

Anweisung zum biebfechten mit graden und krummen klingen

3024:(in German). Friedrich Berlin Verlagsgesellschaft. 1970. 2232:. Thesis. Institut für Kunstgeschichte. uni-stuttgart.de 1427: 1218:

What follows is a list of technical terms of the system

1121:

The principal discipline is unarmoured fencing with the

1039:

Masse vörborgenheit / vernunft vorbetrachtunge fertikeit

707:. After 1570, there was a second influential guild, the 406:

In the mid 16th century, the first attempts, notably by

2162:. Wiktenauer.com (2013-02-02). Retrieved on 2013-02-09. 1029:

Rascheit vnd kunheit / vorsichtikeit list vnd klugheit

832:

was also in Augsburg, active during the 1540s to 1560s.

2943:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 429. 2913:

https://www.edoweb-rlp.de/resource/edoweb:4243521/data

1005:

Vor noch swach sterke / yndes das wort mete czu merken

793:, written in what is now Switzerland, most likely the 599: 480: 457:(a mercenary who fought in the Thirty Years' War) and 270:

Fencing with the German longsword has been a focus of

3154:

http://doczz.nl/doc/994840/stadtchronik-1950-bis-1964

2871:

Heydenreuter, Reinhard; Strobl, Birgit, eds. (2009).

1295:, "middle hew": A stroke delivered from side to side. 982:

Czu allem fechten / gehört dy hölfe gotes von rechte

565:, there was an interest among certain members of the 2744:] (in Czech). State Pedagogical Publishing House 2347:[On Fencing and Fencing Schools in Germany] 1984: 1770: 1713: 998:

3. the principles of offensive and defensive and of

733:

the oldest record of the Liechtenauerian tradition,

573:, under the name "Ritterspiele" ("Knightly Games"). 375:

In 1516, Pauernfeindt published a treatise entitled

3742:

The Mastercuts – What They Are and What They Aren’t

2498: 2345:"Ueber Fechtspiele und Fechtschulen in Deutschland" 2244:. Talhoffer.wordpress.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-09. 2001: 1861:translates to the English etymological equivalent, 1049:

Vbunge vnd guter mut / motus gelenkheit schrete gut

2870: 2471: 1011:4.-5. a list of basic techniques (discussed below) 660:After the medieval period, emerging traditions of 427: 379:("Foundation of the knightly art of combat by the 332:, may have been involved with the founding of the 3870:vol. 2, Kriegshammer, Schild und Kolben, 2007. – 3601:(in German). Selbstverlag, Druck von C. Bellmann. 1341:A powerful diagonal hewing stroke dealt from the 649:. From about the same time, early records of the 259:The German tradition was largely eclipsed by the 4813: 3118:[Historical Calendar for the Year 2006] 1531:as a non-Liechtenauerian ward, identical to the 1144:) dealing with concepts of timing and leverage. 3894:Fighting Man's Guide to German Longsword Combat 3880:vol. 3: Scheibendolch und Stechschild, 2007. – 3840:Sigmund Ringeck's Knightly Art of the Longsword 2212:. Phf.uni-rostock.de. Retrieved on 2013-02-09. 2096:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen Werke 1405:with one step forward, striking simultaneously 440:became fashionable due to treatises by such as 3737: 3735: 3733: 3548: 3279: 175:periods. It is described in the contemporary 4345: 3989: 3652:(in German). bey Christian Friedrich Weygand. 3206:Friedrich August Wilhelm Ludwig Roux (1849). 2832: 2650:Nachgelassene Schriften: Auswahl und Nachlese 2521:[Order of feather fencers in Prague] 2421:Die altdeutschen Fechter und Spielleute, 1901 465:Author Jean Daniel L'Ange writes in his book 3705:. Higginssword.org. Retrieved on 2013-02-09. 1319: 197: 153: 3730: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3598:Die Fechtkunst im xv. und xvi. Jahrhunderte 3447:. Bartels & Wernitz. 13 February 1972. 2734:"Francouzská škola [French School]" 1656:: "pressing of hands", the execution of an 1393:A short edge (backhand) hew dealt from the 1215:before the opponent can finish his action. 965:, 14v, 16r-16v) with a fixed plan of attack 945:mit dem höbschen paryrn vnd weit vmefechten 4352: 4338: 3996: 3982: 3060: 2537:– via Ochs – Historische Kampfküste. 919:), the latter reserved only for nobility. 699:competitions. The dominant guild were the 286: 3744:by Bartholomew Walczak and Jacob Norwood. 3510:. Dfg-viewer.de. Retrieved on 2013-02-09. 3116:"Historischer Kalender für das Jahr 2006" 3001: 2915:Geschichte der alterwürdigen Burg Waldeck 2784:(in German). Verlag von J. Neumann. 1896. 459:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen 3924:Secrets of German Medieval Swordsmanship 3684: 3594: 3584:(in German). im Schwickertschen Verlage. 2699:Groeben, Georg Dietrich von der (1772). 2680: 2573: 2434:Geschichte deutschen Fechtkunst bis 1900 2339: 2307: 1719: 1263:) can only be used in the close measure. 1105: 1086: 961:the importance of taking the offensive ( 4361:Historical European Martial Arts (HEMA) 3611: 3184: 2698: 2629: 1082: 14: 4814: 4791:Historical martial arts reconstruction 3809:The Longsword of Johannes Liechtenauer 3758:The Basic Guards of Medieval Longsword 3752: 3750: 3628: 3577: 3094:(in German). E.S. Mittler & Sohn. 3087: 2936: 2667:Ludwig Tieck's nachgelassene Schriften 2516: 2411:. Die Fechtunst – ein kurzer Überblick 2138:. Wiktenauer. Retrieved on 2013-02-09. 2061:The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe 1159:"'Before', 'after', 'weak', 'strong', 535:On 16 April 1862, The Swiss newspaper 370:Paurnfeindt; Paurnfeyndt; Paurenfeyndt 159:) is a system of combat taught in the 4333: 3977: 3498:. Ejmas.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-09. 3236: 3061:Mühlenberg, Jutta (18 October 2012). 2794: 2663: 2646: 1670:: "hanging" (upper/lower, left/right) 1428:Guards (also known as huten or leger) 343: 141:(indirectly) Bayonet fencing (partly) 4304: 3821:Knight, David James and Brian Hunt, 3645: 3629:Werner, Johann Adolf Ludwig (1824). 3519: 3175:Klassische, deutsche Bühnenfechtunst 3067:(in German). Hamburger Edition HIS. 2731: 2609:The Art of Staging Battles: Textbook 2600: 1915:. The modern form of the surname is 4026:Fédération Internationale d'Escrime 3860:vol. 1: Das Lange Schwert, 2006. – 3838:Lindholm, David & Peter Svard, 3747: 3559:] (in German). Berlin: Gaertner 3391:. William Clowes. 13 February 1890. 3280:D. M. B. G. L. (13 February 1680). 3237:Pasch, Johann Georg (14 May 1667). 2885:. Munich: Hanns Seidel Foundation. 2353:Ochs – historische Kampfkünste e.V. 2021:Kaiser, Fechtgilden und Privilegien 1885:, in reference specifically to the 1060:, addressing the student as "young 988:2. a healthy body and a good weapon 922: 703:which held their annual meeting in 600:Influence on modern bayonet fencing 481:Late survivals in the modern period 155:Deutsche Schule; Kunst des Fechtens 33:German school of historical fencing 24: 3965:Call to Arms: The German Longsword 3909:Fighting with the German Longsword 3407:. Andrews UK Limited. 6 May 2021. 3357:Vollständige Krieges-Kunst zu Fuße 2519:"Ordnung der Federfechter zu Prag" 2472:Wolfgang Behringer (9 July 2012). 2160:Theodori Verolini (wiktenauer.com) 2074:. Söldner im Dreißigjährigen Krieg 907:(or a large shield in the case of 348:Late 15th-century masters include 25: 4868: 3951: 3807:Heim, Hans & Alex Kiermayer, 2611:] (in German). Henschelverlag 2382:. Das Reich in der Frühen Neuzeit 2284:Neue Jahrbücher für die Turnkunst 1911:as "ñ" and should be replaced by 1714:Armoured combat (Harnischfechten) 57:Historical German swordsmanship, 4847:History of the Holy Roman Empire 4842:Historical European martial arts 4369: 4313: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4060: 3857:– Mainz am Rhein. : Zabern 3773: 3762: 3088:Uzulis, André (1 January 2015). 2937:Mergen, Torsten (7 March 2012). 2309:Büsching, Johann Gustav Gottlieb 1789:Historical European Martial Arts 1773: 1743:made use of the same weapons as 1454:, is often translated as "roof". 1267: 958:, 15v) and speed of motion (16r) 899:. Two other disciplines besides 735:Nürnberger Handschrift GNM 3227a 272:historical European martial arts 95: 38: 4314: 3721: 3708: 3668: 3656: 3639: 3622: 3605: 3588: 3571: 3542: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3478: 3461: 3435: 3421: 3395: 3378: 3364: 3348: 3332: 3316: 3302: 3288: 3273: 3259: 3245: 3230: 3216: 3199: 3178: 3159: 3147: 3108: 3081: 3054: 3028: 3012: 2995: 2983: 2957: 2930: 2918: 2906: 2864: 2826: 2788: 2772: 2756: 2725: 2709: 2692: 2674: 2657: 2640: 2623: 2594: 2567: 2541: 2510: 2492: 2465: 2446: 2426: 2414: 2403: 2385: 2374: 2333: 2301: 2289: 2277: 2265: 2247: 2235: 2222: 2203: 2185:"Fechtschule; Germany, 18th ct" 2177: 2165: 2153: 2141: 2122: 2110: 2099: 2088: 2077: 2066: 1922: 428:Decline of the German tradition 368:, and Andre Pauernfeindt (also 278:first popularized the pursuit. 4077:Fencing at the Summer Olympics 3855:Mittelalterliche Kampfesweisen 3824:Polearms of Paulus Hector Mair 3646:Kahn, Anton Friedrich (1761). 3612:Krünitz, Johann Georg (1845). 3496:Journal of Western Martial Art 2053: 2042: 2024: 2013: 1995: 1978: 1897: 1848: 1825: 1547:: "unicorn", a variant of Ochs 1521:: "near guard" or "side guard" 867: 491:Sammlung von Merktwurdigkeiten 27:South German fencing tradition 18:German school of swordsmanship 13: 1: 3787: 3549:Wassmannsdorff, Karl (1888). 2805:Ochs – Historische Kampfküste 1985:Otto Adalbert Beneke (1857). 1972: 1582: 723:the oldest surviving manual, 44:page of Mscr. Dresd. C 93 by 4588:Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza 3718:. Geidelberg. uni-giessen.de 3444:Geschichte der Leibesübungen 2833:Wolkerstorfer, Otto (1999). 2551:[Historic Fencing]. 2499:Karl Wassmannsdorff (1870). 2002:Karl Wassmannsdorff (1870). 1991:. Berthes, Besser und Waufe. 1660:("undercut") followed by an 1527:: "iron door", mentioned in 1211:(meanwhile) and regains the 930:'s teachings as recorded in 7: 4444:King René's Tournament Book 4082:World Fencing Championships 4003: 3191:. Friedrich Mauke. p. 3002:Fabricius, Wilhelm (1935). 2992:Kampfsport im Dritten Reich 2874:Bayrische Landesgeschichten 2845:(in German). Archived from 2807:(in German). Archived from 2681:Zaleisky, Adalbert (1853). 2478:. C.H. Beck. pp. 84–. 2355:(in German). Archived from 1945:[We Learn Fencing] 1766: 1680: 838:was active in the 1570s in 10: 4873: 3578:Hervey, Frederick (1779). 3520:Blum, Karl Ludwig (1857). 3156:Stadtchronik 1950 bis 1964 2604:Bühnenfechtkunst: Lehrbuch 2423:. Retrieved on 2022-08-23. 2298:. Retrieved on 2022-08-23. 2286:. Retrieved on 2022-08-23. 2274:. Retrieved on 2022-08-23. 2272:Der Rapier und das Florett 2228:Heidemarie Bodemer (2008) 727:of c. 1300, originates in 281: 4786: 4385: 4367: 4289: 4243: 4203: 4126: 4095: 4069: 4058: 4034: 4011: 3936:Tobler, Christian Henry, 3922:Tobler, Christian Henry, 3907:Tobler, Christian Henry, 3680:(in German). Franz. 1802. 3595:Hergsell, Gustav (1896). 2879:Bavarian regional stories 2718:Deutsches Bühnen-Jahrbuch 2439:24 September 2015 at the 1794:Italian school of fencing 1320:Master-Hews (Meisterhäue) 1098:, as shown on fol. 1r of 915:), and armored fighting ( 828:was active in the 1540s. 651:Italian school of fencing 631: 133: 107: 90: 64: 53: 37: 3714:Nicholaes Detter (1887) 3429:"Cold Steel John Styers" 2630:Schlett, Joseph (1807). 2529:(in German). Vol. 9 2396:22 December 2017 at the 1818: 1799:English Longsword School 1225: 808:or surroundings, c.1510. 725:Royal Armouries Ms. I.33 294:Royal Armouries Ms. I.33 231:, as well as describing 149:German school of fencing 4493:Brotherhood of St. Mark 4377:The Martial Arts Portal 3797:, Paladin Press, 2008. 3344:. Fuhrman; Oelschlegel. 3224:"The Collector's Guild" 2670:(in German). Brockhaus. 2653:(in German). Brockhaus. 2341:Büsching, Johann Gustav 2210:Projekt Literaturkritik 2035:2 December 2017 at the 818:was active in the 1520s 701:Brotherhood of St. Mark 626:William Ewart Fairbairn 561:During the time of the 334:Brotherhood of St. Mark 287:Late medieval tradition 235:and unarmed grappling ( 3853:Schulze, André (ed.), 3635:(in German). Hartmann. 3171:7 January 2018 at the 3128:. 2006. Archived from 2799:[Sword dance] 2795:Kiermayer, Alexander. 2664:Tieck, Ludwig (1855). 2647:Tieck, Ludwig (1855). 2549:"Historisches Fechten" 2443:. schwertkampf-ochs.de 1949:. 2012. Archived from 1736: 1118: 1103: 797:, shortly before 1500. 475:Der Kůnstliche Fechter 328:. Kal's contemporary, 198: 154: 4693:Russian fist fighting 4472:Johannes Liechtenauer 4096:Modern fencing topics 3008:(in German). Franckh. 2688:(in German). F. Manz. 2574:Bachmann, D. (2015). 2517:Baader, Jos. (1866). 2432:Alexander Kiermayer. 2174:. files.wordpress.com 2039:Die kleine Fechtfibel 1723: 1535:of the Italian school 1109: 1090: 928:Johannes Liechtenauer 856:La Verdadera Destreza 848:Grand Duchy of Moscow 783:compiled a manual on 737:, appears to exhibit 432:In the 17th century, 389:Johannes Liechtenauer 299:Johannes Liechtenauer 246:Johannes Liechtenauer 137:German stage fencing 112:Johannes Liechtenauer 4424:Early Post-Classical 4408:Ancient Greek boxing 3892:Thomas, Michael G., 3701:8 April 2008 at the 3618:(in German). Krause. 2732:Plch, Pavel (1981). 2601:Koch, I. E. (1954). 2321:]. Breslau: Korn 1943:"Wir lernen Fechten" 1831:The historical term 1167:The terms "before" ( 1083:Unarmoured longsword 537:Neue Zürcher Zeitung 108:Famous practitioners 4832:German martial arts 4698:bare-knuckle boxing 4630:Scottish broadsword 4462:Late Post-Classical 4281:Martial arts manual 4113:High school fencing 4021:Glossary of fencing 3374:. 13 February 2024. 3298:. 13 February 2024. 3269:. 13 February 2024. 2965:"Wilhelm Fabricius" 2458:24 May 2012 at the 1877:", but translating 1856:Early Modern German 1781:Martial arts portal 861:Louis XIV of France 769:Johannes Lecküchner 739:East Central German 639:absence of evidence 350:Johannes Lecküchner 223:(with or without a 34: 4837:German Renaissance 4827:Fencing in Germany 4572:Ridolfo Capo Ferro 4482:Paulus Hector Mair 4456:Le jeu de la hache 4391: 4118:Wheelchair fencing 4108:Collegiate fencing 4016:History of fencing 3212:. Friedrich Mauke. 3135:on 16 October 2015 3125:University of Bonn 2852:on 5 February 2018 2742:Historical fencing 2705:(in German). Korn. 2580:Kunst des Fechtens 2255:"Fechtschule 1726" 2216:2008-02-26 at the 1930:Kunst des Fechtens 1873:has come to mean " 1737: 1699:The gathering step 1119: 1104: 978:1. the help of God 822:Paulus Hector Mair 812:Christian Egenolph 408:Paulus Hector Mair 393:German Renaissance 344:German Renaissance 199:Kunst des Fechtens 169:German Renaissance 124:Paulus Hector Mair 59:Kunst des Fechtens 46:Paulus Hector Mair 32: 4809: 4808: 4781: 4780: 4646:Giuseppe Radaelli 4642:Classical fencing 4577:Francesco Alfieri 4327: 4326: 4256:Modern pentathlon 4087:Fencing World Cup 4070:Main competitions 3946:978-0-9825911-1-6 3902:978-1-906512-00-2 3886:978-3-8053-3750-2 3833:978-1-58160-644-7 3803:978-1-58160-668-3 3470:Kunst gegeben hat 3454:978-3-87039-081-5 3414:978-1-78151-974-5 3101:978-3-8132-1010-1 3074:978-3-86854-500-5 3047:978-3-7001-0667-8 2950:978-3-86234-943-2 2892:978-3-88795-360-7 2814:on 27 August 2016 2485:978-3-406-63206-8 2362:on 27 August 2016 2261:. 22 August 2022. 2191:. 22 January 2010 1956:on 13 August 2012 1733:Codex Wallerstein 1564:: "hanging point" 1553:: "barrier guard" 1500:Additional Guards 1441:: "from the Roof" 1401:to opposite side 1388:: "squinting-hew" 1261:Ringen am Schwert 1110:fol. 2r, showing 1054: 1053: 802:Cologne Fechtbuch 693:Swiss Confederacy 607:Thirty Years' War 501:German historian 451:Thirty Years' War 424:and Jakob Sutor. 385:Cologne Fechtbuch 301:begin to appear. 205:"Art of Fighting" 161:Holy Roman Empire 145: 144: 102:Holy Roman Empire 91:Country of origin 16:(Redirected from 4864: 4857:Trials by combat 4822:Combat treatises 4801:Academic fencing 4536:Fiore dei Liberi 4451:Medieval buckler 4388: 4387: 4373: 4354: 4347: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4317: 4316: 4309:Commons category 4307: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4244:Related articles 4064: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3811:, Part I -DVD-, 3793:Clements, John. 3782: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3756:John Clements . 3754: 3745: 3739: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3706: 3693: 3682: 3681: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3368: 3362: 3361: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3185:W. Roux (1840). 3182: 3176: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3134: 3121: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2969:Kulturimpuls.org 2961: 2955: 2954: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2884: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2851: 2840: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2813: 2802: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2765:Der Schauspieler 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2524: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2469: 2463: 2450: 2444: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2412: 2407: 2401: 2389: 2383: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2361: 2350: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2226: 2220: 2207: 2201: 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"wrath guard" 1430: 1357:: "crooked-hew" 1322: 1270: 1245:Mittlere Mensur 1228: 1171:) and "after" ( 1085: 1017: 925: 917:Harnischfechten 909:judicial combat 870: 634: 602: 503:Johann Büsching 483: 455:Peter Hagendorf 442:Salvator Fabris 436:fencing of the 430: 354:Hans von Speyer 346: 322:Sigmund Ringeck 289: 284: 134:Descendant arts 128:Sigmund Ringeck 94: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4870: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4723: 4718: 4715:Folk wrestling 4711: 4710: 4705: 4703:Jack Broughton 4700: 4695: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4663:Stick fighting 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603:Joseph Swetnam 4600: 4595: 4593:English school 4590: 4585: 4579: 4574: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4528: 4527: 4521: 4516: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4479: 4477:Hans Talhoffer 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Oelschlegel. 3315: 3310:"Werksansicht" 3301: 3287: 3272: 3258: 3244: 3229: 3215: 3198: 3177: 3158: 3146: 3107: 3100: 3080: 3073: 3053: 3046: 3027: 3011: 2994: 2982: 2956: 2949: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2891: 2863: 2843:Rollett Museum 2825: 2787: 2771: 2755: 2724: 2708: 2691: 2673: 2656: 2639: 2622: 2593: 2566: 2540: 2509: 2491: 2484: 2464: 2445: 2425: 2413: 2402: 2384: 2373: 2332: 2311:, ed. (1816). 2300: 2288: 2276: 2264: 2246: 2234: 2221: 2202: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2134:2013-04-12 at 2121: 2109: 2098: 2087: 2076: 2065: 2059:Sydney Anglo, 2052: 2041: 2023: 2012: 1994: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1921: 1896: 1891:Art of Defence 1847: 1842:Prize Playings 1823: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1785: 1784: 1768: 1765: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1702: 1695: 1694: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1651: 1641: 1635: 1629: 1623: 1617: 1611: 1601: 1595: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1571: 1565: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1536: 1533:porta di ferro 1522: 1516: 1510: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1476: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1455: 1443: 1442: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1411: 1410: 1390: 1389: 1382: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1375:: "thwart-hew" 1365: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1351: 1350: 1338: 1337: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1254: 1248: 1242: 1227: 1224: 1191:) and "weak" ( 1165: 1164: 1156: 1155: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1021: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1002: 995: 994: 989: 985: 984: 979: 970: 969: 966: 959: 952: 948: 924: 921: 893:roundel dagger 869: 866: 844: 843: 833: 819: 809: 798: 788: 781:Albrecht Dürer 775:in the 1460s; 771:was active in 766: 752:Hans Talhoffer 749: 731: 633: 630: 601: 598: 482: 479: 438:Italian school 429: 426: 345: 342: 330:Hans Talhoffer 288: 285: 283: 280: 261:Italian school 233:mounted combat 143: 142: 135: 131: 130: 120:Hans Talhoffer 109: 105: 104: 92: 88: 87: 66: 62: 61: 55: 51: 50: 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4869: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Swordsmanship 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4651:Lucien Gaudin 4649: 4647: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4610:French school 4608: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4598:George Silver 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4553: 4552:Spada da lato 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4526: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4488:Joachim Meyer 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4332: 4320: 4312: 4310: 4302: 4300: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4271:Swordsmanship 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3987: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963:Bill Grandy, 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3933: 3932:1-891448-07-2 3929: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3917:1-891448-24-2 3914: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3877: 3876:3-8053-3736-1 3873: 3869: 3867: 3866:3-8053-3652-7 3863: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3848:1-58160-410-6 3845: 3841: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3817:1-891448-20-X 3814: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3724: 3717: 3711: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3679: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3634: 3633: 3625: 3617: 3616: 3608: 3600: 3599: 3591: 3583: 3582: 3574: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3545: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3497: 3492: 3486: 3481: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3456: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3430: 3424: 3416: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3373: 3367: 3359: 3358: 3351: 3343: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3326: 3319: 3311: 3305: 3297: 3291: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3219: 3211: 3210: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3131: 3127: 3126: 3117: 3111: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3084: 3076: 3070: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3023: 3022: 3021:Theater heute 3015: 3007: 3006: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2914: 2909: 2894: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2829: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2797:"Schwerttanz" 2791: 2783: 2782: 2775: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2695: 2687: 2686: 2677: 2669: 2668: 2660: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2635: 2634: 2626: 2610: 2606: 2605: 2597: 2581: 2577: 2570: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2528: 2520: 2513: 2506:. Karl Groos. 2505: 2504: 2495: 2487: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2468: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2442: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2422: 2417: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2381: 2377: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2310: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2285: 2280: 2273: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2250: 2243: 2238: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2156: 2149: 2144: 2137: 2136:archive.today 2133: 2130: 2125: 2118: 2113: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2080: 2073: 2069: 2063:, 2000, p 46. 2062: 2056: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2020: 2016: 2009:. Karl Groos. 2008: 2007: 1998: 1990: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1952: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1928:However, the 1925: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867:Modern German 1864: 1860: 1857: 1851: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1771: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1687: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1632:Durchwechseln 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1493: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1336:: "wrath-hew" 1335: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1268:Basic attacks 1262: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1223: 1221: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1001: 1000:hard and soft 997: 996: 993: 990: 987: 986: 983: 980: 977: 976: 973: 967: 964: 960: 957: 953: 949: 946: 942: 938: 937: 936: 933: 929: 920: 918: 914: 911:according to 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 887: 883: 879: 875: 865: 862: 857: 851: 849: 841: 837: 836:Joachim Meyer 834: 831: 827: 823: 820: 817: 813: 810: 807: 803: 799: 796: 792: 789: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 730: 726: 722: 721: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 629: 627: 623: 622:Alfred Hutton 618: 614: 610: 608: 597: 595: 590: 586: 584: 580: 579:Joachim Meyer 574: 572: 568: 564: 559: 556: 552: 550: 549:Alfred Hutton 545: 541: 538: 533: 530: 526: 523: 519: 515: 513: 507: 504: 499: 496: 492: 487: 478: 476: 470: 468: 463: 460: 456: 452: 447: 443: 439: 435: 425: 423: 422:Joachim Meyer 419: 415: 414: 409: 404: 402: 401:Joachim Meyer 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 358:Peter Falkner 355: 351: 341: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 314: 312: 308: 302: 300: 296: 295: 279: 277: 276:Alfred Hutton 273: 268: 266: 262: 257: 255: 254:Joachim Meyer 251: 247: 242: 240: 239: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 200: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 165:Late Medieval 162: 158: 156: 150: 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 121: 117: 116:Joachim Meyer 113: 110: 106: 103: 98: 93: 89: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: 56: 54:Also known as 52: 47: 41: 36: 30: 19: 4667:Quarterstaff 4562:Early Modern 4542:Dardi school 4498:Federfechter 4439:Bem cavalgar 4375: 4374: 4276:Dueling scar 4190:Displacement 4185:Prise de fer 3970: 3937: 3923: 3908: 3893: 3854: 3839: 3823: 3808: 3794: 3775: 3764: 3723: 3710: 3676: 3670: 3658: 3648: 3641: 3631: 3624: 3614: 3607: 3597: 3590: 3580: 3573: 3563:24 September 3561:. Retrieved 3556: 3551: 3544: 3532:. Retrieved 3527: 3522: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3480: 3468: 3463: 3443: 3437: 3423: 3403: 3397: 3386: 3380: 3366: 3356: 3350: 3340: 3334: 3324: 3318: 3304: 3290: 3275: 3261: 3247: 3232: 3218: 3208: 3201: 3187: 3180: 3161: 3149: 3137:. Retrieved 3130:the original 3123: 3110: 3090: 3083: 3063: 3056: 3036: 3030: 3020: 3014: 3004: 2997: 2985: 2973:. Retrieved 2968: 2959: 2939: 2932: 2920: 2908: 2896:. Retrieved 2878: 2873: 2866: 2854:. Retrieved 2847:the original 2842: 2828: 2816:. Retrieved 2809:the original 2804: 2790: 2780: 2774: 2764: 2758: 2746:. Retrieved 2741: 2737: 2727: 2717: 2711: 2701: 2694: 2683: 2676: 2666: 2659: 2649: 2642: 2636:(in German). 2632: 2625: 2615:11 September 2613:. Retrieved 2608: 2603: 2596: 2584:. Retrieved 2579: 2569: 2557:. Retrieved 2552: 2543: 2531:. Retrieved 2527:Jagd-Zeitung 2526: 2512: 2503:Federfechter 2501: 2494: 2474: 2467: 2448: 2428: 2416: 2405: 2387: 2376: 2364:. Retrieved 2357:the original 2352: 2335: 2323:. Retrieved 2318: 2313: 2303: 2291: 2279: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2237: 2230:as Fechtbuch 2224: 2205: 2193:. Retrieved 2188: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2143: 2124: 2112: 2101: 2090: 2079: 2068: 2060: 2055: 2044: 2026: 2015: 2006:Federfechter 2004: 1997: 1987: 1980: 1958:. Retrieved 1951:the original 1933: 1929: 1924: 1913:Paurenfeyndt 1912: 1908: 1899: 1889: 1878: 1870: 1858: 1850: 1840: 1837:competitions 1836: 1832: 1827: 1812: 1754: 1748: 1745:Blossfechten 1744: 1741:plate armour 1738: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1706: 1698: 1690: 1684: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1658:Unterschnitt 1657: 1654:Händedrücken 1653: 1644:Durchlauffen 1643: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1608:displacement 1603: 1597: 1591: 1586: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1524: 1518: 1512: 1506: 1499: 1498: 1486: 1472: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1438: 1433:Basic Guards 1432: 1431: 1423:guard Alber. 1417:: "part-hew" 1414: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1385: 1372: 1368: 1354: 1346: 1342: 1333: 1326: 1323: 1312: 1306: 1298: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1273: 1271: 1260: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1239:Weite Mensur 1238: 1231: 1229: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1187:. "Strong" ( 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1166: 1160: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1127:Blossfechten 1126: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1095: 1091: 1073: 1065: 1055: 1048: 1038: 1028: 1018: 1014: 1004: 991: 981: 971: 962: 955: 944: 940: 926: 916: 901:Blossfechten 900: 891:(mainly the 888: 877: 871: 852: 845: 830:Jörg Wilhalm 743:Nicolaus Pol 709:Federfechter 697:Federfechten 666: 659: 642: 635: 619: 615: 611: 603: 591: 587: 575: 571:Hitlerjugend 560: 557: 553: 546: 542: 534: 531: 527: 524: 520: 516: 508: 500: 490: 488: 484: 474: 471: 466: 464: 431: 413:Federfechter 411: 405: 397:Federfechten 376: 374: 369: 366:Jörg Wilhalm 347: 338: 315: 303: 292: 290: 269: 258: 243: 236: 204: 196: 173:early modern 152: 148: 146: 58: 29: 4682:Jogo do Pau 4672:Singlestick 4620:Small sword 4261:Knife fight 4204:Equipment ( 3467:GNM 3227a: 2971:(in German) 2582:(in German) 2555:(in German) 2195:20 December 1960:15 December 1938:small sword 1917:Bauernfeind 1907:indicating 1887:Elizabethan 1883:Shakespeare 1833:Fechtschule 1804:Kampfringen 1761:Fechtbücher 1756:Halbschwert 1750:Mordstreich 1735:(Plate 214) 1729:Mordstreich 1725:Halbschwert 1662:Oberschnitt 1415:Scheitelhau 1313:Abschneiden 1274:drei wunder 1257:Enge Mensur 1251:Nahe Mensur 1151:(fol. 20r) 1142:fünf Wörter 1138:hauptstücke 1134:Meisterhäue 1100:Cod. 44 A 8 1066:jung ritter 913:Swabian law 895:) and with 868:Disciplines 563:Third Reich 522:tradition. 416:in 1570 at 395:"sportive" 381:Freifechter 227:), and the 177:Fechtbücher 163:during the 4816:Categories 4742:Lancashire 4708:James Figg 4430:Tournament 4403:Pankration 4266:Half-sword 3788:Literature 3716:Ring Kunst 3139:8 February 2856:4 December 2818:4 December 2748:6 December 2586:8 February 2559:8 February 2533:6 December 2366:8 February 1973:References 1620:Überlaufen 1614:Nachreisen 1583:Techniques 1551:Schrankhut 1515:: "change" 1475:: "plough" 1072:(fol 18r) 840:Strasbourg 795:Toggenburg 787:in c.1505. 760:Emerkingen 691:, and the 512:Francis I. 495:smallsword 326:Paulus Kal 183:including 4753:Icelandic 4656:Aldo Nadi 4503:Longsword 4418:Gladiator 4215:Body cord 4132:Bladework 2975:23 August 2172:JPG image 1650:with him. 1648:grappling 1604:Versetzen 1592:Duplieren 1562:Hengetort 1539:Schlüssel 1525:Eisenport 1407:downwards 1386:Schielhau 1369:Zwerchhau 1347:Versetzen 1327:zufechten 1293:Mittelhau 1123:longsword 874:Longsword 850:in 1505. 816:Frankfurt 785:grappling 777:Hans Folz 773:Nuremberg 756:Königsegg 747:Innsbruck 729:Franconia 705:Frankfurt 681:Rhineland 673:Franconia 446:Longsword 362:Hans Folz 256:in 1570. 250:Ms. 3227a 209:longsword 203:, or the 193:Nuremberg 189:Frankfurt 85:grappling 69:Longsword 4763:Scottish 4734:Cumbrian 4689:Pugilism 4677:La canne 4583:Destreza 4470:: 4434:Jousting 4299:Category 4206:glossary 4195:Priority 4128:Footwork 3940:(2010), 3926:(2001), 3699:Archived 3534:3 August 3169:Archived 2456:Archived 2437:Archived 2394:Archived 2343:(1817). 2214:Archived 2132:Archived 2033:Archived 1863:to fight 1767:See also 1727:against 1681:Footwork 1626:Absetzen 1598:Mutieren 1519:Nebenhut 1489:: "fool" 1439:vom Tach 1355:Krumphau 1299:Unterhau 1058:chivalry 897:polearms 826:Augsburg 685:Lowlands 643:epitomes 391:and the 213:polearms 185:Augsburg 81:polearms 4768:Serbian 4730:Cornish 4726:English 4532:Italian 4514:Dussack 4397:Ancient 4319:Outline 4165:Riposte 4035:Weapons 4005:Fencing 3696:Abnemen 3388:Bayonet 2050:Fechten 1879:fechten 1875:fencing 1871:fechten 1859:fechten 1731:in the 1575:Langort 1545:Einhorn 1541:: "key" 1513:Wechsel 1507:Zornhut 1399:vom Tag 1395:vom Tag 1373:Twerhau 1343:vom Tag 1334:Zornhau 1325:fight ( 1307:Stechen 1287:Oberhau 1112:vom tag 963:vorslag 905:buckler 806:Cologne 791:Cgm 558 689:Bohemia 662:fencing 311:Ott Jud 282:History 225:buckler 221:messers 48:(1540s) 4721:Breton 4636:Modern 4581: 4568:Rapier 4538: 4525:Ringen 4523: 4519:Dagger 4512: 4508:Messer 4486: 4468:German 4175:Flèche 4160:Remise 4155:Attack 3944: 3930: 3919:(2004) 3915: 3904:(2008) 3900: 3884: 3874: 3864: 3850:(2003) 3846: 3835:(2008) 3831: 3815: 3801: 3451: 3411: 3098: 3071: 3044: 2947: 2898:14 May 2889: 2881:] 2576:"HEMA" 2482: 2325:24 May 2259:HROARR 1940:. See 1905:siglum 1813:Mensur 1674:Winden 1668:Hängen 1638:Zucken 1462:: "ox" 1232:Mensur 1201:fühlen 1102:(1452) 1062:knight 951:(15r). 886:dagger 882:messer 878:Ringen 764:Zürich 762:, and 717:Vienna 713:Prague 683:, the 679:, the 677:Alsace 669:Swabia 632:Spread 434:rapier 418:Vienna 360:, and 324:, and 265:rapier 238:ringen 191:, and 171:, and 77:dagger 73:messer 4773:Swiss 4758:Irish 4748:Greek 4738:Devon 4625:Sabre 4230:Forte 4220:Piste 4180:Flick 4150:Feint 4145:Lunge 4140:Parry 4052:Sabre 3555:[ 3526:[ 3133:(PDF) 3120:(PDF) 2883:(PDF) 2877:[ 2850:(PDF) 2839:(PDF) 2812:(PDF) 2801:(PDF) 2740:[ 2607:[ 2523:(PDF) 2360:(PDF) 2349:(PDF) 2317:[ 1954:(PDF) 1947:(PDF) 1865:. In 1819:Notes 1529:3227a 1487:Alber 1473:Pflug 1450:, or 1371:, or 1363:Ochs. 1281:Hauen 1226:Range 1209:indes 1197:Indes 1193:swach 1189:stark 1161:Indes 1116:alber 1092:pflug 956:mosse 932:3227a 889:Degen 567:NSDAP 307:3227a 229:staff 65:Focus 4235:Grip 4225:Lamé 4170:Ward 4047:Foil 4042:Épée 3942:ISBN 3928:ISBN 3913:ISBN 3898:ISBN 3882:ISBN 3872:ISBN 3862:ISBN 3844:ISBN 3829:ISBN 3813:ISBN 3799:ISBN 3565:2022 3536:2017 3449:ISBN 3409:ISBN 3141:2024 3096:ISBN 3069:ISBN 3042:ISBN 2977:2023 2945:ISBN 2900:2024 2887:ISBN 2858:2023 2820:2023 2750:2023 2685:1854 2617:2019 2588:2018 2561:2018 2535:2023 2480:ISBN 2368:2018 2327:2019 2197:2017 1962:2017 1854:The 1568:Kron 1460:Ochs 1452:dach 1448:tach 1403:Ochs 1181:nach 1173:nach 1114:and 1096:ochs 1094:and 800:the 671:and 147:The 1811:or 1606:: " 1213:vor 1205:vor 1185:vor 1177:vor 1169:vor 1129:). 1068:): 1064:" ( 824:of 814:of 804:of 745:of 372:). 263:of 241:). 4818:: 4740:, 4736:, 4732:, 4691:: 4665:: 4644:: 4570:: 4534:: 4432:: 4130:/ 3911:, 3896:, 3842:, 3827:, 3749:^ 3732:^ 3686:^ 3193:42 3122:. 2967:. 2841:. 2803:. 2736:. 2578:. 2525:. 2351:. 2257:. 2187:. 1909:en 1869:, 1222:: 947:). 758:, 715:, 687:, 585:. 356:, 352:, 320:, 219:, 215:, 187:, 167:, 126:, 122:, 118:, 114:, 83:, 79:, 75:, 71:, 4744:) 4728:( 4717:: 4353:e 4346:t 4339:v 4208:) 3997:e 3990:t 3983:v 3567:. 3538:. 3457:. 3431:. 3417:. 3360:. 3312:. 3284:. 3255:. 3241:. 3226:. 3195:. 3143:. 3104:. 3077:. 3050:. 2979:. 2953:. 2902:. 2860:. 2822:. 2752:. 2619:. 2590:. 2563:. 2488:. 2370:. 2329:. 2199:. 1964:. 1919:. 1894:. 1845:. 1125:( 842:. 151:( 20:)

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German school of fencing

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