1013:, Acta periodica duellatorum. 2014, vol. 2, pp. 105–148. "From the analysis and proposed stemmata it is clear, that the Liegnitzer/Hundsfeld attribution is confirmed by at least three independent sources – Glasgow, Kal, Danzig – while Hundsfeld/Lew can be reliably traced back to a single, now missing, manuscript, most likely authored or commissioned by Jud Lew. Therefore, until some new evidence emerges, it seems only prudent to consider the Liegnitzer/Hundsfeld attribution as the one made in the original proto-manuscript from which all other manuscripts were copied." (p. 121)
192:
537:, in ms. 3227a. Liechtenauer's actual authorship of this material is however doubtful. It seems more likely that Liechtenauer's contribution is limited to the unarmoured fencing with the long sword, while other masters specialized in other disciplines; the verses on armoured and mounted combat are likely due to Andreas Liegnitzer, Martin Hundsfeld or Jud Lew, while the verses on wrestling are mostly attributed to
36:
581:. It is unclear if this was ever a formal organization or what its nature might have been; however, it is commonly speculated that the list is a memorial to deceased students and associates of the grand master. Of particular interest is the international nature of the list, including masters from present-day Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland, which parallels the statement in the
349:
that their opaque wording was intended to prevent the uninitiated from discovering the techniques described therein. These verses were treated as the core of the art by
Liechtenauer's followers, and the earliest fencing manuals of the Liechtenauer school, beginning with Hs. 3227a and followed by the treatises of
219:(dated c. 1400), which states that "Master Liechtenauer learnt and mastered in a thorough and rightful way, but he did not invent it or make it up himself, as it is stated before. Instead, he travelled across and visited many lands for the sake of this rightful and true art, as he wanted to study and know it."
348:
were apparently intended as a list of mnemonic aids to help the student remember concepts he had been taught orally. They do not "explain" the technique in any detail. On the contrary, the verses are intentionally cryptic and are described as "secret and hidden words" by later masters, who assure us
979:
und dy hat meister lichtnawer gancz vertik und gerecht gehabt und gekunst / Nicht das her sy selber haben funden und irdocht als vor ist geschreben / Sonder her hat manche lant durchfaren und gesucht / durch der selben rechtvertigen und worhaftige kunstn wille / das her dy io ervaren und wissen
557:, and are similarly repeated in many treatises throughout the 16th century. Thus, it may be that the figures are a mnemonic that represent the initial stage of mounted fencing instruction, and that the full verse was learned only afterward.
548:
on mounted fencing, several treatises in the
Liechtenauer tradition include a group of twenty-six "figures"—single line abbreviations of select couplets and quatrains that seem to summarize them. A parallel set of teachings was recorded by
312:, in the sense of "brief written summary"; translated "epitome" by Tobler 2010). Later in the 15th century, parts of these verses become widely known, and by the 16th century are incorporated into the general tradition of German fencing.
282:. Of these he treats as the most likely Franconian Lichtenau, because Nuremberg was a center of later (Renaissance-era) fencing, and Lichtenau in Upper Austria, because of the geographical provenance suggested by the members of the
964:"the GMN 3227a text passages and recipes that became common 10-20 years later than 1389. Looking at the content in comparison to other manuscripts a dating to 1410-1420 is more likely but this pure speculative." Jens P. Kleinau,
999:
Hans
Ferdinand Massmann, "über handschriftliche Fechtbücher", Serapeum: Zeitschrift für Bibliothekwissenschaft, Handschriftenkunde, und ältere Litteratur, ed. Robert Naumann, 1844, p. 52 and p. 54 note
950:
It has been speculated that he may still have been alive at the time of the compilation ms. 3227a, but this is based merely on the absence of a formula marking him as deceased. Tobler, Christian Henry.
115:
585:
that
Liechtenauer himself traveled to many lands to learn the art. Several masters from this list are known to have written fencing treatises, but about half remain completely unknown.
332:
Alhÿe hebt sich an dye zedel der
Ritterlichen kunst des fechtens dye do geticht vnd gemacht hat Johans Liechtenawer der ain hocher maister In den künsten gewesen ist dem got genadig seÿ
135:
105:
145:
150:
140:
340:
of the knightly art of fencing, which were composed and made by
Johannes Liechtenauer, who was a high master in the arts, and on whom God may have mercy."
553:
in 1516 called the "Twelve
Teachings for the Beginning Fencer"., These teachings are also generally abbreviations of longer passages from the long sword
718:
515:
Liechtenauer is also cited as the originator of similar teachings in other disciplines, including fighting on horseback armored dueling or
433:
785:
Der edel vnd fest
Stettner der am maisten der maister aller Schüeler gewesen ist vnd ich maister pauls kall pin sein Schüeler gewesen
354:
965:
910:
The
Longsword Teachings of Master Liechtenauer. The Early Sixteenth Century Swordsmanship Comments in the "Goliath" Manuscript.
1118:
931:
917:
864:
846:
832:
110:
216:
95:
1113:
896:
878:
130:
982:Żabiński, Grzegorz. "Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer." in Jeffrey Hull (ed.)
806:
789:
the noble and constant
Stettner, who was the foremost master of all scholars, and I, Paulus Kal, was his student
429:
five "master strikes" or "hidden strikes": 1. Zornhau, 2. Krumphau, 3. Zwerchhau, 4. Schielhau, 5. Scheitelhau
251:
856:
801:
180:
125:
464:
582:
622:
100:
361:
in the 15th century, are organized such that each couplet or quatrain is given first, followed by a
235:
247:
120:
1061:
382:
a division into seventeen parts or techniques (also known as Liechtenauer's "17 chief pieces" or
212:
204:
173:
1011:
Liegnitzer, Hundsfeld or Lew? The question of authorship of popular Medieval fighting teachings
234:). There are several places with this name. Massmann (1844) mentions five candidate locations:
922:Żabiński, Grzegorz. "Unarmored Longsword Combat by Master Liechtenauer via Priest Döbringer."
1097:
1069:
271:
267:
1066:
Serapeum: Zeitschrift für Bibliothekwissenschaft, Handschriftenkunde, und ältere Litteratur
255:
550:
296:
Liechtenauer's students preserved his teaching in the form of a mnemonic poem (called the
8:
573:) is a list of seventeen masters found in the introduction to the three oldest copies of
275:
223:
362:
263:
243:
61:
927:
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40:
This image of a seated master precedes the gloss of Liechtenauer's teachings in the
811:
1091:
693:
530:
526:
517:
358:
390:
The general introduction is ethical as well as practical and begins as follows:
578:
176:
1085:
1107:
987:
888:
525:, besides fragmentary allusions to other material, such as fighting with the
239:
308:
764:
350:
324:
41:
853:
In Service of the Duke: The 15th Century Fighting Treatise of Paulus Kal
298:
574:
376:
259:
610:
1050:
In Saint George's Name: An Anthology of Medieval German Fighting Arts
1037:
In Saint George's Name: An Anthology of Medieval German Fighting Arts
953:
In Saint George's Name: An Anthology of Medieval German Fighting Arts
839:
In Saint George's Name: An Anthology of Medieval German Fighting Arts
706:
279:
751:
191:
1100:- Translation and transcription by David Lindholm and associates.
776:
538:
534:
966:
1418 Modus Dimicandi Magistri H. Beringois of the Ms. G.B.f.18.a
215:. The only extant biographical note on Liechtenauer is found in
661:
648:
635:
522:
35:
211:
Liechtenauer seems to have been active during the mid-to-late
772:
ott iud, der der hern von osterreicher ringer gewessen ist.
883:
Hull, Jeffrey, with Maziarz, Monika and Żabiński, Grzegorz.
79:
oral tradition, fixed in several versions beginning c. 1400
588:
Paulus Kal lists the members of the Society as follows:
323:
in the mid-15th century. Its earliest known use found in
825:
Meister Johann Liechtenauers Kunst des langen Schwertes
926:. Ed. Jeffrey Hull. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2008.
885:
Knightly Dueling: The Fighting Arts of German Chivalry
873:. Highland Village, TX: The Chivalry Bookshelf, 2001.
203:(in yellow) in 14th-century Central Europe (following
413:
art which adorns you and will glorify you in battle.
402:
Kunst dy dich czyret / vnd in krigen sere hofiret /
398:
Jung Ritter lere / got lip haben / frawen io ere /
1052:. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2010. p 7.
955:. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2010, p. 6
400:So wechst dein ere / Uebe ritterschaft und lere /
1039:. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2010. p 6
411:so grows your honour; practice chivalry and learn
409:Young knight, learn to love God and honour women,
365:or detailed explanation of its intended meaning.
1105:
984:Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts
924:Masters of Medieval and Renaissance Martial Arts
199:(in red) and places of origin of members of the
903:Meister Johann Liechtenauers Kunst des Fechtens
319:is used in the manuscripts associated with the
1088:- The complete works of Johannes Liechtenauer.
841:. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2010.
372:a general introduction to the art of fighting
379:(the sword held with both hands on the grip)
375:a general introduction to fighting with the
1024:Ergrundung Ritterlicher Kunst der Fechterey
779:, who was wrestler to the lords of Austria
560:
179:who had a great level of influence on the
759:dietherich degen vechter von brawnschweig
421:Liechtenauer's seventeen "chief pieces" (
306:, a German word corresponding to English
1009:Jaquet, Daniel and Walczak, Bartlomiej,
871:Secrets of German Medieval Swordsmanship
190:
1064:, "über handschriftliche Fechtbücher",
289:
1106:
20:Johannes Liechtenauer's art of fencing
1029:
368:The Zettel are organized as follows:
226:indicates he was from a place called
13:
1092:Call to Arms: The German Longsword
1026:. Hieronymus Vietor: Vienna, 1516.
386:) of fighting with the long sword.
14:
1130:
1079:
763:Dieterich, the dagger-fighter of
807:Historical European Martial Arts
34:
901:Wierschin, Martin (in German).
351:Peter von Danzig zum Ingolstadt
1068:, ed. Robert Naumann, 1844,
1055:
1042:
1016:
1003:
993:
971:
958:
944:
802:German school of swordsmanship
1:
937:
912:Poland: Adam Marshall, 2010.
817:
656:hanns seyden faden von erfürt
1119:Martial arts school founders
694:Sigmund Schining ein Ringeck
359:Sigmund Schining ein Ringeck
186:
7:
1022:Paurñfeyndt, Andre, et al.
905:. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1965.
795:
195:Candidate locations called
10:
1135:
1114:German historical fencers
1048:Tobler, Christian Henry.
1035:Tobler, Christian Henry.
869:Tobler, Christian Henry.
851:Tobler, Christian Henry.
837:Tobler, Christian Henry.
630:hanns spindler von cznaÿm
605:peter wildigans von glacz
571:Geselschaft Liechtenauers
83:
75:
67:
57:
49:
33:
25:
18:
855:. Highland Village, TX:
302:, Early New High German
181:German fencing tradition
1062:Hans Ferdinand Massmann
567:Society of Liechtenauer
561:Society of Liechtenauer
327:(dated 1452, fol. 9v):
321:Society of Liechtenauer
284:Society of Liechtenauer
201:Society of Liechtenauer
116:Cod. guelf. 78.2 Aug.2°
84:Principal manuscript(s)
857:The Chivalry Bookshelf
599:Johannes Liechtenauer
252:Lichtenau on the Rhine
244:Lichtenau in Franconia
236:Lichtenau im Mühlkreis
208:
194:
183:in the 14th century.
162:Johannes Liechtenauer
136:Ms. Germ. Quart. 2020
53:Johannes Liechtenauer
908:Żabiński, Grzegorz.
701:hartman von nurñberg
660:Hans Seydenfaden of
444:), called "plough" (
290:The Zettel (epitome)
609:Peter Wildigans of
544:In addition to the
90:List of manuscripts
823:Hils, Hans-Peter.
643:lamprecht von prag
595:hanns liechtenawer
209:
76:State of existence
62:Middle High German
932:978-1-58160-668-3
918:978-83-7611-662-4
865:978-1-891448-25-6
847:978-0-9825911-1-6
833:978-3-8204-8129-7
827:. P. Lang, 1985.
793:
792:
746:virgilÿ von kracå
714:martein hunczfeld
634:Hans Spindler of
551:Andre Paurñfeyndt
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151:M. Dresd. C.93/94
131:Ms. E.1939.65.341
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812:Fiore dei Liberi
719:Martin Hundsfeld
683:Jacob Lignitzer
679:iacob liegniczer
673:Andre Lignitzer
669:andre liegniczer
623:Peter von Danzig
618:peter von tanczk
591:
590:
456:and "the fool" (
393:
392:
336:"Here begin the
170:Hans Lichtenawer
146:Cod. 10825/10826
126:Ms. Dresd. C.487
111:Ms. Thott.290.2º
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730:Hans Pegnitzer
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518:Kampffechten
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501:Händedrücken
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213:14th century
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71:14th century
27:
705:Hartman of
497:Abschneiden
493:Durchlaufen
434:four guards
423:Hauptstücke
384:Hauptstücke
325:Cod. 44 A 8
101:Cod. 44.A.8
50:Ascribed to
42:Codex 44A.8
1108:Categories
1086:Wiktenauer
977:fol. 13v.
938:References
818:Literature
750:Virgil of
575:Paulus Kal
477:Überlaufen
473:Nachreisen
465:techniques
463:a list of
377:long sword
276:Westphalia
260:Strasbourg
228:Liechtenau
166:Lichtnauer
121:Ms. M.I.29
765:Brunswick
707:Nuremberg
523:wrestling
469:Versetzen
448:), "ox" (
315:The term
280:Paderborn
272:Lichtenau
264:Lichtenau
248:Nuremberg
232:Lichtenau
197:Lichtenau
187:Biography
96:Hs. 3227a
891:, 2007.
859:, 2006.
796:See also
583:MS 3227a
533:and the
481:Absetzen
309:schedule
230:(modern
205:Massmann
172:) was a
58:Language
990:, 2008.
980:wolde /
777:Ott Jud
539:Ott Jud
454:vom tag
425:) are:
355:Jud Lew
278:, near
258:, near
224:surname
968:(2013)
930:
916:
895:
877:
863:
845:
831:
752:Kraków
662:Erfurt
649:Prague
555:Zettel
546:Zettel
531:messer
529:, the
527:dagger
509:Winden
505:Hängen
489:Zucken
357:, and
346:Zettel
299:Zettel
270:; and
207:1844).
174:German
164:(also
1070:p. 54
636:Znaim
611:Glatz
521:and
503:four
458:Alber
446:Pflug
442:Leger
438:Huten
363:gloss
338:zedel
317:zedel
304:zedel
268:Hesse
256:Baden
28:zedel
928:ISBN
914:ISBN
893:ISBN
875:ISBN
861:ISBN
843:ISBN
829:ISBN
565:The
450:Ochs
432:the
344:The
246:,
222:His
68:Date
577:'s
467::
452:),
440:or
274:in
266:in
238:in
1110::
1000:2.
986:,
541:.
499:,
491:,
487:,
483:,
479:,
475:,
471:,
460:).
353:,
286:.
262:;
254:,
250:;
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