Palatines - Knowledge

1784: 1587: 1928: 2615:, while those who remained behind are described as the League Iroquois. At the beginning of the 17th century, about 2,000 Mohawk lived in the Mohawk River Valley, but by the beginning of the 18th century, the population had dropped to about 600 people. They were in a weakened position for resisting encroachment by English settlers. The governors of New York had showed a tendency to grant Haudenosaunee land to British settlers without permission. The clan mothers believed that leasing land to the poor Palatines was a preemptive way to block the governors from granting their land to land-hungry immigrants from the British isles. In their turn, the British authorities believed that the Palatines would serve as a protective barrier, providing a reliable militia who would stop French and 2776:, of their wish to be neutral while at the same time trading with the French via Indian middlemen. An Oneida Indian passed on a message to Vaudreuil in Quebec City, saying: "We inform you of a message given to us by a Nation that is neither English, nor French nor Indian and inhabits the lands around us ... That Nation has proposed to annex us to itself in order to afford each other mutual help and protection against the English". Vaundreuil in reply stated "I think I know that nation. There is reason to believe they are the Palatines". Another letter sent by the Palatines to Vaudreuil in late 1756 declared that they "looked upon themselves in danger as well as the Six Nations, they are determined to live and die by them & therefore begged the protection of the French". 1899: 934: 2199:

the Protestant minority). Most officials involved were reluctant to send the Palatines to America due to the cost, and to the belief that they would be more beneficial if kept in Britain. Since the majority of the Poor Palatines were husbandmen, vinedressers and laborers, the English felt that they would be better suited in agricultural areas. There were some attempts to disperse them in neighboring towns and cities. Ultimately, large-scale settlement plans came to nothing, and the government sent Palatines piecemeal to various regions in England and Ireland. These attempts mostly failed, and many of the Palatines returned from Ireland to London within a few months, in far worse condition than when they had left.

1889: 2303: 2736:, the Superintendent of Northern Indian Affairs, in 1756, Oneida sachems and clan mothers complained that they had allowed the Palatines to settle in Kanienkeh out of "compassion to their poverty and expected when they could afford it that they would pay us for their land", going on to write now that the Palatines had "grown rich they not only refuse to pay us for our land, but impose on us in everything we have to do with them". Likewise, many Iroquois sachems and clan mothers complained that their young people were too fond of drinking the beer brewed by the Palatines, charging that alcohol was a destructive force in their community. 2277: 2126: 2150:, whereby foreign Protestants could pay a small fee to become naturalized. The rationale was the belief that an increased population created more wealth, and that Britain's prosperity could increase with the accommodation of certain foreigners. Britain had already benefited from French Huguenot refugees, as well as the Dutch (or "Flemish") exiles, who helped revolutionize the English textile industry. Similarly, in an effort to increase the sympathy and support for these refugees, many Whig tracts and pamphlets described the Palatines as "refugees of conscience" and victims of Catholic oppression and intolerance. 4586: 2663:

farming to be women's work, as their women planted, cultivated and harvested their crops. They considered the Palatine men to be unmanly because they worked the fields. Additionally, the Palatines brought sheep, cows, and pigs to Kanienkeh. With increased agricultural production and money coming in as rent, the Haudenosaunee began to sell the surplus food to merchants in Albany. Many clan mothers and chiefs, who had grown wealthy enough to live at about the same standard of living as a middle-class family in Europe, abandoned their traditional log houses for European-style houses.

2745: 1327: 805: 2820: 2207:. Because of their refugee status and weakened condition, as well as shipboard diseases, they had a high rate of fatalities. They were kept in quarantine on an island in New York harbor until ship's diseases had run their course. Another 300-some Palatines reached Carolina. Despite the ultimate failure of the Naval stores effort and delays on granting them land in settled areas (they were given grants on the frontiers), they had reached the New World and were determined to stay. Their descendants are scattered across the United States and Canada. 330: 228: 2450: 531: 2405:. "In the summer of 1710, a colony numbering 2,227 arrived in New York and were located in five villages on either side of the Hudson, those upon the east side being designated as East Camp, and those upon the west, as West Camp." A census of these villages on 1 May 1711 showed 1194 on the east side and 583 on the west side. The total number of families was 342 and 185, respectively. About 350 Palatines had remained in New York City, and some settled in New Jersey. Others travelled down the Susquehanna River, settling in 982: 2680: 1913: 2570: 341: 4562: 946: 52: 2805:

Indians and the French (but for the most part by our own Indians) and by our own fault". Afterwards, a group of Oneida and Tuscaroras came to the ruins of the German Flatts to offer food and shelter for the survivors and to bury the dead. In a letter to Johnson, Canaghquiesa wrote "we have condoled with our Brethren the Germans on the loss of their Friends who have been lately killed and taken by the Enemy ... that Ceremony was over three days ago".

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The Palatines used their metal-working skills to repair weapons that belonged to the Iroquois, built mills that ground corn for the Iroquois to sell to merchants in New York and New France, and their churches were used for Christian Iroquois weddings and baptisms. There were also a number of intermarriages between the two communities. Doxstader, a surname common in some of the rural areas of south-western Germany, is also a common Iroquois surname.

2780:(the French name for New York). At one point, the Oneida sent a message to Vaudreuil asking that "not to due them any hurt as they were no more white people but Oneidas and that their blood was mixed with the Indians". Preston wrote that the letter may have been exaggerating somewhat, but interracial and intercultural sexual relations are known to have occurred on the frontier. The descendants of the Palatine Dutch and Indians were known as 4598: 3297: 4574: 2186:, a tri-weekly journal dealing usually with economic matters, was for two months dedicated to denouncing opponents’ claims that the Palatines were disease-ridden, Catholic bandits who had arrived in England "to eat the Bread out of the Mouths of our People." In addition to dispelling rumors and propounding the benefits of an increased population, Defoe advanced his own ideas of how the Poor Palatines should be "disposed". 2692: 4550: 2969: 2894: 4526: 307:. Being in a special sense the representatives of the Holy Roman Emperor, they were entrusted with more extended power than ordinary counts. In this way came about the later and more general use of the word "palatine", its application as an adjective to persons entrusted with royal Holy Roman powers and privileges—and also to the states and people they ruled over. 1783: 2659:, had his son live with a Mohawk family for a year in order to provide the Palatines with both an interpreter and a friend who might bridge the gap between the two different communities. The Palatines came from the patriarchal society of Europe, whereas the Haudenosaunee had a matrilineal society, in which clan mothers selected the sachems and the chiefs. 1598: 2362:, disease and the death of a thousand or more Palatines. It appeared the entire Palatinate would be emptied before a halt could be called to emigration. Many reasons have been given to explain why so many families left their homes for an unknown land. Knittle summarizes them: "(1) war devastation, (2) heavy 2712:, where condolences were offered to those whose friends and family had died, which was the most important of all Iroquois rituals. The Canadian historian James Paxton wrote the Palatines and Haudenosaunee "visited each other's homes, conducted small-scale trade and socialized in taverns and trading posts". 2804:

militiamen fell on the settlement of German Flatts at about 3:00 am, burning the town down to the ground, killing about 40 Palatines while taking 150 back to New France. One Palatine leader, Johan Jost Petri, writing from his prison in Montreal, complained about how "our people have been taken by the

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After hearing Palatine accounts of poverty and suffering, the clan mothers granted permission for them to settle in the Schoharie Valley. The women elders had their own motives. During the 17th century, the Haudenosaunee had suffered high mortality from new European infectious diseases, to which they

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was charged with finding a means for their dispersal. Contrary to the desires of the immigrants, who wanted to be transported to British America, most schemes involved settling them within the British Isles, either on uninhabited lands in England or in Ireland (where they could bolster the numbers of

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had become infamous for the persecution of Protestants within his realm. The invasion and destruction of the Rhineland region by his forces was considered by many in Britain as a sign that the Palatines were likewise objects of his religious tyranny. With royal support, the Whigs formulated a charity

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The first boats packed with refugees began arriving in London in early May 1709. The first 900 people to reach England were given housing, food and supplies by a number of wealthy Englishmen. The immigrants were called "Poor Palatines": "poor" in reference to their pitiful and impoverished state upon

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were sent into all parts of the country to support the royal authority by checking the independent tendencies of the great tribal dukes. Apparent thereafter was the existence of a count palatine in Saxony, and of others in Lorraine, in Bavaria and in Swabia, their duties being to administer the royal

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to the French, German Flatts and Fort Herkimer become the northern frontier of the British Empire in North America, causing the British Army to rush regiments to the frontier. One Palatine, Hans Josef Herkimer, complained about the British troops in his vicinity in a letter written in broken English

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The experience with the Poor Palatines discredited the Whig philosophy of naturalization, and figured in political debates as an example of the pernicious effects of offering asylum to refugees. Once the Tories returned to power, they retracted the Act of Naturalization, which they claimed had lured

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The commissioners finally acquiesced and sent numerous families to New York to produce naval stores at camps along the Hudson River. The Palatines transported to New York in the summer of 1710 totaled about 2800 people in ten ships, the largest group of immigrants to enter British America before the

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settlers and the Indians had bloodstained relations, leading to hundreds of murders, relations between the Palatine and Indians in Kanienkeh were friendly. Between 1756 and 1774 in the New York frontier, only 5 colonists or British soldiers were killed by Native Americans, while just 6 Natives were

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described the lives of the Palatine community as being "interwoven" with the Iroquois communities. One Palatine leader said about the relationship of his community with the Haudenosauee that: "We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers". The Haudenosauee taught the Palatines about the best

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No doubt the biggest impetus was the harsh, cold winter that preceded their departure. Birds froze in mid-air, casks of wine, livestock, and whole vineyards were destroyed by the unremitting cold. With what little was left of their possessions, the refugees made their way on boats down the Rhine to

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during a trip to Schenectady, which was enough to make dozens upon dozens of wampum belts, which were commonly presented to Indigenous leaders as gifts when being introduced. Preston noted that the purchasing of so much wampum reflected the very close relations the Palatines had with the Iroquois.

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Archbishop of Dublin, said, "I conceive their design 'tis but to eat and drink at Her Majesty's cost, live idle and complain against those that maintain them." But the real reason for the failure was apparently lack of political support for the settlement from the High Church Tories, who generally

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Party (those who sought greater religious uniformity), were dismayed by the numbers of Poor Palatines amassing in the fields of southeast London. Long-standing opponents of naturalization, the Tories condemned the Whig assertions that the immigrants would be beneficial to the economy, as they were

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in 1085, alone remaining independent until 1777. The office having become hereditary, Pfalzgrafen were in existence until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. The palatinate of Saxony merged with the Electoral Duchy of Saxony. The Palatinate of the Rhine became an electorate, and both

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Vaudreuil informed the Palatines that neutrality was not an option and they could either submit to the King of France or face war. The Palatines tried to stall, causing Vaudreuil to warn them that this "trick will avail nothing; for whenever I think proper, I shall dispatch my warriors to Corlac"

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warned the Palatines that a force of French and Indigenous combatants were on their way to attack, telling them that their women and children should head for the nearest fort, but Canaghquiesa noted that they "laughed at me and slapping their hands on their Buttucks said they did not value the

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clan mothers to ask for permission to settle in the Schoharie River valley, a tributary of the Mohawk River. The clan mothers, moved by the story of their misery and suffering, granted the Palatines permission to settle; in the spring of 1713 about 150 Palatine families moved into the Schoharie

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Because of the immigration of Palatine refugees in the 18th century, the term "Palatine" became associated with German. "Until the American War of Independence 'Palatine' henceforth was used indiscriminately for all 'emigrants of German tongue'." Many more Palatines from the Rhenish Palatinate

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as being from two racial worlds that hardly interacted did not apply to the Palatine-Iroquois relationship, writing that the Palatines lived between Iroquois settlements in Kanienkeh, and the two peoples "communicated, drank, worked, worshipped and traded together, negotiated over land use and

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The Haudenosaunee admired the work ethic of the Palatines, and often rented their land to the hard-working immigrants. In their turn, the Palatines taught Haudenosaunee women how to use iron plows and hoes to farm the land, together with how to grow oats and wheat. The Haudenosaunee considered

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on the west side of the Hudson River). Livingston was anxious to have his lands developed. The Livingstons benefited for many years from the revenues they received as a result of this business venture. West Camp, on the other hand, was located on land the Crown had recently "repossessed" as an

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were established in 1500; four more were established in 1512. These were regional groupings of most (though not all) of the various states of the empire for the purposes of defense, imperial taxation, supervision of coining, peace-keeping functions, and public security. Each circle had its own

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had no immunity. They also had been engaged in warfare against the French and against other indigenous tribes. Finally, in the 1670s–80s French Jesuit missionaries had converted thousands of Iroquois (mostly Mohawk) to Catholicism and persuaded the converts to settle near Montreal.

2105:, whence the majority embarked for London. Throughout the summer, ships unloaded thousands of refugees, and almost immediately their numbers overwhelmed the initial attempts to provide for them. By summer, most of the Poor Palatines were settled in Army tents in the fields of 421:

During the 11th century, some imperial palatine counts became a valuable political counterweight against the mighty duchies. Surviving old palatine counties were turned into new institutional pillars through which the imperial authority could be exercised. By the reigns of

2370:, (4) religious quarrels, but not persecutions, (5) land hunger on the part of the elderly and desire for adventure on the part of the young, (6) liberal advertising by colonial proprietors, and finally (7) the benevolent and active cooperation of the British government." 461:

dynasty were important commanders of the imperial army and were often employed during internal and external conflicts (e.g. to suppress rebelling counts or dukes, to settle frontier disputes with the Hungarian and the French kingdom and to lead imperial campaigns).

2639:, and the few colonial-era churches and other buildings that survived the Revolution. They taught their children German and used the language in churches for nearly 100 years. Many Palatines married only within the German community until the 19th century. 1984:

in Germany and much of northwest Europe. The specific background of the migration from the Palatinate, as documented in emigrants' petitions for departure registered in the southwest principalities, was impoverishment and lack of economic prospects.

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The order was granted to "those in the pontifical government, artists, and others, whom the pope should think deserving of reward. It is likewise given to strangers, no other condition being required, but that of professing the catholic religion."

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landlords. However, many of the settlers failed to permanently establish themselves and 352 families were reported to have left their holdings, with many returning to England. By late 1711 only around 1,200 of the Palatines remained in Ireland.

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However, the Iroquois had initially allowed the Palatines to settle in Kanienkeh out of sympathy for their poverty, and expected them to ultimately contribute for being allowed to live on the land when they become wealthier. In a letter to Sir

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the Palatines to England (though few had in fact become naturalized). Later attempts to reinstate an Act for Naturalization would suffer from the tarnished legacy of Britain's first attempt to support mass immigration of foreign-born peoples.

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In 1085, after the death of Herman II, the County Palatine of Lotharingia lost its military importance in Lorraine. The territorial authority of the Count Palatine was reduced to his territories along the Rhine. Consequently, he is called the

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The depredations of the French Army and the destruction of numerous cities (especially within the Palatinate) created economic hardship for the inhabitants of the region, exacerbated by a rash of harsh winters and poor harvests that created

2113:. A Committee dedicated to coordinating their settlement and dispersal sought ideas for their employment. This proved difficult, as the Poor Palatines were unlike previous migrant groups—skilled, middle-class, religious exiles such as the 2010:("small state") period when this emigration occurred, the Middle Rhine region was a patchwork of secular and ecclesiastical principalities, duchies and counties. No more than half of the so-called Palatines originated in the namesake 2504:

believed that the Palatines could work and be "useful to this kingdom, particularly in the production of naval stores, and as a frontier against the French and their Indians". Naval stores which the British needed were

2335:'s government had sympathy for the Palatines and had invited them to go to America and work in trade for passage. Official correspondence in British records shows a combined total of 13,146 refugees traveled down the 2139:(1702–1714), political polarization increased. Immigration and asylum had long been debated, from coffee-houses to the floor of Parliament, and the Poor Palatines were inevitably brought into the political crossfire. 465:

Although a palatinate could be rooted for decades into one dynasty, the office of the palatine counts became hereditary only during the 12th century. During the 11th century the palatinates were still regarded as

2525:. On 6 September 1712, work was halted. "The last day of the government subsistence for most of the Palatines was September 12th." "Within the next five years, many Palatines moved elsewhere. Several went to 1677:. If an imperial count palatine possessed both an imperial and the papal appointment, he bore the title of "Comes palatine imperiali Papali et auctoritate" (Count palatine by Imperial and Papal authority). 795:

8), son of Rapoto II, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1231 until his death. He was the last count palatine; after his death the Duke of Bavaria assumed the rights and possessions of the counts palatine.

1134: 2378:, and the Palatines arrived in London, where they waited longer while the British government considered its options. So many arrived that the government created a winter camp for them outside the 2655:

places to gather wild edible nuts, together with roots and berries, and how to grow the "Three Sisters", as the Iroquois called their staple foods of beans, squash and corn. One Palatine leader,

1361: 1164: 1144: 1128: 1285:(1257 – 16 November 1323), son of Albert II, Count Palatine of Saxony from 1280 to before 1291, Margrave of Meissen before 1291 until his death, Landgrave of Thuringia from 1298 until his death 1091: 785: 626: 2765:

to the authorities: "Tieranniece over me they think proper ... Not only Infesting my House and taking my rooms at their pleashure but takes what they think Nesserarie of my Effects".

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churches quickly began to serve the camps and created extensive records of these early settlers and their life passages long before the state of New York was established or kept records.

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were concerned about the religious affiliations of these German families, especially after it was revealed that many (perhaps more than 2,000) were Catholic. Although the majority of the

1413: 1042: 1021: 607: 296:) assisted the Holy Roman Emperor in his judicial duties and at a later date administered many of these himself. Other counts palatine were employed on military and administrative work. 652: 2251:

near Rathkeale. Within a short time, they had made a success of farming hemp, flax, and cattle. In Wexford about the same time, a large Palatine population was settled on the lands of

1586: 1950:, which saw heavy fighting in the Palatinate, collapse of the state's economy, and the wholesale slaughter of the region's population, including women, children and non-combattants. 2086:

free passage to the plantations. Spurred by the success of several dozen families the year before, thousands of German families headed down the Rhine to England and the New World.

1749:("Circle Diet"), and one or more directors, who coordinated the affairs of the circle. Not all imperial territories were included within the imperial circles, even after 1512; the 4370:. Reproduced from the original edition, with an introduction and bibliographical notes by Arthur Wellesley Secor•d. 9 vols. in 22 (Facsimile Text Soc., 44). New York, 1938–1939. 2259:. The distinctive Palatine way of life survived in these areas until well into the nineteenth century. Today, names of Palatine origin, such as Switzer, Hick, Ruttle, Sparling, 1389: 691: 1237:(1204 – 16 February 1247), son of Herman I, Landgrave of Thuringia from 1227 until his death, Count Palatine of Saxony from 1231 until his death, anti-king of Germany opposing 2409:. The locations of the New Jersey communities correlate with the foundation of the oldest Lutheran churches in that state, i.e., the first called Zion at New Germantown (now 5545: 3421:"Bartolini also received the Knighthood of the Golden Spur, a title that sometimes accompanied the office of count palatinate in the Renaissance" Grendler 2004:184 note 134. 2146:, who controlled Parliament, these immigrants provided an opportunity to increase Britain's workforce. Only two months before the German influx, Parliament had enacted the 5085: 4899: 4882: 4456:

Olson, Alison. "The English Reception of the Huguenots, Palatines and Salzburgers, 1680-1734: A Comparative Analysis" in Randolph Vigne & Charles Littleton, (eds.),

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that made up the Five Nations. The Palatines had expected to meet male sachems rather than these women, but property and descent were passed through the maternal lines.

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History of the Mohawk Valley, Gateway to the West, 1614-1925: Covering the Six Counties of Schenectady, Schoharie, Montgomery, Fulton, Herkimer, and Oneida, Volume 1

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were immediately sent back across the English Channel, many English thought their presence disproved the claimed religious refugee status of the Poor Palatines.

1276:(1240 – 20 November 1314), son of Henry III, Count Palatine of Saxony and Landgrave of Thuringia from 1265 until his death, Margrave of Meissen from 1288 to 1292 5322: 3679:"A Representation of what Several private Gentlemen have done towards the Relief of the poor Palatines", 4 June 1709, National Archives, SP 34/ 10/129 (236A) 2728:

Indians in 1763–64, and the news of the killing perpetrated by the Paxton Boys was received with horror by both whites and Indians on the New York frontier.

1695:(1533), who had painted an equestrian portrait of Charles. Close on the heels of the Emperor's death in 1558, its refounding in papal hands is attributed to 374:

was also used to designate the officials who assisted the emperor in exercising the rights which were reserved for his personal consideration, like granting

1972:(1701–1714), recurrent invasions by the French Army devastated the area of what is today Southwest Germany. During the Nine Years War the French had used a 5378: 2117:

or the Dutch in the 16th century—but rather were unskilled rural laborers, neither sufficiently educated nor healthy enough for most types of employment.

1849:) throughout the 19th century. The Rhenish Palatinate's union with Bavaria was finally dissolved following the reorganisation of German states during the 5402: 5366: 4964: 3573:

The Lords Baltimore and the Maryland Palatinate, Six Lectures on Maryland Colonial History Delivered Before the Johns Hopkins University in the Year 1902

2390:, but the greatest numbers were sent to Ireland, Carolina and especially, New York in the summer of 1710. They were obligated to work off their passage. 861:

4), son of Herman I, Count in the Auelgau and the Bonngau, Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1020, married Mathilda of Saxony, the daughter of Emperor

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The Palatine settlement was successful in two areas: Counties Limerick and Wexford. In Limerick, 150 families were settled in 1712 on the lands of the

1304:(August 1267 – 7 September 1322), Count Palatine of Saxony from before 1291 until his death, Prince of Brunswick-Grubenhagen from 1291 until his death 5424: 5356: 5344: 1644: 1624:

in the 16th century. This title was merely honorary and by the 18th century had come to be conferred so widely as to be nearly without consequence.

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from 1124 to 1130 (deposed), Count Palatine of Saxony from 1129 to 1130, married in 1148 to Liutgard of Stade, who had divorced Frederick VI in 1144

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and, against the wishes of their respective rulers, they fled by the thousands on small boats and ships down the Rhine River to the Dutch city of

5598: 1946:(1618–1648), in which large parts of the region had lost more than two thirds of its population. The first Palatine migrations began during the 2788: 4422:

Early eighteenth century Palatine emigration; a British government redemptioner project to manufacture naval stores, by Walter Allen Knittle..

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remarked "The Order they call the Golden Spur was so disparaged that people irritated me greatly when they asked me the details of my cross;"

739:– 1183), Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1156 to 1180. He became Duke of Bavaria in 1180 as Otto I; his descendants ruled the Duchy until 1918. 5634: 2374:

Amsterdam, where they remained until the British government decided what to do about them. Ships were finally dispatched for them across the

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What triggered the mass emigration in 1709 of mostly impoverished people to England was the Crown's promise of free land in British America.

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The Palatines settled on the frontiers of New York province in Kanienkeh ("the land of the flint"), the homeland of the Five Nations of the

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A vast inpouring of Palatines began to come especially in the middle of the 19th century. Johann Heinrich Heinz (1811-1891), the father of

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joined the League in 1722) in what is now upstate New York, and formed a very close relationship with the Iroquois. The American historian

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have been used as part of the full title of the dukes of Burgundy (a branch of the French royal dynasty) to render their rare German title

2541:, and some returned to New York City, while quite a few established themselves on Livingston Manor . Some forty or fifty families went to 5649: 5158: 3689: 2147: 474:

of this land, the lower comital title being then merged into the higher ducal one. The Count Palatine of Lotharingia changed his name to

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Original Nation Approaches to Inter-National Law: The Quest for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Nature in the Age of Anthropocene

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After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Palatine nationality came to refer more specifically to the people of the

1267:– 15 February 1288), Margrave of Meissen from 1227 until his death, Count Palatine of Saxony and Landgrave of Thuringia from 1247 1265 1231:(28 October 1200 – 11 September 1227), son of Herman I, Count Palatine of Saxony and Landgrave of Thuringia from 1217 until his death 1225:), younger brother of Louis III, Count Palatine of Saxony from 1181 until his death, Landgrave of Thuringia from 1190 until his death 897: 2708:

borders, and conducted their diplomacy separate from the colonial governments". Some Palatines learned to perform the Haudenosaunee

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In 1709, some 3,073 Palatines were transported to Ireland. Some 538 families were settled as agricultural tenants on the estates of

454:, who had become dangerously powerful feudal princes, loyal supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor were installed as counts palatine. 2596:, 100 heads of families from the work camps were settled on 100 acres (0.40 km) each in the Burnetsfield Patent midway in the 3460:"L'ordre qu'on appelle de l'Éperon d'Or était si décrié qu'on m'ennuyait beaucoup quand on demandait des nouvelles de ma croix." ( 4275:'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in 4258:'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in 4241:'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in 4209:'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in 4187:'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in 4138:'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in 4116:'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in 4088:'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in 2593: 2573: 845: 163: 4463:

O'Reilly, William. "Strangers Come to Devour the Land: Changing Views of Foreign Migrants in Early Eighteenth-Century England".

4510:. Fictional account of a Palatine who emigrated to the United States in the early 1700s and lived during the Revolutionary War. 4225:

Old World Roots of the Cherokee: How DNA, Ancient Alphabets and Religion Explain the Origins of America's Largest Indian Nation

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The County Palatine of Lotharingia was suspended by the Emperor. Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde, Herman II's widow, remarried to

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From Strangers to Citizens : The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland and Colonial America, 1550-1750

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that states a total of 15,313 Palatines left their villages in 1709 "for the so-called New America and, of course, Carolina".

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Frederick V (•d. 18 October 1120 or 1121), grandson of Frederick I, Count of Sommerschenburg, Count Palatine of Saxony in 1111

714:– 1156), probably a descendant of Arnulf II, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1120 until his death. He moved his residence from 5276: 4484: 4447: 4394: 3525: 2988: 2704: 2684: 2248: 1961:(Lords of Baltimore) as a haven for Catholic refugees. The heaviest concentration of Palatines settled in Western Maryland. 1927: 5624: 5514: 5070: 755: 512:, in 976 the title of count palatine. The title was later inherited by his heirs, and when they died out, by the Counts of 262: 2752:

Despite the intentions of the British, the Palatines showed little inclination to fight for the British Crown, and during

1898: 877:

7), son of Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1035 to 1045, then Duke of Swabia as Otto II from 1045 until his death

303:

sent the counts palatine to various parts of his empire to act as judges and governors; the states they ruled were called

5519: 5120: 5079: 2724:, a vigilante group of Scots-Irish settlers on the Pennsylvania frontier who waged a near-genocidal campaign against the 2155:

brief to raise money for the "Poor Distressed Palatines", who had grown too numerous to be supported by the Crown alone.

1892: 1234: 851: 729: 4458:

From Strangers to Citizens: The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland and Colonial America, 1550-1750

5629: 2792:

Enemy". On 12 November 1757, a raiding party of about 200 Mississauga and Canadian Iroquois warriors together with 65

1427: 848:(d. before 996), Count Palatine of Lotharingia and Count in the Bonngau, the Eiffelgau, the Zülpichgau and the Auelgau 5489: 5241: 4789: 4647: 3798: 3651: 3618: 3216:

Proceedings of the Senate of the State of New York on the Life, Character and Public Service of William Pierson Fiero

1640: 1201: 1190: 4425:

Early Eighteenth Century Palatine Emigration: A British Government Redemptioner Project to Manufacture Naval Stores]

1537:

9) sold the County Palatine of Tübingen to the Württemberg dynasty, went on to found the Tübingen-Lichteneck lineage

933: 2733: 2159: 1279: 1238: 1228: 1211: 900:(1049–1085), son of Henry I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1061 to 1085 (until 1064 under the guardianship of 231: 17: 2703:

Preston wrote that the popular stereotype of United States frontier relations between white settler colonists and

4460:. Brighton and Portland, Ore.: The Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland and Sussex Academic Press, 2001. 2434: 2039: 2027: 1553: 1101:

2), a younger son of Burchard I, was Count of Goseck and in the Hassegau and was Count Palatine of Saxony in 1040

159: 115: 4064:'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". 5484: 2422: 2343:

to England in the summer of 1709. More than 3,500 of these were returned from England either because they were

1811: 1270: 1257: 1170: 901: 1455: 1443: 5309: 5189: 5090: 4729: 2861:

refugees brought to Pennsylvania in the years 1717 to 1732. The only existing Pennsylvania German newspaper,

2031: 1969: 1902: 1708: 1685: 1249:

After Henry Raspe's death, the County Palatine of Saxony and the Landgraviate of Thuringia were given to the

704: 550:, rather than to the king. The position gave its holder a leading position in the legal system of the duchy. 367:) throughout the early empire, and the emperor would travel between them, as there was no imperial capital. 3543:

Commercial and Financial Chronicle Bankers Gazette, Commercial Times, Railway Monitor and Insurance Journal

2761: 2616: 2557:

were a matrilineal kinship society, and that the clan mothers had considerable power. They headed the nine

2414: 2332: 2136: 2035: 1827: 1774: 1167:(•d. 19 May 1162), son of Frederick V, Count of Sommerschenburg, Count Palatine of Saxony from 1123 to 1124 1104: 470:, non-hereditary fiefs. The count palatine in Bavaria, an office held by the family of Wittelsbach, became 2925:. Land-searching Palatines moved to the Midwestern States and founded new homes in the fertile regions of 2846: 2473: 2453: 2438: 2129: 2075: 1750: 955: 916: 862: 475: 2358:

The flood of immigration overwhelmed English resources. It resulted in major disruptions, overcrowding,

1888: 5654: 5266: 4947: 4516: 4156:

The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783

3232: 3042: 2842: 2542: 2485: 2406: 994: 588:), son of Arnulf II, Count Palatine of Bavaria between 954 and 976 with interruptions, ancestor of the 1680:

The Order of the Golden Spur, linked with the title of count palatine, was widely conferred after the

333:

A 1510 portrait of the double-headed eagle with coats of arms of individual states, the symbol of the

5619: 5138: 4746: 3408: 3084: 2902:

emigrated in the course of the 19th century. For a long time in the American Union, "Palatine" meant

2656: 2481: 2426: 1823: 1423:– shortly before summer 1094), son-in-law of Frederick II, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1070 to 1094 998: 986: 547: 5644: 5639: 4554: 4476: 3017: 3003: 2910: 2854: 2302: 1973: 1628: 197: 151: 91: 74: 2125: 1714:

By the mid-18th century, the Order of the Golden Spur was being so indiscriminately bestowed that

5390: 4952: 4317:

Of Kindred Germanic Origins: Myths, Legends, Genealogy and History of an Ordinary American Family

2781: 1850: 1670: 1557: 1547: 867: 568: 316: 3817: 2015: 1432:

Louis of Westheim, probably a son of his predecessor, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1103 to 1112

1200:

0), Landgrave of Thuringia from 1172 until his death, appointed Count Palatine of Saxony on the

5010: 4845: 4832: 3610: 2581: 2534: 2276: 1830:(2 December); the remaining Wittelsbach territories were united by Maximilian Joseph under the 1815: 1799: 817: 766: 3643: 2879:). In the same village one can find the headquarters of the German-Pennsylvanian Association. 765:

9), son of Otto VII, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1189 to 1208, infamous for murdering King

5540: 5020: 5015: 4995: 4640: 4578: 4542: 3517: 3510: 3483: 3098: 2753: 2628: 2430: 2228: 2220: 1754: 1648: 1438:

Adalbert of Lauterburg, son of Manegold the Elder, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1125 to 1146

1426:

Louis of Staufen, son of Frederick I, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1094 to 1103, founder of

501: 3302:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

2019: 1376: 508:, one of his most loyal supporters in the struggle against the Robertians and the Counts of 5133: 4827: 4590: 2577: 2457: 2079: 2023: 2011: 1989: 1954: 1943: 1921: 1906: 1862: 1803: 1435:

Manegold the Younger, son of Manegold the Elder, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1112 to 1125

1290: 1242: 970: 723: 258: 3718:"Brief for the Relief, Subsistence and Settlement of the Poor Distressed Palatines", 1709. 1997: 8: 5509: 5224: 5035: 5000: 3035: 2945: 2876: 2838: 2757: 2709: 2538: 2410: 2367: 2204: 2151: 2098: 2090:

arrival in England, and "Palatines" since many of them came from lands controlled by the

2043: 1947: 1939: 1932: 1917: 1883: 1838: 1787: 1681: 1174: 962: 938: 928: 513: 179: 70: 57: 5383: 5349: 3233:"Chapter Two – The History Of The German Immigration To America – The Brobst Chronicles" 1669:("Counts of the Lateran court") in 1514 and bestowed upon them the rights similar to an 5535: 5504: 5494: 5288: 5251: 5209: 5025: 4969: 4904: 4855: 4822: 4810: 4805: 4777: 4741: 4490: 4411: 3636: 3603: 3125: 2834: 2823: 2814: 2526: 2398: 2348: 2241: 2167:

already an acute financial burden. Similarly, many who worried for the security of the

2143: 2106: 2063: 1965: 1831: 1632: 804: 356: 300: 235: 189: 171: 131: 95: 5170: 2819: 2744: 2679: 1364:(•d. 21 January 917), probably a son of Erchanger I, was Count Palatine of Swabia and 5283: 5219: 5199: 5194: 5143: 5128: 5075: 5047: 5030: 4974: 4914: 4909: 4815: 4480: 4443: 4432:

Foreigners and Englishmen: The Controversy over Immigration and Population, 1660-1760

4421: 4400: 4390: 3794: 3647: 3614: 3521: 3031: 3024: 2601: 2394: 2232: 2168: 1858: 1819: 1791: 1762: 1652: 1597: 1581: 1561: 1487:) co-ruler with Rudolf I and Rudolf II, went on to found the Montfort-Bregenz lineage 1326: 589: 334: 329: 218: 175: 139: 2182:

was a major spokesman, who attacked the critics of the government's policy. Defoe's

1187:

9), son of Frederick VI, Count Palatine of Sommerschenburg from 1162 until his death

1060: 782:

1), brother-in-law of Otto VIII, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1208 until his death

5499: 5479: 5457: 5361: 5271: 5256: 5246: 5229: 5184: 5176: 5148: 5052: 5005: 4990: 4924: 4892: 4865: 4860: 4770: 4633: 4615: 4530: 4494: 3130: 3077: 2973: 2941: 2863: 2651: 2647: 2477: 2461: 2091: 2047: 1758: 1715: 1365: 905: 719: 701:

2), nephew of both of Aribo II's wives, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1099 to 1120

535: 525: 497: 443: 423: 227: 135: 78: 3558:

German Footprints in America, Four Centuries of Immigration and Cultural Influence

2227:

Some contemporary opinion blamed the Palatines for the failure of the settlement.

1688:; the text of surviving diplomas conferred hereditary nobility to the recipients. 415: 5317: 5214: 5204: 5165: 4837: 4751: 4734: 4707: 4386: 3377: 3375:

specifically, and the Alamannic territory in general was increasingly called the

2903: 2636: 2611:

Historians referred to the Haudenosaunee who moved to New France as the Canadian

2494: 2387: 2375: 2327:

Palatines had trickled into British America since their earliest days. The first

2287: 2055: 1842: 1741: 1735: 1731: 1335: 1321: 1250: 451: 447: 360: 349: 270: 222: 107: 4506: 2889:

Pennsylvania Dutch § Palatines and the spread of Pennsylvania Dutch culture

2875:, the state capital (and is published bi-annually as a cooperation project with 2449: 4957: 4942: 4919: 4875: 4841: 4782: 4679: 4602: 4566: 4501: 3135: 3091: 3056: 3049: 2720:

killed by soldiers or settlers. The New York frontier had no equivalent to the

2716: 2592:

while 170 families of 580 persons were in the Schoharie valley. In 1723, under

2522: 2344: 2328: 2195: 2059: 2006: 1958: 1857:. Today the Palatinate occupies roughly the southernmost quarter of the German 1602: 1369: 1013:, later by the Counts of Sommerschenburg, and still later by the Landgraves of 966: 912: 752:

9), younger son of Otto IV, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1180 until his death

715: 572: 505: 480: 427: 320: 293: 1125:

on 5 May 1056), son of Frederick I, Count Palatine of Saxony from 1042 to 1044

5613: 5412: 5295: 4887: 4870: 4849: 4695: 4404: 3403: 3322:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–596. 3313: 3303: 3112: 3063: 3010: 2996: 2981: 2827: 2725: 2696: 2632: 2597: 2549: 2514: 2501: 1912: 1807: 1778: 1294: 1002: 623:, son-in-law of Hartwig I, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 985 until his death 530: 266: 193: 2569: 1131:(•d. 27 May 1088), younger brother of Dedo, Count Palatine of Saxony in 1056 981: 5261: 4763: 4363: 3668:

Foreigners and Englishmen: The Controversy over Immigration and Population,

3070: 2953: 2922: 2914: 2853:

and Pennsylvania Dutch in the United States, is derived primarily from the

2624: 2589: 2469: 2402: 2309: 2291: 2283: 2179: 2001: 1854: 1700: 1696: 1674: 1591: 1577: 1407: 1358:

Erchanger I, also known as Berchtold I, Count Palatine of Swabia in 880/892

1155: 375: 281: 254: 4305:, Kaiserslautern: Institute for Palatine History and Folklore, 1995, p. 48 5591: 5039: 3825: 2977: 2769: 2739: 2721: 2163: 1663: 1636: 1138: 820:(915 – before 922), Count Palatine of Lotharingia and Count in the Bidgau 809: 439: 363:(Palatinate) of the crown. There were dozens of these royal palatinates ( 340: 324: 167: 127: 111: 4383:

The Irish Palatines In Ontario: Religion, Ethnicity, and Rural Migration

2715:

Unlike the frontier in Pennsylvania and in the Ohio river valley, where

1818:. Those on the right were taken by the Palatine Elector of Baden, after 178:

in 1806, the nationality referred more specifically to residents of the

51: 5395: 3670:

1660-1760. Newark (DE): University of Delaware Press, 1995. pp. 122-130

3445:

The British Herald; or, Cabinet of armorial bearings of the nobility...

2949: 2918: 2691: 2623:). The Palatine communities gradually extended along both sides of the 2530: 2518: 2379: 2237: 2110: 1205: 891: 543: 509: 5332: 4756: 1620:"Count of the Sacred Palace of Lateran") began to be conferred by the 945: 833:– after 949), Count Palatine of Lotharingia and Count in the Jülichgau 5153: 3213: 3105: 3030:

1710 – Johann Jost Herkimer (1700–1775), father of brigadier general

2957: 2858: 2340: 2114: 2102: 2083: 1872: 1711:

the right to use the title of Count of the Sacred Palace of Lateran.

1350: 1331: 1317: 1078: 1032: 1014: 1006: 1005:

area of southern Saxony. The honour was initially held by a Count of

2683:

Compared to the English, Palatines maintained better relations with

2472:

was accomplished as a result of Governor Hunter's negotiations with

1122: 1052:), probably a son of Adalbero, was Count Palatine of Saxony from 992 406:, which was the style of a (later lost) bordering principality, the 5417: 5407: 3791:

Religion, Law and Power: The Making of Protestant Ireland 1660-1760

2926: 2868: 2643: 2612: 2554: 2490: 2363: 2352: 2172: 1988:

The emigrants came principally from regions comprising present-day

1088:

Siegfried (•d. 25 April 1038), was Count Palatine of Saxony in 1028

1074: 838: 458: 407: 403: 345: 31: 4597: 3451:"Golden Spur, in Rome" and plate 4 (fig. 21) and 5 (figs 3 and 7). 2909:

Palatine immigrants came to live in big industrial cities such as

2397:

paved the way in 1709, with a small group of fifty who settled in

2382:. A few were settled in England, a few more may have been sent to 2266: 2078:

discovered in 1711 that several "agents" working on behalf of the

649:

2), son of Hartwig II, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1026 to 1055

5472: 5467: 5462: 5429: 4656: 3688:

For an in-depth examination of this debate, see H.T. Dickinson, "

3227: 3225: 2930: 2383: 1386:– shortly after 1053), Count Palatine of Swabia from 1027 to 1053 1056: 1036: 5439: 4625: 3201:

The Wreckage of Intentions: Projects in British Culture, 166-173

2588:

A report in 1718 placed 224 families of 1,021 persons along the

5555: 5550: 5327: 5234: 4373:

Dickinson, Harry Thomas. "The poor Palatines and the parties".

4290:

Gefahr oder Segen? Die Täufer in der politischen Kommunikation.

3372: 3153: 2968: 2667: 2620: 2359: 2260: 1981: 1692: 1673:. In some cases the title was conferred by specially empowered 1564:). The Counts of Burgundy had the title of Free Count (German: 1344: 1115: 1070: 1010: 636:

7), son of Aribo I, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1020 to 1026

542:

The counts palatine originally held the County Palatine around

274: 3749:

H.T. Dickinson, ‘Poor Palatines and the Parties’, pp. 475-477.

3222: 2236:

opposed foreign involvement and saw the settlers as potential

5371: 3147: 2872: 2850: 2336: 2256: 2014:, with others coming from the surrounding imperial states of 1993: 1822:

dissolved the Holy Roman Empire on 26 December 1805 with the

1768: 1659: 1222: 904:), also Count in the Ruhrgau and the Zülpichgau and Count of 3927:, Interlaken, New York: Heart of the Lakes Publishing, p. 57 3588:

Bridging the Chesapeake, A 'Fool Idea' That Unified Maryland

2468:

Settlement by Palatines on the east side (East Camp) of the

1953:

As early as 1632, Catholic Palatines found their way to the

196:

since 1632, and are collectively known as "Palatine Dutch" (

5567: 5434: 2934: 2893: 2666:

In 1756, one Palatine farmer brought 38,000 beads of black

2558: 2506: 2051: 1621: 1082: 915:. Abt. 1087 he was assigned in the newly created office of 471: 4150: 4148: 3335:

The Story of the Palatines: An Episode in Colonial History

3186:

The Story of the Palatines: An Episode in Colonial History

2991:

between 1708 and 1775 and their immediate family members.

2319:

The Story of the Palatines: An Episode in Colonial History

2263:, Fitzell, and Gleasure are dispersed throughout Ireland. 355:

Counts palatine were the permanent representatives of the

4329: 4036: 4034: 3727:

H.T. Dickinson, "Poor Palatines and the Parties", p. 472.

2882: 2510: 1942:

had not yet fully recovered from the destructions of the

1757:, the imperial fiefs in northern Italy, the lands of the 1651:, a count palatinate in 1469, entitled in turn to confer 1208:

on 13 April 1180, abdicated in favour of Herman I in 1181

4620: 4473:

Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York

4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3974: 3972: 3638:

Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York

3605:

Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York

3540: 1877: 1055:

Frederick (d. July 1002 or 15 March 1003), Count in the

4145: 2674: 2604:

to be allowed to buy land that far west in the valley.

2548:

In the winter of 1712–13, six Palatines approached the

2082:

province had promised the peasants around and South of

2069: 1077:

from 991, Count Palatine of Saxony from 1003, Count of

4158:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009. p. 180. 3534: 2740:

Palatines during the French and Indian War (1754–1763)

4514: 4442:. Newcastle West, Ireland: Oireacht na Mumhan Books. 4047: 4011: 3969: 3256: 2631:. Their legacy was reflected in place names, such as 604:), Count Palatine of Bavaria from 977 until his death 4440:

People Make Places: The Story of the Irish Palatines

4171:. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 2008. p. 14. 3982:, Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 2008 page 12 3351:

itself came into use from at least the 8th century;

3183: 2963: 2517:, poor choices given the climate and the variety of 1560:(not to be confused with its western neighbour, the 1009:, then from the early 11th century by the Counts of 4434:. Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, 1995. 4044:, Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 2008, p. 13 3570: 3486:[Dissolution of the Electoral Palatinate]. 2867:, was founded in Germany un 1996 in the village of 2282:Initial Palatine settlements in the valleys of the 1410:

dynasty, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1053 to 1069

1311: 1253:, based on a promise made by Emperor Frederick II: 4227:. United States of America: Mcfarland. p. 14. 3635: 3602: 3555: 3509: 3250: 2553:valley. The Palatines had not understood that the 1873:Palatine migrations in the 17th and 18th centuries 1173:(murdered on 30 January 1152), Count of Formbach, 3957:Public Record Office, London, C. O. 5/1085, p. 67 3609:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 3564: 3560:. McFarland Incorporated Publishers. p. 155. 3177: 2600:, just west of Little Falls. They were the first 2351:quotes an entry in a churchbook by the Pastor of 1814:accepted the loss of these territories after the 894:, Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1045 to 1060 5611: 4417:. 2nd. ed., Picton Press: Rockport, Maine, 1990. 3642:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 3549: 3337:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 167. 3203:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 167. 2772:to tell the governor-general of New France, the 4323: 4222: 3261:. Vol. 1. Cornell University. p. 133. 3168: 2999:alias Kocherthal (1669–1719), Lutheran minister 2267:Palatine migration to New York and Pennsylvania 1761:, and certain other small territories like the 1158:), son of Frederick III, Count Palatine in 1114 1069:(d. after 3 November 1017), the first count of 3849:, Genealogical Publishing, 2019 reprint, p. 65 3214:New York (State). Legislature. Senate (1915). 2768:The Palatines sent messages via the Oneida to 2545:between September 12th and October 31, 1712." 1826:as a consequence of the French victory at the 1063:, was Count Palatine of Saxony from 995 to 996 30:For the ancient Roman and medieval title, see 5293: 4641: 4344: 4245:, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008. pp. 186–187. 4213:, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008. pp. 182–183. 4201: 4199: 4197: 4179: 4177: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 3585: 3171:John Calvin: The Strasbourg Years (1538-1541) 3162: 2987:Included are immigrants that came during the 1568:), but are sometimes called counts palatine. 1406:), father of Frederick I and ancestor of the 554:Meginhard I, Count Palatine of Bavaria in 883 284:, a new feudal type of title known simply as 5589: 4761: 4693: 4677: 4670: 4437: 4338: 4314: 4216: 3847:Early Eighteenth Century Palatine Emigration 3371:was increasingly used as a reference to the 2960:, Palatinate, to the United States in 1840. 2799: 2793: 2619:raiders coming down from New France (modern 1938:In the second half of the 17th century, the 1631:began to be associated with the inheritable 269:, the home where Roman emperors lived since 5599:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) 4308: 3875:, Universal City, California, 1985, p. viii 3784: 3782: 3780: 3207: 2537:, still others pushed a few miles south to 2214: 2194:Not long after the Palatines' arrival, the 2148:Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 1635:in the form of count palatinate during the 1118:, probably Count Palatine of Saxony in 1042 4648: 4634: 4194: 4174: 4123: 4095: 4071: 3705:Vigne, Randolph; Littleton, Charles (ed). 3579: 3332: 3198: 2756:, tried to maintain neutrality. After the 2456:(13 December 1654 – 1 October 1728) was a 2097:The majority came from regions around the 1769:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806 1293:gave the County Palatine of Saxony to the 937:The Rhenish Palatinate in 1874, known as " 534:The Bavarian Palatinate, now known as the 491: 4470: 4279:, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008. pp. 187. 3633: 3600: 3326: 1662:designated all of the secretaries of the 1541: 1449: 799: 207: 4334:. Pfälzische Verlagsanstalt. p. 93. 4262:, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008. p. 179. 4191:, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008. p. 182. 4142:, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008, p. 188. 4120:, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008, p. 185. 4092:, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008, p. 181. 4068:, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008, p. 183. 3788: 3777: 3516:(annotated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 3507: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3192: 3173:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 68. 3154:Hiroshi Fukurai, Richard Krooth (2021). 2967: 2892: 2818: 2743: 2690: 2678: 2568: 2448: 2124: 2120: 1926: 1911: 1897: 1887: 1782: 1596: 1585: 1354:between the 10th to the 12th centuries. 1325: 1141:on 5 February 1087), son of Frederick II 980: 965:made the Count Palatine of the Rhine an 944: 932: 803: 529: 519: 339: 328: 226: 5179:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 5173:(including German, Swiss and Austrians) 3839: 3396: 3307: 3271:Brockhaus Encyclopedia, Mannheim 2004, 2787:On 10 November 1757, the Oneida sachem 2489:"extravagant grant". Pastors from both 2444: 1342:Holy Roman scribes often used the term 976: 14: 5612: 3873:The Palatine Families of New York 1710 3365:in ducatu Alemannico, in pago Linzgowe 2883:Palatine migration in the 19th century 1073:to hold the title, was a count in the 486: 457:The Lotharingian palatines out of the 414:in German), which came to be known as 4629: 4380: 3812: 3810: 3430:C Hope, "Titian as a Court Painter", 3391:Forschungen zur Deutschen Landeskunde 3277: 2808: 1878:Palatinate Campaign, Early Migrations 1806:in 1795, mainly becoming part of the 1571: 922: 5635:British colonization of the Americas 3925:History of Dutchess County, New York 3759:Journals of the House of Commons XVI 3361:urbs Constantia in ducatu Alemanniae 3259:History of York County, Pennsylvania 2675:Palatine and Indigenous relationship 2240:rather than buttresses to their own 2070:The Great Palatine Migration of 1709 1740:As part of the Imperial Reform, six 1039:, Count Palatine of Saxony from 972, 310: 265:) due to their association with the 263:Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church 192:, have maintained a presence in the 182:, known simply as "the Palatinate". 65:Regions with significant populations 27:Nationality of the Holy Roman Empire 3545:. National News Service. p. 9. 3027:(1697–1746), printer and journalist 2646:(becoming the Six Nations when the 2421:at Greenwich Township, Sussex (now 1725: 681:9), Count Palatine of Bavaria from 166:, Holy Roman States that served as 24: 5650:History of the Palatinate (region) 4356: 4330:Roland Paul, Karl Scherer (1983). 3807: 3590:. Archway Publishing. p. 426. 3512:Napoleon: A Biographical Companion 1442:After 1146, the title went to the 25: 5666: 4655: 4609: 3696:, Vol. 82, No. 324. (July, 1967). 3541:University of California (1907). 3308:Holland, Arthur William (1911). " 2964:Notable Palatines and descendants 1893:Princess Louise of the Palatinate 1810:department. The Palatine Elector 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4415:The Palatine Families of Ireland 3575:. J. Murphy Company. p. 55. 3381:. By the 12th century, the name 3295: 2417:; the 'Straw Church' now called 2301: 2275: 2046:, and various minor counties of 1798:The Palatine territories on the 1647:, professor of civil law at the 1618:Comes sacri Lateranensis palatii 1312:Palatinate of Alamannia / Swabia 969:. He was therefore known as the 50: 4465:Journal of Early Modern History 4427:. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1937. 4295: 4282: 4265: 4248: 4231: 4161: 3998: 3985: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3937:Documentary History of New York 3930: 3917: 3904: 3891: 3878: 3865: 3852: 3764: 3752: 3743: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3699: 3682: 3673: 3660: 3627: 3594: 3501: 3476: 3467: 3454: 3437: 3424: 3415: 3341: 3158:. Springer Nature. p. 111. 2564: 2026:, the Hessian Landgraviates of 4301:Roland Paul and Karl Scherer, 3690:Poor Palatines and the Parties 3265: 3257:George Reeser Prowell (1907). 3087:(1714–1796), Lutheran minister 3059:, (1679–1735), Brethren leader 3034:(c 1728–1777) and of Loyalist 1705:In Supremo Militantis Ecclesiæ 902:Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne 13: 1: 4438:O'Connor, Patrick J. (1989). 3694:The English Historical Review 3184:Sanford Hoadley Cobb (1897). 2368:extraordinarily severe winter 1970:War of the Spanish Succession 1709:Knights of the Holy Sepulchre 1686:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 1481: 1417: 1400: 1393: 1380: 1368:and from 915 until his death 1261: 1215: 827: 733: 708: 682: 661: 616: 4349:. S. J. Clarke. p. 456. 4332:300 Jahre Pfälzer in Amerika 3571:Clayton Colman Hall (1902). 3484:"Die Auflösung der Kurpfalz" 3080:(1711–1787), Lutheran pastor 2871:, which is located close to 2189: 1828:Battle of the Three Emperors 1775:Battle of the Three Emperors 1532: 1522: 1512: 1502: 1492: 1466: 1428:St. Faith's Church, Sélestat 1195: 1182: 1149: 1109: 1096: 1047: 1026: 885: 872: 856: 790: 777: 760: 747: 696: 676: 668:), Count Palatine of Bavaria 657: 644: 631: 612: 599: 583: 562: 546:and were subordinate to the 7: 5625:1700s in the British Empire 5080:Alsatians and Lotharingians 3966:Knittle (2019), pp. 189–191 3556:Sudie Doggett Wike (2022). 3367:873. From the 9th century, 3119: 3052:(1691–1768), Baptist leader 2847:Pennsylvania Dutch language 2460:official and first lord of 2454:Robert Livingston the Elder 2317:Both images are taken from 2130:Queen Anne of Great Britain 1920:farms and towns during the 1751:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 1456:County Palatine of Tübingen 1444:counts palatine of Tübingen 956:Count Palatine of the Rhine 917:Count Palatine of the Rhine 476:Count Palatine of the Rhine 212: 81:, German Pennsylvania, U.S. 10: 5671: 4616:Irish Palatine Association 4471:Otterness, Philip (2007). 4381:Heald, Carolyn A. (2009). 4169:Joseph Brant and his world 4042:Joseph Brant and his world 3993:Joseph Brant and His world 3980:Joseph Brant and His World 3740:June 21 – August 22, 1709. 3634:Otterness, Philip (2004). 3601:Otterness, Philip (2004). 2886: 2843:Pennsylvania Dutch Country 2812: 2407:Berks County, Pennsylvania 2331:, however, began in 1708. 1976:policy in the Palatinate. 1881: 1772: 1729: 1667:Comites aulae Lateranensis 1575: 1545: 1453: 1315: 949:A Palatine soldier in 1748 926: 890:1), son of Ezzo's brother 523: 435:estates in these duchies. 314: 216: 29: 5630:18th-century Irish people 5582: 5528: 5450: 5308: 5119: 5099: 5063: 4983: 4935: 4798: 4722: 4715: 4706: 4663: 4389:: Global Heritage Press. 4375:English Historical Review 3409:The Catholic Encyclopedia 3085:John Christopher Hartwick 2533:, settling at Oldwick or 2482:Columbia County, New York 2347:or at their own request. 1691:Among the recipients was 1614:Comes palatinus lateranus 999:County Palatine of Saxony 384:comites palatini caesarii 126: 121: 106: 101: 90: 85: 69: 64: 49: 4477:Cornell University Press 4319:. iUniverse. p. 46. 4223:Donald N. Yates (2014). 3508:Nicholls, David (1999). 3488:Kurpfalz Regional Archiv 3169:Matthieu Arnold (2016). 3141: 3018:Johann Hartman Windecker 3013:(1696–1760), interpreter 3004:Johann Conrad Weiser Sr. 2855:Palatine German language 2748:A Palatine woman in 1801 2308:Palatine settlements in 2215:Re-settlement in Ireland 2038:, the Archbishoprics of 1996:, and northern areas of 1916:French soldiers ravaged 1629:Order of the Golden Spur 1471:2) co-ruler with Hugo II 1121:Dedo (fell in battle in 1081:from 1004, and imperial 993:In the 10th century the 571:of Bavaria, constructed 380:imperial counts palatine 370:In the empire, the term 174:. After the fall of the 158:) were the citizens and 75:Germantown, Philadelphia 5100:Multinational dimension 4420:Knittle, Walter Allen. 4292:Göttingen 2009, p. 427. 3845:Knittle, Walter Allen, 3789:Connolly, S.J. (1992). 3319:Encyclopædia Britannica 3101:(1729–1785), glassmaker 3045:(1696–1752), glassmaker 2972:A portrait of the Rev. 2897:A Palatine lady in 1877 2321:by Sanford Hoadley Cobb 2004:. During the so-called 1753:were excluded, as were 1745:parliament, known as a 1707:, 1746) granted to the 1671:imperial count palatine 1558:Free County of Burgundy 1548:Free County of Burgundy 492:Palatinate of Champagne 394:). Both the Latin form 317:Imperial count palatine 201: 155: 5590: 5294: 5021:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4762: 4694: 4678: 4671: 4345:Nelson Greene (1925). 4288:Astrid von Schlachta: 3586:David W. Guth (2017). 3404:Pontifical Decorations 3094:(c 1724–1777), settler 2984: 2898: 2830: 2800: 2794: 2749: 2700: 2688: 2585: 2465: 2401:, on the banks of the 2132: 2016:Palatinate-Zweibrücken 1935: 1924: 1909: 1895: 1846: 1800:left bank of the Rhine 1795: 1605: 1594: 1565: 1542:Palatinate of Burgundy 1450:Palatinate of Tübingen 1339: 990: 950: 942: 813: 800:Palatinate of Lorraine 539: 412:Freigrafschaft Burgund 352: 337: 253:was first used in the 238: 208:Holy Roman Nationality 4377:, 82 (1967), 464–485. 4315:Jodie Scales (2001). 3948:Knittle (2019), p. 38 3774:pp. 127-129, 167-168. 3099:Henry William Stiegel 2971: 2896: 2887:Further information: 2835:Pennsylvania Dutchmen 2822: 2813:Further information: 2754:French and Indian War 2747: 2694: 2682: 2572: 2452: 2429:); and St. Paul's at 2128: 2121:Political controversy 1957:, established by the 1930: 1915: 1901: 1891: 1882:Further information: 1786: 1773:Further information: 1649:University of Perugia 1641:Emperor Frederick III 1600: 1589: 1576:Further information: 1348:interchangeably with 1329: 1316:Further information: 1031:) was a Count in the 984: 948: 936: 807: 533: 520:Palatinate of Bavaria 438:Next to the Dukes of 388:comites sacri palatii 343: 332: 315:Further information: 288:, came into use. The 261:of the emperor (e.g. 230: 122:Related ethnic groups 56:Historic flag of the 5520:United Arab Emirates 4828:Transylvanian Saxons 4621:Palatines to America 4475:. Ithaca, New York: 3871:Jones, Henry Z, Jr. 3402:Rock, P.M.J. (1908) 3385:had mostly replaced 3115:(1748–1811), officer 3108:(1711–1787), surgeon 3020:(1676–1754), settler 2795:Troupes de la Marine 2774:Marquis de Vaudreuil 2657:Johann Conrad Weiser 2445:Indentured servitude 2135:During the reign of 2024:Margraviate of Baden 2012:Electoral Palatinate 1990:Rhineland-Palatinate 1968:(1688–1697) and the 1863:Rhineland-Palatinate 1804:Revolutionary France 1790:, the Palatinate in 1610:papal count palatine 1477:Rudolf I (1182–1219) 1332:Alamannic Palatinate 1291:Rudolph I of Germany 1154:5 in Dingelstedt am 977:Palatinate of Saxony 971:Electoral Palatinate 724:House of Wittelsbach 410:County of Burgundy ( 282:fall of Ancient Rome 5107:Central and Eastern 5011:Italy (South Tyrol) 4495:10.7591/j.ctt5hh0sn 4412:Jones, Henry Z, Jr. 3357:in pago Alemannorum 3333:David Alff (2017). 3199:David Alff (2017). 3073:(1715–1804), farmer 3066:(1712–1784), miller 3036:Johan Jost Herkimer 2976:, patriarch of the 2946:H. J. Heinz Company 2877:Kutztown University 2837:are descendants of 2762:Fall of Fort Oswego 2758:Battle of Fort Bull 2710:condolence ceremony 2598:Mohawk River Valley 2539:Rhinebeck, New York 2435:Bedminster Township 2205:American Revolution 2162:and members of the 2152:Louis XIV of France 1955:Maryland Palatinate 1948:Palatinate campaign 1884:Palatinate campaign 1474:Hugo II (1152–1182) 1221:– 25 April 1215 in 1175:Margrave of Meissen 963:Golden Bull of 1356 929:Palatinate (region) 487:List of Palatinates 378:. They were called 232:Caesar Maximilian I 46: 5252:Pennsylvania Dutch 4303:Pfalzer in Amerika 3462:Histoire de ma vie 3432:Oxford Art Journal 3188:. pp. 24, 26. 3126:Pennsylvania Dutch 3006:(1662–1746), baker 2985: 2899: 2831: 2824:Pennsylvania Dutch 2815:Pennsylvania Dutch 2809:Pennsylvania Dutch 2750: 2701: 2689: 2685:Indigenous peoples 2586: 2466: 2399:Newburgh, New York 2349:Henry Z Jones, Jr. 2242:established church 2173:Catholic Palatines 2133: 2099:Rhenish Palatinate 2020:Nassau-Saarbrücken 1936: 1925: 1910: 1896: 1839:Rhenish Palatinate 1832:Kingdom of Bavaria 1824:Peace of Pressburg 1796: 1653:university degrees 1633:patent of nobility 1606: 1595: 1572:Church palatinates 1461:Hugo I (1146–1152) 1414:Manegold the Elder 1340: 991: 951: 943: 923:Rhenish Palatinate 814: 808:The Palatinate of 769:of Germany in 1208 720:Wittelsbach Castle 540: 426:and especially of 357:Holy Roman Emperor 353: 338: 301:Holy Roman Emperor 239: 236:Holy Roman Emperor 190:Pennsylvania Dutch 186:American Palatines 180:Rhenish Palatinate 172:Holy Roman Emperor 132:Pennsylvania Dutch 96:Pennsylvania Dutch 40: 5655:Holy Roman Empire 5607: 5606: 5578: 5577: 5115: 5114: 4915:Russian Mennonite 4555:Holy Roman Empire 4486:978-0-8014-7117-9 4449:978-0-9512-1841-9 4396:978-1-8974-4637-9 3923:Smith, James H., 3527:978-0-8743-6957-1 3393:6 (1888), p. 299. 3353:in pago Almanniae 3032:Nicholas Herkimer 3025:John Peter Zenger 2956:, emigrated from 2474:Robert Livingston 2458:New York colonial 2423:Pohatong Township 2395:Joshua Kocherthal 2233:Church of Ireland 2169:Church of England 1998:Baden-Württemberg 1944:Thirty Years' War 1922:Thirty Years' War 1853:of Germany after 1851:Allied occupation 1820:Napoleonic France 1812:Maximilian Joseph 1792:The German Empire 1763:Lordship of Jever 1582:Holy Roman Church 1562:Duchy of Burgundy 1552:In 1169, Emperor 590:Counts of Andechs 396:(Comes) palatinus 335:Holy Roman Empire 311:Holy Roman Empire 219:Holy Roman Empire 202:Pälzisch Deitsche 176:Holy Roman Empire 145: 144: 16:(Redirected from 5662: 5620:German Palatines 5595: 5546:Papua New Guinea 5384:Kapitaï and Koba 5350:Kapitaï and Koba 5299: 5177:Los Lagos Region 5159:British Columbia 4767: 4720: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4699: 4683: 4674: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4601: 4600: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4577: 4576: 4575: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4498: 4453: 4408: 4385:(2nd ed.). 4351: 4350: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4312: 4306: 4299: 4293: 4286: 4280: 4277:New York History 4274: 4271:Preston, David. 4269: 4263: 4260:New York History 4257: 4254:Preston, David. 4252: 4246: 4243:New York History 4240: 4237:Preston, David. 4235: 4229: 4228: 4220: 4214: 4211:New York History 4208: 4205:Preston, David. 4203: 4192: 4189:New York History 4186: 4183:Preston, David. 4181: 4172: 4165: 4159: 4154:Preston, David. 4152: 4143: 4140:New York History 4137: 4134:Preston, David. 4132: 4121: 4118:New York History 4115: 4112:Preston, David. 4110: 4093: 4090:New York History 4087: 4084:Preston, David. 4082: 4069: 4066:New York History 4063: 4060:Preston, David. 4058: 4045: 4038: 4009: 4002: 3996: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3910:Knittle (2019), 3908: 3902: 3897:Knittle (2019), 3895: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3858:Knittle (2019), 3856: 3850: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3814: 3805: 3804: 3786: 3775: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3641: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3608: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3515: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3413: 3400: 3394: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3229: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3151: 3131:Hiwwe wie Driwwe 3078:Henry Muhlenberg 2974:Henry Muhlenberg 2944:who founded the 2942:Henry John Heinz 2864:Hiwwe wie Driwwe 2849:, spoken by the 2841:who settled the 2803: 2797: 2705:Native Americans 2652:David L. Preston 2486:Livingston Manor 2478:Livingston Manor 2462:Livingston Manor 2415:Hunterdon County 2305: 2279: 2249:Southwell family 2092:Elector Palatine 2000:along the lower 1903:King Frederick V 1802:were annexed by 1759:Imperial Knights 1742:imperial circles 1726:Imperial circles 1536: 1534: 1526: 1524: 1516: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1496: 1494: 1486: 1483: 1480:Hugo III (1185– 1470: 1468: 1422: 1421: 1034/1043 1419: 1405: 1404: 1070/1075 1402: 1398: 1395: 1385: 1382: 1366:Missus dominicus 1334:, also known as 1266: 1263: 1220: 1217: 1199: 1197: 1186: 1184: 1153: 1151: 1113: 1111: 1100: 1098: 1051: 1049: 1030: 1028: 987:Saxon Palatinate 889: 887: 876: 874: 860: 858: 841:held the title: 832: 829: 794: 792: 781: 779: 764: 762: 751: 749: 738: 735: 722:and founded the 713: 710: 700: 698: 687: 684: 680: 678: 667: 666: 665: 1082/1083 663: 659: 648: 646: 635: 633: 622: 621: 618: 614: 603: 601: 587: 585: 566: 564: 548:Dukes of Bavaria 536:Upper Palatinate 526:Upper Palatinate 498:Lothar of France 432:comites palatini 424:Henry the Fowler 188:, including the 136:German Americans 54: 47: 39: 21: 18:German Palatines 5670: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5645:German refugees 5640:German diaspora 5610: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5574: 5524: 5446: 5304: 5171:Los Ríos Region 5111: 5095: 5059: 4984:Southern Europe 4979: 4953:North Schleswig 4936:Northern Europe 4931: 4794: 4735:Sudeten Germans 4702: 4659: 4654: 4612: 4607: 4595: 4585: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4549: 4547: 4537: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4513: 4502:Richter, Conrad 4487: 4467:, (2016), 1-35. 4450: 4430:Statt, Daniel. 4397: 4387:Milton, Ontario 4359: 4357:Further reading 4354: 4343: 4339: 4328: 4324: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4296: 4287: 4283: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4221: 4217: 4206: 4204: 4195: 4184: 4182: 4175: 4167:Paxton, James. 4166: 4162: 4153: 4146: 4135: 4133: 4124: 4113: 4111: 4096: 4085: 4083: 4072: 4061: 4059: 4048: 4040:Paxton, James, 4039: 4012: 4004:Paxton (2008), 4003: 3999: 3991:Paxton (2008), 3990: 3986: 3977: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3905: 3896: 3892: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3866: 3857: 3853: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3822:Irish Ancestors 3818:"The Palatines" 3816: 3815: 3808: 3801: 3793:. p. 302. 3787: 3778: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3700: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3666:Statt, Daniel. 3665: 3661: 3654: 3632: 3628: 3621: 3599: 3595: 3584: 3580: 3569: 3565: 3554: 3550: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3468: 3459: 3455: 3443:Thomas Robson, 3442: 3438: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3401: 3397: 3378:Duchy of Swabia 3346: 3342: 3331: 3327: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3231: 3230: 3223: 3212: 3208: 3197: 3193: 3182: 3178: 3167: 3163: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3122: 2989:Colonial Period 2978:Lutheran Church 2966: 2904:German American 2891: 2885: 2817: 2811: 2742: 2734:William Johnson 2677: 2644:Iroquois League 2637:Palatine Bridge 2594:Governor Burnet 2567: 2480:in what is now 2447: 2439:Somerset County 2376:English Channel 2325: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2280: 2269: 2217: 2192: 2123: 2072: 2028:Hesse-Darmstadt 1966:Nine Years' War 1964:Throughout the 1931:Warfare in the 1886: 1880: 1875: 1867:Rheinland-Pfalz 1816:Treaty of Paris 1788:Rhenish Bavaria 1781: 1771: 1738: 1736:Imperial Reform 1732:Imperial circle 1730:Main articles: 1728: 1645:Baldo Bartolini 1584: 1574: 1550: 1544: 1531: 1521: 1511: 1501: 1491: 1484: 1465: 1458: 1452: 1420: 1403: 1396: 1383: 1336:Duchy of Swabia 1324: 1322:Duchy of Swabia 1314: 1264: 1251:House of Wettin 1218: 1194: 1181: 1148: 1137:(murdered near 1108: 1095: 1046: 1025: 979: 931: 925: 884: 871: 855: 830: 802: 789: 776: 759: 746: 736: 716:Scheyern Castle 711: 695: 685: 675: 664: 656: 643: 630: 619: 611: 598: 582: 573:Scheyern Castle 567:), son of Duke 561: 528: 522: 500:(954–986) gave 494: 489: 481:Imperial Vicars 400:(comte) palatin 398:and the French 361:palatial domain 350:Imperial Knight 327: 313: 290:comes palatinus 271:Augustus Caesar 225: 223:Imperial Knight 217:Main articles: 215: 210: 198:Palatine German 152:Palatine German 116:German Reformed 92:Palatine German 60: 42: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5668: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5563:German Samoans 5560: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5388: 5387: 5386: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5330: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5300: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5244: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5181: 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Palatinate 927:Main article: 924: 921: 913:Henry of Laach 909: 908: 895: 878: 865: 849: 837:From 985, the 835: 834: 821: 801: 798: 797: 796: 783: 770: 753: 740: 727: 702: 689: 669: 650: 637: 624: 605: 592: 576: 555: 524:Main article: 521: 518: 506:Count of Blois 493: 490: 488: 485: 428:Otto the Great 392:Hofpfalzgrafen 372:count palatine 321:Count palatine 312: 309: 294:Count palatine 214: 211: 209: 206: 143: 142: 124: 123: 119: 118: 108:Roman Catholic 104: 103: 99: 98: 88: 87: 83: 82: 71:The Palatinate 67: 66: 62: 61: 55: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5667: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5456: 5455: 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in German, 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 351: 347: 342: 336: 331: 326: 322: 318: 308: 306: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 273:(and whence " 272: 268: 267:Palatine Hill 264: 260: 256: 252: 251: 246: 245: 237: 233: 229: 224: 220: 205: 203: 199: 195: 194:United States 191: 187: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 100: 97: 93: 89: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 63: 59: 53: 48: 45: 33: 19: 5391:South Africa 4764:Walddeutsche 4686: 4507:The Free Man 4505: 4472: 4464: 4457: 4439: 4431: 4424: 4414: 4382: 4374: 4367: 4346: 4340: 4331: 4325: 4316: 4310: 4302: 4297: 4289: 4284: 4276: 4267: 4259: 4250: 4242: 4233: 4224: 4218: 4210: 4188: 4168: 4163: 4155: 4139: 4117: 4089: 4065: 4041: 4005: 4000: 3992: 3987: 3979: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3911: 3906: 3898: 3893: 3885: 3880: 3872: 3867: 3859: 3854: 3846: 3841: 3831:27 September 3829:. 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Retrieved 3237:ancestry.com 3236: 3218:. p. 7. 3215: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3185: 3179: 3170: 3164: 3155: 3149: 3071:John Reister 2986: 2954:Pennsylvania 2939: 2923:Pennsylvania 2915:Philadelphia 2908: 2900: 2862: 2832: 2789:Canaghquiesa 2786: 2778: 2767: 2751: 2730: 2714: 2702: 2699:fort in 1671 2665: 2661: 2641: 2625:Mohawk River 2610: 2606: 2590:Hudson River 2587: 2565:Resettlement 2547: 2529:, others to 2527:Pennsylvania 2499: 2476:, who owned 2470:Hudson River 2467: 2403:Hudson River 2392: 2372: 2357: 2339:and or from 2326: 2318: 2310:Pennsylvania 2246: 2229:William King 2226: 2218: 2209: 2201: 2193: 2183: 2180:Daniel Defoe 2177: 2157: 2141: 2134: 2096: 2088: 2073: 2036:Hesse-Kassel 2005: 1987: 1978: 1963: 1952: 1937: 1866: 1855:World War II 1836: 1797: 1746: 1739: 1720: 1713: 1704: 1701:Benedict XIV 1697:Pope Pius IV 1690: 1682:Sack of Rome 1679: 1666: 1657: 1626: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1592:Roman States 1578:Papal States 1556:created the 1551: 1441: 1408:Hohenstaufen 1390:Frederick II 1362:Erchanger II 1349: 1343: 1341: 1338:, in 1004 AD 1288: 1282: 1273: 1248: 1241:and his son 1239:Frederick II 1165:Frederick VI 1145:Frederick IV 1129:Frederick II 997:created the 992: 960: 958:after 1085. 952: 910: 836: 541: 538:, in 1000 AD 495: 467: 464: 456: 437: 431: 420: 411: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 371: 369: 364: 354: 304: 298: 289: 285: 279: 259:chamberlains 255:Roman Empire 249: 248: 243: 242: 240: 185: 184: 147: 146: 43: 37:Ethnic group 5592:Ostsiedlung 5541:New Zealand 5515:Philippines 5357:Ivory Coast 5242:Puerto Rico 5195:El Salvador 5086:Netherlands 5040:Gottscheers 4840:(including 4790:Switzerland 3995:, pp. 12–13 3939:, III, 668. 3826:Irish Times 3772:Foreigners, 3738:The Review, 2857:which many 2782:Black Dutch 2770:Quebec City 2722:Paxton Boys 2629:Canajoharie 2221:Anglo-Irish 2178:The author 2164:High Church 1755:Switzerland 1684:, 1527, by 1664:papal curia 1637:Renaissance 1616:, properly 1554:Frederick I 1490:Rudolf II ( 1464:Frederick ( 1384: 1020 1377:Frederick I 1265: 1215 1235:Henry Raspe 1219: 1155 1139:Zscheiplitz 1092:Frederick I 1059:and in the 1035:and in the 737: 1117 712: 1083 692:Engelbert I 686: 1083 620: 1020 440:Lotharingia 325:Kaiserpfalz 305:Palatinates 164:Palatinates 128:Fancy Dutch 5614:Categories 5505:Kyrgyzstan 5495:Kazakhstan 5396:Afrikaners 5190:Costa Rica 5154:Hutterites 5016:Yugoslavia 4996:Azerbaijan 4905:Bessarabia 4664:Historical 3912:Emigration 3899:Emigration 3886:Emigration 3860:Emigration 3242:August 28, 2950:Pittsburgh 2919:Pittsburgh 2911:Germantown 2617:Indigenous 2582:New Jersey 2535:Hackensack 2531:New Jersey 2519:pine trees 2380:city walls 2333:Queen Anne 2238:Dissenters 2137:Queen Anne 2111:Camberwell 2107:Blackheath 2076:Parliament 1940:Palatinate 1933:Palatinate 1907:Palatinate 1535: 136 1525: 131 1515: 130 1510:Eberhard ( 1505: 126 1495: 124 1469: 116 1283:the Bitten 1212:Herman III 1206:Gelnhausen 1198: 119 1185: 117 1180:Adalbert ( 1152: 112 1112: 106 1099: 104 1067:Burchard I 1050: 995 1029: 982 989:in 1000 AD 892:Hezzelin I 888: 106 875: 104 859: 103 831: 905 793: 124 786:Rapoto III 780: 123 763: 120 750: 118 699: 112 679: 109 647: 110 634: 102 627:Hartwig II 602: 985 586: 999 575:around 940 565: 954 544:Regensburg 510:Vermandois 382:(in Latin 280:After the 58:Palatinate 5536:Australia 5289:Venezuela 5272:Palatines 5220:Nicaragua 5200:Guatemala 5129:Argentina 4910:Black Sea 4856:Satu Mare 4816:Black Sea 4687:Palatines 4531:Biography 4405:430037634 3884:Knittle, 3761:, p. 596. 3464:, 8;ix);. 3387:Alamannia 3369:Alamannia 3349:Alamannia 3347:The name 3106:Bodo Otto 2958:Kallstadt 2859:Mennonite 2839:Palatines 2648:Tuscarora 2602:Europeans 2543:Schoharie 2431:Pluckemin 2419:St. James 2366:, (3) an 2341:Amsterdam 2288:Schoharie 2190:Dispersal 2115:Huguenots 2103:Rotterdam 2084:Frankfurt 1847:Rhoipfalz 1699:in 1559. 1500:Hugo IV ( 1351:Alamannia 1318:Alamannia 1271:Albert II 1258:Henry III 1245:from 1246 1243:Conrad IV 1191:Louis III 1171:Herman II 1085:from 1012 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