163:
3132:
3148:) requires a majority of actively used "yes" votes, so that a state coalition with a divided opinion on a bill votes—by its abstention—effectively against the bill. The Bundesrat has increased its legislative responsibilities over time by successfully arguing for a broad, rather than a narrow, interpretation of what constitutes the range of legislation affecting Land interests. In 1949, only 10% of all federal laws, namely, those directly affecting the Länder, required Bundesrat approval. In 1993 close to 60% of federal legislation required the Bundesrat's assent. The Basic Law also provides the Bundesrat with an absolute veto of such legislation.
3158:), which can be overridden by passing the law again, but this time with 50% plus one vote of all Bundestag members, not just by majority of votes cast, which is frequent in daily parliamentary business. Because most legislation is passed by a coalition that has such an absolute majority in the Bundestag, this kind of suspensive veto rarely stops legislation. As an added provision, however, a law vetoed with a majority of two thirds must be passed again with a majority of two thirds in the Bundestag, more generally a Bundesrat veto can be overridden by a Bundestag vote with a greater percentage than the veto. The
2922:. This is fixed by the Königsteiner Abkommen, starting with the federated state with the largest population going down. The President of the Bundesrat convenes and chairs plenary sessions of the body and is formally responsible for representing Germany in matters of the Bundesrat. The president is aided by two Vice Presidents who play an advisory role and deputise in the president's absence; the predecessor of the current President is first, his presumptive successor second Vice President. The three together make up the Bundesrat's executive committee.
3004:
1502:
3166:
absolute veto is particularly evident when the opposition party or parties in the
Bundestag have a majority in the Bundesrat, which was the case almost constantly between 1991 and 2005. Whenever this happens, the opposition can threaten the government's legislative program. Such a division of authority can complicate the process of governing when the major parties disagree, and, unlike the Bundestag, the Bundesrat cannot be dissolved. Such stalemates are not unlike those that may be experienced under
263:
1434:
51:
2033:(called Governing Mayor in Berlin, President of the Senate in Bremen and First Mayor in Hamburg) and other cabinet ministers (called senators in Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg). State cabinets may appoint as many delegates as the state has votes, and usually do, but may also send a single delegate to exercise all of the state's votes. All other ministers/senators are usually appointed as deputy delegates. In any case, the state has to cast its votes
3184:
2943:
200:
3042:
1420:
1761:
2045:(CDU) cast a no vote and State Minister Alwin Ziel (SPD) cast a yes vote. As state elections are not coordinated across Germany and can occur at any time, the majority distributions in the Bundesrat can change after any such election. Even without a new state election, it is possible that the state parliament installs a new state government because a new state coalition has formed.
1557:. The Bundesrat consists of members appointed by state governments and the Bundestag consists of representatives directly elected by the German people. Laws that affect state powers and all constitutional changes need the consent of both houses. For its somewhat similar function, the Bundesrat is sometimes (controversially) described as an
1808:
When the South German states joined in 1870/71, the revised federal constitutions allocated new votes for them. Bavaria had six votes, Württemberg four, Baden three, and (the whole of) Hesse-Darmstadt three. The total number went up to 58 votes, and in 1911, with three new votes for Alsace-Lorraine,
1800:
For the
Federal Diet of 1815, the basic law (Bundesakte) established two different formations. In the Plenary, for the most important decisions, every state had at least one vote. The larger states Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hannover and Württemberg had each four votes, and the lesser states
3019:
The voting
Bundesrat delegates themselves rarely attend committee sessions; instead, they delegate that responsibility to civil servants from their ministries, as allowed for in the Basic Law (art. 52,2). The delegates themselves tend to spend most of their time in their state capitals, rather than
3944:
The
Unification Treaty was signed by the federal government and the government of the German Democratic Republic on 31 August 1990. The Bundestag (lower house of the German parliament) and the Bundesrat (upper house of the German parliament) approved this Treaty, the Protocol, the Annexes I to III
3165:
If the absolute veto is used, the
Bundesrat, the Bundestag, or the government can convene a joint committee to negotiate a compromise. That compromise cannot be amended and both chambers (Bundesrat and Bundestag) are required to hold a final vote on the compromise as is. The political power of the
2892:
Due to the opposition's veto threat, the government seeks prior approval of the opposition with veto power. If an agreement fails, the government tends to shelve laws to avoid appearing incapable of acting. This legislative self-restraint of the federal government shows up in empirical analysis of
1804:
The North German
Confederation was a different entity from the German Confederation, but it can also be regarded as the brainchild of a long lasting reform debate within the German Confederation. The new Bundesrat even referred to the old diet in Article 6, when it redistributed the votes for each
3260:
Other observers emphasize that different majorities in the two legislative bodies ensure that all legislation, when approved, has the support of a broad political spectrum, a particularly valuable attribute in the aftermath of unification, when consensus on critical policy decisions is vital. The
1628:
of the German
Confederation (1815–1848, 1850/1851–1866). That Federal Convention consisted of the representatives of the member states. The first basic law (Bundesakte) of the German Confederation listed how many votes a member state had, for two different formations of the diet. The diet was the
1971:
The
Reichsrat, as a first, had no fixed numbers of votes for the member states. Instead, it introduced the principle that the number depended on the actual number of inhabitants. Originally, states had one vote for every 1 million inhabitants. In 1921, this was reduced to 700,000 inhabitants per
1595:
The political makeup of the
Bundesrat is affected by changes in power in the states of Germany, and thus by elections in each state. Each state delegation in the Bundesrat is essentially a representation of the state government and reflects the political makeup of the governing coalition in each
3915:
If the
Federal Government or the Bundestag (lower house of the German parliament) divides a subject-matter between a number of statutes in order to prevent the Bundesrat (upper house of the German parliament) from preventing provisions that in themselves are not subject to its consent, this is
3015:
Because the Bundesrat is so much smaller than the Bundestag, it does not require the extensive organizational structure of the Bundestag. The Bundesrat typically schedules plenary sessions once a month for the purpose of voting on legislation prepared in committee. In comparison, the Bundestag
3244:
Some observers claim that the opposing majorities lead to an increase in backroom politics, where small groups of high-tier leaders make all the important decisions and the Bundestag representatives have a choice only between agreeing with them or not getting anything done at all. The German
1666:
Whilst appointed by state governments just as today, the delegates of the original Bundesrat—as those of the Reichsrat—were usually high-ranking civil servants, not cabinet members. The original Bundesrat was very powerful; every bill needed its consent, equaling it to the popularly elected
2712:
In contrast to many other legislative bodies, the delegates to the Bundesrat from any one state are required to cast the votes of the state as a single bloc (since the votes are not those of the respective delegate). The delegates are not independent members of the Bundesrat but instructed
2910:
Originally from 1867 to 1918, the Bundesrat was chaired by the chancellor, although he was not a member and had no vote. This tradition was kept to a degree when since 1919 the Reichsrat still had to be chaired by a member of the imperial government (often the minister of the interior).
3139:
The legislative authority of the Bundesrat is subordinate to that of the Bundestag, but it nonetheless plays a vital legislative role. The federal government must present all its legislative initiatives first to the Bundesrat; only thereafter can a proposal be passed to the Bundestag.
3257:. This is hoped to increase the institution's popularity, reduce Land bureaucracy influence on legislation, make opposing majorities less likely, make the legislative process more transparent, and generally set a new standard of democratic, rather than bureaucratic leadership.
2002:). Bundesrat members are not elected—either by popular vote or by the state parliaments—but are delegated by the respective state government. They do not enjoy a free mandate (for example, most parliamentary privileges in the Bundesrat can be exercised only by a
3838:
3973:
In federal states, such marked imbalances are, as a general rule, only tolerated for the second chamber existing beside the parliament; in Germany and Austria, the second chamber is the Bundesrat, in Australia, Belgium and the United States, it is the
1979:, counterbalancing the dominant position of Prussia, which still contained roughly two-thirds of the German population. Also, since 1921, half of the Prussian votes were not cast by the Prussian state government but by the administrations of the
2713:
representatives of the federated states' governments. If the members of a delegation cast different votes then the entire vote of the respective state is invalid. This tradition stems from the 1867 Bundesrat. It is a constitutional requirement.
2037:, i.e., without vote splitting. If Members of the Bundesrat from the same state vote differently, the entire votes of the state are counted as abstention. A famous example of this was a very close vote in 2002 on a new immigration law by the
3265:, provides an obvious forum for the coordination of policy between the states and the federal government. The need for such coordination, particularly given the specific, crucial needs of the eastern states, has become only more important.
1636:
and was reactivated only in 1850/1851. Several other attempts to reform the Confederation involved retaining the Bundestag and adding a parliament and a court. One of these attempts, the proposed Reform Act of 1863, had introduced the term
1659:. The Reichstag, elected by the North German men, was one legislative body. The other one was the Bundesrath (old spelling). This organ was expressly modelled after the old diet. When the Confederation was transformed and renamed
1805:
states. Prussia, originally with four votes, gained the votes of the states it had annexed in 1866, i.e. Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Holstein, Nassau, and Frankfurt, totaling 17 votes. The total number of votes in 1867 was 43 votes.
2716:
The delegates of a state are equal to each other in the Bundesrat, hence the minister president has no special rights compared to his ministers. But it is possible (and even customary) that one of the delegates (the
1812:
To put the Prussian votes in context: 80% of North Germans lived in Prussia, and after 1871, Prussia made up two thirds of the German population and territory. Prussia was always underrepresented in the Bundesrat.
3857:
3143:
Further, the Bundesrat must approve all legislation affecting policy areas for which the Basic Law grants the Länder concurrent powers and for which the Länder must administer federal regulations. This approval
3446:
3882:(English: Abroad, such a parliamentary system is in general called a bicameral one. For Bundestag and Bundesrat such a common designation is not usual and it is even contentious whether the Bundesrat is a
2018:(where they have their own benches to the left of the President of the Bundestag) and its committees and can address it at any time. The latter right was most famously used in 2002 by then-Hamburg Senator
3749:
2925:
The President of the Bundesrat ("Bundesratspräsident"), is fourth in the order of precedence after the Federal President, the President of the Bundestag, the Chancellor and before the President of the
1503:
735:
730:
725:
1596:
state legislature. Thus, the Bundesrat is a continuous body and has no legislative periods. For organizational reasons, the Bundesrat structures its legislative calendar in years of business (
2006:, not an individual member) and serve only as long as they are representing their state, not for a fixed period of time. Members of the Bundesrat (suffix "MdBR") do however enjoy the same
3151:
Constitutional changes require an approval with majority of two thirds of all votes in Bundestag and Bundesrat, thus giving the Bundesrat an absolute veto against constitutional change.
1604:. The sessions have been counted continuously since the first session on 7 September 1949. The Bundesrat's 1000th session took place on 12 February 2021 and was opened with a speech by
2068:
prevents the Bundesrat from having the rural and conservative bias of other similar legislative bodies biased in favor of small states. The allocation of votes is regulated by the
4131:
1252:
5075:
3661:
5031:
3738:
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according to its population. This way, smaller states have more votes than a distribution proportional to the population would grant. The presence of the small
19:
This article is about the second federal legislative chamber in Germany, in which the state governments are represented. For the elected German parliament, see
3876:
bezeichnet. Für Bundestag und Bundesrat ist dagegen eine gemeinsame Bezeichnung nicht allgemein üblich, und es ist sogar umstritten, ob der Bundesrat eine
2721:, "leader of the votes"—normally the minister president) casts all votes of the respective state, even if the other members of the delegation are present.
1247:
1207:
519:
3997:
1402:
1121:
1116:
1111:
986:
981:
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if their coalition cannot agree on a position. Abstaining has the same effect as voting against a proposal, as every Bundesrat decision requires a
1392:
4298:
4141:
2929:. The President of the Bundesrat becomes acting Federal President of Germany, in case that the office of the Federal President should be vacant.
3491:
3428:
4503:
3465:
2080:—either for, against, in abstention of a proposal. Each state is allocated at least three votes, and a maximum of six. States with more than
1474:
274:
5070:
2069:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
3821:
Zur Reform des Bundesrates - Lehren eines internationalen Vergleiches der Zweiten Kammern - II. Reform des Bundesrates - welches Vorbild?
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of the Weimar Republic (1919–1934) had considerably less influence, since it could only veto bills—and even then be overruled by the
1625:
856:
3945:
and the agreement of 18 September 1990 by the Act of 23 September 1990 – the Unification Treaty Act (Federal Law Gazette II p. 885).
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4029:
2507:
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1783:
In 2000, the Bundesrat moved to Berlin, as the Bundestag had done the year before. The Berlin seat of the Bundesrat is the former
4970:
3052:
2926:
286:
3351:
in the English translations of its decisions, and refers to the Bundesrat as a "second chamber existing beside the parliament".
1691:(committee of states) accompanied the reform of Germany but had no official role in installing the new constitution. Under that
3110:
2643:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
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761:
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751:
497:
1986:
For example, of the 63 votes in 1919, Prussia had 25 votes, Bavaria seven, and Saxony five. 12 states had only one vote each.
1780:
in Bonn, along with the Bundestag, at least most of the time. A wing of the Bundeshaus was specially built for the Bundesrat.
1447:
4263:
3470:
3082:
2634:
2597:
2560:
2461:
2360:
2257:
2220:
2158:
1749:
1377:
1341:
966:
946:
4570:
1305:
691:
656:
4417:
4400:
4233:
3540:
3343:
is sometimes referred to as the second chamber of the German legislature, but this designation is disputed by some. The
1907:
1310:
540:
3162:
has to be passed with active "no" votes, so that abstentions count as votes against the veto, i.e. to let the law pass.
3089:
4308:
4273:
4218:
3825:
2866:
2778:
2671:
2601:
2568:
2531:
2494:
2426:
2393:
2364:
2327:
2290:
2253:
2224:
1232:
1227:
971:
359:
322:
138:
118:
98:
4757:
4661:
4498:
3851:
3231:
3205:
2990:
2964:
2905:
2610:
2187:
1994:
The composition of the Bundesrat is different from other similar legislative bodies representing states (such as the
1467:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
961:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
709:
704:
699:
627:
342:
87:
3516:
3213:
2972:
2402:
1386:
1237:
941:
426:
3096:
1187:
4623:
4223:
3283:
s ability to revisit and slow down legislative processes is often seen as making up for that loss of separation.
3246:
2874:
2788:
2605:
2502:
2266:
4606:
4422:
4106:
3636:
3273:
3209:
3067:
2968:
2838:
2680:
2011:
1336:
1257:
431:
347:
1685:("Council of People's Representatives") limited the power of the Bundesrat to its administrative functions. A
4900:
4676:
4538:
4442:
4341:
3961:
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3903:
3078:
4920:
4648:
4518:
4022:
3344:
2915:
2536:
2196:
2030:
1995:
1460:
1364:
1320:
1295:
1276:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
956:
951:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
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901:
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891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
671:
602:
562:
479:
162:
4715:
4628:
4080:
3276:. Since the executive and legislative functions are closely intertwined in any parliamentary system, the
2369:
2336:
1315:
1300:
861:
651:
3555:
3131:
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4550:
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4447:
4432:
4248:
4228:
4070:
3292:
2748:
2573:
2303:
2229:
2049:
1601:
1600:), beginning each year on 1 November. Each year of business is congruous with the one-year-term of the
1577:
666:
567:
368:
3581:
4890:
4075:
3700:
3167:
3008:
1768:
From 1894 to 1933, the Bundesrat/Reichsrat met in the same building as the Reichstag, today known as
1668:
1650:
717:
618:
609:
3495:
1871:
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3249:" was looking into this issue, among others. There have been frequent suggestions of replacing the
3194:
2953:
2023:
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only organ – there was no division of powers. The diet was chaired by the Austrian representative.
1496:
1222:
492:
401:
527:
5003:
4877:
4857:
4834:
4814:
4774:
4737:
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4293:
4015:
3198:
2957:
2053:
1784:
1608:
1539:
1382:
1202:
318:
291:
208:
1641:. With the dissolution of the Confederation in August 1866, the diet and the federal law ended.
4804:
4779:
4742:
4601:
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4362:
4253:
4243:
3819:
2870:
2798:
2675:
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2498:
2465:
2447:
2412:
2397:
2331:
2294:
2261:
2191:
2154:
1730:, which consisted of many parties differing in opinion. So, in most cases, bills vetoed by the
661:
380:
3103:
4965:
4784:
4769:
4732:
3775:"Federalism and Institutional Design: The Perils and Politics of a Triple-E Senate in Canada"
3297:
2854:
these abstentions mean that several political parties represented in the Bundesrat possess a
2830:
1397:
1368:
455:
4002:
2841:(i.e., 35) in favour, not just a majority of votes cast or a majority of delegates present.
4747:
4691:
4575:
4513:
4508:
4478:
4410:
4388:
4336:
4238:
3372:
Die ersten Monate der provisorischen Zentralgewalt für Deutschland (Juli bis Dezember 1848)
2896:
Consent laws constitute the majority of politically important laws, and one third overall.
2889:, the Greens held such a veto, and used it to prop up the price of emissions certificates.
2480:
1999:
1980:
1895:
1883:
1605:
1562:
1242:
743:
642:
593:
512:
507:
502:
470:
439:
310:
3790:
3063:
2140:
1770:
8:
4930:
4824:
4799:
4794:
4671:
4616:
4555:
4461:
4192:
4126:
3317:
3302:
2042:
1836:
1698:
1692:
1589:
1212:
1192:
248:
4288:
2038:
4996:
4989:
4844:
4809:
4696:
4681:
4611:
4589:
4565:
4493:
4427:
4357:
4268:
4187:
4156:
4065:
4042:
3802:
3003:
2808:
2667:
2620:
2430:
2298:
1975:
No state was allowed to have more than 40 percent of the votes. This was regarded as a
1919:
1847:
1830:
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389:
114:
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4197:
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2014:
have. In addition, Members of the Bundesrat have unlimited access to sessions of the
1859:
1776:
1526:
1217:
550:
186:
3611:"Blockierte Mehrheit: Warum die Vetomacht des Bundesrates ein Demokratieproblem ist"
3447:"Panorama: Eklat nach Drehbuch - Absurdes Theater im Bundesrat | ARD Mediathek"
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4955:
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4373:
4177:
4146:
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3786:
3712:
3673:
3618:
2729:
1656:
1566:
586:
176:
94:
3716:
3610:
3135:
The position of the Bundesrat (Federal Council) in the political system of Germany
182:
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1942:
1585:
1438:
1346:
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with a US-style elected Senate, which would be elected at the same date as the
2862:
2276:
2057:
2007:
1633:
1570:
1424:
394:
134:
5064:
5046:
5033:
4258:
3798:
3724:
3685:
3677:
3460:
3401:
3374:. Diss. Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al., 1997, p. 48.
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2583:
2019:
1581:
376:
4643:
4318:
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4283:
4182:
4136:
3846:(in German) (12th ed.). Berlin: Direktor des Bundesrates. p. 50.
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serves as a control mechanism on the Bundestag in the sense of a system of
3261:
formal representation of the states in the federal government, through the
2379:
3059:
262:
4653:
4367:
4202:
4151:
3929:"BVerfG, Judgment of the First Senate of 24 April 1991 – 1 BvR 1341/90 1"
2818:
2725:
2239:
1558:
355:
3872:
Im Ausland wird ein solches parlamentarisches System im Allgemeinen als
3701:"The effects of federalism reform on the legislative process in Germany"
1433:
4862:
4483:
3840:
Bundesrat und Bundesstaat: Der Bundesrat der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
3806:
3774:
2834:
1671:. It could also, with the Emperor's agreement, dissolve the Reichstag.
2858:
veto on legislation, as they can block the votes of 35 or more seats.
1752:" on 14 February 1934, roughly a year after Hitler had come to power.
1632:
In the revolution of 1848 the Bundestag transferred its powers to the
4473:
4121:
2653:
2015:
1787:
building. The Bundesrat wing in Bonn is still used as a second seat.
1554:
420:
20:
3958:"BVerfG, Judgment of the Second Senate of 30 June 2009 – 2 BvE 2/08"
3183:
3041:
2942:
199:
4007:
3900:"BVerfG, Judgment of the First Senate of 17 July 2002 – 1 BvF 1/01"
3154:
Against all other legislation the Bundesrat has a suspensive veto (
2517:
1655:
On 1 July 1867 the North German Confederation was established as a
1546:. Its second seat is located in the former West German capital of
4752:
4172:
4116:
4038:
3025:
2878:
2768:
2313:
2173:
2061:
1531:
50:
3582:"Verhandlungspositionen im Bundesrat › Regierungsforschung"
2861:
During the 2021-2025 traffic light coalition, two of the three
2546:
2206:
2065:
2048:
The number of votes a state is allocated is based on a form of
1543:
212:
1760:
4132:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
4111:
3020:
in the federal capital. The delegations are supported by the
2346:
2885:
four-way coalition. For the 16 years prior under chancellor
2102:, while those with governments led by CDU or CSU are called
3990:
1547:
2041:
government, when Deputy Minister-President of Brandenburg
1576:
The name "Bundesrat" was used by similar bodies in the
3429:"Skandalrede im Bundestag: Schill-Partei ohne Schill?"
2914:
Since 1949, the presidency rotates annually among the
2833:
are common in the states, states frequently choose to
1801:
three or two. Of the 39 states, 25 had only one vote.
1663:(German Empire) in 1871, the Bundesrat kept its name.
225:
2024:
gave an inflammatory speech that was widely denounced
1624:
The historical predecessor of the Bundesrat was the
1524:) is a legislative body that represents the sixteen
3579:
2844:
For laws which require explicit Bundesrat consent (
1679:In the revolution of 1918, the revolutionary organ
3492:"Amtlicher Bevölkerungsstand am 31. Dezember 2015"
3400:. Vol. III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3rd edition.
3335:
3333:
5062:
3746:The Bundesrat of the Federal Republic of Germany
2739:
2728:was represented by four members, elected by its
1584:(1871). The predecessor of the Bundesrat in the
5076:Legislative branch of the Government of Germany
16:Legislative body representing the German states
3330:
3016:conducts about fifty plenary sessions a year.
4023:
3466:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
2029:Normally, a state delegation consists of the
1809:to 61 votes. The Prussian votes remained 17.
1468:
3068:introducing citations to additional sources
2845:
1774:. After 1949, the Bundesrat gathered in the
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1696:
1686:
1680:
34:
4142:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
3998:Members of the Bundesrat (German Knowledge)
3385:Preußen. Aufstieg und Niedergang 1600–1947.
3313:Composition of the German State Parliaments
3268:Supporters of the Bundesrat claim that the
3212:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3011:on Leipziger Straße, seat of the Bundesrat.
2971:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2932:
1509:
4030:
4016:
3662:"ZPol Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft"
1736:failed due to the lack of unity among the
1475:
1461:
198:
49:
3962:ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2009:es20090630.2bve000208
3933:ECLI:DE:BVerfG:1991:rs19910424.1bvr134190
3904:ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2002:fs20020717.1bvf000101
3837:Reuter, Konrad (2003). "Zweite Kammer?".
3542:West Germany Today (RLE: German Politics)
3232:Learn how and when to remove this message
2991:Learn how and when to remove this message
3666:ZPol Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft
3453:
3398:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789
3130:
3058:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3002:
1759:
744:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
3772:
3698:
3608:
2439:
1724:needed a majority of two-thirds in the
1695:, 1 August 1919 it was replaced by the
1619:
1553:The Bundesrat legislates alongside the
241:This article is part of a series on the
5063:
3836:
3739:"The Bundesrat and the Federal System"
3609:Stecker, Christian (26 October 2021).
3028:of the states in the federal capital.
1644:
4011:
3791:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a038180
3604:
3602:
1750:Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat
1626:Federal Convention (Confederate Diet)
1561:of parliament along the lines of the
1538:). The Bundesrat meets at the former
1495:
4037:
3637:"Droht Blockade der Republik ?"
3545:, Karl Koch, Routledge, 1989, page 3
3210:adding citations to reliable sources
3177:
3035:
2969:adding citations to reliable sources
2936:
2747:Bundesrat as of 27 April 2023 (post-
2732:, but owing to the city's ambiguous
1966:
5071:1949 establishments in West Germany
2736:, they did not have voting rights.
2090:7 million inhabitants have 6 votes.
2087:6 million inhabitants have 5 votes,
2084:2 million inhabitants have 4 votes,
2076:). All of a state's votes are cast
13:
4003:A- und B-Länder (German Knowledge)
3826:Federal Agency for Civic Education
3599:
3580:Regierungsforschung (2022-03-22).
1764:Bundesrat building, Berlin in 2007
1674:
261:
14:
5087:
3982:
3916:constitutionally unobjectionable.
3699:Stecker, Christian (2016-10-19).
3556:"Zusammensetzung des Bundesrates"
2906:President of the German Bundesrat
3404:, Stuttgart et al. 1988, p. 651.
3182:
3051:relies largely or entirely on a
3040:
2941:
1432:
1418:
161:
4234:German revolutions of 1848–1849
4203:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
3950:
3921:
3892:
3830:
3813:
3766:
3755:from the original on 2023-01-16
3731:
3692:
3654:
3629:
3573:
3548:
3534:
3509:
2012:Members of the German Bundestag
1795:
4219:Early modern period, 1500–1800
4107:List of early Germanic peoples
3705:Regional & Federal Studies
3484:
3439:
3421:
3407:
3390:
3377:
3364:
3024:, which function basically as
2745:Veto power over consent laws,
2110:Current distribution of votes
1790:
1534:at the federal level (German:
1337:Politics of the European Union
1:
4342:History of Germany since 1990
3717:10.1080/13597566.2016.1236334
3358:
2899:
2877:), as well as the opposition
2740:Party vetoes for consent laws
3345:Federal Constitutional Court
3173:
2927:Federal Constitutional Court
1742:'s constituent parties. The
1288:Foreign relations by country
480:Federal Constitutional Court
287:Federal Constitutional Court
7:
3471:Federal Ministry of Justice
3286:
692:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
10:
5092:
4249:North German Confederation
4229:Confederation of the Rhine
3960:. 30 June 2009. Para 286.
3623:10.17176/20211026-182916-0
3387:DVA, München 2007, p. 624.
3347:itself has used the term
3293:Presidium of the Bundesrat
2903:
2865:parties held such a veto (
2050:degressive proportionality
1996:Russian Federation Council
1718:. However, overruling the
1648:
1614:
1602:Presidium of the Bundesrat
1578:North German Confederation
369:Vice Chancellor of Germany
18:
4983:
4843:
4723:
4714:
4597:
4588:
4469:
4460:
4396:
4387:
4350:
4329:
4211:
4165:
4089:
4058:
4049:
3931:. 24 April 1991. Para 2.
3773:Lusztig, Michael (1995).
3009:House of Lords of Prussia
2707:
2701:
2008:immunity from prosecution
1744:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1697:
1682:Rat der Volksbeauftragten
1651:Bundesrat (German Empire)
610:Collective municipality (
223:
218:
206:
197:
192:
174:
169:
160:
152:
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127:
107:
85:
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48:
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28:
4401:Administrative divisions
3902:. 17 July 2002. Para 2.
3678:10.5771/1430-6387-2006-3
3415:"Art 43 GG - Einzelnorm"
3323:
3031:
2933:Organizational structure
1989:
1173:State and local politics
718:East Germany (1949–1960)
33:
2724:Between 1949 and 1990,
2094:By convention, SPD-led
1785:Prussian House of Lords
1755:
1609:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
1540:Prussian House of Lords
1329:International Relations
319:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
209:Prussian House of Lords
4662:Science and technology
4363:History of Brandenburg
4254:Unification of Germany
4244:Frankfurt Constitution
3586:regierungsforschung.de
3136:
3012:
2846:
2448:North Rhine-Westphalia
2413:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1977:clausula antiborussica
1931:17 other small states
1765:
1748:was abolished by the "
1738:
1732:
1687:
1681:
1571:British House of Lords
1530:(federated states) of
1497:[ˈbʊndəsˌʁaːt]
1233:North Rhine-Westphalia
1228:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
843:Parliamentary election
684:Presidential elections
266:
207:Former chamber of the
142:since 1 November 2023
122:since 1 November 2023
102:since 1 November 2023
68:; 75 years ago
35:
30:German Federal Council
5047:52.50917°N 13.38139°E
4299:Flight and expulsions
3641:Schwäbisches Tagblatt
3298:Federalism in Germany
3247:Federalism Commission
3134:
3006:
2893:federal legislation.
2831:coalition governments
1763:
1387:Agrarian Conservatism
457:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss
450:Vermittlungsausschuss
343:Chancellor of Germany
265:
129:Second Vice President
44:74th year of business
4971:World Heritage Sites
4649:German states by GDP
4239:German Confederation
3396:Ernst Rudolf Huber:
3206:improve this section
3170:in other countries.
3064:improve this article
2965:improve this section
2481:Rhineland-Palatinate
2126:Population per vote
1908:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1620:German Confederation
1606:President of Germany
1588:(1919–1933) was the
1563:United States Senate
1359:Political ideologies
1238:Rhineland-Palatinate
672:Federal Convention (
311:President of Germany
109:First Vice President
5043: /
4607:Automobile industry
4193:Carolingian dynasty
4127:History of the Huns
3383:Christopher Clark:
3318:Bundesrat (Austria)
3303:Politics of Germany
3274:checks and balances
2916:Minister-Presidents
2753:
2111:
2070:German constitution
1693:Weimar Constitution
1645:Bundesrat 1867–1918
1439:Politics portal
36:Deutscher Bundesrat
5052:52.50917; 13.38139
4677:Telecommunications
4358:History of Prussia
4274:Revolution of 1918
4269:War guilt question
4188:Carolingian Empire
4157:Sack of Rome (410)
4066:History of Germany
3874:Zweikammer- System
3137:
3079:"German Bundesrat"
3022:Landesvertretungen
3013:
2847:Zustimmungsgesetze
2744:
2621:Schleswig-Holstein
2129:Governing parties
2109:
2098:are summarized as
2031:Minister-President
1981:Prussian provinces
1835:(including states
1766:
1425:Germany portal
1258:Schleswig-Holstein
1103:European elections
568:State Parliament (
563:Minister president
267:
115:Peter Tschentscher
5026:
5025:
4979:
4978:
4710:
4709:
4624:Chemical Triangle
4584:
4583:
4571:Political parties
4519:Foreign relations
4456:
4455:
4383:
4382:
4294:Allied occupation
4198:Holy Roman Empire
3672:(3). 2006-01-09.
3517:"Die Stimmabgabe"
3435:. 30 August 2002.
3242:
3241:
3234:
3129:
3128:
3114:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2839:majority of seats
2827:
2826:
2760:Participation in
2705:
2704:
2141:Baden-Württemberg
1964:
1963:
1934:each with 1 vote
1771:Reichstagsgebäude
1485:
1484:
1365:Political culture
1278:Foreign relations
1188:Baden-Württemberg
674:Bundesversammlung
657:Political parties
252:
234:
233:
187:State Governments
5083:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5041:
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5006:
4999:
4992:
4956:Prussian virtues
4721:
4720:
4629:Economic history
4595:
4594:
4489:
4467:
4466:
4418:Cities and towns
4394:
4393:
4374:Baden Revolution
4178:Treaty of Verdun
4147:Marcomannic Wars
4102:Migration Period
4097:Germanic peoples
4081:Military history
4056:
4055:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4009:
4008:
3994:
3993:
3991:Official website
3977:
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3896:
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3889:
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3868:
3862:
3856:. Archived from
3845:
3834:
3828:
3824:, Roland Sturm,
3817:
3811:
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3770:
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3503:
3494:. Archived from
3488:
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3072:
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2849:
2762:Bundesrat seats
2754:
2743:
2112:
2108:
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1728:
1723:
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1711:
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1701:
1690:
1688:Staatenausschuss
1684:
1657:confederal state
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1494:
1489:German Bundesrat
1477:
1470:
1463:
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1437:
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1427:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1403:Social Democracy
1279:
652:Electoral system
645:
588:Regierungsbezirk
543:
473:
402:Federal agencies
280:
279:
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165:
95:Manuela Schwesig
76:
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66:23 May 1949
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4790:Life expectancy
4706:
4580:
4551:Law enforcement
4487:
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4346:
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4309:Divided Germany
4279:Weimar Republic
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4173:Frankish Empire
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3634:
3630:
3615:Verfassungsblog
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3461:"Artikel 51 GG"
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2997:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2962:
2946:
2935:
2918:of each of the
2908:
2902:
2881:, leading to a
2749:Berlin election
2742:
2710:
1992:
1969:
1967:Weimar Republic
1943:Alsace-Lorraine
1837:annexed in 1866
1798:
1793:
1758:
1677:
1675:Weimar Republic
1661:Deutsches Reich
1653:
1647:
1634:Imperial Regent
1622:
1617:
1586:Weimar Republic
1580:(1867) and the
1567:Canadian Senate
1521:
1519:Federal Council
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1500:
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1452:
1448:Other countries
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4887:Cultural icons
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4667:Stock exchange
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4304:Denazification
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4076:Historiography
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3983:External links
3981:
3979:
3978:
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3891:
3884:second chamber
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3812:
3765:
3730:
3711:(5): 603–624.
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3370:Ralf Heikaus:
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3127:
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3062:. Please help
3048:
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2904:Main article:
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2589:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2367:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2269:
2264:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:Last election
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2043:Jörg Schönbohm
1991:
1988:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1757:
1754:
1676:
1673:
1649:Main article:
1646:
1643:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1598:Geschäftsjahre
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1428:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1179:State Politics
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
848:
846:
845:
837:
836:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
748:
747:
746:
739:
738:
733:
728:
722:
721:
720:
713:
712:
707:
702:
696:
695:
694:
687:
686:
679:
678:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
632:
631:
630:
619:Municipality (
616:
607:
606:
605:
591:
582:
581:
580:
579:
565:
559:
558:
546:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
523:
522:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
498:Administrative
495:
489:
488:
487:Federal courts
483:
482:
476:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
453:
444:
443:
436:
435:
434:
429:
427:constituencies
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
399:
398:
397:
385:
384:
373:
372:
364:
363:
352:
351:
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
315:
314:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
283:
273:
272:
269:
268:
258:
257:
245:
244:
232:
231:
221:
220:
216:
215:
204:
203:
195:
194:
190:
189:
180:
175:
172:
171:
167:
166:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
145:
144:
135:Anke Rehlinger
133:
131:
128:
125:
124:
113:
111:
108:
105:
104:
93:
91:
86:
83:
82:
78:
77:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
41:
40:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5088:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5059:
5056:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:Social issues
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4758:Ethnic groups
4756:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4337:Reunification
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:German Empire
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4019:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3975:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3946:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3917:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3878:Zweite Kammer
3875:
3863:on 2007-06-28
3859:
3855:
3853:3-923706-22-7
3849:
3842:
3841:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3734:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:(in German).
3667:
3663:
3657:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3617:(in German).
3616:
3612:
3605:
3603:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3544:
3543:
3537:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3498:on 2008-12-01
3497:
3493:
3487:
3472:
3469:(in German).
3468:
3467:
3462:
3456:
3448:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3416:
3410:
3403:
3402:W. Kohlhammer
3399:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3236:
3233:
3225:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3191:This section
3189:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3133:
3123:
3120:December 2015
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081: –
3080:
3076:
3075:Find sources:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3053:single source
3049:This section
3047:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2995:
2992:
2984:
2981:December 2015
2974:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2950:This section
2948:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:Angela Merkel
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Saxony-Anhalt
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2020:Ronald Schill
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1740:
1734:
1704:
1703:(1919–1934).
1700:
1694:
1689:
1683:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1582:German Empire
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:Saxony-Anhalt
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
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387:
382:
378:
377:Robert Habeck
375:
374:
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366:
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357:
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353:
349:
345:
344:
340:
339:
333:
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324:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
308:
307:
304:Head of State
301:
300:
293:
290:
288:
285:
284:
281:
276:Constitution
271:
270:
264:
260:
259:
256:
247:
246:
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238:
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229:
222:
217:
214:
210:
205:
201:
196:
193:Meeting place
191:
188:
184:
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178:
177:Voting system
173:
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
146:
140:
136:
132:
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116:
112:
106:
100:
96:
92:
89:
84:
79:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
27:
22:
5028:
5004:Bibliography
4878:Coat of arms
4858:Architecture
4835:Trade unions
4815:Prostitution
4775:Homelessness
4738:Demographics
4687:Trade unions
4654:
4644:German model
4617:Central bank
4561:Conservatism
4524:Human rights
4509:Court system
4504:Constitution
4484:
4330:Contemporary
4319:West Germany
4314:East Germany
4289:World War II
4284:Nazi Germany
4224:18th-century
4183:East Francia
4137:Cimbrian War
3972:
3965:. Retrieved
3952:
3943:
3936:. Retrieved
3923:
3914:
3907:. Retrieved
3894:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3865:. Retrieved
3858:the original
3839:
3832:
3820:
3815:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3757:. Retrieved
3745:
3733:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3669:
3665:
3656:
3645:. Retrieved
3640:
3631:
3614:
3590:. Retrieved
3585:
3575:
3564:. Retrieved
3559:
3550:
3541:
3536:
3525:. Retrieved
3520:
3511:
3500:. Retrieved
3496:the original
3486:
3475:. Retrieved
3473:. 1949-05-23
3464:
3455:
3441:
3432:
3423:
3409:
3397:
3392:
3384:
3379:
3371:
3366:
3348:
3340:
3308:Länderkammer
3277:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3228:
3219:
3204:Please help
3192:
3168:cohabitation
3164:
3159:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3117:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3074:
3050:
3021:
3018:
3014:
2987:
2978:
2963:Please help
2951:
2924:
2913:
2909:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2828:
2761:
2746:
2734:legal status
2723:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2440:
2380:Lower Saxony
2103:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2077:
2073:
2047:
2034:
2028:
2003:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1796:Historically
1782:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1705:
1678:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1597:
1594:
1575:
1552:
1535:
1525:
1488:
1486:
1383:Conservatism
1328:
1287:
1223:Lower Saxony
1178:
1157:
1102:
1092:
842:
832:
683:
673:
620:
611:
595:
587:
569:
552:
549:
542:Subdivisions
528:Other courts
520:Joint Senate
456:
449:
438:
419:
367:
341:
309:
292:Human rights
251:Politics of
239:
5050: /
4805:Pornography
4780:Immigration
4743:Drug policy
4655:Mittelstand
4602:Agriculture
4566:Nationalism
4539:Transgender
4423:Earthquakes
4370:, 1583-1588
4368:Cologne War
4264:World War I
4166:Middle Ages
4152:Gothic Wars
3967:19 November
3938:19 November
3909:19 November
3643:(in German)
3588:(in German)
3562:(in German)
3523:(in German)
3433:Der Spiegel
3349:upper house
2726:West Berlin
2719:Stimmführer
2693:82,175,684
2452:17,865,516
2240:Brandenburg
2178:12,843,514
2145:10,879,618
2135:Presidency
2120:Population
2074:Grundgesetz
2054:city-states
2000:U.S. Senate
1947:after 1911
1872:Württemberg
1791:Composition
1559:upper house
1536:Bundesebene
1203:Brandenburg
962:1932 (July)
662:Referendums
577:composition
414:Legislature
356:Olaf Scholz
278:(Basic Law)
183:Appointment
5065:Categories
5038:13°22′53″E
5035:52°30′33″N
4966:Television
4951:Philosophy
4926:Literature
4785:Irreligion
4770:Healthcare
4733:Corruption
4499:Chancellor
4488:(military)
4485:Bundeswehr
3867:2007-01-04
3759:2023-01-16
3647:2023-11-24
3592:2023-11-12
3566:2023-11-12
3527:2023-08-24
3502:2018-10-28
3477:2009-01-18
3359:References
3222:March 2019
3146:Zustimmung
3090:newspapers
2900:Presidency
2873:, not the
2863:government
2803:49 (veto)
2783:42 (veto)
2773:43 (veto)
2699:1,190,952
2658:2,170,714
2625:2,858,714
2588:2,245,470
2557:1,021,213
2551:4,084,851
2491:1,013,201
2485:4,052,803
2458:2,977,586
2417:1,612,362
2390:1,321,100
2384:7,926,599
2357:1,235,234
2351:6,176,172
2318:1,787,408
2244:2,484,826
2211:3,520,031
2184:2,140,586
2151:1,813,270
1777:Bundeshaus
1639:Bundesrath
1569:, and the
1398:Liberalism
1369:Federalism
977:1933 (Nov)
972:1933 (Mar)
967:1932 (Nov)
947:1924 (Dec)
942:1924 (May)
857:1867 (Aug)
852:1867 (Feb)
667:Coalitions
594:District (
81:Leadership
73:1949-05-23
4921:Libraries
4901:Festivals
4748:Education
4692:Transport
4657:companies
4576:President
4514:Elections
4479:Bundesrat
4474:Bundestag
4443:Mountains
4411:Districts
4389:Geography
4122:Visigoths
4059:Overviews
3799:0048-5950
3785:(1): 41.
3725:1359-7566
3686:1430-6387
3560:Bundesrat
3521:Bundesrat
3341:Bundesrat
3278:Bundesrat
3270:Bundesrat
3263:Bundesrat
3255:Bundestag
3251:Bundesrat
3193:does not
3174:Criticism
3160:Einspruch
3156:Einspruch
3060:talk page
3026:embassies
2952:does not
2654:Thuringia
2016:Bundestag
1920:Brunswick
1745:Reichsrat
1739:Reichstag
1733:Reichsrat
1727:Reichstag
1721:Reichsrat
1715:Reichstag
1709:Reichsrat
1699:Reichsrat
1669:Reichstag
1590:Reichsrat
1555:Bundestag
1393:Far-right
1378:Communism
1263:Thuringia
644:Elections
472:Judiciary
440:Bundesrat
421:Bundestag
336:Executive
226:bundesrat
170:Elections
148:Structure
88:President
21:Bundestag
5013:Category
4931:Internet
4916:Language
4906:Folklore
4825:Religion
4800:Pensions
4795:Naturism
4672:Taxation
4556:Lobbying
4529:Intersex
4462:Politics
4071:Timeline
4050:General
4043:articles
3886:at all.)
3750:Archived
3287:See also
2883:de facto
2856:de facto
2829:Because
2685:2037/38
2668:The Left
2664:542,679
2648:2034/35
2631:714,679
2615:2036/37
2594:561,368
2578:2031/32
2541:2024/25
2528:331,866
2522:995,597
2518:Saarland
2512:2032/33
2475:2026/27
2431:The Left
2423:537,454
2407:2029/30
2374:2030/31
2341:2038/39
2324:595,803
2308:2025/26
2299:The Left
2287:223,830
2281:671,489
2271:2035/36
2250:621,207
2234:2033/34
2217:880,008
2201:2027/28
2168:2028/29
2104:B-Länder
2100:A-Länder
2039:Schröder
1347:Passport
1243:Saarland
621:Gemeinde
493:Ordinary
156:69 seats
4990:Outline
4896:Fashion
4883:Cuisine
4845:Culture
4810:Poverty
4753:Germans
4716:Society
4697:Welfare
4682:Tourism
4639:Exports
4612:Banking
4590:Economy
4494:Cabinet
4433:Islands
4428:Geology
4351:Regions
4117:Teutons
4090:Ancient
4052:History
4039:Germany
3974:Senate.
3807:3330655
3779:Publius
3214:removed
3199:sources
3104:scholar
2973:removed
2958:sources
2879:CDU/CSU
2835:abstain
2769:CDU/CSU
2441:current
2314:Hamburg
2174:Bavaria
2078:en bloc
2062:Hamburg
2035:en bloc
1998:or the
1848:Bavaria
1831:Prussia
1615:History
1532:Germany
1513:
1493:German:
1213:Hamburg
1193:Bavaria
570:Landtag
551:State (
432:members
390:Cabinet
254:Germany
219:Website
71: (
63:Founded
58:History
5018:Portal
4873:Cinema
4853:Anthem
4820:Racism
4634:Energy
4448:Rivers
4406:States
4376:, 1848
4212:Modern
4041:
3850:
3805:
3797:
3723:
3684:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3077:
2920:states
2871:Greens
2799:Greens
2757:Party
2730:Senate
2708:Voting
2690:Total
2676:Greens
2639:Greens
2565:Greens
2547:Saxony
2499:Greens
2466:Greens
2398:Greens
2332:Greens
2295:Greens
2277:Bremen
2262:Greens
2207:Berlin
2155:Greens
2123:Votes
2096:Länder
2066:Berlin
2064:, and
2058:Bremen
2022:, who
1972:vote.
1955:Total
1860:Saxony
1825:Votes
1822:Notes
1819:State
1565:, the
1544:Berlin
1527:Länder
1321:Russia
1296:France
1248:Saxony
1208:Bremen
1198:Berlin
513:Social
508:Labour
503:Fiscal
395:Scholz
213:Berlin
137:,
117:,
97:,
4997:Index
4961:Sport
4946:Names
4941:Music
4936:Media
4891:Dance
4763:Women
4728:Crime
4702:Women
4438:Lakes
4112:Goths
3880:ist.
3861:(PDF)
3844:(PDF)
3803:JSTOR
3753:(PDF)
3742:(PDF)
3324:Notes
3281:'
3111:JSTOR
3097:books
3032:Tasks
2347:Hesse
2116:State
2010:that
1990:Today
1896:Hesse
1884:Baden
1316:China
1301:Italy
1218:Hesse
596:Kreis
381:Grüne
153:Seats
4911:Flag
4868:Arts
4534:LGBT
3969:2016
3940:2016
3911:2016
3848:ISBN
3795:ISSN
3721:ISSN
3682:ISSN
3339:The
3197:any
3195:cite
3083:news
3007:The
2956:any
2954:cite
2869:and
2809:Left
2681:2019
2644:2022
2611:2021
2574:2019
2537:2022
2508:2021
2471:2022
2436:2021
2403:2022
2370:2023
2337:2020
2304:2023
2267:2019
2230:2023
2197:2023
2164:2021
2004:Land
1756:Seat
1706:The
1548:Bonn
1510:lit.
1487:The
1342:Visa
1158:2024
1152:2019
1147:2014
1142:2009
1137:2004
1132:1999
1127:1994
1122:1989
1117:1984
1112:1979
1093:Next
1087:2021
1082:2017
1077:2013
1072:2009
1067:2005
1062:2002
1057:1998
1052:1994
1047:1990
1042:1987
1037:1983
1032:1980
1027:1976
1022:1972
1017:1969
1012:1965
1007:1961
1002:1957
997:1953
992:1949
987:1938
982:1936
957:1930
952:1928
937:1920
932:1919
927:1912
922:1907
917:1903
912:1898
907:1893
902:1890
897:1887
892:1884
887:1881
882:1878
877:1877
872:1874
867:1871
862:1868
833:2022
827:2017
822:2012
817:2010
812:2009
807:2004
802:1999
797:1994
792:1989
787:1984
782:1979
777:1974
772:1969
767:1964
762:1959
757:1954
752:1949
736:1957
731:1953
726:1949
710:1932
705:1925
700:1919
628:list
603:list
553:Land
348:list
4863:Art
4546:Law
3787:doi
3713:doi
3674:doi
3619:doi
3208:by
3066:by
2967:by
2875:FDP
2867:SPD
2813:10
2789:FDP
2779:SPD
2696:69
2672:SPD
2635:CDU
2606:FDP
2602:SPD
2598:CDU
2569:SPD
2561:CDU
2532:SPD
2503:FDP
2495:SPD
2462:CDU
2427:SPD
2394:SPD
2365:SPD
2361:CDU
2328:SPD
2291:SPD
2258:CDU
2254:SPD
2225:SPD
2221:CDU
2188:CSU
2159:CDU
2056:of
1960:61
1937:17
1842:17
1542:in
1311:USA
612:Amt
360:SPD
323:SPD
228:.de
185:by
139:SPD
119:SPD
99:SPD
5067::
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3942:.
3913:.
3870:.
3801:.
3793:.
3783:25
3781:.
3777:.
3748:.
3744:.
3719:.
3709:26
3707:.
3703:.
3680:.
3670:16
3664:.
3639:.
3613:.
3601:^
3584:.
3558:.
3519:.
3463:.
3431:.
3332:^
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2819:FW
2793:8
2674:,
2670:,
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2628:4
2604:,
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2554:4
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2420:3
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2060:,
2026:.
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1950:3
1926:2
1914:2
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1890:3
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
