Gerald Gardner - Knowledge

564: 4509: 1042: 1393: 1146: 350: 1385: 831: 1296: 1057:, he studied the Bronze Age swords of the island, successfully hafting one of them, on the basis of which he wrote a paper entitled "The Problem of the Cypriot Bronze Dagger Hilt", which would subsequently be translated into both French and Danish, being published in the journals of the Société Préhistorique Française and the Vaabenhistorisk Selskab respectively. 1600:. She eventually requested initiation into the Craft, and though Gardner was hesitant at first, he agreed that they could meet during the winter at the home of Edith Woodford-Grimes. Valiente got on well with both Gardner and Woodford-Grimes and having no objections to either ritual nudity or scourging (which she had read about in a copy of Gardner's novel 729:

Returning to Malaya, Gardner found that the Borneo Company had sacked him, and he was forced to find work with the Public Works Department. In September 1923 he successfully applied to the Office of Customs to become a government-inspector of rubber plantations, a job that involved a great amount of travelling around the country, something he enjoyed.

688:, the Muslim confession of faith, which he did; it allowed him to gain the trust of locals, although he would never become a practising Muslim. Cornwall was however an unorthodox Muslim, and his interest in local peoples included their magical and spiritual beliefs, to which he also introduced Gardner, who took a particular interest in the 421:, Com was very flirtatious and "clearly looked on these trips as mainly manhunts", viewing Gardner as a nuisance. As a result, he was largely left to his own devices, which he spent going out, meeting new people and learning about foreign cultures. In Madeira, he also began collecting weapons, many of which were remnants from the 1847:. Later investigation by Doreen Valiente suggested that these claims were false. The University of Singapore did not exist at that time and the University of Toulouse had no record of his receiving a doctorate. Valiente suggests that these claims may have been a form of compensation for his lack of formal education. 1819:

Gerald was homophobic. He had a deep hatred and detestation of homosexuality, which he regarded as a disgusting perversion and a flagrant transgression of natural law ... "There are no homosexual witches, and it is not possible to be a homosexual and a witch" Gerald almost shouted. No one argued

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on his body, depicting magical symbols such as a snake, dragon, anchor and dagger. In his later life he wore a "heavy bronze bracelet... denoting the three degrees... of witchcraft" as well as a "large silver ring with... signs on it, which... represented his witch-name 'Scire', in the letters of the

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In 1935, Gardner heard that his father had died, leaving him a bequest of £3,000. This assurance of financial independence may have led him to consider retirement, and as he was due for a long leave in 1936 the Johore Civil Service allowed him to retire slightly early, in January 1936. Gardner wanted

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Gardner only ever described one of their rituals in depth, and this was an event that he termed "Operation Cone of Power". According to his own account, it took place in 1940 in a part of the New Forest and was designed to ward off the Nazis from invading Britain by magical means. Gardner wrote that

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of an ancient, pre-Christian Witch-Cult religion. Murray's theory of a pagan 'witch-cult' has been discredited. Later research by the likes of Hutton and Heselton has shown that the New Forest coven was probably only formed in the mid-1930s, based upon Murray's discredited theories and works on folk

792:. Here, he once more became involved in Freemasonry, joining the Johore Royal Lodge No. 3946, but had retired from it by April 1931. Gardner also returned to his old interests in the anthropology of Malaya, witnessing the magical practices performed by the locals, and he readily accepted a belief in 764:

Continuing to visit Spiritualist churches and séances, he was highly critical of much of what he saw, although he encountered several mediums he considered genuine. One medium apparently made contact with a deceased cousin of Gardner's, an event which impressed him greatly. His first biographer Jack

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In 1876 the family moved into one of the neighbouring houses, Ingle Lodge, and it was here that the couple's third son, Gerald Brosseau Gardner, was born on Friday 13 June 1884. A fourth child, Francis Douglas Gardner, was then born in 1886. Gerald would rarely see Harold, who went on to study law

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Alongside this book, Gardner began to increasingly court publicity, going so far as to invite the press to write articles about the religion. Many of these turned out very negatively for the cult; one declared "Witches Devil-Worship in London!", and another accused him of whitewashing witchcraft in

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The cottage was dismantled, and the parts transported to Bricket Wood, where they were reassembled on Gardner's land at Five Acres. In Midsummer 1947 he held a ceremony in the cottage as a form of housewarming, which Heselton speculated was probably based upon the ceremonial magic rites featured in

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According to Gardner, "unlike many of the others , had to earn their livings, were cheerful and optimistic and had a real interest in the occult". Gardner became "really very fond of them", remarking that he "would have gone through hell and high water even then for any of them." In particular he

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He entered into the second and third degrees of Freemasonry within the next month, but this enthusiasm seems also to have waned, and he resigned the next year, probably because he intended to leave Ceylon. The experiment with rubber growing at the Atlanta Estate had proved relatively unsuccessful,

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The very same evening (28 July 1927) after Gardner had met this medium, he met the woman he was to marry; Dorothea Frances Rosedale, known as Donna, a relation of his sister-in-law Edith. He asked her to marry him the next day and she agreed. Because his leave was coming to an end very soon, they

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government reassigned Gardner to an office in the Lands Office while he recovered, eventually being promoted to Principal Officer of Customs. In this capacity, he was made an Inspector of Rubber Shops, overseeing the regulation and sale of rubber in the country. In 1926 he was placed in charge of

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He continued to manage the rubber plantation but after the end of the war, commodity prices dropped and by 1921 it was difficult to make a profit. He returned again to Britain, in what later biographer Philip Heselton speculated might have been an unsuccessful attempt to ask his father for money.

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his luring of people into covens. Gardner continued courting publicity, despite the negative articles that many tabloids were producing, and believed that only through publicity could more people become interested in witchcraft, so preventing the "Old Religion", as he called it, from dying out.

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At his father's expense, Gardner trained as a "creeper", or trainee planter, learning all about the growing of tea; although he disliked the "dreary endlessness" of the work, he enjoyed being outdoors and near to the forests. He lived with the Elkingtons until 1904, when he moved into his own

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were living in his garden and would say "I can often feel they're there, and sometimes I've seen them", though he readily admitted the possibility that it was all in his imagination. It was from the Sergenesons that Gardner discovered a family rumour that his grandfather, Joseph, had been a

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Valiente further criticises Gardner for his publicity-seeking – or at least his indiscretion. After a series of tabloid exposés, some members of his coven proposed some rules limiting what members of the Craft should say to non-members. Valiente reports that Gardner responded with a set of

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He managed to circumvent this restriction by joining his local Home Guard in the capacity as armourer, which was officially classified as technical staff. Gardner took a strong interest in the Home Guard, helping to arm his fellows from his own personal weaponry collection and personally

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Gardner was not only interested in the anthropology of Malaya, but also in its archaeology. He began excavations at the city of Johore Lama, alone and in secret, as the local Sultan considered archaeologists little better than grave-robbers. Prior to Gardner's investigations, no serious

1245:, being elected co-president of its Bournemouth and Christchurch branch in June 1944, following which he became a vocal supporter for the construction of a local museum for the Christchurch borough. He also involved himself in preparations for the impending war, joining the 948:, being encouraged to do so by anthropologist friends; it would subsequently be edited into a readable form by Betty Lumsden Milne and published by the Singapore-based Progressive Publishing Company in 1936. It was well received by literary and academic circles in Malaya. 1275:

Although sceptical of the Rosicrucian Order, Gardner got on well with a group of individuals inside the group who were "rather brow-beaten by the others, kept themselves to themselves." Gardner's biographer Philip Heselton theorised that this group consisted of

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By the early 1930s Gardner's activities had moved from those exclusively of a civil servant, and he began to think of himself more as a folklorist, archaeologist and anthropologist. He was encouraged in this by the director of the Raffles Museum (now the

741:, noting regular irregularities and a thriving illegal trade in the controlled substance; believing opium to be essentially harmless, there is evidence indicating that Gardner probably took many bribes in this position, earning himself a small fortune. 627:

of the Dayaks and pictures of him in later life show large snake or dragon tattoos on his forearms, presumably obtained at this time. Taking a great interest in indigenous religious beliefs, Gardner told his first biographer that he had attended Dusun

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that would soon be renamed Five Acres. As a result, he would become one of the major shareholders at the club, exercising a significant level of power over any administrative decisions and was involved in a recruitment drive to obtain more members.

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that was widely recognised by academic institutions as offering invalid academic degrees via post for a fee. He would subsequently style himself as "Dr. Gardner", despite the fact that academic institutions would not recognise his qualifications.

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Gerald's father, William Robert Gardner (1844–1935) had been the youngest son of Joseph Gardner (b. 1791), after whom the firm had been renamed, and who with his wife Maria had had five sons and three daughters. In 1867, William had been sent to

667:. Arriving in the area, he decided to supplement this income by purchasing his own estate, Bukit Katho, on which he could grow rubber; initially sized at 450 acres, Gardner purchased various pieces of adjacent land until it covered 600 acres. 373:

nursemaid named Josephine "Com" McCombie, who was entrusted with taking care of the young Gerald; she would subsequently become the dominant figure of his childhood, spending far more time with him than his parents. Gardner suffered with

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a "Great Circle" was erected at night, with a "great cone of power" – a form of magical energy – being raised and sent to Berlin with the command of "you cannot cross the sea, you cannot cross the sea, you cannot come, you cannot come".

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from a young age, having particular difficulty in the cold Lancashire winters. His nursemaid offered to take him to warmer climates abroad at his father's expense in the hope that this condition would not be so badly affected.

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and he was engaged in looking after patients and assisting in changing wound dressings. He soon had to give this up when his malaria returned, and so decided to return to Malaya in October 1916 because of the warmer climate.

1091:, over the next few years. Revolving around an Englishman living in 1930s London named Robert Denvers who has recollections of a previous life as a Bronze Age Cypriot – an allusion to Gardner himself – the primary plot of 528:, a militia founded to repel the threat of German invasion. During his visit, Gardner spent a lot of time with family relations known as the Sergenesons. Gardner became very friendly with this side of his family, whom his 1037:

who propounded a Contemporary Pagan religion known as Dionysianism. By the end of 1936, Gardner was finding his Charing Cross Road flat to be cramped and moved into the block of flats at 32a Buckingham Palace Mansions.

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in New York State. It was here that their first child, Harold Ennis Gardner, was born in 1870. At some point in the next two years they moved back to England, by 1873 settling into The Glen, a large Victorian house in

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visited North Africa and went looking for Gardner's grave. She discovered that the cemetery he was interred in was to be redeveloped, and so she raised enough money for his body to be moved to another cemetery in

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Privately, he had also begun work on a scrapbook known as "Ye Bok of Ye Art Magical", in which he wrote down a number of Wiccan rituals and spells. This would prove to be the prototype for what he later termed a

1307:, a wealthy local woman, where he was made to strip naked and taken through an initiation ceremony. Halfway through the ceremony, he heard the word "Wicca (Male)" and "Wicce (Female)", and he recognised it as an 1664:, where he enjoyed a garden party in recognition of his years of service to the Empire in the Far East. Soon after his trip, Gardner's wife Donna died, and Gardner himself once again began to suffer badly from 1788:

and his hair into two horn like peaks, giving him "a somewhat demonic appearance". Lamond thought that Gardner was "surprisingly lacking in charisma" for someone at the forefront of a religious movement.

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organisation several years later. Ripley's took the collection to America, where it was displayed in two museums before being sold off during the 1980s. Gardner had also left parts of his inheritance to

1249:(ARP) as a warden, where he soon rose to a position of local seniority, with his own house being assigned as the ARP post. In 1940, following the outbreak of conflict, he also tried to sign up for the 1868:

Commenting on Gardner, Pagan studies scholar Ethan Doyle White commented that "There are few figures in esoteric history who can rival him for his dominating place in the pantheon of Pagan pioneers."

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The museum was not a financial success, and the relationship between Gardner and Williamson deteriorated. In 1954, Gardner bought the museum from Williamson, who returned to England to form the rival

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Gardner's dissatisfaction with the group grew, particularly when in 1939, one of the group's leaders sent a letter out to all members in which she stated that war would not come. The very next day,

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Bracelin reports that this was a watershed in Gardner's life, and that a previous academic interest in spiritualism and life after death thereafter became a matter of firm personal belief for him.

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blade, which he unusually chose to spell "keris"; he eventually collected 400 examples and talked to natives about their magico-religious uses. Deciding to author a book on the subject, he wrote

1010:, North London, where he made several new friends and felt that the nudity cured his ailment. When summer came, he decided to visit an outdoor nudist club, that of Fouracres near the town of 1412:

and had transported to his park, where he exhibited it as a "witch's cottage". Gardner made a deal with Ward exchanging the cottage for Gardner's piece of land near to Famagusta in Cyprus.

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As time went by, Gardner became critical of many of the Rosicrucian Order's practices; Sullivan's followers claimed that he was immortal, having formerly been the famous historical figures

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archaeological excavation had occurred at the city, though he himself soon unearthed four miles of earthworks, and uncovered finds that included tombs, pottery, and porcelain dating from

5496: 933:, the train did not stop throughout the entire journey, something that annoyed the passengers. In 1935, Gardner attended the Second Congress for Prehistoric Research in the Far East in 1238:. Subsequently, in 1946 he would go on to become a member of the society's governing council, although most other members of the society were wary of him and his academic credentials. 322:

to further the interests of the family firm. Here, he had met an American, Louise Burguelew Ennis, the daughter of a wholesale stationer; entering a relationship, they were married in

47: 1475:(O.T.O.) and issued a charter decreeing that Gardner could admit people into its Minerval degree. The charter itself was written in Gardner's handwriting and only signed by Crowley. 1288:

grew close to Woodford-Grimes, being invited over to her home to meet her daughter, and the two helped each other with their writing, Woodford-Grimes probably assisting Gardner edit

269:, through which the Gardnerian community spread throughout Britain and subsequently into Australia and the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Involved for a time with 434:

but his writing betrayed his poor education all his life, with highly eccentric spelling and grammar. A voracious reader, one of the books that most influenced him at the time was

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From Palestine, Gardner went to Turkey, Greece, Hungary, and Germany. He eventually reached England, but soon went on a visit to Denmark to attend a conference on weaponry at the

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in West London, but nevertheless fled to warmer climates during the winter, where his asthma would not be so badly affected, for instance spending time in France, Italy, and the

587:. Gardner placed great importance on this new activity; In order to attend masonic meetings, he had to arrange a weekend's leave, walk 15 miles to the nearest railway station in 281:, which he ran until his death. Gardner role in the development of neo-pagan and occult communities was such that a plaque on his gravestone describes him "The Father of Wicca". 1753:

attacks. Despite this, as many coven members slept over at his cottage due to living too far away to travel home safely, he was known to cuddle up to his young High Priestess,

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As a result of his illness and these foreign trips, Gardner ultimately never attended school, or gained any formal education. He taught himself to read by looking at copies of

1099:. Published in late 1939, biographer Philip Heselton noted that the book was "a very competent first work of fiction", with strong allusions to the build-up which proceeded 1208:, much to the annoyance of Sullivan himself. Another belief held by the group that Gardner found amusing was that a lamp hanging from one of the ceilings was the disguised 498:. He spent much of his spare time hunting deer and trekking through the local forests, becoming acquainted with the Singhalese natives and taking a great interest in their 1349:

Throughout his time in the New Forest, Gardner had regularly travelled to London, keeping his flat at Buckingham Palace Mansions until mid-1939 and regularly visiting the

852: 552:, after being converted to the practice by his mistress. Another unconfirmed family belief repeated by Gardner was that a Scottish ancestor, Grissell Gairdner, had been 567:

While working in Borneo in 1911, Gardner eschewed the racist attitudes of his colleagues by befriending members of the Dayak indigenous community, fascinated by their

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Gardner only married once, to Donna, and several who knew him have said that he was devoted to her. Indeed, after her death in 1960, he began to again suffer serious

346:, north-west England, which was developing into a wealthy suburb of Liverpool. It was here that their second child, Robert "Bob" Marshall Gardner, was born in 1874. 183:, where he worked as a civil servant. Independently, he developed an interest in the native peoples, writing papers, and even a book about their magical practices. 1860:

of his own, which he claimed were original, but others suspected he had made up on the spot. This led to a split in the coven, with Valiente and others leaving.

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In 1936, Gardner and Donna left Malaya and headed for Europe. She proceeded straight to London, renting them a flat at 26 Charing Cross Road. Gardner visited

1168:, Gardner decided to attend one of the plays performed by the group; in August 1939, Gardner took his wife to a theatrical performance based on the life of 1499: 1796:, and for several years had been a member of the Highcliffe Conservative Association, as well as being an avid reader of the pro-Conservative newspaper, 5482: 3664: 563: 6423: 1234:, appeared in the June 1939 issue and described a box of witchcraft relics that he believed had belonged to the 17th century "Witch-Finder General", 4124:

Witchfather: A Life of Gerald Gardner: Volume One—Into the Witch Cult and Witchfather: A Life of Gerald Gardner: Volume Two—From Witch Cult to Wicca

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Returning to Britain, he found that the climate made him sick, leading him to register with a doctor, Edward A. Gregg, who recommended that he try

513:, it was known as the Atlanta Estate, but allowed him a great deal of leisure time. Exploring his interest in weaponry, in 1907 Gardner joined the 1768:

Those who knew him within the Wiccan movement recalled how he was a firm believer in the therapeutic benefits of sunbathing. He also had several

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journal, where he commented that it was "more exhaustive with greater detail" than Heselton's prior tomes and was "excellent in most respects".

1448:, being elected to their council in 1946, and that same year giving a talk on "Art Magic and Talismans". Nevertheless, many fellows – including 1033:. Biographer Philip Heselton suggested that through the nudist scene Gardner may have also met Dion Byngham (1896–1990), a senior member of the 4415: 1095:

is set in ancient Cyprus and featured a queen, Dayonis, who practices sorcery in an attempt to help her people defend themselves from invading

4458: 796:. During his time in Malaya, Gardner became increasingly interested in local customs, particularly those involved in folk magic and weapons. 606:

named R. J. Graham who had wanted to deforest the entire local area. Instead, Gardner became friendly with many of the locals, including the

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and married a local Malay woman. Through Cornwall, Gardner was introduced to many locals, whom he soon befriended, including members of the

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Valiente went on to join the Bricket Wood Coven. She soon rose to become the High Priestess of the coven and helped Gardner to revise his

602:, gaining employment as a rubber planter at the Mawo Estate at Membuket. However, he did not get on well with the plantation's manager, a 575:

Gardner returned to Ceylon in late 1907 and settled down to the routine of managing the rubber plantation. In 1910 he was initiated as an

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Gardner's mother had died in 1920, but he had not returned to Britain on that occasion. However, in 1927 his father became very ill with

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Arriving in Singapore, he initially planned to return to Ceylon, but was offered a job working as an assistant on a rubber plantation in

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Other beneficiaries of his estate were Patricia C. Crowther and Jack L. Bracelin, who authored an authoritative biography of Gardner,

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An amateur anthropologist, Gardner was fascinated by the indigenous way of life, particularly the local forms of weaponry such as the

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In Highcliffe, Gardner came across a building describing itself as the "First Rosicrucian Theatre in England". Having an interest in

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composed of European tea and rubber planters intent on protecting their interests from foreign aggression or domestic insurrection.

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Though having bequeathed the museum, all his artifacts, and the copyright to his books in his will to one of his High Priestesses,

6483: 6428: 1080:, Gardner came to believe that he had lived on the island once before, in a previous life, subsequently buying a plot of land in 414:; they would spend most of the next nine years on the island, only returning to England for three or four months in the summer. 1126:. Here, they purchased a house built in 1923 named Southridge, situated on the corner of Highland Avenue and Elphinstone Road. 6488: 4372: 4350: 4328: 4297: 4275: 4253: 4234: 4215: 4098: 1968: 1585:. From his base in London, he would frequent Atlantis bookshop, thereby encountering a number of other occultists, including 1372:

Continuing his interest in nudism, in 1945 he purchased a plot of land in Fouracres, a nudist colony near to the village of

466:). It was agreed with the Gardners that Gerald would live with her on a tea plantation named Ladbroke Estate in the town of 233:

Moving to London in 1945, he became intent on propagating this religion, attracting media attention and writing about it in

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In 1915, Gardner again joined a local volunteer militia, the Malay States Volunteer Rifles. Although between 1914 and 1918

203: 705:. Gardner was keen to do more towards the war effort and in 1916 once again returned to Britain. He attempted to join the 5741: 5567: 1153: 1559:

published an article about the museum in which Gardner declared "Of course I'm a witch. And I get great fun out of it."

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prior to publication. Gardner would subsequently give her the nickname "Dafo", for which she would become better known.

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Unperturbed and hoping to learn more of Rosicrucianism, Gardner joined the group in charge of running the theatre, the

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in 1951. Gardner and his wife moved to the island, where he took up the position of "resident witch". On 29 July, the

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religion of Wicca to public attention, writing some of its definitive religious texts and founding the tradition of

6433: 5746: 5697: 394:, and it was here that Gardner first developed his lifelong interest in weaponry. From there, they then went on to 458:

In 1900, Com married David Elkington, one of her many suitors who owned a tea plantation in the British colony of

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but was turned down due to ill health. Unable to fight on the front lines, he began working as an orderly in the

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A creeper was an individual who was apprenticed to an experienced manager to learn the business of tea planting.

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In December 1904, his parents and younger brother visited, with his father asking him to invest in a pioneering

6508: 6383: 6085: 5451: 4989: 1761:, who largely researched Wicca's origins, came to the conclusion that Gardner had held a long-term affair with 1709: 1453: 5132: 1701:, the ship's next port of call, and his funeral was attended only by the ship's captain. He was 79 years old. 1624:, who had published her discredited theory of 'witchcraft' being a surviving pagan religion in her 1921 book, 1185:. Founded in 1920 by George Alexander Sullivan, the Fellowship had been based upon a blend of Rosicrucianism, 6438: 6020: 5812: 5616: 5354: 4175:"Ancient Beads from the Johore River as Evidence of an Early Link by Sea between Malaya and the Roman Empire" 1919:"Ancient Beads from the Johore River as Evidence of an Early Link by Sea between Malaya and the Roman Empire" 635:

He was unhappy with the working conditions and the racist attitudes of his colleagues, and when he developed

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In 1907 Gardner returned to Britain for several months' leave, spending time with his family and joining the

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Planning to return to the Palestinian excavations the following winter, he was prevented from doing so when

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According to Gardner's later account, one night in September 1939, they took him to a large house owned by

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Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspiration: An Investigation Into the Sources of Gardnerian Witchcraft

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Furthering his interest in esoteric Christianity, in August 1946 Gardner was ordained as a priest in the

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knives; Gardner took a great interest in such items, even authoring the definitive text on the subject,

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From November 1947 to March 1948, Gardner and his wife toured the United States visiting relatives in

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Alongside Rosicrucianism, Gardner had also been pursuing other interests. In 1939, Gardner joined the

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Lois Bourne, one of the High Priestesses of the Bricket Wood Coven, accused Gardner of homophobia:

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would play a significant part in the burgeoning Wiccan religion. In 1963, Gardner decided to go to

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into which he was initiated in 1939. Gardner portrayed the coven as a survival of the theoretical "

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from the Meta Collegiate Extension of the National Electronic Institute, an organisation based in

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and the Malays, presumably, Gardner thought, via India. He also found gold coins originating from

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in Europe was due to a secretive pygmy race that lived alongside other communities, and that the

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A plaque erected to mark the house at Highcliffe where Gardner lived during the Second World War.

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to stay in Malaya, but he conceded to his wife Donna, who insisted that they return to England.

366:, but saw more of Bob, who drew pictures for him, and Douglas, with whom he shared his nursery. 218:—a theory that is now discredited. He supplemented the coven's rituals with ideas borrowed from 5168: 4740: 1844: 1628:. In his book, Gardner not only espoused Murray's theory, but also his theory that a belief in 1426: 1242: 874:. Arriving in London in August 1932 he attended a conference on prehistory and protohistory at 664: 584: 525: 518: 5692: 5626: 6289: 6259: 5980: 5374: 5330: 5071: 4951: 4896: 4770: 4695: 4685: 4670: 2363: 1762: 1449: 1319: 1277: 984: 702: 211: 761:. He soon had several encounters which he attributed to spirits of deceased family members. 6413: 6408: 5862: 5631: 5536: 5505: 5462: 4916: 4547: 1836: 1563: 1542: 1472: 1246: 1186: 1111: 1073: 965: 753:, and Gardner decided to visit him. On his return to Britain, Gardner began to investigate 599: 363: 274: 3561: 1541:, who was intent on opening his own museum devoted to witchcraft; the result would be the 8: 6325: 6226: 6197: 5990: 5441: 5395: 5389: 5369: 4588: 4467: 4126:(Loughborough, Leicestershire: Thoth Publications, 2012), 686 pp., £16.95 (Vol.1) £18.95" 1798: 1517:

in July 1949, Gardner's manuscript had been edited into a publishable form by astrologer

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Gardner hoped to spread Wicca and described some of its practices in a fictional form as

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Here, Gardner made friends with an American man known as Cornwall, who had converted to

6178: 6055: 5882: 5832: 5822: 5772: 5712: 5702: 5662: 5359: 5337: 4961: 4730: 4486: 4194: 1938: 1586: 1578: 1518: 1491: 1479: 1418: 1344: 972:. Here he grew particularly interested in a temple containing statues to both the male 961: 871: 793: 506: 295: 250: 5401: 1604:

that he had given to her), she was initiated by Gardner into Wicca on Midsummer 1953.

1388:

The Witches' Cottage, where Gardner and his Bricket Wood coven performed their rituals

1189:, Freemasonry and his own personal innovation, and had moved to Christchurch in 1930. 595:

and Gardner's father decided to sell the property in 1911, leaving Gerald unemployed.

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Gardner, Gerald (1933). "Notes on some Ancient Gold Coins, from the Johore River".

4137: 4108: 4019: 3672: 1980: 1930: 1895:

Gardner, Gerald (1933). "Notes on some Ancient Gold Coins, from the Johore River".

1831: 1671:

The following year he, along with Shah and Lois Bourne, travelled to the island of

1657: 1616: 1555: 1538: 1509:. Set in the twelfth-century, Gardner included scenes of ceremonial magic based on 1487: 1464: 1323: 1299:

The Mill House in Highcliffe, where Gardner was supposedly initiated into the Craft

1270: 1227: 1213: 568: 494:

bungalow and began earning a living working on the Non Pareil tea estate below the

483: 435: 270: 239: 227: 223: 207: 157: 6321: 5474: 6294: 6249: 6140: 6035: 5950: 5940: 5925: 5872: 5762: 5641: 5446: 5424: 5419: 5316: 5203: 5059: 5024: 4886: 4810: 4800: 4735: 4725: 4665: 4542: 4424: 4419: 4407: 4316: 4285: 1881: 1872: 1774: 1758: 1718: 1633: 1621: 1608: 1597: 1526: 1460: 1434: 1315: 1235: 890:, who would encourage Gardner to join in with the excavations at Hembury Hill in 863: 422: 254: 215: 153: 3789: 6264: 6130: 6105: 6070: 6060: 6050: 5975: 5802: 5611: 5065: 4936: 4868: 4785: 4780: 4765: 4675: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4573: 3110: 2966: 2878: 2826: 2810: 1161: 1030: 879: 824: 648: 557: 391: 329:

After a visit to England, the couple returned to the US, where they settled in

299: 180: 4248:. Vol. 2: From Witch Cult to Wicca. Loughborough, Leicestershire: Thoth. 4190: 1934: 1053:

in late 1936, remaining there into the following year. Visiting the Museum in

1041: 788:

Arriving in the country, the couple settled into a bungalow at Bukit Japon in

6402: 6160: 6155: 6135: 6125: 6100: 6095: 6015: 5985: 5930: 5852: 5677: 5572: 5431: 5228: 5173: 5019: 5009: 4941: 4338: 2710: 1726: 1676: 1590: 1409: 1392: 1377: 1253:, or "Home Guard", but was turned away because he was already an ARP warden. 1205: 1201: 1077: 1015: 973: 867: 782: 701:

was raging in Europe, its effects were little felt in Malaya, apart from the

679: 418: 387: 339: 319: 164: 4024: 3445: 2994: 2782: 2622: 2394: 2324: 6333: 6269: 6244: 6045: 6000: 5945: 5682: 5606: 5406: 5076: 5014: 4795: 4775: 4700: 4690: 4598: 4578: 4537: 4395: 4360: 4142: 4121: 3740: 3509: 3366: 3094: 2766: 2678: 2650: 2590: 2530: 2410: 2292: 1879:. The biography was reviewed by Pagan studies scholar Ethan Doyle White in 1733: 1694: 1373: 1358: 1354: 1338: 1220: 1100: 1011: 816: 706: 611: 607: 370: 266: 145: 3849: 1471:

in 1904. Shortly before his death, Crowley elevated Gardner to the IV° of

1361:; Nichols would become enamoured with this faith, eventually founding the 1284:

before moving to the area around Highcliffe, where they joined the Order.

253:, he introduced a string of High Priestesses into the religion, including 6367: 6150: 6080: 6030: 5915: 5717: 5034: 4999: 4926: 4891: 4790: 4710: 4603: 4508: 4396:

Historical documents and media reports about Gardner at www.thewica.co.uk

4229:. Vol. 1: Into the Witch Cult. Loughborough, Leicestershire: Thoth. 4086: 3912: 2694: 2470: 2454: 1857: 1722: 1653: 1550: 1495: 1483: 1384: 1308: 1281: 1022: 1003: 899: 808: 789: 698: 576: 529: 278: 258: 219: 149: 2750: 2606: 2562: 2514: 2498: 2426: 2378: 2308: 2224: 2192: 2176: 482:, where a neighbouring bungalow had just been vacated by the occultists 46: 6284: 6065: 5707: 5509: 5436: 5223: 5188: 5127: 5054: 5049: 5044: 4994: 4931: 4921: 4911: 4846: 4705: 4680: 4633: 3290: 3222: 3078: 3062: 3034: 2894: 2132: 1708:, she and her husband sold off the artefact collection to the American 1593:, and he also continued his communication with Karl Germer until 1956. 1438: 1430: 1366: 1350: 1209: 1193: 1169: 1119: 1115: 988: 914: 895: 801: 758: 714: 553: 540: 533: 510: 343: 330: 195: 168: 134: 4436: 3680: 3605: 2938: 1114:. Fearing the bombing of the city, Gardner and his wife soon moved to 1060:

Back in London, in September 1937, Gardner applied for and received a

937:, Philippines, acquainting himself with several experts in the field. 6145: 6115: 6005: 5995: 5687: 5238: 5122: 5039: 5004: 4851: 4628: 3318: 3238: 2546: 2276: 2208: 1567: 1123: 1081: 1076:

was murdered. Instead, he decided to return to Cyprus. A believer in

977: 774: 640: 543:

with him; the patriarch of the family, Ted Surgeneson, believed that

467: 463: 447: 382:

Subsequently, in summer 1888, Gerald and Com travelled via London to

354: 323: 311: 176: 5112: 2148: 2116: 2088: 1652:, was published. It was written by a friend of his, the Sufi mystic 1145: 1021:

Through nudism, Gardner made a number of notable friends, including

629: 509:

plantation which Gardner was to manage; located near the village of

5672: 5551: 5263: 5258: 5243: 5213: 5097: 4966: 4820: 1571: 1084:, planning to build a house on it, although this never came about. 1049:

Fearing the cold of the English winter, Gardner decided to sail to

1007: 926: 922: 750: 588: 499: 475: 303: 1596:

In 1952, Gardner had begun to correspond with a young woman named

878:, attending at least two lectures which described the cult of the 639:

he felt that this was the last straw; he left Borneo and moved to

349: 5965: 5253: 5233: 5137: 5117: 5102: 5029: 4971: 3756: 3409: 2666: 1754: 1698: 1686: 1672: 1533:

Doreen Valiente and the Museum of Magic and Witchcraft: 1950–1957

1468: 1405: 1054: 1025:(1899–1975), who became the Keeper of Prints and Drawings at the 969: 887: 807:

He went on to begin further excavations at the royal cemetery of

684: 636: 619: 580: 411: 407: 172: 4389: 1110:

as a part of the build-up to the war, also volunteering for the

446:, and from which he gained a firm belief in the existence of an 5218: 5208: 5198: 5183: 5178: 5107: 1991:

The Story of the famous Witches Mill at Castletown, Isle of Man

1785: 1769: 1750: 1732:

Several years after Gardner's death, the Wiccan High Priestess

1665: 1400:

Between 1936 and 1939, Gardner befriended the Christian mystic

1181: 1065: 1050: 999: 934: 906: 830: 820: 733: 624: 603: 459: 375: 199: 187: 2922: 386:

in the south of France. After several more years spent in the

21:

This article is about the English Wiccan. For other uses, see

6212: 5414: 5268: 5193: 5147: 4946: 4906: 4343:

The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft

3728: 3716: 3704: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3593: 3581: 3537: 3525: 3497: 3473: 3461: 2076: 1738: 1629: 1327: 964:, becoming involved in the archaeological excavations run by 891: 859: 738: 720:

He was working in the VAD when casualties came back from the

675: 671: 660: 549: 544: 479: 403: 395: 141: 104: 84: 3433: 3421: 3354: 3330: 3278: 3250: 3210: 3174: 3150: 3138: 3126: 3050: 3022: 2982: 882:. He also befriended the archaeologist and practising Pagan 5273: 5142: 4063: 4051: 3387: 3385: 1295: 778: 690: 663:, northern Malaya, and decided to take it, working for the 383: 4153:

Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

4039: 3994: 3932: 3930: 2738: 2442: 2340: 2252: 1897:

Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

1467:, the ceremonial magician who had founded the religion of 1429:, a fellowship open to anyone who considered themselves a 1106:

Returning to London, he helped to dig shelter trenches in

3957: 3549: 3485: 2164: 2064: 1611:, and attempting to cut out most of Crowley's influence. 1357:, whom he would later introduce to the Pagan religion of 1223:, greatly unimpressing the increasingly cynical Gardner. 905:

Returning to East Asia, he took a ship from Singapore to

3382: 3342: 3198: 3186: 3162: 3010: 2954: 2854: 2842: 2486: 1433:. Gardner also took an interest in Druidry, joining the 1339:

Bricket Wood and the Origins of Gardnerianism: 1945–1950

474:. In 1901 Gardner and the Elkingtons lived briefly in a 28:"Scire" redirects here. For the Italian submarines, see 4130:

Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies

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En route back to London in 1932 Gardner stopped off in

539:

According to Gardner, the Surgenesons talked about the

2866: 2104: 1656:, but used the name of one of Gardner's High Priests, 1002:. Hesitant at first, Gardner first attended an indoor 744: 3884: 3860: 133:(13 June 1884 – 12 February 1964), also known by the 3942: 1875:

published a two-volume biography of Gardner, titled

1784:, Gardner also used to comb his beard into a narrow 1689:

over the winter. Whilst returning home on the ship,

1437:(ADO) and attending its annual Midsummer rituals at 1326:, and he portrayed them as one of the few surviving 1087:

Influenced by his dreams, he wrote his first novel,

654: 194:

before returning to England. Settling down near the

5504: 1179:, and began attending meetings held in their local 1134: 2362:. The Ceylon Planters' Association. Archived from 1577:He also acquired a flat at 145 Holland Road, near 1264: 862:and, armed with a letter of introduction, joined 425:, displaying them on the wall of his hotel room. 6400: 3658: 3656: 1648:In 1960, Gardner's official biography, entitled 1164:, a prominent magico-religious tradition within 171:, Gardner spent much of his childhood abroad in 1829:In a 1951 interview with a journalist from the 1614:In 1954, Gardner published a non-fiction book, 1543:Folk-lore Centre of Superstition and Witchcraft 1353:nudist club there. At Spielplatz he befriended 1204:. Gardner facetiously asked if he was also the 453: 955: 682:peoples. Cornwall invited Gardner to make the 186:After his retirement in 1936, he travelled to 5490: 4452: 3653: 713:(VAD) in the First Western General Hospital, 249:(1959). Founding a Wiccan group known as the 2016:Ashrama Hall and Christchurch Garden Theatre 1843:and also had a doctorate in literature from 1792:Gardner was a supporter of the centre-right 940:His main research interest lay in the Malay 4119: 4069: 4057: 1824: 851:) and by his election to Fellowship of the 230:to form the Gardnerian tradition of Wicca. 5497: 5483: 4459: 4445: 3701:, pp. 450–455, 457, 470–473, 478–480. 571:beliefs, tattoos and displays of weaponry. 163:Born into an upper-middle-class family in 45: 4243: 4224: 4141: 3963: 3750: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3698: 3686: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3611: 3599: 3587: 3575: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3439: 3427: 3415: 3391: 3376: 3360: 3348: 3336: 3324: 3300: 3284: 3272: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3216: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3120: 3104: 3088: 3072: 3056: 3044: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2988: 2976: 2960: 2948: 2904: 2888: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2820: 2792: 2776: 2760: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2704: 2688: 2672: 2660: 2644: 2632: 2616: 2600: 2584: 2572: 2556: 2540: 2524: 2508: 2492: 2480: 2464: 2448: 2436: 2420: 2404: 2388: 2346: 2334: 2318: 2302: 2286: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2234: 2218: 2202: 2186: 2170: 2158: 2142: 2126: 2110: 2098: 2082: 2070: 2058: 1765:, a theory expanded upon by Adrian Bott. 1697:at the breakfast table. He was buried in 1693:on 12 February 1964, he suffered a fatal 1502:as the O.T.O.'s European representative. 717:, located on the outskirts of Liverpool. 417:According to Gardner's first biographer, 206:. Through this group, he encountered the 6424:20th-century English non-fiction writers 6384:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic, Cornwall 4284: 4205: 4107: 4045: 4000: 3936: 3890: 3878: 3836: 3746: 3571: 3567: 3515: 3451: 3403: 3372: 3312: 3296: 3268: 3228: 3116: 3100: 3084: 3068: 3000: 2972: 2944: 2916: 2900: 2884: 2872: 2832: 2816: 2804: 2788: 2772: 2756: 2716: 2700: 2684: 2656: 2628: 2612: 2596: 2568: 2552: 2536: 2520: 2504: 2476: 2460: 2432: 2416: 2400: 2384: 2330: 2314: 2298: 2282: 2230: 2214: 2198: 2182: 2154: 2138: 2122: 2094: 1391: 1383: 1294: 1230:; his first contribution to its journal 1144: 1040: 829: 562: 348: 4466: 4172: 4163: 4150: 4012: 3662: 3040: 2932: 2928: 1954:(fiction). London: Arthur H. Stockwell. 1780:According to Bricket Wood coven member 1643: 1129: 785:, before heading via France to Malaya. 732:After a brief but serious illness, the 289: 6401: 4262: 4085: 3975: 3951: 3866: 3810: 3766: 3762: 1810: 591:, and then catch a train to the city. 273:, Gardner also became director of the 152:. He was instrumental in bringing the 6011:Gormshuil Mhòr na Maighe (aka Gormla) 5478: 4440: 4246:Witchfather: A Life of Gerald Gardner 4227:Witchfather: A Life of Gerald Gardner 3902: 3811:Hefner, Alan G. (30 September 2020). 1486:, where Gardner hoped to learn about 991:, during which he gave a talk on the 5296:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches 4179:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1923:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1537:Gardner also came into contact with 1177:Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship 1141:Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship 694:, a ritual knife with magical uses. 406:). Accra was followed by a visit to 204:Rosicrucian Order Crotona Fellowship 5568:Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham 3980:. London: Robert Hale. p. 38. 3780:"Britain's chief witch dies at sea" 1850: 1154:Teophilus Schweighardt Constantiens 1018:, which he soon began to frequent. 745:Marriage and archaeology: 1927–1936 13: 6474:Founders of modern pagan movements 5380:Left-hand path and right-hand path 4431:Witches of History: Gerald Gardner 4308: 3788:. 23 February 1964. Archived from 1459:On May Day 1947, Gardner's friend 532:parents avoided because they were 14: 6520: 5622:Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn 4383: 1835:newspaper, Gardner said he was a 1636:had been initiates of the Craft. 1363:Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids 974:deity of Judeo-Christian theology 925:in China, before continuing onto 827:on both the beads and the coins. 655:Malaya and World War I: 1911–1926 579:into the Sphinx Lodge No. 107 in 302:." Specialising in the import of 294:Gardner's family was wealthy and 5698:Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers 5035:Spellwork / Incantation 4507: 4006: 3969: 3896: 3842: 3813:"Gardner, Gerald B. (1884–1964)" 3804: 3772: 1744: 1626:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe 1135:The Rosicrucian Order: 1938–1939 769:married quickly on 16 August at 643:, in what was then known as the 175:. In 1900, he moved to colonial 6479:Members of Ordo Templi Orientis 5457:Witchcraft Research Association 4401:Biography at Controverscial.com 4013:Hawkins, Peter (12 June 1955). 3903:Field, Arnold (5 August 1954). 3850:"Photograph of Gardner's grave" 3663:Andrews, Allen (29 July 1951). 2352: 2028: 1959:——— (2010) . 1888: 1494:). He met Crowley's successor, 1314:He was already acquainted with 1265:The New Forest coven: 1939–1944 1221:Britain declared war on Germany 886:, known for his excavations at 866:who was excavating the site of 853:Royal Anthropological Institute 23:Gerald Gardner (disambiguation) 6484:People from Crosby, Merseyside 6429:20th-century English novelists 5452:Museum of Witchcraft and Magic 4864:Holly King / Oak King 4433:, an online reference resource 4427:, an online reference resource 4425:The Gardnerian Book of Shadows 4392:, an online reference resource 4270:. Sutton Mallet: Green Magic. 4078: 1998:——— (1959). 1989:——— (1957). 1978:——— (1954). 1950:——— (1939). 1917:——— (1937). 1908:——— (1936). 1454:Society for Psychical Research 275:Museum of Magic and Witchcraft 1: 5813:Northamptonshire witch trials 5617:Hermetic Brotherhood of Luxor 4365:Witchcraft Out of the Shadows 4166:Keris and other Malay Weapons 2041: 1993:(guidebook). Tunbridge Wells. 1910:Keris and other Malay Weapons 1805: 1757:, after rituals. The author 946:Keris and Other Malay Weapons 913:, from where he travelled to 840:Keris and Other Malay Weapons 284: 6489:Planters from British Ceylon 6322:Last person imprisoned under 5843:Bury St Edmunds witch trials 5355:List of Wiccan organisations 3689:, pp. 474–478, 480–483. 3614:, pp. 373–374, 377–399. 3327:, pp. 192–194, 333–336. 3275:, pp. 187–188, 195–196. 3247:, pp. 184–185, 188–189. 2046: 2021: 1566:, eventually settling it in 1396:The Witches' Cottage in 2006 1369:in late 1944 or early 1945. 1241:Gardner would also join the 1150:The Temple of the Rose Cross 849:National Museum of Singapore 813:National Museum of Singapore 771:St Jude's Church, Kensington 598:That year, Gardner moved to 454:Ceylon and Borneo: 1900–1911 410:on the Portuguese island of 214:" discussed in the works of 7: 5532:Anglo-Saxon metrical charms 4553:Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca 4345:. Oxford University Press. 4120:Doyle White, Ethan (2012). 4023:. p. 7. Archived from 2009: 1710:Ripley's Believe It or Not! 1035:Order of Woodcraft Chivalry 956:Return to Europe: 1936–1938 515:Ceylon Planters Rifle Corps 488:Charles Henry Allan Bennett 470:, where he could learn the 390:, in 1891 they went to the 179:. In 1911, he relocated to 10: 6525: 6091:George and Lachlan Rattray 5961:Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis 5783:North Berwick witch trials 5637:Society of the Inner Light 4584:Church and School of Wicca 4505: 4244:Heselton, Philip (2012b). 4225:Heselton, Philip (2012a). 1620:, containing a preface by 1342: 1268: 1138: 1027:Victoria and Albert Museum 921:. He then took a train to 623:. He was intrigued by the 27: 20: 6469:English religious writers 6464:English religious leaders 6376: 6355: 6346: 6312: 6235: 6205: 6196: 6169: 5906: 5755: 5730: 5650: 5599: 5590: 5560: 5524: 5517: 5347: 5303:The Meaning of Witchcraft 5287: 5161: 5085: 4980: 4877: 4834: 4651: 4566: 4523: 4516: 4474: 4290:The Rebirth of Witchcraft 4206:Heselton, Philip (2003). 4191:10.1017/S0035869X00085993 4168:. Singapore: Progressive. 2001:The Meaning of Witchcraft 1935:10.1017/S0035869X00085993 1912:. Singapore: Progressive. 1863: 1675:to holiday with the poet 1305:"Old Dorothy" Clutterbuck 1112:Air Raid Wardens' Service 929:; because of the ongoing 737:monitoring shops selling 369:The Gardners employed an 246:The Meaning of Witchcraft 120: 91: 83:aboard ship, en route to 72: 65:Blundellsands, Lancashire 53: 44: 37: 6363:Witches' Well, Edinburgh 4902:Wiccan views of divinity 4639:Universal Eclectic Wicca 4406:21 December 2008 at the 4173:Gardner, Gerald (1937). 4164:Gardner, Gerald (1936). 3911:. London. Archived from 3418:, pp. 199–200, 205. 2675:, pp. 83–84, 91–95. 1825:False educational claims 1251:Local Defence Volunteers 711:Voluntary Aid Detachment 442:(1891), a discussion of 6434:Amateur anthropologists 5893:Islandmagee witch trial 5542:Cunning folk in Britain 5385:Cunning folk in Britain 4367:. London: Robert Hale. 4292:. London: Robert Hale. 4093:. London: Robert Hale. 1062:Doctorate of Philosophy 357:, Com, during the 1880s 353:Gardner with his Irish 131:Gerald Brosseau Gardner 58:Gerald Brosseau Gardner 30:Italian submarine Scirè 6504:People who died at sea 6499:Writers from Liverpool 6459:English occult writers 6454:English civil servants 5847:1645, 1662, 1655, 1694 5169:Magical tools in Wicca 4741:Ipsita Roy Chakraverti 4413:Biography at About.com 4143:10.1558/pome.v14i1.171 4015:"No Witchcraft is fun" 2631:, pp. 56, 60–61; 1822: 1427:Ancient British Church 1397: 1389: 1300: 1243:Historical Association 1157: 1046: 1006:, the Lotus League in 976:and the pagan goddess 843: 583:, affiliated with the 572: 526:Legion of Frontiersmen 358: 226:, and the writings of 144:, author, and amateur 98:Tea and rubber planter 6509:English anti-fascists 5793:Aberdeen witch trials 5375:Witch-cult hypothesis 5331:Charge of the Goddess 5072:Solitary practitioner 4990:Drawing down the Moon 4771:Cerridwen Fallingstar 4492:Wicca and LGBT people 4113:Gerald Gardner: Witch 3976:Bourne, Lois (2006). 3823:Gerald Gardner: Witch 2360:"Ceylon Tea Industry" 2085:, pp. 18–19, 23. 1817: 1650:Gerald Gardner: Witch 1395: 1387: 1298: 1278:Edith Woodford-Grimes 1148: 1044: 985:Christiansborg Palace 876:King's College London 833: 703:1915 Singapore Mutiny 566: 352: 326:on 25 November 1868. 190:and penned the novel 16:British Wiccan leader 6439:Ceremonial magicians 5863:Bideford witch trial 5632:Ordo Templi Orientis 5537:Anglo-Saxon paganism 4548:Central Valley Wicca 4268:Fifty Years of Wicca 4091:Dancing with Witches 3978:Dancing with Withces 3915:on 29 September 2013 3665:"Calling All Covens" 3375:, pp. 161–167; 3119:, pp. 150–152; 3007:, pp. 126, 128. 2975:, pp. 137–138; 2887:, pp. 102–103; 2835:, pp. 133–137; 2819:, pp. 125–133; 2719:, pp. 123–124; 1963:(fiction). Aurinia. 1837:Doctor of Philosophy 1644:Later life and death 1564:Museum of Witchcraft 1473:Ordo Templi Orientis 1247:Air Raid Precautions 1130:Involvement in Wicca 1118:, just south of the 632:or healing rituals. 600:British North Borneo 577:Apprentice Freemason 364:University of Oxford 290:Childhood: 1884–1899 6326:Witchcraft Act 1735 6198:Neopagan witchcraft 5991:Issobell Fergussone 5396:Malleus Maleficarum 5390:European witchcraft 5370:Neopagan witchcraft 4525:British Traditional 4468:Neopagan witchcraft 4418:1 June 2009 at the 3905:"Yes, I Am a Witch" 3792:on 8 September 2018 3753:, pp. 517–520. 3737:, pp. 494–503. 3725:, pp. 490–494. 3713:, pp. 505–515. 3650:, pp. 410–442. 3638:, pp. 403–409. 3626:, pp. 375–377. 3602:, pp. 366–371. 3590:, pp. 363–366. 3578:, pp. 341–362. 3546:, pp. 332–338. 3534:, pp. 327–332. 3522:, pp. 315–324. 3506:, pp. 299–309. 3482:, pp. 295–296. 3470:, pp. 293–294. 3458:, pp. 237–251. 3442:, pp. 225–228. 3430:, pp. 207–215. 3363:, pp. 229–234. 3339:, pp. 296–297. 3287:, pp. 196–198. 3259:, pp. 186–187. 3219:, pp. 169–181. 3183:, pp. 163–165. 3159:, pp. 158–159. 3147:, pp. 156–157. 3135:, pp. 152–154. 3123:, pp. 150–151. 3107:, pp. 149–151. 3059:, pp. 140–145. 3047:, pp. 133–141. 3031:, pp. 130–132. 2991:, pp. 126–128. 2979:, pp. 124–126. 2891:, pp. 118–121. 2839:, pp. 109–114. 2823:, pp. 104–109. 2403:, pp. 27, 30; 2004:. London: Aquarian. 1811:Virulent homophobia 1799:The Daily Telegraph 1691:The Scottish Prince 1513:. Published by the 1444:He also joined the 1435:Ancient Druid Order 1166:Western esotericism 894:, also attended by 864:Sir Flinders Petrie 722:Battle of the Somme 645:Straits Settlements 431:The Strand Magazine 6444:English Freemasons 6419:Gardnerian Wiccans 6179:Christian Caldwell 6056:Euphame MacCalzean 5956:Katherine Campbell 5883:Pittenweem witches 5833:Witches of Belvoir 5823:Samlesbury witches 5773:Witches of Warboys 5713:Austin Osman Spare 5703:Madeline Montalban 5411:Magical alphabets 5360:Bricket Wood coven 5338:Enchanted Feminism 4731:Zsuzsanna Budapest 4487:Etymology of Wicca 4122:"Philip Heselton, 4027:on 2 December 2011 2795:, pp. 99–102. 2791:, pp. 66–74; 2775:, pp. 65–66; 2759:, pp. 64–65; 2687:, pp. 63–64; 2659:, pp. 57–60; 2599:, pp. 45–48; 2539:, pp. 38–39; 2419:, pp. 28–29; 2366:on 4 November 2021 2337:, pp. 44, 46. 2333:, pp. 22–23; 2301:, pp. 19–20; 1794:Conservative Party 1587:Austin Osman Spare 1519:Madeline Montalban 1511:The Key of Solomon 1500:Frederic Mellinger 1492:Lady Frieda Harris 1463:introduced him to 1419:The Key of Solomon 1398: 1390: 1345:Bricket Wood coven 1311:word for "witch". 1301: 1158: 1047: 844: 573: 359: 296:upper middle class 251:Bricket Wood coven 6396: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6342: 6341: 6308: 6307: 6217:Alexandrian Wicca 6192: 6191: 6170:Witch hunters and 6151:Major Thomas Weir 5726: 5725: 5586: 5585: 5578:George Pickingill 5472: 5471: 5093:Wheel of the Year 4746:Patricia Crowther 4647: 4646: 4533:Alexandrian Wicca 4498:Dettmer v. Landon 4390:GeraldGardner.com 4374:978-0-7090-7567-7 4352:978-0-19-285449-0 4330:978-1-86163-110-7 4299:978-0-7090-8369-6 4277:978-0-9547230-1-9 4255:978-1-870450-79-9 4236:978-1-870450-80-5 4217:978-1-86163-164-0 4100:978-0-7090-6223-3 4048:, pp. 69–72. 4003:, pp. 41–42. 3785:News of the World 2779:, pp. 96–98. 2747:, pp. 95–96. 2723:, pp. 87–89. 2707:, pp. 86–87. 2691:, pp. 85–86. 2663:, pp. 82–83. 2619:, pp. 76–77. 2603:, pp. 74–76. 2575:, pp. 72–73. 2543:, pp. 70–71. 2527:, pp. 67–68. 2511:, pp. 66–67. 2483:, pp. 62–66. 2467:, pp. 59–62. 2451:, pp. 57–59. 2439:, pp. 55–56. 2423:, pp. 52–53. 2407:, pp. 50–52. 2391:, pp. 48–49. 2349:, pp. 47–48. 2321:, pp. 43–44. 2305:, pp. 40–41. 2261:, pp. 39–40. 2237:, pp. 34–35. 2205:, pp. 35–36. 2189:, pp. 33–34. 2173:, pp. 32–33. 2145:, pp. 29–31. 2073:, pp. 11–18. 1970:978-0-9566182-0-7 1952:A Goddess Arrives 1715:Patricia Crowther 1682:The White Goddess 1662:Buckingham Palace 1515:Atlantis Bookshop 1446:Folk-Lore Society 1318:'s theory of the 1290:A Goddess Arrives 1259:molotov cocktails 1228:Folk-Lore Society 1198:Cornelius Agrippa 1093:A Goddess Arrives 1089:A Goddess Arrives 931:Chinese Civil War 911:French Indo-China 884:Alexander Keiller 823:and he published 585:Irish Grand Lodge 554:burned as a witch 440:There Is No Death 263:Patricia Crowther 192:A Goddess Arrives 140:, was an English 128: 127: 6516: 6353: 6352: 6319: 6318: 6300:Cecil Williamson 6227:Cochrane's Craft 6222:Gardnerian Wicca 6203: 6202: 6121:Annaple Thomsone 6111:Bessie Stevenson 6026:Gwen ferch Ellis 5971:Margaret Duchill 5936:Margaret Barclay 5753: 5752: 5668:Aleister Crowley 5658:Peter J. Carroll 5597: 5596: 5592:Ceremonial magic 5522: 5521: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5476: 5475: 5442:Witches' Sabbath 5365:New Forest coven 5324:Witchcraft Today 5310:The Spiral Dance 4857:Spirit of nature 4816:Silver RavenWolf 4761:Scott Cunningham 4751:Vivianne Crowley 4721:Raymond Buckland 4589:Cochrane's Craft 4558:Gardnerian Wicca 4521: 4520: 4511: 4482:History of Wicca 4461: 4454: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4378: 4356: 4334: 4317:Heselton, Philip 4303: 4286:Valiente, Doreen 4281: 4264:Lamond, Frederic 4259: 4240: 4221: 4202: 4169: 4160: 4147: 4145: 4116: 4104: 4073: 4070:Doyle White 2012 4067: 4061: 4058:Doyle White 2012 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4020:Sunday Pictorial 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3940: 3934: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3776: 3770: 3760: 3754: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3673:Sunday Pictorial 3669: 3660: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3380: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3114: 3108: 3098: 3092: 3082: 3076: 3066: 3060: 3054: 3048: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2942: 2936: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2898: 2892: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2830: 2824: 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2786: 2780: 2770: 2764: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2714: 2708: 2698: 2692: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2626: 2620: 2610: 2604: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2566: 2560: 2550: 2544: 2534: 2528: 2518: 2512: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2474: 2468: 2458: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2430: 2424: 2414: 2408: 2398: 2392: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2328: 2322: 2312: 2306: 2296: 2290: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2228: 2222: 2212: 2206: 2196: 2190: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2152: 2146: 2136: 2130: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2062: 2056: 2035: 2032: 2005: 1994: 1985: 1984:. London: Rider. 1981:Witchcraft Today 1974: 1961:High Magic's Aid 1955: 1946: 1913: 1904: 1851:Media engagement 1832:Sunday Pictorial 1658:Jack L. Bracelin 1617:Witchcraft Today 1602:High Magic's Aid 1556:Sunday Pictorial 1539:Cecil Williamson 1507:High Magic's Aid 1482:, also visiting 1465:Aleister Crowley 1450:Katherine Briggs 1324:New Forest coven 1271:New Forest coven 1214:Arthurian legend 569:magico-religious 484:Aleister Crowley 436:Florence Marryat 271:Cecil Williamson 240:Witchcraft Today 235:High Magic's Aid 228:Aleister Crowley 224:ceremonial magic 208:New Forest coven 158:Gardnerian Wicca 124:Dorothy Rosedale 79: 76:12 February 1964 49: 35: 34: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6513: 6449:English Wiccans 6399: 6398: 6397: 6388: 6372: 6348: 6338: 6323: 6314: 6304: 6295:Doreen Valiente 6280:Frederic Lamond 6255:Robert Cochrane 6250:Charles Cardell 6237: 6231: 6188: 6171: 6165: 6141:Beatrix Watsone 6036:Grissel Jaffray 5951:Margaret Burges 5941:Magdalene Blair 5926:Allison Balfour 5921:Margaret Aitken 5908: 5902: 5873:Paisley witches 5763:Windsor Witches 5751: 5733: 5722: 5663:Andrew Chumbley 5646: 5642:Typhonian Order 5582: 5556: 5513: 5503: 5473: 5468: 5447:Flying ointment 5343: 5317:What Witches Do 5283: 5204:Book of Shadows 5157: 5081: 5060:Rite of passage 5025:Herbal medicine 4982: 4976: 4887:Wiccan morality 4879: 4873: 4830: 4811:Rosaleen Norton 4806:Frederic Lamond 4801:Philip Heselton 4756:Robert Cochrane 4736:Charles Cardell 4726:Eddie Buczynski 4696:Victor Anderson 4666:Doreen Valiente 4653: 4643: 4562: 4543:Blue Star Wicca 4512: 4503: 4470: 4465: 4420:Wayback Machine 4408:Wayback Machine 4386: 4381: 4375: 4359: 4353: 4337: 4331: 4323:. Capall Bann. 4315: 4311: 4309:Further reading 4306: 4300: 4278: 4256: 4237: 4218: 4210:. Capall Bann. 4101: 4081: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3793: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3761: 3757: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3681: 3667: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3570:, p. 171; 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3514: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3454:, p. 167; 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3383: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299:, p. 163; 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271:, p. 162; 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231:, p. 159; 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3115: 3111: 3103:, p. 149; 3099: 3095: 3087:, p. 152; 3083: 3079: 3071:, p. 142; 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003:, p. 139; 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2943: 2939: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2903:, p. 104; 2899: 2895: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2831: 2827: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2787: 2783: 2771: 2767: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2715: 2711: 2703:, p. 123; 2699: 2695: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2627: 2623: 2611: 2607: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2567: 2563: 2551: 2547: 2535: 2531: 2519: 2515: 2503: 2499: 2495:, pp. 3–4. 2491: 2487: 2479:, p. 123; 2475: 2471: 2463:, p. 121; 2459: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2431: 2427: 2415: 2411: 2399: 2395: 2383: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2358: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2313: 2309: 2297: 2293: 2281: 2277: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2229: 2225: 2213: 2209: 2197: 2193: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2153: 2149: 2137: 2133: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2077: 2069: 2065: 2061:, pp. 6–9. 2057: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2012: 1997: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1958: 1949: 1916: 1907: 1894: 1891: 1882:The Pomegranate 1873:Philip Heselton 1866: 1853: 1827: 1813: 1808: 1782:Frederic Lamond 1775:Theban alphabet 1759:Philip Heselton 1747: 1719:Doreen Valiente 1646: 1634:Knights Templar 1622:Margaret Murray 1609:Book of Shadows 1598:Doreen Valiente 1579:Shepherd's Bush 1535: 1527:Book of Shadows 1461:Arnold Crowther 1347: 1341: 1316:Margaret Murray 1273: 1267: 1236:Matthew Hopkins 1143: 1137: 1132: 958: 917:, visiting the 834:A selection of 825:academic papers 747: 657: 519:volunteer force 456: 423:Napoleonic Wars 292: 287: 255:Doreen Valiente 216:Margaret Murray 198:, he joined an 116: 101:customs officer 87: 81: 77: 68: 62: 60: 59: 40: 33: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6522: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6494:Wiccan priests 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6394: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6380: 6378: 6374: 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5829: 5828: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5803:Pendle witches 5800: 5799: 5798: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5780: 5779: 5778: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5759: 5757: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5738: 5736: 5728: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5612:Alpha et Omega 5609: 5603: 5601: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5502: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5281: 5279:Witch's ladder 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5224:Chalice/Goblet 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 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4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4574:1734 Tradition 4570: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4464: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4410: 4398: 4393: 4385: 4384:External links 4382: 4380: 4379: 4373: 4357: 4351: 4339:Hutton, Ronald 4335: 4329: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4298: 4282: 4276: 4260: 4254: 4241: 4235: 4222: 4216: 4203: 4185:(3): 467–470. 4170: 4161: 4159:(II): 171–176. 4148: 4136:(1): 171–174. 4117: 4109:Bracelin, Jack 4105: 4099: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4072:, p. 172. 4062: 4060:, p. 171. 4050: 4038: 4005: 3993: 3986: 3968: 3966:, p. 230. 3964:Heselton 2012a 3956: 3941: 3926: 3909:Daily Dispatch 3895: 3883: 3871: 3859: 3841: 3829: 3817:TheMystica.com 3803: 3771: 3765:, p. 19; 3755: 3751:Heselton 2012b 3749:, p. 67; 3739: 3735:Heselton 2012b 3727: 3723:Heselton 2012b 3715: 3711:Heselton 2012b 3703: 3699:Heselton 2012b 3691: 3687:Heselton 2012b 3679: 3652: 3648:Heselton 2012b 3640: 3636:Heselton 2012b 3628: 3624:Heselton 2012b 3616: 3612:Heselton 2012b 3604: 3600:Heselton 2012b 3592: 3588:Heselton 2012b 3580: 3576:Heselton 2012b 3574:, p. 57; 3560: 3558:, p. 339. 3556:Heselton 2012b 3548: 3544:Heselton 2012b 3536: 3532:Heselton 2012b 3524: 3520:Heselton 2012b 3518:, p. 56; 3508: 3504:Heselton 2012b 3496: 3494:, p. 298. 3492:Heselton 2012b 3484: 3480:Heselton 2012b 3472: 3468:Heselton 2012b 3460: 3456:Heselton 2012a 3444: 3440:Heselton 2012a 3432: 3428:Heselton 2012a 3420: 3416:Heselton 2012a 3408: 3406:, p. 165. 3396: 3394:, p. 198. 3392:Heselton 2012a 3381: 3379:, p. 235. 3377:Heselton 2012a 3365: 3361:Heselton 2012a 3353: 3351:, p. 229. 3349:Heselton 2012a 3341: 3337:Heselton 2012b 3329: 3325:Heselton 2012a 3317: 3315:, p. 164. 3305: 3303:, p. 198. 3301:Heselton 2012a 3289: 3285:Heselton 2012a 3277: 3273:Heselton 2012a 3261: 3257:Heselton 2012a 3249: 3245:Heselton 2012a 3237: 3235:, p. 183. 3233:Heselton 2012a 3221: 3217:Heselton 2012a 3209: 3207:, p. 170. 3205:Heselton 2012a 3197: 3195:, p. 166. 3193:Heselton 2012a 3185: 3181:Heselton 2012a 3173: 3171:, p. 161. 3169:Heselton 2012a 3161: 3157:Heselton 2012a 3149: 3145:Heselton 2012a 3137: 3133:Heselton 2012a 3125: 3121:Heselton 2012a 3109: 3105:Heselton 2012a 3093: 3091:, p. 150. 3089:Heselton 2012a 3077: 3075:, p. 139. 3073:Heselton 2012a 3061: 3057:Heselton 2012a 3049: 3045:Heselton 2012a 3033: 3029:Heselton 2012a 3021: 3019:, p. 130. 3017:Heselton 2012a 3009: 3005:Heselton 2012a 2993: 2989:Heselton 2012a 2981: 2977:Heselton 2012a 2965: 2963:, p. 123. 2961:Heselton 2012a 2953: 2951:, p. 123. 2949:Heselton 2012a 2947:, p. 74; 2937: 2921: 2919:, p. 106. 2909: 2907:, p. 119. 2905:Heselton 2012a 2893: 2889:Heselton 2012a 2877: 2865: 2863:, p. 122. 2861:Heselton 2012a 2853: 2851:, p. 117. 2849:Heselton 2012a 2841: 2837:Heselton 2012a 2825: 2821:Heselton 2012a 2809: 2807:, p. 125. 2797: 2793:Heselton 2012a 2781: 2777:Heselton 2012a 2765: 2761:Heselton 2012a 2749: 2745:Heselton 2012a 2737: 2733:Heselton 2012a 2725: 2721:Heselton 2012a 2709: 2705:Heselton 2012a 2693: 2689:Heselton 2012a 2677: 2673:Heselton 2012a 2665: 2661:Heselton 2012a 2649: 2645:Heselton 2012a 2637: 2633:Heselton 2012a 2621: 2617:Heselton 2012a 2615:, p. 51; 2605: 2601:Heselton 2012a 2589: 2585:Heselton 2012a 2577: 2573:Heselton 2012a 2571:, p. 44; 2561: 2557:Heselton 2012a 2555:, p. 43; 2545: 2541:Heselton 2012a 2529: 2525:Heselton 2012a 2523:, p. 36; 2513: 2509:Heselton 2012a 2507:, p. 35; 2497: 2493:Heselton 2012a 2485: 2481:Heselton 2012a 2469: 2465:Heselton 2012a 2453: 2449:Heselton 2012a 2441: 2437:Heselton 2012a 2435:, p. 34; 2425: 2421:Heselton 2012a 2409: 2405:Heselton 2012a 2393: 2389:Heselton 2012a 2387:, p. 26; 2377: 2351: 2347:Heselton 2012a 2339: 2335:Heselton 2012a 2323: 2319:Heselton 2012a 2317:, p. 20; 2307: 2303:Heselton 2012a 2291: 2287:Heselton 2012a 2285:, p. 19; 2275: 2271:Heselton 2012a 2263: 2259:Heselton 2012a 2251: 2247:Heselton 2012a 2239: 2235:Heselton 2012a 2233:, p. 17; 2223: 2219:Heselton 2012a 2217:, p. 18; 2207: 2203:Heselton 2012a 2201:, p. 17; 2191: 2187:Heselton 2012a 2185:, p. 15; 2175: 2171:Heselton 2012a 2163: 2159:Heselton 2012a 2157:, p. 14; 2147: 2143:Heselton 2012a 2141:, p. 14; 2131: 2127:Heselton 2012a 2125:, p. 13; 2115: 2111:Heselton 2012a 2103: 2099:Heselton 2012a 2097:, p. 13; 2087: 2083:Heselton 2012a 2075: 2071:Heselton 2012a 2063: 2059:Heselton 2012a 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2006: 1995: 1986: 1975: 1969: 1956: 1947: 1929:(3): 467–470. 1914: 1905: 1903:(II): 171–176. 1890: 1887: 1865: 1862: 1852: 1849: 1826: 1823: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1746: 1743: 1706:Monique Wilson 1645: 1642: 1534: 1531: 1343:Main article: 1340: 1337: 1269:Main article: 1266: 1263: 1257:manufacturing 1162:Rosicrucianism 1139:Main article: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1031:British Museum 957: 954: 880:Mother Goddess 746: 743: 665:Borneo Company 656: 653: 649:British Malaya 455: 452: 392:Canary Islands 300:British Empire 291: 288: 286: 283: 146:anthropologist 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 115: 114: 111: 108: 102: 99: 95: 93: 89: 88: 82: 80:(aged 79) 74: 70: 69: 63: 57: 55: 51: 50: 42: 41: 39:Gerald Gardner 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6521: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6345: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6320: 6317: 6311: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6161:Bessie Wright 6159: 6157: 6156:Janet Wishart 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6136:Marion Walker 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6126:Marioun Twedy 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101:Agnes Sampson 6099: 6097: 6096:Elspeth Reoch 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021:Helen Guthrie 6019: 6017: 6016:Isobel Gowdie 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5986:Isobel Elliot 5984: 5982: 5981:Bessie Dunlop 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5931:Margaret Bane 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5861: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5853:Alloa witches 5851: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5806: 5805: 5804: 5801: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5729: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5678:Kenneth Grant 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600:Organizations 5598: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5573:James Murrell 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5511: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5488: 5486: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5464: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5432:Witching hour 5430: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162:Paraphernalia 5160: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5020:Cone of power 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5010:Fivefold kiss 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4942:Reincarnation 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:Rule of Three 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4826:Joseph Wilson 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4716:Jack Bracelin 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4650: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4594:Coven of Atho 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4439: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4361:Ruickbie, Leo 4358: 4354: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4301: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4046:Valiente 2007 4042: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4002: 4001:Valiente 2007 3997: 3989: 3987:0-7090-8074-3 3983: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3939:, p. 38. 3938: 3937:Valiente 2007 3933: 3931: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3891:Valiente 2007 3887: 3881:, p. 26. 3880: 3879:Heselton 2003 3875: 3869:, p. 11. 3868: 3863: 3855: 3854:TheWica.co.uk 3851: 3845: 3839:, p. 44. 3838: 3837:Valiente 2007 3833: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3775: 3769:, p. 29. 3768: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3748: 3747:Valiente 2007 3743: 3736: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3688: 3683: 3675: 3674: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3649: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3573: 3572:Valiente 2007 3569: 3568:Bracelin 1960 3564: 3557: 3552: 3545: 3540: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3517: 3516:Valiente 2007 3512: 3505: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3457: 3453: 3452:Bracelin 1960 3448: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3405: 3404:Bracelin 1960 3400: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3373:Bracelin 1960 3369: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3333: 3326: 3321: 3314: 3313:Bracelin 1960 3309: 3302: 3298: 3297:Bracelin 1960 3293: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3270: 3269:Bracelin 1960 3265: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3230: 3229:Bracelin 1960 3225: 3218: 3213: 3206: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3177: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3118: 3117:Bracelin 1960 3113: 3106: 3102: 3101:Bracelin 1960 3097: 3090: 3086: 3085:Bracelin 1960 3081: 3074: 3070: 3069:Bracelin 1960 3065: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3002: 3001:Bracelin 1960 2997: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2974: 2973:Bracelin 1960 2969: 2962: 2957: 2950: 2946: 2945:Bracelin 1960 2941: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2918: 2917:Bracelin 1960 2913: 2906: 2902: 2901:Bracelin 1960 2897: 2890: 2886: 2885:Bracelin 1960 2881: 2875:, p. 59. 2874: 2873:Bracelin 1960 2869: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2834: 2833:Bracelin 1960 2829: 2822: 2818: 2817:Bracelin 1960 2813: 2806: 2805:Bracelin 1960 2801: 2794: 2790: 2789:Bracelin 1960 2785: 2778: 2774: 2773:Bracelin 1960 2769: 2763:, p. 96. 2762: 2758: 2757:Bracelin 1960 2753: 2746: 2741: 2735:, p. 95. 2734: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2717:Bracelin 1960 2713: 2706: 2702: 2701:Bracelin 1960 2697: 2690: 2686: 2685:Bracelin 1960 2681: 2674: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2657:Bracelin 1960 2653: 2647:, p. 85. 2646: 2641: 2635:, p. 81. 2634: 2630: 2629:Bracelin 1960 2625: 2618: 2614: 2613:Bracelin 1960 2609: 2602: 2598: 2597:Bracelin 1960 2593: 2587:, p. 72. 2586: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2569:Bracelin 1960 2565: 2559:, p. 71. 2558: 2554: 2553:Bracelin 1960 2549: 2542: 2538: 2537:Bracelin 1960 2533: 2526: 2522: 2521:Bracelin 1960 2517: 2510: 2506: 2505:Bracelin 1960 2501: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2478: 2477:Bracelin 1960 2473: 2466: 2462: 2461:Bracelin 1960 2457: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2434: 2433:Bracelin 1960 2429: 2422: 2418: 2417:Bracelin 1960 2413: 2406: 2402: 2401:Bracelin 1960 2397: 2390: 2386: 2385:Bracelin 1960 2381: 2365: 2361: 2355: 2348: 2343: 2336: 2332: 2331:Bracelin 1960 2327: 2320: 2316: 2315:Bracelin 1960 2311: 2304: 2300: 2299:Bracelin 1960 2295: 2289:, p. 40. 2288: 2284: 2283:Bracelin 1960 2279: 2273:, p. 31. 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2249:, p. 39. 2248: 2243: 2236: 2232: 2231:Bracelin 1960 2227: 2221:, p. 36. 2220: 2216: 2215:Bracelin 1960 2211: 2204: 2200: 2199:Bracelin 1960 2195: 2188: 2184: 2183:Bracelin 1960 2179: 2172: 2167: 2161:, p. 32. 2160: 2156: 2155:Bracelin 1960 2151: 2144: 2140: 2139:Bracelin 1960 2135: 2129:, p. 29. 2128: 2124: 2123:Bracelin 1960 2119: 2113:, p. 29. 2112: 2107: 2101:, p. 28. 2100: 2096: 2095:Bracelin 1960 2091: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2031: 2027: 2017: 2014: 2013: 2003: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1861: 1859: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1821: 1816: 1803: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1745:Personal life 1742: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1727:Jack Bracelin 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1678: 1677:Robert Graves 1674: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1591:Kenneth Grant 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1530: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1410:Herefordshire 1407: 1403: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1378:Hertfordshire 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1272: 1262: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:Wandering Jew 1203: 1202:Francis Bacon 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1078:reincarnation 1075: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1056: 1052: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1016:Hertfordshire 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 953: 949: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:Silver Pagoda 916: 912: 908: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 868:Tall al-Ajjul 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 841: 837: 832: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 803: 797: 795: 791: 786: 784: 783:Isle of Wight 780: 776: 772: 766: 762: 760: 756: 752: 742: 740: 735: 730: 726: 723: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 692: 687: 686: 681: 677: 673: 668: 666: 662: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 631: 626: 622: 621: 615: 613: 609: 605: 601: 596: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 570: 565: 561: 559: 555: 551: 546: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 503: 501: 497: 496:Horton Plains 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432: 426: 424: 420: 419:Jack Bracelin 415: 413: 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