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1057:. It did not seek political reform, but rather the opportunity to save souls through political action by freeing slaves, abolishing the duel, prohibiting cruelty to children and animals, stopping gambling, and avoiding frivolity on the Sabbath; they read the Bible every day. All souls were equal in God's view, but not all bodies, so evangelicals did not challenge the hierarchical structure of English society. As R. J. Morris noted in his 1983 article "Voluntary Societies and British Urban Elites, 1780-1850," "id-eighteenth-century Britain was a stable society in the sense that those with material and ideological power were able to defend this power in an effective and dynamic manner," but "in the twenty years after 1780, this consensus structure was broken." Anglican Evangelicalism thus, as historian Lisa Wood has argued in her book
1238:
barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximise exports from and minimise imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling, which became a favourite
American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch. The goal of mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a large and powerful Royal Navy, which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country.
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1345:, sponsored by Robert Walpole, strengthened the criminal code for the benefit of the upper class. It specified over 200 capital crimes, many with intensified punishment. The crime of arson, for example, was expanded to include of burning or the threat of burning haystacks. The legal rights of defendants were something different from today. For example, suspects who refused to surrender within 40 days could be summarily judged guilty and sentenced to execution if apprehended. Local villages were punished if they failed to find, prosecute and convict alleged criminals, due to the increase in crime at the time.
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1976:
1640:, the 1640s and 1650s saw a revived economy characterised by growth in manufacturing, the elaboration of financial and credit instruments, and the commercialisation of communication. The gentry found time for leisure activities, such as horse racing and bowling. In the high culture important innovations included the development of a mass market for music, increased scientific research, and an expansion of publishing. All the trends were discussed in depth at the newly established
1823:
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1034:(1703–1791) and his followers preached revivalist religion, trying to convert individuals to a personal relationship with Christ through Bible reading, regular prayer, and especially the revival experience. Wesley himself preached 52,000 times, calling on men and women to "redeem the time" and save their souls. Wesley always operated inside the Church of England, but at his death, his followers set up outside institutions that became the
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the trade with India, and largely dominated the highly lucrative slave, sugar, and commercial trades originating in West Africa and the West Indies. China would be next on the agenda. Other powers set up similar monopolies on a much smaller scale; only the
Netherlands emphasized trade as much as England.
3457:
1152:
was perhaps the most prominent of the many explorers and geographers using the resources of the Royal Navy to develop the Empire and make many scientific discoveries, especially in
Australia and the Pacific. Instead of trying to recover the lost colonies in North America, the British built up in Asia
1654:
argues that the reason for the neglect was the assumption that the movement was primarily French-inspired, that it was largely a-religious or anti-clerical, and it stood in outspoken defiance to the established order. Porter admits that after the 1720s, England could claim thinkers to equal
Diderot,
1218:
in 1672 and focused on the slave trade. British involvement in each of the four major wars, 1740 to 1783, paid off handsomely in terms of trade. Even the loss of the 13 colonies was made up by a very favourable trading relationship with the new United States of
America. British gained dominance in
1254:
and speculation. It issued stock four times in 1720 that reached about 8,000 investors. Prices kept soaring every day, from £130 a share to £1,000, with insiders making huge paper profits. The Bubble collapsed overnight, ruining many speculators. Investigations showed bribes had reached into high
950:
remarked of the Grand Tour as useful for intellectual self-improvement. The journey and stay abroad would usually take a year or more. This would eventually lead to the basis for the acquisition and spread of art collections back to
England as well as fashions and paintings from Italy. The custom
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were all quite conservative and supported the standing order. Porter says the reason was that
Enlightenment had come early to England, and had succeeded so that the culture had accepted political liberalism, philosophical empiricism and religious toleration of the sort that intellectuals on the
1237:
was the basic policy imposed by
Britain on its colonies. Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants—and kept others out—by trade
1201:
so powerful that no rival could sweep its ships from the world's trading routes, or invade the
British Isles. The London government enhanced the private sector by incorporating numerous privately financed London-based companies for establishing trading posts and opening import-export businesses
1494:
argues that the
Scottish Enlightenment "was a small and cohesive group of friends – David Hume, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, and others – who knew one another intimately and talked to one another incessantly". Education was a priority in Scotland, both at the local level and especially in four
1717:
Historians debate the exact ending, with the deaths of George IV in 1830 or William IV in 1837 as the usual marker. In most social and cultural trends, the timing varied. The emergence of Romanticism and literature began as early as the 1780s, but religious changes took much longer and were
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1608:
The very existence of an English Enlightenment has been debated by scholars. The majority of textbooks and standard surveys make no room for an English Enlightenment. Some European surveys include England, others ignore it but do include coverage of such major intellectuals as
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continent had to fight for against powerful odds. The coffee-house culture provided an ideal venue for enlightened conversation. Furthermore, England rejected the collectivism of the continent, and emphasized the improvement of individuals as the main goal of enlightenment.
1029:
gained strength in the late 18th and early 19th century. The movement challenged the traditional religious sensibility that emphasised a code of honour for the upper class, and suitable behaviour for everyone else, together with faithful observances of rituals.
1708:
in 1745. Asylums for the mentally ill were established, notably Bethel Hospital in Norwich (1713); a ward for incurable lunatics at Guy's Hospital (1728); and lunatic hospitals in Manchester (1766) and York in (1777)—York was the first to be called an asylum.
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of the same time period, the thinkers of the Scottish Enlightenment asserted the importance of human reason combined with a rejection of any authority that could not be justified by reason. In Scotland, the Enlightenment was characterised by a thoroughgoing
1731:
partook of the general sordidness of the age; it was an age of great material prosperity, but of moral and spiritual poverty, such as hardly finds a parallel in our history. Mercenary motives were to predominate everywhere, in the Church as well as in the
1197:), Britain had a different set of primary interests. Its main diplomatic goal (besides protecting the homeland from invasion) was building a worldwide trading network for its merchants, manufacturers, shippers and financiers. This required a hegemonic
1540:
and practicality where the chief values were improvement, virtue, and practical benefit for the individual and society as a whole. Among the fields that rapidly advanced were philosophy, economics, history, architecture, and medicine. Leaders included
1120:
dragged on for nearly a quarter of a century, 1793–1815. Britain organised coalition after coalition, using its superb financial system to subsidise infantry forces, and built up its Navy to maintain control of the seas. Victory over Napoleon at the
1249:
was a private business corporation supposedly set up much like the other trading companies, with a focus on South America. Its actual purpose was to renegotiate previous high-interest government loans amounting to £31 million through
945:
coincided with the 18th century and is associated with Georgian high society. This custom saw young upper-class Englishmen travelling to Italy by way of France and the Netherlands for intellectual and cultural purposes. Notable historian
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Although religious toleration was extensive by the standards of continental Europe, hostility to religious minorities was widespread in Britain during the eighteenth century and sometimes expressed itself in rioting. The
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we are the most "diligent nation in the world. Vast trade, rich manufactures, mighty wealth, universal correspondence, and happy success have been constant companions of England, and given us the title of an industrious
1093:(1803–1815). The British won most of the wars except for the American Revolution, where the combined weight of the United States, France, Spain and the Netherlands overwhelmed Britain, which stood alone without allies.
2241:
dies on 26 June. Some historians date this as the end of the Georgian era of the House of Hanover. However, many other authorities continue this era during the relatively short reign of his younger brother, who became
1061:, functioned as a tool of ruling-class social control, buffering the discontent that in France had inaugurated a revolution; yet it contained within itself the seeds for challenge to gender and class hierarchies.
1722:
in religion and the demise of classical architecture. Victorians typically were disapproving of the times of the previous era. By the late 19th century, the "Georgian era" was a byword for a degenerate culture.
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in 1819 began as a protest rally which saw 60,000 people gathering to protest about their living standards, but was quelled by military action and saw eleven people killed and 400 wounded. The
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universities. The Enlightenment culture was based on close readings of new books, and intense discussions that took place daily at such intellectual gathering places in Edinburgh as
1476:
Historians have long explored the importance of the Scottish Enlightenment, as well as the American Enlightenment, while debating the very existence of the English Enlightenment.
1180:
The era was prosperous as entrepreneurs extended the range of their business around the globe. By the 1720s Britain was one of the most prosperous countries in the world, and
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While the other major powers were primarily motivated towards territorial gains, and protection of their dynasties (such as the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties, and the
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in Canada. The Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa had been set up in 1662 to trade in gold, ivory and slaves in Africa; it was re-established as the
534:
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E. Chaney, "Gibbon, Beckford and the Interpretation of Dreams, Waking Thoughts and Incidents", The Beckford Society Annual Lectures (London, 2004), pp. 25–50.
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Most of the companies earned good profits, and enormous personal fortunes were created in India, but there was one major fiasco that caused heavy losses. The
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churches, Presbyterians, Congregationalist, Baptists, Unitarians, and Quakers. The Nonconformist churches, however, were less influenced by revivalism.
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forms in a military alliance with the United States and declares war on Britain. The Netherlands and Spain support France; Britain has no major allies.
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in 1815, Great Britain entered a period of greater economic depression and political uncertainty, characterised by social discontent and unrest. The
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isolated nitrogen in 1774, while Priestley discovered oxygen and ammonia. Antiquarians and archaeologists mapped the past. In medicine, in 1717
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The Church of England remained dominant in England but it had a growing evangelical, revivalist faction, the "Low Church". Its leaders included
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saw huge changes to the movement of people and the decline of small communities, the growth of the cities and the beginnings of an integrated
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managed to wind it down with minimal political and economic damage, although some suffering extreme loss fled to exile or committed suicide.
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2053:. The geographical terms are very generous to the Americans, and the expectation that Anglo-American trade will become of major importance.
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was characterized in religion, social values, and the arts by a shift in tone away from rationalism and toward romanticism and mysticism.
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passed by Parliament through the influence of William Wilberforce and the Evangelical movement. The slaveowners are generously paid off.
1423:
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2438:
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P. Bruce Buchan, "The East India Company 1749–1800: The evolution of a territorial strategy and the changing role of the directors."
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840:. Their work ushered in a new era of poetry, characterised by vivid and colourful language, evocative of elevating ideas and themes.
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Ann M. Carlos and Stephen Nicholas. "'Giants of an Earlier Capitalism': The Chartered Trading Companies as Modern Multinationals."
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2003:
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2037:: Admiral Sir George Rodney defeated a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse, enabling the Royal Navy to control the West Indies.
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is defined by the regency of George IV as Prince of Wales during the illness of his father George III. The transition to the
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Matthew Daniel Eddy, "Natural History, Natural Philosophy and Readership", in Stephen Brown and Warren McDougall, eds.,
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Leon Radzinowicz, "The Waltham Black Act: A study of the legislative attitude towards crime in the eighteenth century".
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across the world. Each was given a monopoly of trade to the specified geographical region. The first enterprise was the
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British Library history resources about the Georgian era, featuring collection material and text by Dr. Matthew White.
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Begiato, Joanne. "Between poise and power: embodied manliness in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century British culture."
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1644:. Education was also a priority in England. English institutions expanded rapdly, including the formation of the
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Note: In the twentieth century, the period 1910–1936 was informally called the Georgian Era during the reign of
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but, nevertheless, as rural towns and villages declined and work became scarce there was a huge increase in
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Nicholas Rogers, 'Riot and Popular Jacobitism in Early Hanoverian England', in Eveline Cruickshanks (ed.),
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Trailblazing Women of the Georgian Era: The Eighteenth-Century Struggle for Female Success in a Man's World
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incomplete until around a century later. The 1830s saw important developments such as the emergence of the
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The Georgian period saw continual warfare, with France the primary enemy. Major episodes included the
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679:. The definition of the Georgian era is also often extended to include the relatively short reign of
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31:
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Morris, R. J. (March 1983). "Voluntary Societies and British Urban Elites, 1780–1850: An Analysis".
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The History of England from the Accession of George III to the close of Pitt's first Administration
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2162:) for George III, who had become delusional. This sub-period of the Georgian era is known as the
1847:
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access. This began an internal mass movement of rural poor from the countryside into the cities.
1676:
The British sponsored numerous scientists who made major discoveries in the small laboratories.
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The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607–1755
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was a national disaster. Commentators at home and abroad speculated on the end of Britain as a
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The Edinburgh History of the Book in Scotland, Vol. II: Enlightenment and Expansion, 1707–1800
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Georgian society and its preoccupations were well portrayed in the novels of writers such as
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2271:. King William IV dies on 20 June, ending the Georgian era. He was succeeded by his niece,
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was repealed a year after it had been passed because of widespread opposition and the 1780
1227:
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The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science
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illustrated the changing world of the Georgian period – as did the work of designers like
8:
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1769:, the former of which had itself been established in 1707. This is the beginning of the
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Defining John Bull: political caricature and national identity in late Georgian England
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and overthrow the government. This too was thwarted, with the conspirators executed or
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introduced inoculation against smallpox to Britain, and by 1740 it was in wide usage.
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The American enlightenment: The shaping of the American experiment and a free society
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Chandler, Timothy. "The development of a sporting tradition at Oxbridge, 1800-1860"
2228:. He had been the effective ruler since 1811 as regent for his seriously ill father.
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mobs in protest against the Hanoverian succession and which included attacks on the
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refers to the acknowledgement of the influence of Latin literature from the ancient
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Modes of Discipline: Women, Conservatism, and the Novel after the French Revolution
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Modes of Discipline: Women, Conservatism, and the Novel After the French Revolution
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William Li Parry-Jones, "Asylum for the mentally ill in historical perspective."
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Bultmann, William A. "Early Hanoverian England (1714–60): Some Recent Writings."
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The creation of the modern world: the untold story of the British Enlightenment
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O'Brien, Patrick K. "The political economy of British taxation, 1660‐1815", in
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2475:(1988) vol 19 pp:1-29. Emergence of cricket and rowing at Cambridge and Oxford.
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set up in 1555 to trade with Russia. Other prominent enterprises included the
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is not applied to the time of the two 20th-century British kings of this name,
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It was a time of immense social change in Britain, with the beginnings of the
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destroyed and damaged machinery in the industrial north-west of England. The
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in Birmingham, the mob targeted Dissenters, including the prominent Radical
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a largely new Second British Empire. That new empire flourished during the
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3386:, ref. NPG 1075a, National Portrait Gallery, London, accessed February 2010
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The History of England From The Accession of Anne To The Death of George II
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Eliga H. Gould, "American independence and Britain's counter-revolution",
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Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939
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Gould, Eliga H. "American independence and Britain's counter-revolution",
2421:
The Loyal Atlantic: Remaking the British Atlantic in the Revolutionary Era
1013:(which became the United States during the period) and other parts of the
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The flowering of the arts was most vividly shown in the emergence of the
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Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966
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is put into place by the British Parliament. This act brought about the
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O'Gorman, Frank. "The Recent Historiography of the Hanoverian Regime."
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The expansion of empire in Asia was primarily the work of the British
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111:
101:
53:
3413:
2967:
Aleksandr Georgievich, and David Minaevich Gamezardashvili Baramidze,
2841:
Snyder, Henry L. "Early Georgian England", in Richard Schlatter, ed.,
2683:
Thomas, Peter D. G. (1985). "George III and the American Revolution".
5240:
5148:
1936:
1491:
1169:
1035:
887:
742:
676:
137:
106:
3668:
Antiquaries: the discovery of the past in eighteenth-century Britain
3568:"Royal Society | British Science, History & Impact | Britannica"
3202:
The forging of the modern state: early industrial Britain, 1783–1872
2615:
The British imperial century, 1815–1914: A world history perspective
1648:, which is the oldest national scientific institution in the world.
1303:, which granted the authorities greater powers to put down rioting.
1096:
5101:
2174:
1524:
1360:, also known as "The Two Penny Trash" to its rivals. The so-called
1300:
870:
Fine examples of distinctive Georgian architecture are Edinburgh's
738:
3605:
Karen O'Brien, "English Enlightenment Histories, 1750–c.1815" in
2347:
700:
is typically used in the contexts of social and political history
4927:
2785:(2008) 783pp; wide-ranging survey with emphasis on historiography
2566:
The Enlightened Economy: An Economic History of Britain 1700–1850
1891:
grants Britain domain over vast new territories around the world.
1655:
Voltaire or Rousseau. Indeed, its leading intellectuals, such as
1377:
1369:
2137:, partly as a result of a twenty-year parliamentary campaign by
683:, which ended with his death in 1837. The subperiod that is the
5223:
3121:
Crisis of Empire: Britain and America in the Eighteenth Century
2462:
The making of modern England, 1783–1867: The age of improvement
1472:
Distinguished Men of Science. Use the cursor to see who is who.
1376:
to London in March 1817 to hand the Government a petition. The
2931:
Ridicule, Religion and the Politics of Wit in Augustan England
2717:
The Age of Unease: government and reform in Britain, 1782–1832
2544:(1905), highly detailed on politics and diplomacy, 1760–1801.
2094:
to avoid poverty and famine or conflict over scarce resources.
1295:, which occurred on the day of George I's coronation, and the
5200:
2494:
Britain before the Reform Act: politics and society 1815–1832
2407:
The savage storm: Britain on the brink in the age of Napoleon
3773:
3032:
The Church of England: the Methodists and society, 1700–1850
2414:
The Church of England: the Methodists and society, 1700–1850
1025:
In England, the evangelical movement inside and outside the
3304:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 173-194.
3171:
G. C. Bolton, "The Founding of the Second British Empire."
3109:. Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press. pp. 42–44.
300:
3543:"The Enlightenment (1650–1800): The English Enlightenment"
1319:
removed some of their legal disabilities. During the 1791
287:
3339:
Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia
3289:
Ideology and Conspiracy: Aspects of Jacobitism, 1689–1759
3160:
Captain Cook and the Pacific: art, exploration and empire
2582:
Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia
1020:
3728:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
3470:
A Hotbed of Genius: The Scottish Enlightenment 1731–1790
3011:
2521:
Bury the Chains, The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery
2106:
comes into effect on 1 January, uniting the Kingdoms of
1245:
was a business enterprise that exploded in scandal. The
1137:
brought a sense of triumphalism and political reaction.
3613:. Vol. 3: 1400–1800. OUP Oxford. pp. 518–35.
3606:
1279:
The beginning of the Georgian era witnessed rioting by
3336:
A. J. Graham Cummings and Jack Fruchtman, ed. (1997).
2832:
The Hanoverian Dimension in British History, 1714–1837
2654:
Robson, Eric. "The American Revolution Reconsidered."
2573:
Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785–1820
2558:, highly detailed on politics and diplomacy 1702–1760.
933:
was some of the most popular in England at that time.
3497:"Locating the 1650s in England's Seventeenth Century"
2707:
British History in the Nineteenth Century (1782–1901)
2026:, in October 1781. The French Navy controls the seas.
3274:
Julian Hoppit, "The Myths of the South Sea Bubble",
2845:(Rutgers UP, 1984), pp. 167–196, historiography
2783:
A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846
2761:(1967), comprehensive economic and business history.
2734:
Modern England: from the 18th century to the present
1315:
in London were directed against Catholics after the
1255:
places—even to the king. The future prime minister
4914:
3021:(Johns Hopkins University Press, Fall 2004) p. 101.
2858:), and is sometimes still referred to as such; see
2682:
2511:
A Social and Economic History of Britain: 1760–1950
1991:The main British invasion army under Gen. Burgoyne
3315:A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727–1783
3236:Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind
2910:
3592:Roy Porter, "England" in Alan Charles Kors, ed.,
3376:Engraving after 'Men of Science Living in 1807-8'
2796:; also reprinted in Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed.
1995:; the French increase their aid to the Americans.
1955:begins in the Thirteen Colonies, specifically in
27:Period in British history from 1714 to c. 1830–37
5338:
3317:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 291.
2803:Dixon, Nicholas, "From Georgian to Victorian,"
1971:. King George III is determined to recover them.
3774:British Library Timelines: Sources from History
3468:David Daiches, Peter Jones, Jean Jones, eds.,
2129:became law, making it illegal to engage in the
2047:independence of the original 13 American States
1417:
3696:Nicholas Dixon, "From Georgian to Victorian",
3681:Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists
2890:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–47.
2578:
1262:
3801:
2825:George III, Tyrant Or Constitutional Monarch?
1291:' places of worship. These included the 1714
625:
3711:The English Church in the Eighteenth Century
3483:The Enlightenment: A comprehensive anthology
3441:The Enlightenment: A comprehensive anthology
3302:Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788
3276:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
2775:
2677:Politics and the Press in Hanoverian Britain
2435:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
3815:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2675:Schweizer, Karl W., and Jeremy Black, eds.
2220:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2116:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1835:of 1746, where British troops defeated the
1727:in 1878 argued that the Church of England:
1356:political party published a leaflet called
3808:
3794:
3291:(Edinburgh: John Donald, 1982), pp. 70–88.
3058:Albion's People: English Society 1714–1815
3019:Hair, Authenticity, The Self Made Macaroni
2670:Albion's People: English Society 1714–1815
2446:. "Georges I & II: Limited monarchs."
801:style, which hearkened back to a supposed
745:. Those periods are simply referred to as
632:
618:
52:
3398:"Eminent men of science living in 1807-8"
2663:English radicals and reformers, 1760–1848
2629:English Society in the Eighteenth Century
2455:The Hanoverians: The History of a Dynasty
2419:Bannister, Jerry, and Liam Riordan, eds.
1919:Australia and New Zealand are claimed as
1479:
1104:at the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815
1053:. It reached the upper class through the
3610:The Oxford History of Historical Writing
2872:
2830:Simms, Brendan and Torsten Riotte, eds.
1974:
1821:
1592:
1588:
1413:
1329:
1266:
1221:
1168:
1095:
978:which began the process of intensifying
965:
5352:History of the United Kingdom by period
2083:An Essay on the Principle of Population
1967:The Thirteen Colonies in North America
1671:
785:, characterised by the architecture of
14:
5339:
3069:
2045:Great Britain formally recognises the
1983:shown surrendering at Saratoga in 1777
1038:. It stood alongside the traditional
1021:Evangelical religion and social reform
4913:
3789:
3494:
3395:
3263:A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727
3189:A Land of Liberty?: England 1689–1727
2883:
2800:(Harvard UP, 1966), pp. 181–205.
2152:, begins his nine-year period as the
1865:dies on 25 October, and his grandson
1299:. In response, Parliament passed the
1164:
1144:, especially under the leadership of
3342:. Taylor & Francis. p. 58.
3104:
2979:
2977:
2473:Canadian Journal of History of Sport
2384:Historiography of the United Kingdom
2379:Historiography of the British Empire
1828:An Incident in the Rebellion of 1745
1797:. This party is dominant until 1760.
1745:Upon the death of his second cousin
1702:Queen Charlotte's maternity hospital
3756:Rocque's Map of London Online, 1746
3389:
3369:
2944:"Georgian Definition & Meaning"
2759:England's apprenticeship, 1603–1763
2523:(Basingstoke: Pan Macmillan, 2005).
1959:; all royal officials are expelled.
752:
722:in the period 1700–1740s. The term
24:
2913:"George III King of Great Britain"
2911:John Steven Watson (31 May 2023).
2724:The Reign of George III: 1760–1815
2697:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1985.tb02477.x
2600:; 904pp; short articles by experts
2399:
2014:The British Army in America under
1939:of land and removing the right of
1885:victorious in the Seven Years' War
1680:investigated electricity. Chemist
1334:Life in the streets of London, by
30:For other uses of "Georgian", see
25:
5368:
3749:
3594:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
3045:The age of improvement, 1783–1867
2974:
2661:Royle, Edward, and James Walvin.
2617:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2019).
2428:Year of Waterloo: Britain in 1815
2389:International relations 1648–1814
3657:(2000), pp. 1–12, 36–37, 482–84.
3607:José Rabasa et al. eds. (2012).
3158:John McAleer, and Nigel Rigby,
2346:
2332:
2318:
2304:
2290:
2214:dies on 29 January, and his son
2127:Abolition of the Slave Trade Act
1753:George Louis, Elector of Hanover
1403:
961:
592:Political history (1979–present)
299:
286:
4916:Countries of the United Kingdom
4016:Countries of the United Kingdom
3716:
3703:
3690:
3673:
3660:
3647:
3599:
3586:
3560:
3535:
3488:
3475:
3462:
3446:
3433:
3420:
3356:
3329:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3255:
3242:
3227:
3207:
3194:
3178:
3165:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3098:
3063:
3050:
3037:
2218:, ascends to the throne of the
2177:I of France is defeated by the
4011:Counties of the United Kingdom
3730:(4th ed.). Archived from
3024:
3002:
2961:
2936:
2923:
2904:
2887:Handbook of British Chronology
2768:, (1938), wide-ranging survey
2080:, an Anglican cleric, authors
1791:British parliamentary election
1392:and then move on to storm the
1388:of 1820 sought to blow up the
1309:Jewish Naturalisation Act 1753
955:style that was soon to become
13:
1:
3382:engraved by George Zobel and
3147:Business and Economic History
2866:
2646:England under the Hanoverians
2537:(Taylor & Francis, 2017).
2061:Australia is settled through
1907:, causing much unrest in the
1684:identified hydrogen in 1772.
1503:as well as within Scotland's
982:, and the emergence of rival
936:
653:
597:Social history (1979–present)
382:
369:
355:
342:
282:
4783:Universal basic income (UBI)
2766:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870
2748:The Whig Supremacy 1714–1760
2579:Newman, Gerald, ed. (1997).
2503:(1997) #154 pp. 107–41.
2487:The Georgian Town, 1680–1840
1755:, succeeds as the new King,
1698:Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
565:Post-war Britain (political)
7:
4788:Water supply and sanitation
4487:Weapons of mass destruction
4472:His Majesty's Naval Service
2624:. Revised ed. Hamlyn, 1974.
2423:(U of Toronto Press, 2012).
2362:
2281:
2086:. This work, the origin of
1905:Parliament of Great Britain
1869:, ascends to the throne as
1812:, ascends to the throne as
1736:
1263:Political and social revolt
951:also helped popularise the
812:poets, principally through
47:1714 – 1830 (1837)
10:
5373:
4883:Stereotypes of the British
2971:(The Minerva Group, 2001).
2884:Pryde, E. B., ed. (1996).
2726:(1960), scholarly survey;
2658:(Feb 1952) 3#3 pp 126–132.
1969:declare their independence
1953:American Revolutionary War
1483:
1407:
1079:American Revolutionary War
1073:, known in America as the
886:, the Georgian Quarter of
29:
5298:
5199:
5100:
5048:First Minister and deputy
5013:
4926:
4922:
4909:
4905:
4806:
4646:
4637:
4595:
4512:
4503:
4462:
4403:
4272:
4268:
4259:
4121:
4049:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3921:
3833:
3824:
3278:(1962), 12#1 pp. 141–165.
3084:10.1017/S0018246X00019610
2790:Journal of Modern History
2776:Historiography and memory
2482:(English Heritage, 2011).
1808:dies on 11 June. His son
1712:
1696:was founded in 1721; the
1690:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
1230:in the early 19th century
1226:The subscription room at
1083:French Revolutionary Wars
1064:
797:and the emergence of the
575:Post-war Britain (social)
501:
479:
465:
453:
441:
419:
295:
285:
277:
120:
84:
74:
51:
46:
41:
32:Georgian (disambiguation)
4676:Environmental inequality
3252:(Praeger, 2000), p. 54.
3136:(1997) #154 pp. 107–141.
2814:29#4 (1986): 1005–1020.
2679:(E. Mellon Press, 1989).
2585:. Taylor & Francis.
1362:March of the Blanketeers
957:fashionable at the time.
890:and much of Bristol and
219:William Pitt the Younger
3779:1 February 2010 at the
3513:10.1111/1468-229X.00016
3215:Business history review
3173:Economic History Review
2933:(Ashgate, 2013), ch. 1.
2665:(UP of Kentucky, 1982).
2605:Economic History Review
2150:George, Prince of Wales
2051:Treaty of Paris of 1783
1889:Treaty of Paris of 1763
1867:George, Prince of Wales
1810:George, Prince of Wales
1348:With the ending of the
1087:Irish Rebellion of 1798
1011:North American colonies
999:Agricultural Revolution
814:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
128:George, Prince of Wales
4562:Science and technology
3683:12.10 (1988): 407-410
3670:(A&C Black, 2004).
3396:Smith, HM (May 1941).
3366:(1945). 9#1 pp. 56–81.
3326:Langford, pp. 291-292.
3217:62#3 (1988): 398–419.
3072:The Historical Journal
2807:, (Dec 2010), Issue 68
2641:(Pen and Sword, 2018).
2622:The First Four Georges
2607:(1988) 41#1 pp: 1–32.
2183:The Duke of Wellington
1993:surrenders at Saratoga
1984:
1839:
1605:
1567:Henry Home, Lord Kames
1533:European Enlightenment
1486:Scottish Enlightenment
1480:Scottish Enlightenment
1473:
1386:Cato Street Conspiracy
1358:The Political Register
1338:
1276:
1231:
1177:
1161:which were to follow.
1105:
971:
4539:Free trade agreements
3766:25 April 2015 at the
3700:(Dec 2010), Issue 68.
3495:Hirst, Derek (1996).
3472:(Edinburgh UP, 1986).
3364:Cambridge Law Journal
3265:(2000), pp. 334–338.
3175:19.1 (1966): 195–200.
2754:, wide-ranging survey
2480:Georgian Architecture
2478:Curl, James Stevens.
2257:Slavery Abolition Act
2216:George, Prince Regent
2159:George, Prince Regent
2090:, posited a need for
2078:Thomas Robert Malthus
2035:Battle of the Saintes
1978:
1848:final Jacobite rising
1825:
1600:performing his first
1596:
1589:English Enlightenment
1471:
1408:Further information:
1333:
1270:
1225:
1216:Royal African Company
1195:House of Hohenzollern
1172:
1099:
1075:French and Indian War
1003:transportation system
976:Industrial Revolution
969:
915:Johann Christian Bach
138:George, Prince Regent
60:Georgian architecture
4888:World Heritage Sites
4681:Environmental issues
4385:Female party leaders
4026:Overseas territories
3709:Charles John Abbey,
3456:(2012), pp. 297–309
3426:Adrienne Koch, ed.,
2644:Robertson, Charles.
2613:Parsons, Timothy H.
2437:26 (2016): 125–147.
2412:Armstrong, Anthony.
2374:Early modern Britain
2156:(he became known as
2063:penal transportation
2022:after its defeat in
1672:Science and medicine
1505:ancient universities
1410:Age of Enlightenment
1212:Hudson's Bay Company
1110:13 American Colonies
997:In rural areas, the
822:Percy Bysshe Shelley
805:of building design.
3300:Paul Kleber Monod,
3248:William R. Nester,
3238:(2005), pp. 204–211
3105:Wood, Lisa (2003).
3030:Anthony Armstrong,
2969:Georgian literature
2792:35.1 (1963): 46-61
2740:university textbook
2139:William Wilberforce
1252:market manipulation
1131:Admiral Lord Nelson
1123:Battle of Trafalgar
1047:William Wilberforce
970:18th-century London
884:Newcastle upon Tyne
845:Thomas Gainsborough
707:Augustan literature
337:Prehistoric Britain
4582:Telecommunications
4534:Economic geography
4390:Political scandals
4021:Crown Dependencies
3713:(1878) vol 2 p. 4.
3639:has generic name (
3572:www.britannica.com
3134:Past & Present
3047:(1959), pp. 66–73.
2838:, focus on Hanover
2827:. scholarly essays
2812:Historical Journal
2722:Watson J. Steven.
2575:(Routledge, 2014).
2519:Hochschild, Adam.
2501:Past & Present
2394:The Georgian Group
2267:Transition to the
2187:Battle of Waterloo
2092:population control
2024:Yorktown, Virginia
1985:
1933:Inclosure Act 1773
1852:Battle of Culloden
1850:is crushed at the
1840:
1833:Battle of Culloden
1773:'s reign over the
1706:Middlesex Hospital
1606:
1497:The Select Society
1490:English historian
1474:
1339:
1277:
1232:
1208:East India Company
1178:
1165:The trading nation
1150:Captain James Cook
1142:East India Company
1135:Duke of Wellington
1127:Battle of Waterloo
1106:
972:
941:The height of the
865:landscape designer
818:William Wordsworth
710:is often used for
659:, named after the
254:Duke of Wellington
174:Duke of Devonshire
154:Sir Robert Walpole
5334:
5333:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5285:
4901:
4900:
4633:
4632:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4380:Political parties
4304:Foreign relations
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
3984:
3983:
3961:Mass surveillance
3939:Foreign relations
3872:Second World War
3620:978-0-19-921917-9
3414:10.1021/ed018p203
3349:978-0-8153-0396-1
3162:(Yale UP, 2017).
2897:978-0-521-56350-5
2823:(editor) (1964).
2764:Woodward; E. L.
2757:Wilson, Charles.
2592:978-0-8153-0396-1
2526:Holmes, Richard.
2199:Peterloo Massacre
2179:Seventh Coalition
2104:Act of Union 1800
2065:to the colony of
2020:George Washington
1911:in North America.
1909:Thirteen Colonies
1903:is passed by the
1686:Daniel Rutherford
1563:William Robertson
1543:Francis Hutcheson
1382:Peterloo Massacre
1343:Black Act of 1723
1247:South Sea Company
1228:Lloyd's of London
1176:in the China Seas
1116:. In Europe, the
1085:(1792–1802), the
1081:(1775–1783), the
1077:(1754–1763), the
1027:Church of England
984:political parties
843:The paintings of
767:Samuel Richardson
642:
641:
583:
582:
364:Sub-Roman Britain
311:
310:
307:
306:
169:Duke of Newcastle
16:(Redirected from
5364:
5314:
5307:
5015:Northern Ireland
4924:
4923:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4644:
4643:
4557:
4510:
4509:
4368:House of Commons
4336:Local government
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4176:Renewable energy
4161:hydroelectricity
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3831:
3830:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3734:on 12 March 2008
3720:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3694:
3688:
3677:
3671:
3666:Rosemary Sweet,
3664:
3658:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3624:
3603:
3597:
3596:(2003) 1:409–15.
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3507:(263): 359–383.
3492:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3460:
3450:
3444:
3439:Peter Gay, ed.
3437:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3393:
3387:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3246:
3240:
3231:
3225:
3211:
3205:
3198:
3192:
3191:(2000), p. 344.
3182:
3176:
3169:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3067:
3061:
3060:(1992), ch. 2–6.
3054:
3048:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2989:Oxford Reference
2981:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2940:
2934:
2929:Roger D. Lund,
2927:
2921:
2920:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2881:
2704:Trevelyan, G. M.
2700:
2596:
2571:Mori, Jennifer.
2533:Hunt, Tamara L.
2450:53.2 (2003): 11+
2426:Bates, Stephen.
2405:Andress, David.
2350:
2336:
2322:
2308:
2294:
2069:from 26 January.
1979:British general
1831:, depicting the
1795:House of Commons
1771:House of Hanover
1704:in 1739 and the
1678:Joseph Priestley
1416:
1325:Joseph Priestley
1317:Papists Act 1778
1293:coronation riots
1243:South Sea Bubble
1118:wars with France
1108:The loss of the
1071:Seven Years' War
1036:Methodist Church
861:Capability Brown
753:Arts and culture
702:and architecture
658:
657: 1830–1837
655:
648:was a period in
634:
627:
620:
555:Second World War
545:Interwar Britain
384:
371:
357:
344:
333:
332:
313:
312:
303:
290:
283:
234:Spencer Perceval
214:Duke of Portland
184:George Grenville
56:
39:
38:
21:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5357:Historical eras
5337:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5317:
5310:
5303:
5282:
5195:
5096:
5009:
4918:
4897:
4802:
4758:Public holidays
4738:Life expectancy
4629:
4591:
4571:London Exchange
4567:Stock exchanges
4555:
4554:Pound sterling
4522:Bank of England
4491:
4482:Royal Air Force
4458:
4399:
4331:Law enforcement
4247:
4156:hydraulic frac.
4117:
4098:Lakes and lochs
4045:
4041:Former colonies
3980:
3976:Women's history
3951:Law enforcement
3917:
3863:First World War
3820:
3814:
3781:Wayback Machine
3768:Wayback Machine
3752:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3708:
3704:
3695:
3691:
3678:
3674:
3665:
3661:
3652:
3648:
3636:
3635:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3604:
3600:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3493:
3489:
3481:Peter Gay, ed.
3480:
3476:
3467:
3463:
3451:
3447:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3421:
3394:
3390:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3313:Paul Langford,
3312:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3232:
3228:
3212:
3208:
3204:(1996), p. 31.
3200:Eric J. Evans,
3199:
3195:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3166:
3157:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3131:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3103:
3099:
3068:
3064:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3025:
3017:Amelia Rauser,
3016:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2882:
2873:
2869:
2860:Georgian Poetry
2854:(following the
2794:online in JSTOR
2778:
2744:Williams, Basil
2637:Rendell, Mike.
2593:
2540:Hunt, William.
2457:(2004), 288 pp.
2453:Black, Jeremy.
2402:
2400:Further reading
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2328:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2284:
2245:King William IV
2133:throughout the
2067:New South Wales
2016:Lord Cornwallis
1739:
1720:Oxford Movement
1715:
1682:Henry Cavendish
1674:
1631:Joshua Reynolds
1591:
1531:outlook of the
1523:). Sharing the
1488:
1482:
1470:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1394:Tower of London
1350:War with France
1336:William Hogarth
1321:Priestley Riots
1265:
1204:Muscovy Company
1167:
1125:(1805) and the
1091:Napoleonic Wars
1067:
1023:
1009:to Canada, the
980:class divisions
964:
939:
876:Georgian Dublin
853:J. M. W. Turner
849:Joshua Reynolds
775:Laurence Sterne
755:
716:Augustan poetry
656:
650:British history
638:
602:
601:
588:
535:First World War
330:
321:English history
281:
273:
269:Sir Robert Peel
224:Henry Addington
199:Duke of Grafton
189:Lord Rockingham
159:Lord Wilmington
150:
149:
147:Prime ministers
142:
116:
70:
66:in the city of
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5370:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5316:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5234:First Minister
5231:
5226:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5151:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5142:First Minister
5139:
5134:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5106:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
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5057:
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5025:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
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5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
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4975:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4949:
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4903:
4902:
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4855:
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4755:
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4715:
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4709:
4708:
4703:
4693:
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4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4625:Rail transport
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4601:
4599:
4593:
4592:
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4589:
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4507:
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4492:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4447:Prime Minister
4444:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4395:Shadow Cabinet
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4373:House of Lords
4370:
4360:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4055:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4005:
4003:Administrative
3992:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3947:
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3923:
3919:
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3916:
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3908:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819: articles
3817:United Kingdom
3813:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3771:
3758:
3751:
3750:External links
3748:
3746:
3745:
3715:
3702:
3698:History Review
3689:
3672:
3659:
3646:
3619:
3598:
3585:
3574:. 29 June 2024
3559:
3534:
3487:
3485:(1973), p. 14.
3474:
3461:
3445:
3443:(1973), p. 15.
3432:
3419:
3388:
3384:William Walker
3368:
3355:
3348:
3328:
3319:
3306:
3293:
3280:
3267:
3254:
3241:
3226:
3206:
3193:
3177:
3164:
3151:
3149:(1994): 52–61.
3138:
3125:
3119:Jeremy Black,
3112:
3097:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3023:
3010:
3001:
2973:
2960:
2948:Dictionary.com
2935:
2922:
2903:
2896:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2805:History Review
2801:
2786:
2781:Boyd, Hilton.
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2755:
2752:online edition
2741:
2730:
2720:
2715:Turner, M. J.
2713:
2701:
2691:(228): 16–31.
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2652:
2642:
2635:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2601:
2591:
2576:
2569:
2559:
2550:Leadam, I. S.
2548:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2507:Gregg, Pauline
2504:
2497:
2490:
2485:Ellis, Joyce.
2483:
2476:
2469:
2458:
2451:
2441:
2431:
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2286:
2285:
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2280:
2279:
2278:
2274:Queen Victoria
2265:
2261:
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2254:
2250:
2249:
2234:
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2207:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2135:British Empire
2123:
2119:
2118:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2018:surrenders to
2012:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1854:in April 1746.
1844:
1820:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1714:
1711:
1694:Guy's Hospital
1673:
1670:
1665:Samuel Johnson
1627:Alexander Pope
1611:Joseph Addison
1590:
1587:
1555:Dugald Stewart
1501:The Poker Club
1484:Main article:
1481:
1478:
1405:
1402:
1400:to Australia.
1275:trial, c. 1808
1264:
1261:
1257:Robert Walpole
1191:
1190:
1166:
1163:
1159:Edwardian eras
1129:(1815) under
1102:British Empire
1066:
1063:
1022:
1019:
1015:British Empire
963:
960:
938:
935:
857:John Constable
851:and the young
799:Gothic Revival
771:Henry Fielding
763:Jonathan Swift
754:
751:
728:Roman Republic
720:Augustan prose
712:Augustan drama
640:
639:
637:
636:
629:
622:
614:
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438:
435:
429:
428:
423:
417:
416:
413:
407:
406:
403:
397:
396:
393:
391:Norman/Angevin
387:
386:
380:
374:
373:
366:
360:
359:
353:
347:
346:
339:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
309:
308:
305:
304:
294:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
264:Lord Melbourne
261:
256:
251:
246:
244:George Canning
241:
239:Lord Liverpool
236:
231:
229:Lord Grenville
226:
221:
216:
211:
209:Lord Shelburne
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
145:
144:
143:
141:
140:
135:
133:Queen Caroline
130:
124:
122:
118:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
64:Royal Crescent
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5369:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
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5327:
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5309:
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5279:
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4809:
4805:
4799:
4798:Welfare state
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
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4744:
4743:Mental health
4741:
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4729:
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4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
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4699:
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4697:
4694:
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4689:
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4686:Ethnic groups
4684:
4682:
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4672:
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4610:Bus transport
4608:
4606:
4605:Air transport
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
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4580:
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4549:Manufacturing
4547:
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4453:
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4436:
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4428:
4426:
4425:Civil service
4423:
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4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
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4381:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4351:republicanism
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
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4307:
4305:
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4280:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
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4258:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
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4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:North Sea oil
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
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4142:
4139:
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4120:
4114:
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4109:
4106:
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4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4069:Great Britain
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4059:British Isles
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
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4029:
4027:
4024:
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4019:
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4009:
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4000:
3996:
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3991:
3987:
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3903:
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3897:
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3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:Edwardian era
3856:
3854:
3853:Victorian era
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
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3827:
3823:
3818:
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3706:
3699:
3693:
3686:
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3663:
3656:
3650:
3642:
3637:|author=
3630:
3622:
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3498:
3491:
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3459:
3455:
3449:
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3429:
3423:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3402:J. Chem. Educ
3399:
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3385:
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3377:
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3365:
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3340:
3332:
3323:
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3303:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3233:Max Savelle,
3230:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3185:Julian Hoppit
3181:
3174:
3168:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3108:
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3089:
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3073:
3066:
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3014:
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2907:
2899:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2856:Edwardian Era
2853:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2821:Reitan, E. A.
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2780:
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2708:
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2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
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2678:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2657:
2656:History Today
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2627:Porter, Roy.
2626:
2623:
2620:Plumb, J. H.
2619:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:online review
2594:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2549:
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2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2492:Evans, E. J.
2491:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:Briggs, Asa.
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2448:History Today
2445:
2444:Black, Jeremy
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2403:
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2349:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2313:
2307:
2299:
2293:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2269:Victorian era
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
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2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2108:Great Britain
2105:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:Malthusianism
2085:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:John Burgoyne
1977:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1957:Massachusetts
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:Jacobite Army
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1775:British Crown
1772:
1768:
1764:
1763:Great Britain
1760:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:Charles Abbey
1721:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1657:Edward Gibbon
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:Royal Society
1643:
1642:coffee houses
1639:
1636:According to
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:Edward Gibbon
1612:
1603:
1599:
1598:Edward Jenner
1595:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:John Playfair
1572:
1571:Adam Ferguson
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1477:
1411:
1404:Enlightenment
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1297:riots of 1715
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1174:East Indiaman
1171:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1040:Nonconformist
1037:
1033:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
968:
962:Social change
959:
958:
954:
949:
948:Edward Gibbon
944:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:William Boyce
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:The music of
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:Grainger Town
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:William Blake
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
750:
748:
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740:
736:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:
703:
699:
698:
692:
690:
689:Victorian era
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
652:from 1714 to
651:
647:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
616:
615:
613:
612:
609:
606:
605:
598:
595:
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590:
589:
587:
578:
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572:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
556:
553:
552:
548:
546:
543:
542:
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
526:
525:Edwardian era
523:
522:
518:
516:
515:Victorian era
513:
512:
509:
506:
504:
500:
496:
494:
491:
490:
487:
484:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
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446:
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431:
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409:
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404:
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398:
394:
392:
389:
388:
381:
379:
376:
375:
367:
365:
362:
361:
354:
352:
351:Roman Britain
349:
348:
340:
338:
335:
334:
326:
325:
322:
318:
315:
314:
302:
298:
297:Victorian era
293:
292:Stuart period
289:
284:
280:
276:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
249:Lord Goderich
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
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200:
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187:
185:
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177:
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172:
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167:
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160:
157:
155:
152:
151:
148:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
123:
119:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
55:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5347:Georgian era
5176:Homelessness
4990:Homelessness
4773:Social class
4753:Prostitution
4696:Homelessness
4477:British Army
4309:Human rights
4297:By-elections
4277:Constitution
3848:Georgian era
3847:
3736:. Retrieved
3732:the original
3727:
3718:
3710:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3653:Roy Porter,
3649:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3576:. Retrieved
3571:
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3546:
3537:
3504:
3500:
3490:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3464:
3453:
3448:
3440:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3380:John Gilbert
3371:
3363:
3358:
3338:
3331:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3262:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3235:
3229:
3214:
3209:
3201:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3106:
3100:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3044:
3043:Asa Briggs,
3039:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3013:
3004:
2992:. Retrieved
2988:
2985:"Grand Tour"
2968:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:
2938:
2930:
2925:
2916:
2906:
2886:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2831:
2824:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2789:
2782:
2765:
2758:
2747:
2733:
2732:Webb, R. K.
2723:
2716:
2706:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2669:
2668:Rule. John.
2662:
2655:
2645:
2638:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2604:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2551:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2510:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2272:
2243:
2236:
2223:
2215:
2209:
2157:
2149:
2081:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1826:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1716:
1675:
1661:Edmund Burke
1650:
1635:
1623:Isaac Newton
1607:
1583:James Hutton
1579:Joseph Black
1499:and, later,
1489:
1475:
1357:
1347:
1340:
1313:Gordon Riots
1305:
1278:
1240:
1235:Mercantilism
1233:
1192:
1182:Daniel Defoe
1179:
1146:Robert Clive
1139:
1107:
1068:
1058:
1055:Clapham Sect
1044:
1024:
996:
973:
940:
896:
869:
842:
838:Robert Burns
807:
779:Mary Shelley
759:Daniel Defoe
756:
746:
735:Georgian era
734:
732:
723:
705:
704:. The term
695:
693:
646:Georgian era
645:
643:
585:
507:
493:Georgian era
492:
485:
473:
459:
447:
425:
278:
194:Lord Chatham
164:Henry Pelham
42:Georgian era
36:
18:Georgian Era
5263:Health care
5171:Health care
5077:Health care
4985:Health care
4893:Anglosphere
4768:Social care
4723:Immigration
4666:Drug policy
4430:Departments
4358:Nationality
4131:Agriculture
4064:terminology
4031:City status
3902:Since 1979
3552:18 December
3056:John Rule,
2562:Mokyr, Joel
2369:Bloody Code
2164:Regency era
2131:slave trade
1941:common land
1883:Britain is
1638:Derek Hirst
1602:vaccination
1559:Thomas Reid
1529:rationalist
1398:transported
1372:march from
1285:High Church
1210:, and the
1114:great power
1051:Hannah More
1032:John Wesley
931:Mendelssohn
795:James Wyatt
787:Robert Adam
783:Jane Austen
685:Regency era
503:Regency era
481:Restoration
468:Interregnum
421:Elizabethan
401:Plantagenet
378:Anglo-Saxon
372:7th century
79:Regency era
5341:Categories
5229:Government
5137:Government
5132:Parliament
4848:Literature
4728:Innovation
4661:Demography
4556:(currency)
4405:Government
4363:Parliament
4287:Devolution
4282:Corruption
4217:Materials
4151:geothermal
3835:Chronology
3724:"Georgian"
3547:SparkNotes
3408:(5): 203.
2917:Britannica
2867:References
2354:William IV
2326:George III
2211:George III
1872:George III
1787:Whig Party
1748:Queen Anne
1652:Roy Porter
1619:John Locke
1551:Adam Smith
1547:David Hume
1538:empiricism
1509:St Andrews
1374:Manchester
1289:Dissenters
1273:Old Bailey
1199:Royal Navy
1089:, and the
1007:emigration
943:Grand Tour
937:Grand Tour
899:John Field
834:Lord Byron
830:John Keats
803:golden age
681:William IV
673:George III
661:Hanoverian
497:1714–1837
437:1603–1714
415:1485–1603
279:Chronology
204:Lord North
112:William IV
102:George III
85:Monarch(s)
5258:Education
5214:Geography
5166:Education
5122:Geography
5072:Education
5043:Executive
5028:Geography
4980:Education
4953:Geography
4733:Languages
4671:Education
4597:Transport
4435:Ministers
4321:Judiciary
4292:Elections
4232:Wildlife
4141:biodiesel
4123:Resources
4113:Volcanoes
4103:Mountains
4088:Coastline
3990:Geography
3944:1814–1919
3906:political
3891:political
3843:Formation
3761:Georgians
3629:cite book
3578:21 August
3521:0018-2648
3123:(2010).
3092:162351383
3078:(1): 99.
2340:George IV
2312:George II
2238:George IV
2225:George IV
2114:into the
1937:enclosure
1923:colonies.
1916:1769–1770
1901:Stamp Act
1863:George II
1815:George II
1789:wins the
1700:in 1729;
1517:Edinburgh
1492:Peter Gay
1184:boasted:
1155:Victorian
986:like the
927:Beethoven
888:Liverpool
791:John Nash
743:George VI
733:The term
694:The term
677:George IV
669:George II
579:1945–1979
569:1945–1979
559:1939–1945
549:1919–1939
539:1914–1918
529:1901–1914
519:1837–1901
508:1811–1820
486:1660–1714
474:1649–1660
460:1625–1649
448:1603–1625
426:1558–1603
405:1216–1485
395:1066–1216
259:Lord Grey
179:Lord Bute
121:Leader(s)
107:George IV
97:George II
75:Including
5321:Category
5273:Religion
5219:Politics
5186:Religion
5127:Politics
5115:timeline
5102:Scotland
5087:Religion
5038:Assembly
5033:Politics
5000:Religion
4958:Politics
4946:timeline
4863:Religion
4843:Identity
4706:Scotland
4651:Cannabis
4577:Taxation
4464:Military
4346:monarchs
4341:Monarchy
4261:Politics
4221:forestry
4201:Scottish
4192:Fishing
4051:Physical
3971:Taxation
3966:Military
3956:Maritime
3929:Economic
3922:By topic
3887:Postwar
3881:military
3876:civilian
3868:Interwar
3777:Archived
3764:Archived
3529:24423269
3261:Hoppit,
2852:George V
2609:in JSTOR
2363:See also
2298:George I
2282:Monarchs
2175:Napoleon
1806:George I
1793:for the
1758:George I
1737:Timeline
1525:humanist
1521:Aberdeen
1378:Luddites
1366:spinners
1364:saw 400
1301:Riot Act
1281:Jacobite
1189:people."
1133:and the
953:macaroni
911:Clementi
872:New Town
810:Romantic
747:Georgian
739:George V
724:Augustan
697:Georgian
665:George I
608:Timeline
586:See also
455:Caroline
443:Jacobean
385:449–1066
92:George I
5305:Outline
5278:Symbols
5268:Culture
5251:tourism
5246:Economy
5209:History
5191:Symbols
5181:Culture
5159:tourism
5154:Economy
5110:History
5092:Symbols
5082:Culture
5065:tourism
5060:Economy
5023:History
5005:Symbols
4995:Culture
4973:tourism
4968:Economy
4936:History
4928:England
4878:Theatre
4873:Symbols
4831:Cuisine
4808:Culture
4778:Suicide
4748:Poverty
4713:Housing
4701:England
4639:Society
4615:Driving
4587:Tourism
4505:Economy
4413:Cabinet
4213:Hunting
4196:English
4093:Geology
4076:Climate
3826:History
3501:History
3430:(1965).
3223:3115542
3034:(1973).
2834:(2009)
2750:(1939)
2736:(1968)
2709:(1901)
2685:History
2648:(1911)
2633:excerpt
2631:(1991)
2568:(2010).
2554:(1912)
2530:(2009).
2513:(1950)
2496:(1989).
2489:(2001).
2464:(1959)
2430:(2015).
2416:(1973).
2409:(2012).
2201:occurs.
2185:at the
2112:Ireland
2110:and of
2049:in the
1921:British
1767:Ireland
1604:in 1796
1513:Glasgow
1390:Cabinet
1370:weavers
1354:Radical
317:Periods
62:of the
5326:Portal
5224:Senedd
4941:social
4826:Cinema
4821:Anthem
4763:Racism
4718:Hunger
4691:Health
4544:Income
4529:Budget
4226:mining
4166:marine
4136:Energy
4108:Rivers
4081:change
3934:Empire
3911:social
3896:social
3738:4 July
3685:online
3617:
3527:
3519:
3458:online
3346:
3221:
3090:
2994:20 May
2953:13 May
2894:
2836:online
2816:online
2770:online
2738:online
2728:online
2719:(2000)
2711:online
2672:(1992)
2650:online
2589:
2556:online
2546:online
2515:online
2466:online
2439:Online
2181:under
2154:regent
2004:France
1887:. The
1732:state.
1713:Ending
1065:Empire
992:Tories
923:Mozart
903:Handel
863:, the
847:, Sir
663:kings
433:Stuart
358:43–410
341:until
329:
5312:Index
5201:Wales
4868:Sport
4858:Music
4853:Media
4793:Waste
4656:Crime
4620:Roads
4517:Banks
4241:flora
4236:fauna
4206:Welsh
4181:solar
4036:Towns
3525:JSTOR
3219:JSTOR
3088:S2CID
1761:, of
988:Whigs
907:Haydn
411:Tudor
345:43 AD
4836:Wine
4452:list
4440:list
4418:list
4314:LGBT
4186:wind
4146:coal
3740:2008
3641:help
3615:ISBN
3580:2024
3554:2023
3517:ISSN
3344:ISBN
2996:2022
2955:2022
2892:ISBN
2587:ISBN
2264:1837
2253:1833
2233:1830
2206:1820
2197:The
2194:1819
2171:1815
2146:1811
2125:The
2122:1807
2102:The
2099:1801
2074:1789
2058:1788
2042:1783
2031:1782
2011:1781
2000:1778
1988:1777
1964:1776
1951:The
1948:1775
1931:The
1928:1773
1899:The
1896:1765
1880:1763
1859:1760
1846:The
1843:1745
1802:1727
1785:The
1782:1715
1765:and
1742:1714
1663:and
1629:and
1581:and
1527:and
1519:and
1368:and
1341:The
1283:and
1157:and
1100:The
1049:and
990:and
929:and
892:Bath
855:and
836:and
793:and
781:and
741:and
718:and
675:and
644:The
368:410-
68:Bath
58:The
5241:Law
5149:Law
5055:Law
4963:Law
4816:Art
4326:Law
3509:doi
3410:doi
3080:doi
2693:doi
2222:as
1271:An
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