Gentrification - Knowledge

1404:. When the poor lived in the close suburbs, their problems were very visible to the wealthy population. But the periurban population and its problem is mainly "invisible" from recent presidential campaign promises. These people have labelled themselves "les invisibles". Many of them fled both rising costs in Paris and nearby suburbs with an insecure and ugly environment to live in small houses in the countryside but close to the city. But they did not factor in the huge financial and human cost of having up to four hours of transportation every day. Since then, a lot has been invested in the close suburbs (with new public transports set to open and urban renewal programs) they fled, but almost nobody cares of these "invisible" plots of land. Since the close suburbs are now mostly inhabited by immigrants, these people have a strong resentment against immigration: They feel everything is done for new immigrants but nothing for the native French population. 444:

move out of the neighborhood. Although there is evidence showing gentrification may modestly raise real estate prices, other studies claim that lower crime and an improved local economy outweigh the increased housing costs—displacement tends to decrease in gentrifying areas such as these as a result. A 2016 study found "that vulnerable residents, those with low credit scores and without mortgages, are generally no more likely to move from gentrifying neighborhoods compared with their counterparts in nongentrifying neighborhoods." A 2019 study which followed children from low-income families in New York found no evidence that gentrification was associated with changes in mobility rates. The study also found "that children who start out in a gentrifying area experience larger improvements in some aspects of their residential environment than their counterparts who start out in persistently low-socioeconomic status areas."

1516:) were occurring, which caused scholars to ignore the subject of gentrification due to the normality of the process. Additionally, Kotze and Visser found that as state-run programs and private redevelopment programs began to focus on the pursuit of "global competitiveness" and well-rounded prosperity, it hid the underlying foundations of gentrification under the guise of redevelopment. As a result, the effect is similar to what Teppo and Millstein coins as the pursuit to moralize the narrative to legitimize the benefit to all people. This concurrently created an effect where Visser and Kotze conclude that the perceived gentrification was only the fact that the target market was people commonly associated with gentrification. As Visser and Kotze states, "It appears as if apartheid red-lining on racial grounds has been replaced by a financially exclusive property market that entrenches prosperity and privilege." 502: 1619:. But, the tenants were able to group together to make a strong case to win. Regardless of the outcome, the landlord resorted to turning off both power and water in the building. The tenants then were exhausted out of motivation to fight. One tenant described it as similar to living in a shack which would be the future living space one displaced. Closing, the Teppo and Millstein's research established that gentrification's progress for urban development would coincide with a large displacement of the poorer communities which also excluded them from any benefits to gentrification. The authors state, "The end results are the same in both cases: in the aftermath of the South African negotiated revolution, the elite colonize the urban areas from those who are less privileged, claiming the city for themselves." 2036:(Octavia Hill Association), they were later evicted and it was determined that it would not be possible to renovate these buildings while keeping the price of rent low. An African American woman named Dorothy Miller (née Stroud) became the face of the Octavia Hill Seven, a moniker given to the seven households who resisted the relocation. Philip Price Jr. was a lawyer who joined Miller in the fight for affordable housing. With his leadership, several residents formed an SHCA committee and subsequently a nonprofit organization to consider options for rehabilitation or new construction for Miller and her neighbors. They named their organization Benezet Court, Inc., after an early abolitionist in Philadelphia. Eventually, the organization was able to achieve affordable housing options in the neighborhood. 1224:

top 10%) and because the government, predominantly led by PRI (Partido Revolucionario Institucional), has maintained a profit-oriented policy perspective. Thus, these developments have not only led to an increase of population, traffic and pollution due to inefficient urban planning, but have also pushed great amounts of low-income families to the edges of the city and have challenged the safety of the 11.5 million people that economically depend on the underground sector. This issue adds to the already critical condition of 40% of the population living in informal settlements, often without access to sewage network and clean water. The geology of the city, located in a mountain valley, further contributes to unhealthy living conditions, concentrating high levels of air pollution.

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markets benefited the national financial industry. Currently the fifth largest city in the world, with a population of 21 million inhabitants (17.47% of national population) living in 16 districts and 59 municipalities, the urban area continues to expand receiving 1,100 new residents daily. The division of the city is derived from a strong socially and economically segregated population connected by its interdependence, that manifests into spatial arrangements where luxury areas coexist alongside slums. Its development around a core called "El Zocalo" derives from the historic, cultural and political relevance of a central plaza, as well as its contemporary concentration of economic power, currently housing 80% of all national firms.

581:: If the census tract in a central city had 500 or more residents and at the time of the baseline census had median household income and median home value in the bottom 40th percentile and at the time of the next 10-year census the tract's educational attainment (percentage of residents over age 25 with a bachelor's degree) was in the top 33rd percentile; the median home value, adjusted for inflation, had increased; and the percentage of increase in home values in the tract was in the top 33rd percentile when compared to the increase in other census tracts in the urban area then it was considered to have been gentrified. The method measures the rate of gentrification, not the degree of gentrification; thus, 1534:

belief of gentrification where there is value for architectural heritage as well as urban development. Lastly, Atkinson's study found that the gentrification effects of growth can be accredited to the increase in unique or scarce skills to the municipality which revived interest in the growth of the local area. This gentrification of the area would then negative impact the poorer demographics where the increase in housing would displace and exclude them from receiving benefits. In conclusion, after studying the small town of Aberdeen, Atkinson finds that "Paradoxically, it is possible that gentrification could promote economic growth and employment while simultaneously increasing class inequality."

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practice, social housing does not cater to the poorest segment of the population; most residents of social dwellings are from the low-end of the middle class. As a result, a lot of poor people have been forced to go first to the close suburbs (1970 to 2000) and then more and more to remote "periurban areas" where public transport is almost nonexistent. The close suburbs (Saint-Ouen, Saint Denis, Aubervilliers, ...) are now in the early stages of gentrification although still poor. A lot of high-profile companies offering well-paid jobs have moved near Saint-Denis and new real-estate programs are underway to provide living areas close to the new jobs.

399: 2080: 453: 602:. Therefore, they are willing and able to take the investment risk in the housing market. Often they are single people or young couples without children who lack demand for good schools. Gentrifiers are likely searching for inexpensive housing close to the workplace and often already reside in the inner city, sometimes for educational reasons, and do not want to make the move to suburbia. For this demographic, gentrification is not so much the result of a return to the inner city but is more of a positive action to remain there. 921: 1463:, and retirees. The case of the Bay Islands has been special due to the purchase of land mainly by high-income residents, hotel companies, and foreigners. Making the cost of housing for islanders more expensive and the cost of living has increased extensively, several fishing communities have denounced the increase in the cost of living in historically inhabited communities inhabited by them for generations. This phenomenon has even been seen in how more foreign currencies are used in the area, such as the 1188:(1939–1945), many people moved to the suburbs. The upper and middle classes were fleeing from the working class residents of London, made possible by the modern railway. At the war's end, the great housing demand rendered Barnsbury a place of cheap housing, where most people shared accommodation. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, people moving into the area had to finance house renovations with their money, because banks rarely financed loans for Barnsbury. Moreover, the rehabilitating spark was 660: 688:

to suburban life. They are quintessential city people, and the city is often a functional choice as well, for city life has advantages that include connections to customers and a closer proximity to a downtown art scene, all of which are more likely to be limited in a suburban setting. Ley's research cites a quote from a Vancouver printmaker talking about the importance of inner city life to an artist, that it has, "energy, intensity, hard to specify but hard to do without".

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In addition, rising enrollment of higher-income families in neighborhood schools can result in the political and cultural displacement of long-term residents in school decision-making processes and the loss of Title I funding. Notably, the expansion of school choice (e.g., charter schools, magnet schools, open enrollment policies) have been found to significantly increase the likelihood that college-educated white households gentrify low-income communities of color.

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upset by the lack of community and culture that they once saw in East London. People targeted Cereal Killer Cafe during their protest because of an alleged article in which one of the brothers with ownership of the cafe had said marking up prices was necessary as a business in the area. After the attack on the cafe, users on Twitter were upset that protestors had targeted a small business as the focus of their demonstration, as opposed to a larger one.

649: 537:"School gentrification" is characterized by: (i) increased numbers of middle-class families; (ii) material and physical upgrades (e.g. new programs, educational resources, and infrastructural improvements); (iii) forms of exclusion and/or the marginalization of low-income students and families (e.g. in both enrollment and social relations); and (iv) changes in school culture and climate (e.g. traditions, expectations, and social dynamics). 1607:

sought after, not only for its location but also for its picturesque cobble-streets and narrow avenues. Increasingly, this close-knit community is "facing a slow dissolution of its distinctive character as wealthy outsiders move into the suburb to snap up homes in the City Bowl at cut-rate prices". Inter-community conflict has also arisen as some residents object to the sale of buildings and the resultant eviction of long-term residents.

1300: 8341: 9515: 1196:. As a result, the principal population influx occurred between 1961 and 1975; the UK Census reports that "between the years of 1961 and 1981, owner-occupation increased from 7 to 19 per cent, furnished rentals declined from 14 to 7 per cent, and unfurnished rentals declined from 61 to 6 per cent"; another example of urban gentrification is the super-gentrification, in the 1990s, of the neighboring working-class 9549: 8328: 2103:

public apology followed by a lengthier apology from its founder, Keith Herbert. Ink's public apology deemed the sign a bad joke causing even more outrage on social media. The ad design was created by a Five Points, Denver firm named Cultivator Advertising & Design. The advertising firm responded to the public's dismay by issuing an ill-received social media apology, "An Open Letter to Our Neighbors".

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investment bank in the United Kingdom that purchased 47 buildings and 1,137 homes in East Harlem. News of these protests reached England, Scotland, France and Spain. MJB made a call to action that everyone, internationally, should fight against gentrification. This movement gained international traction and also became known as the International Campaign Against Gentrification in El Barrio.

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serves to divide changing communities. Often this comes at a larger social cost to the original residents of the gentrified area whose displacement is met with little concern from the gentry or the government. Clashes that result in increased police surveillance, for example, would more adversely affect young minorities who are also more likely to be the original residents of the area.

848:, a now predominantly wealthy, LGBTQ+ area—these places only came to be because of the isolation of the gay community. As pushback against a city that did not want them there in the first place, the LGBTQ+ community created enclaves. Another example, Buenos Aires, shows that predominantly LGBTQ+ areas were only able to exist when the government allowed that area to be gentrified. 1173:, is slowly imposing its mark on this Inner London housing market, in a way that differentiates it, and them, from traditional gentrifiers, and from the traditional urban upper classes ... Super-gentrification is quite different from the classical version of gentrification. It's of a higher economic order; you need a much higher salary and bonuses to live in 623:

into urban cities for work, increasing prices in housing as the demand has grown. Additionally, Darren P. Smith finds through his research that college-educated workers moving into the urban areas causes them to settle there and raise children, which eventually contributes to the cost of education in regards to the migration between urban and suburban places.

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in vacancy rates and increase in property value that accompany the process can work to stabilize a previously struggling community, restoring interest in inner-city life as a residential option alongside the suburbs. These changes can create positive feedback as well, encouraging other forms of development of the area that promote general economic growth.

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Arcadia Development Co. was prevented from rezoning a parcel for residential development in an urban setting within the city of Morgan Hill, California. With limitations established in the interest of public welfare, a density restriction was applied solely to Arcadia Development Co.'s parcel of development, excluding any planned residential expansion.

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effort to win historic district designation for the neighborhood, a phenomenon that is often linked to gentrification activity. Gentry can exert a peer influence on neighbors to take action against crime, which can lead to even more price increases in changing neighborhoods when crime rates drop and optimism for the area's future climbs.

1100:, fees, or bribes—thus undermining the rent control law. Many such laws allow "vacancy decontrol", releasing a dwelling from rent control upon the tenant's leaving—resulting in steady losses of rent-controlled housing, ultimately rendering rent control laws ineffective in communities with a high rate of resident turnover. In other cases 1228:

gentrification in Mexico City have been overlooked by the authorities, regarded as an inevitable process and argued to be in some cases nonexistent. In recent years, however, an array of proposals have been developed as a way to continue the gentrification of the city in a way that integrates and respects the rights of all citizens.

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a destination for convenience and growth. While Upper Woodstock was a predominantly white area, Lower Woodstock then received the attention of the mixed middle-income community. This increase in demand for housing gave landlords incentives to raise prices to profit off of the growing wealth in the area. The 400-500% surge in the

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larger gentrification activity. Central business district growth will activate gentrification in the presence of a surplus in the inner city housing market. The 1970s brought the more "widespread" second wave of gentrification, and was sometimes linked to the development of artist communities like SoHo in New York.

1002:. Within the next ten years, some 220 properties were damaged by the campaign. Since the mid-1990s the group has been inactive and Welsh nationalist violence has ceased. In 1989 there was a movement that protested an influx of Swabians to Berlin who were deemed as gentrification drivers. Berlin saw the 2110:

location was vandalized. A window was broken and the words "WHITE COFFEE" among others were spray-painted onto the front of the building. Protest organizers gathered at the coffee shop daily following the controversy. The coffee shop was closed for business the entire holiday weekend following the

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occurred in late 2013 in the San Francisco Bay Area in the United States, protesting against tech shuttle buses that take employees to and from their homes in the Bay Area to workplaces in Silicon Valley. Protestors said the buses were symbolic of the gentrification occurring in the city, rising rent

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Then this progression continues to which Garside finds that an exaggeration as more middle-income groups moved into the area. This emigration resulted in a distinct split between Upper Woodstock and Lower Woodstock. Coupled with the emergence of a strong middle-class in South Africa, Woodstock became

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Canada's unique history and official multiculturalism policy has resulted in a different strain of gentrification than that of the United States. Some gentrification in Toronto has been sparked by the efforts of business improvement associations to market the ethnic communities in which they operate,

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did a study that linked the proportion of employed artists to the rate of inner city gentrification across a number of U.S. cities. Artists will typically accept the risks of rehabilitating deteriorated property, as well as having the time, skill, and ability to carry out these extensive renovations.

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The stereotypical gentrifiers also have shared consumer preferences and favor a largely consumerist culture. This fuels the rapid expansion of trendy restaurant, shopping, and entertainment spheres that often accompany the gentrification process. Holcomb and Beauregard described these groups as those

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Scholars have also identified census indicators that can be used to reveal that gentrification is taking place in a given area, including a drop in the number of children per household, increased education among residents, the number of non-traditional types of households, and a general upwards shift

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A 2019 study in New York, found that gentrification has no impact on rates of asthma or obesity among low-income children. Growing up in gentrifying neighborhoods was associated with moderate increases in being diagnosed with anxiety or depression between ages 9–11 relative to similar children raised

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Housing confers social status, and the changing norms that accompany gentrification translate to a changing social hierarchy. The process of gentrification mixes people of different socioeconomic strata, thereby congregating a variety of expectations and social norms. The change gentrification brings

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A 2018 study found evidence that gentrification displaces renters, but not homeowners. The displacement of low-income rental residents is commonly referenced as a negative aspect of gentrification by its opponents. A 2022 study found evidence that gentrification leads to greater residential mobility.

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definition "the production of space for progressively more affluent users". The second category include Kasman's definition "the reduction of residential and retail space affordable to low-income residents". The final category includes Rose, who describes gentrification as a process "in which members

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as "the transformation of neighborhoods from low value to high value." A real estate encyclopedia defines gentrification as "the process by which central urban neighborhoods that have undergone disinvestments and economic decline experience a reversal, reinvestment, and the in-migration of a well-off

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Hwang discovers factors that can cause neighborhood changes: Households might be more attracted to a neighborhood because of (1) increases in access value, (2) increases in amenity value, or (3) decline in housing prices relative to other neighborhoods. These factors attract investors and eventually

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group in the city known as The Tower, that aimed to highlight issues of gentrification in Hamilton through vandalizing new businesses. On 7 March, The Tower's free community library was vandalized by what the group referred to as "far-right goons". Investigation followed, with arrests related to the

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The third wave of gentrification occurred in most major cities in the late 1990s and was driven by large-scale developments, public-private partnerships, and government policies. Measurement of the rate of gentrification during the period from 1990 to 2010 in 50 U.S. cities showed an increase in the

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was built not far from this area, but Isola remained a distant and low-class area. In the 2000s vigorous efforts to make Isola as a symbolic place of the Milan of the future were carried out and, with this aim, the Porta Garibaldi-Isola districts became attractors for stylists and artists. Moreover,

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for Woodstock thus displaced and excluded the working-class and retired who previously resided in the community. Furthermore, Garside states that the progression of gentrification was accentuated by the fact that most of the previous residents would only be renting their living space. Both Teppo and

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Mexico City has been an iconic example of an extensive metropolitan area since the 14th century when it became the largest city in the American continent. Its continuous population growth and concentration of economic and political power boomed in the 1930s when the country's involvement with global

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is important for women with children where the father does not care equally for the child, because of the proximity to professional childcare. This attracts single parents, specifically single mothers, to the inner-city as opposed to suburban areas where resources are more geographically spread out.

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Women increasingly obtaining higher education as well as higher paying jobs has increased their participation in the labor force, translating to an expansion of women who have greater opportunities to invest. Smith suggests this group "represents a reservoir of potential gentrifiers." The increasing

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Research shows how one reason wealthy, upper-class individuals and families hold some responsibility in the causation of gentrification is due to their social mobility. Wealthier families were more likely to have more financial freedom to move into urban areas, oftentimes choosing to do so for their

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The economic changes that occur as a community goes through gentrification are often favorable for local governments. Affluent gentrifiers expand the local tax base as well as support local shops and businesses, a large part of why the process is frequently alluded to in urban policies. The decrease

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Ink's ad ignited outrage and garnered national attention when a picture of the sign was shared on social media by a prominent Denver writer, Ru Johnson. The picture of the sign quickly went viral accumulating critical comments and negative reviews. Ink! responded to the social media outrage with a

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The missing link is another factor that can be explained by particular, necessary demand forces. In U.S. cities in the time period from 1970 to 1978, growth of the central business district at around 20% did not dictate conditions for gentrification, while growth at or above 33% yielded appreciably

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The first wave came in the 1960s and early 1970s, led by governments trying to reduce the disinvestment that was taking place in inner-city urban areas. Additionally, starting in the 1960s and 1970s, U.S. industry has created a surplus of housing units as construction of new homes has far surpassed

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from the beginning of the 2010s. Huge unemployment (24% in the 1990s) caused by the downfall of the garment industry created both economic and social problems. Moreover, vast majority of industrial and housing facilities had been constructed in the late 19th century and the renovation was neglected

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Generally, Atkinson observes that when looking at scholarly discourse for the gentrification and rapid urbanization of South Africa, the main focus is not on the smaller towns of South Africa. This is a large issue because small towns are magnets for poorer people and repellants for skilled people.

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In recent years, there has been a large uptick in new development in Mexico City, funded by state and private investments. These urban developments have been catered to elite communities mainly because this group economically supports the country (38% of the total national income is produced by the

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character of the community grows, it appeals "not only to committed participants, but also to sporadic consumers," and the rising property values that accompany this migration often lead to the eventual pushing out of the artists that began the movement in the first place. Sharon Zukin's study of

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The identity that residence in the inner city provides is important for the gentrifier, and this is particularly so in the artists' case. Their cultural emancipation from the bourgeois makes the central city an appealing alternative that distances them from the conformity and mundaneness attributed

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Programs and policies designed to attract gentrifying families to historically disinvested schools may have unintended negative consequences, including an unbalanced landscape of influence wherein the voices and priorities of more affluent parents are privileged over those of lower-income families.

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There is also evidence to support that gentrification can strengthen and stabilize when there is a consensus about a community's objectives. Gentrifiers with an organized presence in deteriorated neighborhoods can demand and receive better resources. A characteristic example is a combined community

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Also, other research has shown that low-income families in gentrifying neighborhoods are more likely to be displaced than in non-gentrifying neighborhoods. A common theory has been that as affluent people move into a poorer neighborhood, housing prices increase as a result, causing poorer people to

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In another specific case, Millstein and Teppo discovered that working-class residents would become embattled with their landlords. On Gympie Street, which has been labeled as the most dangerous street in Cape Town, it was home to many of the working-class. But as gentrification occurred, landlords

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tools can be used to recognize and support local business and industries. This can include requiring developers to continue with a current commercial tenant or offering development incentives for keeping existing businesses, as well as creating and maintaining industrial zones. Designing zoning to

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that should be taken advantage of: streets, public transportation, and other urban facilities. Furthermore, the changed perception of the central city that is encouraged by gentrification can be healthy for resource-deprived communities who have previously been largely ignored. Gentrifiers provide

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economy experienced a service revolution, which created white-collar jobs and larger opportunities for women in the work force, as well as an expansion in the importance of centralized administrative and cooperate activities. This increased the demand for inner city residences, which were readily

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Then, by surveying the recent newcomers to the area, Atkinson's research found that there is confidence for local economic growth which further indicated shifts to middle-class values, therefore, gentrification. This research also demonstrated growth in "modernizers" which demonstrate the general

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neighborhood. The second view is the wider view is suggested by Visser and Kotze which views gentrification with inclusions of rural locations, infill housing, and luxury residency development. While Kotze and Visser find that gentrification has been under a provocative lens by media all over the

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Jackelyn Hwang and Jeffrey Lin have supported in their research that another reason for the influx of upper-class individuals to urban areas is due to the "increase in demand for college-educated workers". It is because of this demand that wealthier individuals with college degrees needed to move

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In Chicago, among neighborhood public schools located in areas that did undergo gentrification, one study found that schools experience no aggregate academic benefit from the socioeconomic changes occurring around them, despite improvements in other public services such street repair, sanitation,

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by income, education, household composition, and race. It conveys a social rise that brings new standards in consumption, particularly in the form of excess and superfluity, to the area that were not held by the pre-existing residents. These differing norms can lead to conflict, which potentially

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was attacked by a large group of anti-gentrification protestors. These protestors carried with them a pig's head and torches, stating that they were tired of unaffordable luxury flats going into their neighborhoods. These protestors were alleged to be primarily "middle-class academics", who were

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From a market standpoint, there are two main requirements that are met by the U.S. cities that undergo substantial effects of gentrification. These are: an excess supply of deteriorated housing in central areas, as well as a considerable growth in the availability of professional jobs located in

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community. These descendants of artisans and political captives, brought to the Cape as early as the 18th century as slaves and indentured workers, were housed in small barrack-like abodes on what used to be the outskirts of town. As the city limits increased, property in the Bo-Kaap became very

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Most major metropolises in France follow the same pattern with a belt of periurban development about 30 to 80 kilometers of the center where a lot of poor people moved in and are now trapped by rising fuel costs. These communities have been disrupted by the arrival of new people and already

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neighbourhood in the city's lower town was previously predominantly working class and had gone through a period of decline. However, since the early to mid 2000s, the area has seen the transformation of the derelict buildings into condos and the opening of bars, restaurants and cafes, attracting

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Society Hill, one of the oldest neighborhoods in Philadelphia, PA, was designated for urban renewal in the late 1950s. This urban renewal called for renovations of buildings that were home to families of color. While it was initially promised that the families would not have to leave by the OHA

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of the area, Atkinson finds that there is clear dependence on state-programs which leads to further development and growth of the area, this multiplier of the economy would present a benefit of gentrification. The author then attributes the positive growth with the benefits in gentrification by

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In Paris, most poor neighborhoods in the east have seen rising prices and the arrival of many wealthy residents. However, the process is mitigated by social housing and most cities tend to favor a "social mix"; that is, having both low and high-income residents in the same neighborhoods. But in

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regulations. Rent control restricts the rent that can be charged, so that incumbent tenants are not forced out by rising rents. If applicable to private landlords, it is a disincentive to speculating with property values, reduces the incidence of dwellings left empty, and limits availability of

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restrictions, rezoning for residential development within urban living areas is difficult, which forces the builder and the market into urban sprawl and propagates the energy inefficiencies that come with distance from urban centers. In a recent example of restrictive urban zoning requirements,

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A 2024 study found that adding high-density mixed-income developments to low-income neighborhoods in London, United Kingdom, led to improved educational outcomes for the children who were already living in the neighborhood. The plausible mechanism for this effect is that incumbent students were

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of an individual's neighborhood will shape one's behavior and future. These studies have prompted "social mix policies" to be widely adopted by governments to promote the process and its positive effects, such as lessening the strain on public resources that are associated with de-concentrating

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The Movement for Justice in El Barrio is an immigrant-led, organized group of tenants who resist against gentrification in East Harlem, New York. This movement has 954 members and 95 building communities. On 8 April 2006, the MJB gathered people to protest in the New York City Hall against an

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Generally in Honduras the phenomenon of gentrification had not been so widespread because it had been a nation with a less developed economy than other countries in the Latin American region, however this phenomenon has begun to grow exponentially in the last decade. The main areas where the

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German (speaking) municipalities have a strong legal role in zoning and on the real estate market in general and a long tradition of integrating social aspects in planning schemes and building regulations. The German approach uses en (milieu conservation municipal law), e.g. in Munich's Lehel

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Gentrification has been described as a natural cycle: the well-to-do prefer to live in the newest housing stock. Each decade of a city's growth, a new ring of housing is built. When the housing at the center has reached the end of its useful life and becomes cheap, the well-to-do gentrify the

1157:. "London is being 'made over' by an urban centred middle class. In the post war era, upwardly mobile social classes tended to leave the city. Now, led by a new middle class, they are reconstructing much of inner London as a place both in which to work and live" (Butler, 1999, p. 77). 1580:. For generations, these groups lived in this area characterizing it be a working-class neighborhood. But as the times changed and restrictions were relaxed, Teppo and Millstein observes that the community became more and more "gray" as in a combination between white and mixed communities. 521:

Economic pressure and market price changes relate to the speed of gentrification. English-speaking countries have a higher number of property owners and a higher mobility. German speaking countries provide a higher share of rented property and have a much stronger role of municipalities,

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Rehabilitation movements have been largely successful at restoring the plentiful supply of old and deteriorated housing that is readily available in inner cities. This rehabilitation can be seen as a superior alternative to expansion, for the location of the central city offers an intact

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report that "the term 'gentrification' is both imprecise and quite politically charged", suggesting its redefinition as "the process by which higher income households displace lower income residents of a neighborhood, changing the essential character and flavour of that neighborhood", so

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The reality currently faced by the city is that of a historic rapid urban growth that has been unable to be adequately controlled and planned for, because of a corrupted and economically driven government, as well as a complex society that is strongly segregated. The negative effects of

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led some long-term neighborhood residents to create what they called the "Mission Yuppie Eradication Project". This group allegedly destroyed property and called for property destruction as part of a strategy to oppose gentrification. Their activities drew hostile responses from the

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the rate of national household growth. However, the market forces that are dictated by an excess supply cannot fully explain the geographical specificity of gentrification in the U.S., for there are many large cities that meet this requirement and have not exhibited gentrification.

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This is often deemed as "marginal gentrification", for the city can offer an easier solution to combining paid and unpaid labor. Inner city concentration increases the efficiency of commodities parents need by minimizing time constraints among multiple jobs, childcare, and markets.

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of existing research, gentrification in the United States has led to a short-term reduction in crime in gentrifying neighborhoods. However, it noted that there is little evidence for more long-term impacts and that gentrification in some cases widens crime-related disparities.

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Just as critical to the gentrification process as creating a favorable environment is the availability of the 'gentry,' or those who will be first-stage gentrifiers. The typical gentrifiers are affluent and have professional-level, service industry jobs, many of which involve

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have expired, and have become elegant, expensive residences ... Once this process of 'gentrification' starts in a district it goes on rapidly, until all or most of the original working-class occupiers are displaced and the whole social character of the district is

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concept in English speaking countries; there are few reports qualifying its effective or ineffective limitation of gentrification in the English literature. The basis of inclusionary zoning is partial replacement as opposed to displacement of the embedded communities.

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Home ownership is a significant variable when it comes to economic impacts of gentrification. People who own their homes are much more able to gain financial benefits of gentrification than those who rent their houses and can be displaced without much compensation.

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poverty. However, more specific research has shown that gentrification does not necessarily correlate with "social mixing", and that the effects of the new composition of a gentrified neighborhood can both weaken as well as strengthen community cohesion.

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Some have argued that the counterculture movement in the 1960s created disdain for the "standardization of look-alike suburbs", prompting people to live in urban areas. Others argue that a desire to live near cultural attractions prompts gentrification.

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cooperatives, guilds and unions offering low-price-housing. The effect is a lower speed of gentrification and a broader social mix. Gerhard Hard sees gentrification as a typical 1970s term with more visibility in public discourse than actual migration.

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in non-gentrifying areas. The effects of gentrification on mental health were most prominent for children living in market-rate (rather than subsidized) housing, which lead the authors of the study to suggest financial stress as a possible mechanism.

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period, the second wave occurred during and after the 2000s. Both of these trends of gentrification has been analyzed and reviewed by scholars in different lenses. One view which Atkinson uses is that gentrification is purely the reflection of

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to make rental income until the desired price in the housing market for selling off the properties was reached (so that the rooming houses could be replaced with high income-oriented new housing)—a gentrification process called "blockbusting".

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central business districts. These conditions have been met in the U.S. largely as a result of suburbanization and other postindustrial phenomena. There have been three chronological waves of gentrification in the U.S. starting from the 1960s.

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tends to cause volatility in property values, removing real estate (houses, buildings, land) from the open market freezes property values, and thereby prevents the economic eviction of the community's poorer residents. The most common, formal

986:. They were formed in response to the housing crisis precipitated by large numbers of second homes being bought by the English which had increased house prices beyond the means of many locals. The group were responsible for setting fire to 525:

A 2017 study found that gentrification leads to job gains overall, but that there are job losses in proximate locations, but job gains further away. A 2014 study found that gentrification led to job gains in the gentrifying neighborhood.

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Ironically, these attributes that make artists characteristic marginal gentrifiers form the same foundations for their isolation as the gentrification process matures. The later stages of the process generate an influx of more affluent,

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has also accelerated this phenomenon in the city as they are centers with an expensive level of rental. As for San Pedro Sula, this phenomenon is seen more in the Los Andes neighborhood has been accomodated for this kind of travelers.

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lived until his election in 1997. The conversion of older houses into flats emerged in the 1980s as developers saw the profits to be made. By the end of the 1980s, conversions were the single largest source of new dwellings in London.

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Wealthier people (e.g. private sector managers) move in and real estate prices increase significantly. By this stage, high prices have excluded traditional residents and most of the types of people who arrived in stage 1 & 2.

423:

The US CDC states that gentrification "has the potential to cause displacement of long-time residents and businesses ... when long-time or original neighborhood residents move from a gentrified area because of higher rents,

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housing for new residents. If the law does not restrict the rent charged for dwellings that come onto the rental market (formerly owner-occupied or new build), rents in an area can still increase. Neighborhoods in southwestern

218:

Scholars and pundits have applied a variety of definitions to gentrification since 1964, some oriented around gentrifiers, others oriented around the displaced, and some a combination of both. The first category include the

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An interesting find from research on those who participate and initiate the gentrification process, the "marginal gentrifiers" as referred to by Tim Butler, is that they become marginalized by the expansion of the process.

7429:—Sociological study of newcomers' attitudes toward preserving community character based on fieldwork in the Chicago neighborhoods of Andersonville and Argyle; as well as in Dresden, Maine, and Provincetown, Massachusetts. 290:

style of life, they move to urban areas, in particular to homes near public transit stations. The increase in professional jobs in the central business district has increased demand for living in urban areas according to

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Posey-Maddox, Linn; Kimelberg, Shelley McDonough; Cucchiara, Maia (April 2014). "Middle-Class Parents and Urban Public Schools: Current Research and Future Directions: Middle-Class Parents and Urban Public Schools".

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Gentrification can promote neighborhood revitalization and desegregation. Because of this, a gentrification-as-integration model has been supported to stop population loss, and to rebuild low-income neighborhoods.

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In smaller cities, the suburbs are still the principal place where people live and the center is more and more akin to a commercial estate where a lot of commercial activities take place but where few people live.

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allow new housing near to a commercial corridor but not on top of it increases foot traffic to local businesses without redeveloping them. Businesses can become more stable by securing long-term commercial leases.

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in the East Cape. Also as previously mentioned, Atkinson finds that this area has shown signs of gentrification. This is due to redevelopment which indicates clearly the reflection of middle-class values. In this

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available cheaply after much of the movement towards central city abandonment of the 1950s. The coupling of these movements is what became the trigger for the expansive gentrification of U.S. cities, including

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Herzer, Hilda; Di Virgilio, María Mercedes; Rodríguez, María Carla (2015). "Gentrification in Buenos Aires: global trends and local features". In Lees, Loretta; Shin, Hyun Bang; López-Morales, Ernesto (eds.).

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policing, and firefighting. The lack of gentrification-related benefits to schools may be related to the finding that white gentrifiers often do not enroll their children in local neighborhood public schools.

77:

The gentrification process is typically the result of increasing attraction to an area by people with higher incomes spilling over from neighboring cities, towns, or neighborhoods. Further steps are increased

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number of highly educated women play into this theory, given that residence in the inner city can give women access to the well-paying jobs and networking, something that is becoming increasingly common.

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young professionals into the area, but kicking out the residents from many generations back. Several software developers and gaming companies, such as Ubisoft and Beenox, have also opened offices there.

5616: 1181:). Rising housing prices due to gentrification within London have led to a doubling of evictions done by private landlords and to a long-term decline in home ownership from the years 2003–2020. 575:

Whether gentrification has occurred in a census tract in an urban area in the United States during a particular 10-year period between censuses can be determined by a method used in a study by

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The Fair Housing Act can be used as litigation against gentrification because the urban development process of higher-income individuals into lower-income neighborhoods leads to displacement.

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A 2016 study found that residents who stay in gentrifying neighborhoods go onto obtain higher credit scores whereas residents who leave gentrifying neighborhoods obtain lower credit scores.

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the political effectiveness needed to draw more government funding towards physical and social area improvements, while improving the overall quality of life by providing a larger tax base.

59:") and investment. There is no agreed-upon definition of gentrification. In public discourse, it has been used to describe a wide array of phenomena, sometimes in a pejorative connotation. 1658:. Despite its position, this area has been for a long time considered as a suburb since it has been an isolated part of the city, due to the physical barriers such as the railways and the 1470:

As for the urban centers of the country, Teguciglapa has seen the rehabilitation of old wealthy buildings in the historic center for the so-called Digital Nomads. The construction of nerw

1030:

Although developers may recognize value in responding to living patterns, extensive zoning policies often prevent affordable homes from being constructed within urban development. Due to

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While much of this information may be true, the LGBTQ+ community felt the need to create their own communities in racial minority dominated areas because of the oppression they faced in

2114:

At least 200 people attended a protest and boycott event on 25 November 2017 outside of ink!'s Five Points location. News of the controversy was covered by media outlets worldwide.

74:

composition and potential displacement of incumbent residents. Gentrification is more likely when there is an undersupply of housing and rising home values in a metropolitan area.

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neighborhood. The sign said "Happily gentrifying the neighborhood since 2014" on one side and "Nothing says gentrification like being able to order a cortado" on the other side.

436:. It often shifts a neighborhood's characteristics, e.g., racial-ethnic composition and household income, by adding new stores and resources in previously run-down neighborhoods. 2606: 6334: 5477:

Badyina, A.; Golubchikov, O. (2005). "Gentrification in central Moscow: A market process or a deliberate policy? Money, power and people in housing regeneration in Osozhenka".

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Upper-middle-class professionals, often politically liberal-progressive (e.g. teachers, journalists, librarians), are attracted by the vibrancy created by the first arrivals.

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authorities rebuilt the industrial district into the New City Center. This included re-purposing buildings including the former electrical power and heating station into the

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Are revitalizing actions with respect to public spaces contributing to the gentrification process? Some preliminary results on the socioresidential dynamic of three cities

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world, South Africa's gentrification process was harder to identify because of the need to differentiate between gentrification and the change of conditions from the

1128:'s gentrification; however, the laws protected few apartments, and confounding factors, such as a strong economy, had already been raising housing and rental prices. 5885: 5760: 1916:

rate of gentrification from 9% in the decade of the 1990s to 20% in the decade from 2000 to 2010 with 8% of the urban neighborhoods in the 50 cities being affected.

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Cucchiara, M. (2013). Marketing Schools, Marketing Cities: Who wins and who loses when schools become urban amenities. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

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from 1979 to the mid-1990s. In the first wave of attacks, eight holiday homes were destroyed in a month, and in 1980, Welsh Police carried out a series of raids in

4353: 3561:

Pearman, Francis A.; Swain, Walker A. (July 2017). "School Choice, Gentrification, and the Variable Significance of Racial Stratification in Urban Neighborhoods".

2155:

Gentrification has been called the savior of cities from urban crisis because it has led to urban revitalization, which promotes the economy of struggling cities.

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through non-payment clauses. One landlord who bought a building cheaply from an auction, immediately raised the rental price which would then proceed to court for

1508:

Furthermore, the authors note that the pre-conditions for gentrification where events like tertiary decentralization (suburbanization of the service industry) and

1419:). This electorate voted overwhelmingly in favor of Marine Le Pen and Sarkozy while the city centers and close suburbs voted overwhelmingly for François Hollande. 619:

work. At the same time, in these urban areas the lower-income population is decreasing due to an increase in the elderly population as well as demographic change.

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themselves to develop the necessary socio-political strategies required to retain local affordable housing. The gentrification of a mixed-income community raises

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distinguishing it from the different socio-economic process of "neighborhood (or urban) revitalization", although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably.

5624: 2083:

Clean up effort by the City of Denver at ink! Coffee in Five Points, Denver. The coffee shop was vandalized following the debut of a controversial ad campaign.

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Artists, writers, musicians, affluent college students, LGBT, hipsters and political activists move in to a neighborhood for its affordability and tolerance.

5441: 1778: 1400:

On the other side, the eviction of the poorest people to periurban areas since 2000 has been analyzed as the main cause for the rising political far-right

2744:"What Are the Relationships between Public Transit and Gentrification Progress? An Empirical Study in the New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island Areas" 5189: 2338:

define gentrification as "the transformation of a working-class or vacant area of the central city to a middle class residential and/or commercial use".

2071:

prices, and the displacement of small businesses. This protest gained global attention and also inspired anti-gentrification movements in East London.

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A 2020 review found that studies tended to show adverse health impacts for Black residents and elderly residents in areas undergoing gentrification.

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demographic-ecological: dual white-collar wage-earner households with fewer children wanted to live closer to work and thus moved to the inner city;

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Millstein would find that this displacement of large swaths of communities would increase demand in other areas of Woodstock or inner city slums.

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have become less LGBTQ+ centric mainly due to the modern effects of gentrification. The rising cost to live in gayborhoods and government use of

239:

neighborhood. The push outward from the city center continues as the housing in each ring reaches the end of its economic life. They observe that

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social movements: when high status elites and institutions sought to revive the inner cities, more high-income individuals moved into the cities.

5690: 4433: 4264: 7442:

Knox, Paul L. (1991). "The Restless Urban Landscape: Economic and Sociocultural Change and the Transformation of Metropolitan Washington, DC".

4690:

Delgadillo, Victor (16 November 2016). "Selective Modernization of Mexico City and Its Historic Center. Gentrification Without Displacement?".

1679: 337: 6469: 6398:"City lives and city forms : Critical research and Canadian urbanism : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive" 5944: 4151: 1839:

Nowadays the Polish government has started National Revitalization Plan which ensures financial support to municipal gentrification programs.

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has been categorized into two waves for two different periods of time. Visser and Kotze find that the first wave occurred in the 1980s to the

9015: 8299: 6784: 5925: 4892: 4490:

Heskin, Allan D.; Levine, Ned; Garrett, Mark (30 June 2000). "The Effects of Vacancy Control: A Spatial Analysis of Four California Cities".

7538: 3933:

Smith, Darren P.; Higley, Rebecca (January 2012). "Circuits of education, rural gentrification, and family migration from the global city".

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Freidus, Alexandra (October 2019). "'A Great School Benefits Us All': Advantaged Parents and the Gentrification of an Urban Public School".

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states that the artist's critique of everyday life and search for meaning and renewal are what make them early recruits for gentrification.

3863:

Hochstenbach, Cody; van Gent, Wouter PC (July 2015). "An anatomy of gentrification processes: variegating causes of neighbourhood change".

7285: 5646: 4555: 4415: 3277:

Meltzer, Rachel; Ghorbani, Pooya (September 2017). "Does gentrification increase employment opportunities in low-income neighborhoods?".

5415: 4128: 8254: 5969: 1270:, but has barely begun in places such as Calgary, Edmonton, or Winnipeg, where suburban expansion is still the primary type of growth. 1108:

and then sold on. Vacancy decontrol encourages landlords to find ways of shortening their residents' tenure, most aggressively through

199: 180:

One by one, many of the working class neighbourhoods of London have been invaded by the middle-classes—upper and lower. Shabby, modest

7066:

Murdie, R.; Teixeira, C. (2009). "The impact of gentrification on ethnic neighbourhoods in Toronto: A case study of Little Portugal".

6288: 1671:, started and the neighbourhood of Isola, despite the compliances residents have had, has been one of the regenerated areas, with the 9306: 6282:. Shrinking Cities, Sprawling Suburbs, Changing Countrysides. European Network for Housing Research International Conference. Dublin. 6226:

Clark, Eric (2005). "The order and simplicity of gentrification - a political challenge". In Atkinson, Rowland; Bridge, Gary (eds.).

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Communities have strong ties to the history and culture of their neighborhood, and causing its dispersal can have detrimental costs.

481:

Some argue that gentrification is associated with the decline of distinctive local businesses and the rise of chains and franchises.

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nestles against the slopes of Signal Hill. It has traditionally been occupied by members of South Africa's minority, mainly Muslim,

501: 8587: 8379: 5266: 5142: 4468: 3447:

Keels, Micere; Burdick–Will, Julia; Keene, Sara (September 2013). "The Effects of Gentrification on Neighborhood Public Schools".

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develops, wherein landlords withdraw houses and apartments from the market, making them available only upon payment of additional

762:: Throughout the process, local businesses change to serve the higher incomes and different tastes of the gentrifying population. 7760: 3343:

Ding, Lei; Hwang, Jackelyn (2016). "The Consequences of Gentrification: A Focus on Residents' Financial Health in Philadelphia".

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to the fore of the community's politics. There are cities, municipalities, and counties which have countered gentrification with

4770: 3706:"Promoting Health Equity Through Preventing or Mitigating the Effects of Gentrification: A Theoretical and Methodological Guide" 272:

political-economical: the decreasing availability of suburban land prompted more high-income individuals to live in urban areas;

8269: 6642:

Hackworth, Jason; Rekers, Josephine (2005). "Ethnic packaging and gentrification: The case of four neighbourhoods in Toronto".

6178:

Atkinson, Doreen (2009). "Economic Decline and Gentrification in a Small Town: The Business Sector in Aberdeen, Eastern Cape".

1694:, take part. In Zona Tortona, some of important landmarks, related to culture, design and arts, are located such as Fondazione 1631:, similarly to other countries around the world, the phenomenon of gentrification is proceeding in the largest cities, such as 1064:. German municipalities and other cooperative actors have and maintain strong roles on the real estate markets in their realm. 5734: 9406: 7659: 7527: 7404: 7176: 7114: 6978: 6880: 6860: 6822: 6586: 6501: 6385: 6235: 6216: 4826: 3261: 2707: 1411:

by think-tank Terra-Nova which had a major influence on all contestants in the presidential election (and at least, Sarkozy,

1364: 3777: 1650:

In Milan, gentrification is changing the look of some semi-central neighborhoods, just outside the inner ring road (called "

32: 9339: 8259: 4384: 4035: 2349: 1336: 243:

has three interpretations: (a) "great, the value of my house is going up, (b) coffee is more expensive, now that we have a

7621: 5813: 8658: 6085: 1860: 1683: 821:-newcomers and a Black middle-class neighborhood in Columbus, Ohio. In Washington, D.C. Black and other ethnic minority 676: 4361: 3704:

Cole, Helen V.S.; Anguelovski, Isabelle; Triguero-Mas, Margarita; Mehdipanah, Roshanak; Arcaya, Mariana (3 April 2023).

3482:

Pearman, Francis A. (February 2020). "Gentrification, Geography, and the Declining Enrollment of Neighborhood Schools".

8803: 8284: 6841: 5570:"Resisting Gentrification Amid Historic Preservation: Society Hill, Philadelphia, and the Fight for Low-Income Housing" 4177: 1654:"), particularly of former working class and industrial areas. One of the most well known cases is the neighborhood of 1459:. The main reasons for this phenomenon in Honduras are real estate companies, foreign investors, real estate agencies, 295:. Critical geographers have argued that capital flows and developers have been instrumental in causing gentrification. 4004: 1343: 8082: 7765: 7274: 7216: 7195: 6901: 6437: 6410: 6362: 6042: 5219: 2418: 1383: 830: 675:

Phillip Clay's two-stage model of gentrification places artists as prototypical stage one or "marginal" gentrifiers.

557:

A culmination of recent research suggests that gentrification has both detrimental and beneficial effects on health.

432:. Gentrification is a housing, economic, and health issue that affects a community's history and culture and reduces 367: 269:

sociocultural: middle- and upper-middle-class families developed more pro-urban views, opting to live in urban areas;

224:

of the 'new middle class' move into and physically and culturally reshape working-class inner city neighbourhoods".

8409: 2183: 2123: 1686:, Zona Tortona is nowadays the Mecca of Italian design and annually hosts some of the most important events of the 6422:"Economic restructuring and the diversification of gentrification in the 1980s: A view from a marginal metropolis" 6067: 3116: 2639: 9552: 9416: 9184: 9055: 8610: 7348:

Visser, Gustav; Kotze, Nico (2008). "The State and New-Build Gentrification in Central Cape Town, South Africa".

5839: 5452: 5401: 4866:"La gentrificación en las principales zonas turísticas de México y Honduras como una problemática socioeconómica" 4748:"Evaluation of Urban Sprawl Speed and Intensity Based on International Urbanization. Example from a Mexican City" 2067: 1317: 954: 883:

requiring the apportionment of some new housing for the community's original low- and moderate-income residents.

2911:

Martin, Isaac William; Beck, Kevin (January 2018). "Gentrification, Property Tax Limitation, and Displacement".

2533:

Schnake-Mahl, Alina S.; Jahn, Jaquelyn L.; Subramanian, S.V.; Waters, Mary C.; Arcaya, Mariana (February 2020).

1350: 9411: 9299: 8681: 8460: 8239: 8219: 7684: 6450: 6207:

Atkinson, Rowland; Bridge, Gary, eds. (2005). "Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism".

5312: 2697: 1877:

In the U.S., the conditions for gentrification were generated by the economic transition from manufacturing to

1321: 79: 5784: 4526: 4064:"Cultural Displacement: Is the GLBT Community Gentrifying African American Neighborhoods in Washington, D.C.?" 9144: 8345: 6158:

Weinstein, Hannah. "Fighting For a Place Called Home: Litigation Strategies for Challenging Gentrification".

6143:

Godsil, Rachel. "The Gentrification Trigger: Autonomy, Mobility, and Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing".

3705: 1214: 1006:

and 2013 Spätzlerstreit controversies, which identified gentrification with newcomers from the German south.

867:

To counter the gentrification of their mixed-populace communities, there are cases where residents formally

9294: 8760: 8653: 8615: 8372: 8249: 8193: 7798: 3751: 2246: 1663: 1332: 664: 585:, which has a history of gentrification dating to the 1970s, show a decreasing rate between 1990 and 2010. 5858: 4385:"Battle Over Gentrification Gets Ugly in S.F.'s Mission / Anarchist arrested, charged with making threats" 9580: 9375: 9354: 9329: 8198: 8188: 7755: 4582:"Why Parties Displace Their Voters: Gentrification, Coalitional Change, and the Demise of Public Housing" 4310: 2498: 1710: 1237: 1197: 1169:

was undergoing "super-gentrification", where "a new group of super-wealthy professionals, working in the

17: 6511:

Freeman, Lance (2005). "Displacement or Succession? Residential Mobility in Gentrifying Neighborhoods".

4441: 398: 9380: 9349: 8780: 8663: 8638: 8404: 7855: 7745: 7425:

A Neighborhood That Never Changes: Gentrification, Social Preservation, and the Search for Authenticity

5840:"Graffiti on ink! Coffee covered up, hundreds plan to protest business amid gentrification controversy" 5370: 2079: 1802: 1082: 7315:

Vigdor, Jacob L.; Massey, Douglas S.; Rivlin, Alice M. (2002). "Does Gentrification Harm the Poor? ".

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Garside, Jayne (1993). "Inner City Gentrification in South Africa: The Case of Woodstock, Cape Town".

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Motavalli, Jim; Divya, Abhat; Dineen, Shauna; Jones, Tamsyn (September 2005). "Cities of the Future".

3400:"Moving opportunities: The impact of mixed-income public housing regenerations on student achievement" 3399: 2368: 160:

was first to use "gentrification" in its current sense. She used it in 1964 to describe the influx of

9600: 9542: 8511: 8414: 8399: 7803: 7700: 7652: 6540:

Freeman, Lance; Braconi, Frank (2004). "Gentrification and Displacement New York City in the 1990s".

1655: 582: 276: 7591:

Rose, Demaris (1984). "Rethinking gentrification: beyond the uneven development of marxist theory".

7463:

Ley, David (1986). "Alternative explanations for inner-city gentrification: a Canadian assessment".

6304:

Boyd, Michelle (July 2008). "Defensive development: The role of racial conflict in gentrification".

5343: 2699:

The Rise of the Creative Class: and how it's transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life

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On 3 March 2018, an anarchist group vandalized coffee shops, luxury automobiles, and restaurants on

907:

Most economists do not think anti-gentrification measures by the government make cities better off.

9585: 9401: 9385: 9344: 9289: 9219: 9164: 8990: 8568: 8558: 8553: 7715: 5970:"Denver coffeeshop hit with 'white coffee' graffiti after outrage over 'gentrifying' advertisement" 2199: 1953: 1158: 1117: 1078: 7554:

Papayis, Marilyn Adler (2000). "Sex and the revanchist city: zoning out pornography in New York".

7023:"Balancing gentrification in the knowledge economy: the case of Chattanooga's innovation district" 6788: 6787:. The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy and PolicyLink. Archived from 9575: 9531: 9493: 9478: 9334: 9224: 8833: 8720: 8648: 8630: 8620: 8365: 8331: 7997: 7886: 7735: 7546: 6247:

Belanger, Helene (2012). "The meaning of the built environment during gentrification in Canada".

5814:"Ink! Coffee in Five Points tagged "white coffee" by vandal following gentrification controversy" 4527:"Rent Deregulation in California and Massachusetts: Politics, Policy, and Impacts — Part II" 2520:

Smith N. Gentrification. In: Vliet WV (ed) The encyclopedia of housing. London: Sage;1998;198–199

2136: 1878: 1310: 1282: 83: 6578: 6570: 6429: 6421: 2876:

MacDonald, John M.; Stokes, Robert J. (13 January 2020). "Gentrification, Land Use, and Crime".

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Neil Smith, Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space (Verso Books, 2020)

1757:. The reason of this is both de-industrialisation and poor condition of some residential areas. 9590: 9537: 9473: 9229: 8951: 8788: 8597: 8505: 8097: 8057: 7823: 7168: 7162: 6086:"Police arrest 3 people, looking for 3 more in Locke Street vandalism investigation | CBC News" 5331: 1919:

Cities with a rate of gentrification of ≈40% or more in the decade from 2000 to 2010 included:

1521: 1448: 418: 407: 7296: 6374:"Cultural identity, sexual liberation and urban structure: the gay community in San Francisco" 6373: 5212:

Rigenerazione urbana e ricambio sociale. Gentrification in atto nei quartieri storici italiani

1774: 1250:

As of 2011, gentrification in Canada has proceeded quickly in older and denser cities such as

9448: 9259: 9065: 9005: 8900: 8158: 8138: 8112: 8102: 8062: 7930: 7891: 7793: 7750: 7740: 7725: 7705: 7158: 6292: 4650: 3721: 3193: 2241: 1651: 1562: 1242:

By the 1970s, investors in Toronto started buying up city houses—turning them into temporary

925: 636: 460:

Many of the social effects of gentrification have been based on extensive theories about how

231: 6709:

Hamnett, Chris (1991). "The Blind Men and the Elephant: The Explanation of Gentrification".

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Preventing or mitigating gentrification is thought to be a method to promote health equity.

140:, "of gentle birth" (14th century) and "people of gentle birth" (16th century). In England, 9010: 9000: 8946: 8730: 8673: 8605: 8319: 8072: 8002: 7865: 7808: 7730: 7720: 7710: 7645: 7629: 7563: 7357: 6920: 6798:

Public policy and gentrification in the Grandview Woodland neighbourhood of Vancouver, B.C.

6755: 6718: 6296: 5974: 5547: 4063: 3942: 3906:

Hwang, Jackelyn (2016). "What Have We Learned About the Causes of Recent Gentrification?".

3872: 3782: 3609: 2889: 2236: 1585: 1550: 1053: 900:'s old city in 1974 was used as role model in the Charta of Bologna, and recognized by the 868: 822: 705:, NYC was one of the most famous cases of this phenomenon. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, 577: 461: 299: 279:

in transportation and communication prompts more people to live in large-scale communities;

91: 1412: 1120:

are attempting to repeal the vacancy decontrol clauses of rent control laws. The state of

8: 9030: 8967: 8941: 8750: 8735: 8229: 8052: 8047: 7881: 7786: 7781: 6125: 4269: 4040: 3845:. Resource Publications in Geography. Washington DC: Association of American Geographers. 3094:

Does Gentrification Displace Poor Children? New Evidence from New York City Medicaid Data

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has been a racially mixed community with a compilation of European settlers (such as the

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district in use since the 1960s. The concepts of socially aware renovation and zoning of

884: 876: 470: 349: 7567: 7361: 6924: 6759: 6722: 3946: 3876: 3613: 2326: 1851:

policies of the Soviet era to the market economy of the post-Soviet Russian government.

1825:, Julia coal mine – adaptation post-industrial buildings to art and cultural facilities. 1452: 345: 9249: 8931: 8470: 8279: 8153: 8107: 8087: 7920: 7901: 7843: 7818: 7608: 7579: 7497: 7476: 7455: 7381: 7373: 7336: 7328: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7145: 7091: 7054: 7009: 6961: 6936: 6771: 6734: 6688: 6659: 6630: 6622: 6557: 6528: 6490: 6397: 6321: 6289:"Where Did They Go? The Decline of Middle-Income Neighborhoods in Metropolitan America" 6264: 6195: 5904: 5664: 5597: 5502: 5494: 4707: 4603: 4507: 3915: 3888: 3733: 3686: 3632: 3597: 3578: 3543: 3499: 3464: 3352: 3325: 3321: 3290: 3184:

Meltzer, Rachel (2016). "Gentrification and Small Businesses: Threat or Opportunity?".

3108: 3069: 3060: 3044: 2928: 2893: 2559: 2534: 2054: 1976: 1718: 1659: 872: 652: 87: 960: 302:

of cities in developed nations may have caused displacement by reducing the number of

9443: 9269: 9074: 8894: 8725: 8715: 8643: 8579: 8532: 8500: 8475: 8465: 8440: 8183: 7992: 7975: 7935: 7860: 7850: 7828: 7813: 7612: 7583: 7523: 7506: 7400: 7394: 7385: 7340: 7270: 7257: 7212: 7191: 7172: 7149: 7125: 7110: 7083: 7058: 7013: 6989: 6974: 6940: 6897: 6876: 6856: 6837: 6818: 6692: 6663: 6634: 6582: 6561: 6532: 6497: 6433: 6406: 6381: 6358: 6325: 6277: 6268: 6231: 6212: 6199: 6068:"Hamilton police charge leading local anarchist in Locke Street vandalism | CBC News" 5617:"Participatory Democracy Drives Anti-Gentrification Movement in New York's El Barrio" 5601: 5589: 5506: 5490: 5215: 4822: 4711: 4607: 4511: 3892: 3737: 3725: 3690: 3678: 3637: 3582: 3547: 3503: 3468: 3429: 3329: 3257: 3112: 3074: 2998: 2932: 2897: 2765: 2703: 2564: 2414: 2388: 2308: 2211: 2127: 1832: 1687: 1263: 975: 948:

of the late 1990s, the gentrification of San Francisco's predominantly working class

901: 845: 386: 67: 7095: 6110:

Hwang, Jackelyn. "What Have We Learned About the Causes of Recent Gentrification?".

1667:

in the second half of the same decade, a massive urban rebranding project, known as

936:

When wealthy people move into low-income working-class neighborhoods, the resulting

9468: 9154: 8865: 8818: 8765: 8516: 8203: 8178: 8077: 8019: 7980: 7940: 7600: 7571: 7493: 7472: 7451: 7365: 7320: 7237: 7137: 7075: 7044: 7034: 7001: 6957: 6928: 6801: 6763: 6726: 6680: 6651: 6614: 6549: 6520: 6456: 6313: 6256: 6187: 5581: 5486: 4699: 4593: 4499: 4335: 4309:(in German). Bologna: Europarat-Symposium Nr. 2. 22–26 October 1974. Archived from 3954: 3950: 3880: 3717: 3668: 3627: 3617: 3570: 3535: 3491: 3456: 3419: 3411: 3380: 3317: 3286: 3164: 3100: 3064: 3056: 2990: 2920: 2885: 2755: 2554: 2546: 2380: 2300: 2087:

On 22 November 2017, ink! Coffee, a small coffee shop, placed a manufactured metal

2018: 1929: 1923: 1910: 1695: 1072:

In jurisdictions where local or national government has these powers, there may be

949: 7520:

Selling the Lower East Side: culture, real estate, and resistance in New York City

7039: 7022: 6018:"Hamilton police link anarchist book fair to $ 100,000 vandalism spree | CBC News" 4703: 3415: 2443: 2384: 999: 970: 920: 9498: 9458: 9204: 9159: 9089: 8813: 8808: 8067: 8014: 7206: 7104: 6785:"Dealing with Neighborhood Change: A Primer on Gentrification and Policy Choices" 3622: 3197: 2535:"Gentrification, Neighborhood Change, and Population Health: a Systematic Review" 2434:

Onions, C. T.; Friedrichsen, G. W. S.; Burchfield, R. W., eds. (1966). "Gentry".

2251: 1988: 1982: 1881: 1722: 1672: 1546: 1124:

abolished rent control in 1994; afterwards, rents rose, accelerating the pace of

880: 798: 606:

who are "attracted by low prices and toleration of an unconventional lifestyle".

599: 9129: 6335:"The gentrification myth: It's rare and not as bad for the poor as people think" 4654: 1456: 1184:

Barnsbury was built around 1820, as a middle-class neighbourhood, but after the

9209: 9189: 9169: 9149: 9139: 9134: 9079: 8976: 8961: 8793: 8770: 8710: 8388: 8294: 8274: 8173: 7955: 7925: 7141: 5290:"Zona Tortona: il quartiere di Milano che dalla fabbrica passa a moda e design" 4747: 4726: 4669: 4401: 3673: 3656: 3169: 3153:"Entrepreneurship As Activism? Resisting Gentrification in Oakland, California" 3152: 2550: 2256: 2226: 2088: 2012: 1746: 1509: 1488: 1441: 1436:

increase has been seen are the urban centers of its two most important cities,

1423:

suffered of high unemployment due to the dwindling numbers of industrial jobs.

1401: 1193: 1178: 1170: 1146: 1101: 1023: 983: 964: 937: 856: 834: 826: 706: 486: 433: 63: 6911:

Ley, David (1994). "Gentrification and the politics of the new middle class".

6553: 6378:

The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements

6260: 6191: 5886:"Denver's ink! Coffee shop vandalized a day after joking about gentrification" 5785:"Ink! Coffee's bragging about gentrifying Five Points turns bitter on Twitter" 4598: 4581: 4503: 4304:"Schlussresolution: Die sozialen Aspekte der Erhaltung historischer Ortskerne" 2304: 1972:

Cities with a rate of less than 10% in the decade from 2000 to 2010 included:

717:

into housing for artists and hippies, and then their sub-culture's followers.

452: 9569: 9519: 9488: 9483: 9453: 9264: 9214: 9119: 9050: 9040: 9025: 8956: 8910: 8889: 8850: 8823: 8563: 8522: 8092: 8024: 8009: 7838: 7369: 7079: 7005: 6655: 6524: 6317: 5593: 4105: 3884: 3574: 3539: 3495: 3433: 3002: 2924: 2769: 2392: 2312: 2216: 2206: 1965: 1717:(in which universities have contributed to the gentrification of the areas), 1705:

Going towards the outskirts of the city, other gentrified areas of Milan are

1678:

Another semi-central district that has undergone this phenomenon in Milan is

1558: 1549:, some certain locations were controlled for such communities. Specifically, 1513: 1497: 1416: 1243: 1150: 1121: 1113: 1031: 979: 924:

Coffee shop attacked with paint in alleged anti-gentrification attack in the

859:

have displaced many LGBTQ+ people and closed many LGBTQ+ centric businesses.

802: 165: 142: 119: 6746:

Hamnett, Chris (1992). "Gentrifiers or Lemmings? A Response to Neil Smith".

6684: 6452:

Can gentrification be stopped? A case study of Grandview-Woodland, Vancouver

4012: 3655:

Dragan, Kacie L.; Ellen, Ingrid Gould; Glied, Sherry A. (1 September 2019).

2289:"Measurement and Definition of Gentrification in Urban Studies and Planning" 659: 9438: 9199: 9194: 9084: 9070: 9035: 8986: 8882: 8841: 8755: 8745: 8527: 8264: 8163: 8148: 8122: 7945: 7911: 7087: 5997:"Weekend vandalism in Hamilton was anti-gentrification act, blogger writes" 5945:"ink! Coffee shop vandalized after their controversial gentrification sign" 5926:"Coffee shop apologises for 'tone deaf' gentrification sign after backlash" 5569: 3729: 3682: 3641: 3078: 2568: 2231: 2221: 2168: 1902: 1885: 1766: 1699: 1526: 1493: 1484: 1185: 1166: 1162: 1142: 1093: 1073: 1003: 991: 945: 841: 429: 287: 286:

Other explanations propose that as people tire of the automobile-dependent

161: 115: 48: 7324: 6671:

Hackworth, Jason (2002). "Postrecession Gentrification in New York City".

5585: 4893:"EL CENTRO HISTÓRICO DE TEGUCIGALPA, ENTRE LA GENTRIFICACIÓN Y LA DESIDIA" 1847:

Central Moscow rapidly gentrified following the change from the communist

1822: 1770: 1761: 1760:

The biggest European ongoing gentrification process has been occurring in

1738: 456:

Local neighbor protesting against tourists in La Rambla (Barcelona, Spain)

9254: 9179: 9060: 9045: 9020: 8870: 8860: 8289: 8143: 7965: 7960: 7833: 7668: 7049: 6948:

Ley, David (June 1980). "Liberal Ideology and the Post-Industrial City".

3598:"Defining gentrification for epidemiologic research: A systematic review" 2994: 2760: 2743: 1935: 1691: 1471: 1437: 1278: 1154: 1044: 957:, real estate interests, and "work-within-the-system" housing activists. 852: 697: 403: 303: 207: 154: 62:

Gentrification is a common and controversial topic in urban politics and

7377: 7332: 6626: 6598:

Washington, D.C.: Inner-city Revitalization and Minority Suburbanization

6128:"Unjust Cities? Gentrification, Integration, and the Fair Housing Act". 5717:"Shoreditch Cereal Killer Cafe targeted in anti-gentrification protests" 3919: 3356: 3093: 2978: 2723:

Lin, Jeffrey (2002). "Gentrification and Transit in Northwest Chicago".

1089:, United States gentrified despite—or perhaps, because of—rent control. 184:

and cottages—two rooms up and two down—have been taken over, when their

106: 9174: 8855: 8430: 8244: 8117: 7249: 6618: 6460: 5498: 4819:

Le vote FN au village: trajectoires de ménages populaires du périurbain

3657:"Gentrification And The Health Of Low-Income Children In New York City" 3460: 3424: 3384: 2173: 2106:

The night following the debut of ink's controversial ad campaign their

1603: 1577: 1570: 1554: 1538: 1460: 1324: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1201: 1086: 1061: 817:(Linda Goode Bryant) shows tensions as of 2003 between bourgeois White 406:

left without repainting, to encourage residents to move out, beside an

157: 71: 6775: 6738: 4685: 4683: 4670:"Neoliberal urbanism in the sprawl of cities. The case of Mexico City" 4125:"Gentrification is Changing Iconic Gay Neighborhoods in L.A. and S.F." 1808: 1754: 1733:

In Poland, gentrification is proceeding mostly in the big cities like

469:

in class distinction also has been shown to contribute to residential

9463: 9093: 8936: 6851:

Lees, Loretta; Shin, Hyun Bang; López-Morales, Ernesto, eds. (2015).

6805: 6043:"Hamilton anarchist space, The Tower, has been vandalized | CBC News" 5540:"Gentrification in America Report: Where Gentrification Is Occurring" 5190:"Gentrification, il fenomeno che cambia l'aspetto delle nostre città" 5169: 5157: 5115: 5079: 4968: 3703: 3256:. Aufsätze zur Theorie der Geographie (in German). V&R unipress. 2131: 2006: 1994: 1906: 1894: 1816: 1792: 1599: 1574: 1542: 1502: 1267: 1174: 1097: 941: 888: 813: 702: 681: 648: 244: 173: 147: 7604: 6932: 5332:"Lambrate sa di Londra, il quartiere torna a vivere con East Market" 5316: 4152:"Death of the Gayborhood: Queer Aging in the Time of Gentrification" 1798: 1788: 1750: 1742: 1299: 8915: 8905: 8877: 8845: 8798: 8537: 8455: 8450: 8224: 8168: 7970: 7896: 7679: 6800:(Masters of Public Administration thesis). University of Victoria. 6767: 6730: 4731: 4680: 4342:. University of Chicago Booth School of Business. 20 November 2013. 3104: 1812: 1706: 1616: 1251: 1192:, investing £100 million to rehabilitating old properties and 929: 506: 425: 7433:

Cash, Stephanie. "Landlords put the squeeze on Brooklyn artists".

6470:"The Complex Relationship Between Gentrification and Displacement" 6426:

City lives and city forms: Critical research and Canadian urbanism

6403:

City lives and city forms: Critical research and Canadian urbanism

5859:"Demonstrators protest Ink Coffee sign celebrating gentrification" 1052:

mechanism for such stability in English speaking countries is the

8995: 8357: 7575: 6287:

Booza, Jason; Cutsinger, Jackie; Galster, George (28 July 2006).

5237:"Storia dell'Isola, il quartiere storico che vogliono cancellare" 4465:"Multi-generational housing is a temporary fix for economic woes" 3797: 3596:

Bhavsar, Nrupen A.; Kumar, Manish; Richman, Laura (21 May 2020).

3306:"The long term employment impacts of gentrification in the 1990s" 2532: 2000: 1947: 1941: 1890: 1848: 1612: 1594: 1255: 987: 897: 6492:

There Goes the 'Hood: Views of Gentrification from the Ground Up

1784:

There are other significant gentrifications in Poland, such as:

1060:

ordinances formally place the "inclusionary" housing units in a

944:

and arson targeting the property of the gentrifiers. During the

655:

in New York, traditionally the largest black community in the US

247:, and (c) my neighbors and I can no longer afford to live here ( 9098: 8981: 8445: 8029: 4946: 4944: 4916: 4914: 4207:"Saffron: A risky gamble to manage gentrification in N. Philly" 2188: 2092: 1959: 1898: 1828: 1734: 1714: 1566: 1464: 1259: 1125: 833:

of cultural displacement (or destruction of cultural heritage)

693: 668: 262:

compiled five explanations for gentrification since the 1970s:

169: 132: 56: 52: 37: 7637: 7208:

The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City

5735:"Inside Europe - Anti-gentrification movement grows in London" 4556:"There's plain gentrification ... and then you have Islington" 4239:"San Francisco's tech bros told: Quit changing the gayborhood" 3369: 3043:

Ding, Lei; Hwang, Jackelyn; Divringi, Eileen (November 2016).

1447:

Some of the places that have suffered this phenomenon are the

8740: 7985: 7188:

The Gentrification of the Mind: Witness to a Lost Imagination

7106:

Gentrification, Displacement, and Neighborhood Revitalization

4843:"La expulsión "cool" de los pobres del centro de Tegucigalpa" 4182: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1009: 995: 185: 123: 95: 4992: 4980: 4956: 4941: 4911: 4614: 3252:

Hard, Gerhard (2003). "Dimensionen geographischen Denkens".

2433: 1815:

and Nowe Żerniki districts; residential area drown upon the

1520:

In one study, Atkinson dives into research in a small town,

306:

jobs available to the urban working class and middle-class.

126:

were replacing small shops by the 3rd century, AD. The word

70:

of a neighborhood, but can be controversial due to changing

8435: 7950: 6873:

Global Gentrifications: Uneven Development and Displacement

6853:

Global Gentrifications: Uneven Development and Displacement

5057: 5055: 4931: 4929: 4549: 4547: 1709:(where others events of the Milan Design Week are hosted), 1644: 1537:

Historically, Garside notes that due to the Apartheid, the

818: 710: 410: 181: 6869: 4178:"Who killed the gayborhood? A Grist podcast investigation" 4111: 3985: 2979:"The Geography of Gentrification and Residential Mobility" 2807: 2053:

On 26 September 2015, a cereal cafe in East London called

801:

has researched the role of gay communities, especially in

6894:

The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City

6832:

Lees, Loretta; Slater, Tom; Wyly, Elvin K., eds. (2010).

5665:"Nonprofit (New York): Movement for Justice in El Barrio" 4644: 4078: 3778:"San Francisco Gentrification Map: 2000 Census - Present" 3045:"Gentrification and residential mobility in Philadelphia" 2074: 2030: 1545:

was cleared of non-white communities. But because of the

1153:

there is evidence of small shops being replaced by large

1049: 168:

worker residents in urban neighborhoods; her example was

7507:"In Cincinnati, Life Breathes Anew in Riot-Scarred Area" 7021:

Morisson, Arnault; Bevilacqua, Carmelina (16 May 2018).

6971:

Neo-Bohemia: art and commerce in the postindustrial city

5647:"International Campaign Against Gentrification Launched" 5052: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5004: 4926: 4544: 4284: 3973: 3233: 3092:

Dragan, Kacie; Ellen, Ingrid; Glied, Sherry (May 2019).

7226:

Smith, Neil (1987). "Gentrification and the Rent Gap".

6112:

Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research

4771:"A Brief History of Rooming Houses in Toronto, 1972-94" 4640: 4638: 4416:"Swabian Separatists Fling Spätzle to Make Their Point" 4404:, BBC News, 10 December 2004. Accessed 9 February 2007. 5103: 5091: 5067: 3446: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 2409:

Parkins, Helen; Smith, Christopher John, eds. (1998).

2350:"What we talk about when we talk about gentrification" 1795:, gentrification financed mostly by private investors. 1141:

Gentrification is not a new phenomenon in Britain; in

835:

under the guise of progressive inclusion and tolerance

36:

Gentrification with old and new homes side by side in

6850: 6286: 5175: 5163: 5121: 5085: 4974: 4821:. Sociopo. Vulaines-sur-Seine: Éditions du Croquant. 4746:

Masoumi, Houshmand; Roque, Daniela (1 January 2015).

3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3304:

Lester, T. William; Hartley, Daniel A. (March 2014).

2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2575: 150:(and gentlewomen, as they were at that time known). 7484:

Ley, David (1987). "Reply: the rent-gap revisited".

7159:"On concentration and centrality in the global city" 6748:

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

6711:

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

5715:

Khomami, Nadia; Halliday, Josh (27 September 2015).

5533: 5531: 4635: 3961: 3862: 3744: 2860: 2858: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2742:

Chen, Yefu; Xi, Hao; Jiao, Junfeng (February 2023).

2142: 2039: 844:

dominated areas. In Chicago—with neighborhoods like

635:

There are also theories that suggest the inner-city

5884:Allen, Oscar Contreras, Jaclyn (26 November 2017). 4489: 3595: 3215: 3126: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2528: 2526: 825:residents accused both the affluent majority-White 7314: 7020: 6489: 6455:(Masters thesis). University of British Columbia. 6396: 5476: 5442:"Strona główna : Ministerstwo Infrastruktury" 5181: 4205: 3813: 3204: 3019: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2658: 2117: 2061: 110:Symbolic gentrification in Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin 7486:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 7465:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 7444:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 7229:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 6990:"Contextual diversity in gentrification research" 6950:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 6428:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 5528: 5344:"Lambrate Ventura: il quartiere cool del momento" 5214:(in Italian). Milan: Franco Angeli. p. 192. 4667: 4101:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 161–163. 3840: 3042: 2785: 2620:(3). Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia: 9–17. 1530:examining the increase in housing opportunities. 114:Historians say that gentrification took place in 82:in a community and the related infrastructure by 9567: 7190:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 3654: 3091: 2835: 2523: 6641: 5714: 5523: 5135:"Bo-Kaap gentrification sees residents evicted" 4805: 3276: 2875: 2819: 2025: 1690:during which more than 150 expositors, such as 47:is the process of change in the character of a 7422: 7065: 6831: 6783:Kennedy, Maureen; Leonard, Paul (April 2001). 6782: 6539: 6394: 6206: 5479:Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 4620: 4580:Chou, Winston; Dancygier, Rafaela (May 2021). 4237:Bowles, Nellie; Levin, Sam (2 February 2016). 3210: 2949: 2864: 2475: 2335: 1149:period, and in 2nd- and 3rd-century cities in 780: 768: 227: 94:, increased attraction of business, and lower 8373: 8300:List of housing markets by real estate prices 7653: 7593:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 7556:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 7264: 7161:. In Knox, Paul L.; Taylor, Peter J. (eds.). 6913:Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 6573:. In Knox, Paul L.; Taylor, Peter J. (eds.). 4579: 4096: 3865:Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 3303: 2802: 2048: 1145:the shop-free forum was developed during the 974:), also known as the Valley Commandos, was a 915: 334:The examples and perspective in this section 7295:. Center for Social Research. Archived from 6542:Journal of the American Planning Association 6249:Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 5909:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5761:"Protests Block Tech Buses in San Francisco" 5691:"Why Are Londoners Attacking a Cereal Cafe?" 5404:on 13 November 2017 – via NYTimes.com. 5281: 4745: 4492:Journal of the American Planning Association 4382: 4265:"Living With the Tensions of Gentrification" 3560: 2502:. Centers for Disease Control. 24 March 2015 2408: 811:depicts a similar situation in Los Angeles. 215:middle- and upper-middle-class population." 7437:. Vol. 89, no. 3. pp. 39–40. 7347: 7283: 7102: 5416:"Rewitalizacja Starej Kopalni w Wałbrzychu" 4998: 4986: 4962: 4950: 4920: 4752:Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning 4236: 3932: 3475: 3027: 2671: 1407:This has been first documented in the book 259: 8380: 8366: 8340: 7660: 7646: 5341: 5205: 5203: 4689: 4668:Salinas Arreortua, Luis (1 January 2018). 2976: 2910: 2741: 2598: 2091:sign on the sidewalk outside one of their 1611:brought along tactics to evict low-paying 1467:, which is the most used on the islands. 978:movement violently opposed to the loss of 352:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 200:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 172:, and its working-class districts such as 7317:Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs 7048: 7038: 6875:. Chicago, IL: Bristol University Press. 6855:. Chicago, IL: Bristol University Press. 6670: 5228: 4780:. Rupert Community Residential Services. 4597: 4354:"War Is Not Fair, But It Does Have Class" 4061: 3672: 3631: 3621: 3423: 3342: 3168: 3068: 2977:Lee, Hyojung; Perkins, Kristin L (2022). 2957: 2759: 2637: 2558: 1725:district (which means "Nord di Loreto"). 1682:. Former industrial area situated behind 1384:Learn how and when to remove this message 1190:The 1959 Housing Purchase and Housing Act 1112:. To strengthen the rent control laws of 368:Learn how and when to remove this message 220: 8588:Regional Planning Association of America 7522:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. 7185: 6987: 6600:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 6568: 6405:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 6371: 6275: 6246: 6177: 5362: 5061: 5046: 5034: 5022: 5010: 4935: 4262: 4112:Herzer, Di Virgilio & Rodríguez 2015 4084: 3991: 3841:Holcomb, H.B.; Beauregard, R.A. (1981). 3803: 3722:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-113810 2965: 2953: 2078: 1136: 1038: 1008: 919: 658: 647: 500: 451: 397: 146:denoted the social class, consisting of 105: 31: 7553: 7427:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7167:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7126:"Political ecologies of gentrification" 7123: 6745: 6708: 6699: 6604: 6577:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 6510: 6496:. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University. 6487: 6467: 6395:Caulfield, J.; Peake, L., eds. (1996). 5519: 5368: 5323: 5200: 5187: 5109: 5097: 5073: 4768: 4395: 4203: 4149: 3525: 3481: 3239: 3228: 3183: 3139: 3031: 3015: 2945: 2813: 2695: 2607:"Understanding Gentrification's Causes" 2404: 2402: 1274:such as in Corso Italia and Greektown. 541:exposed to more high-ability students. 101: 14: 9596:Urban studies and planning terminology 9568: 7619: 7505:Maag, Christopher (25 November 2006). 7156: 7103:Palen, J. John; London, Bruce (1984). 6795: 6448: 6424:. In Caulfield, J.; Peake, L. (eds.). 6357:. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. 6352: 6332: 5923: 5808: 5806: 5779: 5777: 5614: 5537: 5395: 5329: 5209: 4816: 4524: 4462: 4413: 4175: 4034:Vargas, Jose Antonio (20 April 2006). 4033: 3848: 3828: 3023: 2961: 2890:10.1146/annurev-criminol-011419-041505 2631: 2581: 2441: 2366: 2348:Demsas, Jerusalem (5 September 2021). 2347: 2075:ink! Coffee Protest (Denver, Colorado) 2031:Benezet Court, Inc. (Philadelphia, PA) 784: 136:—which comes from the Old French word 8361: 7641: 7536: 7392: 7265:Smith, Neil; Williams, Peter (1986). 7225: 7204: 6968: 6468:Florida, Richard (8 September 2015). 6355:Gentrification and the Middle Classes 6225: 6157: 5883: 5567: 4863: 4553: 4438:San Francisco Bay Area Vision Project 4290: 4150:Grimmer, Chelsea (20 February 2016). 3979: 3967: 3905: 3858: 3856: 3770: 3758:. Governing Magazine. 23 January 2015 3150: 3144: 2691: 2689: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2467: 2286: 2135:Locke Street vandalism being made by 1675:and the new Giardini di Porta Nuova. 66:. Gentrification often increases the 9548: 8327: 7590: 7517: 7504: 7441: 6812: 6595: 6419: 6303: 5753: 5688: 5287: 5234: 4724: 4414:Kulish, Nicholas (18 January 2013). 3807: 3397: 3310:Regional Science and Urban Economics 3279:Regional Science and Urban Economics 3270: 3251: 3151:Alkon, Alison Hope (May–June 2018). 3122:from the original on 9 October 2022. 3049:Regional Science and Urban Economics 2627:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2593: 2411:Trade, traders, and the ancient city 2399: 2282: 2280: 2278: 1721:, Via Sammartini, and the so-called 1322:adding citations to reliable sources 1293: 1017: 776: 772: 320: 8659:Professional transportation planner 7483: 7462: 6947: 6910: 6896:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6891: 6124: 5803: 5774: 5689:Horn, Heather (30 September 2015). 5396:Gruber, Ruth Ellen (19 July 1995). 5342:Signorelli, Andrea (15 June 2015). 5176:Lees, Shin & López-Morales 2015 5164:Lees, Shin & López-Morales 2015 5122:Lees, Shin & López-Morales 2015 5086:Lees, Shin & López-Morales 2015 4975:Lees, Shin & López-Morales 2015 4890: 4864:CRUCE, REDACCIÓN DE (12 May 2024). 4845:(in European Spanish). 21 June 2018 4787:from the original on 9 October 2022 4383:Van Derbeken, Jaxon (7 June 1999). 4263:Gebhardt, Sara (12 November 2005). 4062:McChesney, Chris (1 January 2005). 3752:"Gentrification Report Methodology" 3157:Revista de Administação de Empresas 2830: 2722: 2640:"What, Exactly, Is Gentrification?" 2604: 2369:"Housing cycles and gentrification" 1861:Gentrification in the United States 1409:Plaidoyer pour une gauche populaire 677:The National Endowment for the Arts 592: 292: 24: 8387: 8285:Undergraduate real estate programs 7622:"Gentrification in America Report" 7498:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00172.x 7477:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1986.tb00134.x 7456:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01686.x 7415: 7242:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00171.x 6962:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1980.tb01310.x 6276:Belanger, Helene (6–9 July 2008). 6228:Gentrification in a Global Context 6209:Gentrification in a Global Context 6142: 5568:Ammon, Francesca Russello (2018). 5371:"Milano Loreto – Benvenuti a NoLo" 5369:Arsuffi, Roberto (18 March 2016). 5188:Balocco, Fabio (28 October 2015). 4360:. 18 February 2012. Archived from 3853: 3322:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2014.01.003 3291:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.06.002 3254:Osnabrücker Studien zur Geographie 3245: 3061:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2016.09.004 2686: 2494:"Health Effects of Gentrification" 2481: 2436:The Oxford Dictionary of Etymology 2413:. London: Routledge. p. 197. 1104:owned by local authorities may be 805:, as early gentrifiers. The film 613: 496: 25: 9612: 8083:Investment rating for real estate 7286:"Gentrification and Displacement" 6815:Gentrification Amid Urban Decline 6130:University of Richmond Law Review 6109: 5942: 5924:Molloy, Mark (24 November 2017). 5615:Davies, Jessica (16 April 2016). 5398:"In Krakow, a 'Jewish Woodstock'" 4586:American Political Science Review 4554:Smith, Lewis (1 September 2006). 4463:Balash, Mary (10 February 2012). 4402:MP's theory over cottage burnings 4218:from the original on 8 April 2022 2638:Ehrenhalt, Alan (February 2015). 2275: 2143:Litigation against gentrification 2040:Movement for Justice in El Barrio 793: 505:Gentrification taking place in a 447: 86:businesses, local government, or 9547: 9526: 9525: 9513: 8339: 8326: 8314: 8313: 7432: 7423:Brown-Saracino, Japnica (2010). 6333:Buntin, John (14 January 2015). 6151: 6136: 6118: 6103: 6060: 6035: 6010: 5989: 5962: 5936: 5917: 5877: 5832: 5727: 5708: 5682: 5639: 5608: 5561: 5513: 5491:10.1111/j.0435-3684.2005.00186.x 5470: 5434: 5408: 5389: 5330:Giorgi, Anna (7 February 2016). 5251: 5127: 4884: 3020:Vigdor, Massey & Rivlin 2002 2184:Development-induced displacement 1854: 1298: 910: 851:Today, practically all historic 325: 204:Health Effects of Gentrification 9056:Transferable development rights 8611:Environmental impact assessment 7667: 6170: 4857: 4835: 4810: 4799: 4762: 4739: 4718: 4661: 4626: 4573: 4518: 4483: 4467:. first tuesday. Archived from 4456: 4426: 4407: 4376: 4346: 4328: 4296: 4256: 4230: 4197: 4169: 4143: 4117: 4090: 4055: 4027: 3997: 3926: 3899: 3833: 3697: 3648: 3589: 3554: 3519: 3510: 3440: 3391: 3363: 3336: 3297: 3177: 3085: 3036: 3009: 2970: 2939: 2904: 2869: 2776: 2735: 2716: 2677: 2587: 2118:Hamilton Locke Street Vandalism 2068:San Francisco tech bus protests 2062:San Francisco tech bus protests 1478: 1309:needs additional citations for 1067: 955:San Francisco Police Department 393: 8682:Community economic development 8461:Planning and zoning commission 8240:Graduate real estate education 7685:Tertiary sector of the economy 7620:Maciag, Mike (February 2015). 7537:Moore, Keith (2 August 1999). 7164:World Cities in a World-System 6575:World Cities in a World-System 5538:Maciag, Mike (February 2015). 4674:Bitácora Urbano Territorial 28 4204:Saffron, Inga (4 March 2016). 4036:"In Shaw, Pews vs. Bar Stools" 4011:. 17 June 2003. Archived from 3955:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.08.001 3710:Annual Review of Public Health 2514: 2472:. London: MacGibbon & Kee. 2461: 2427: 2360: 2341: 2319: 2293:Journal of Planning Literature 2130:. The attack was linked to an 1805:in the post military facility. 1208: 1116:, housing advocates active in 1013:Canale delle Moline in Bologna 781:Lees, Slater & Wyly (2010) 570: 193: 13: 1: 7539:"From redline to renaissance" 7284:Vandergrift, Janelle (2006). 7269:. Boston: Allen & Unwin. 7040:10.1080/17535069.2018.1472799 7027:Urban Research & Practice 6449:Dobson, Cory Gregory (2007). 4704:10.1080/02723638.2015.1096114 4176:Herzog, Katie (3 June 2015). 3416:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2023.105053 2385:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2024.01.003 2373:Journal of Monetary Economics 2263: 1801:– build up Law Department of 1215:Gentrification of Mexico City 9295:Planning Accreditation Board 8654:Transit-oriented development 8616:Recreation resource planning 8194:Real estate investment trust 7799:Extraterrestrial real estate 7399:. Rutgers University Press. 6817:. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger. 5315:(in Italian). Archived from 5296:(in Italian). Archived from 5265:(in Italian). Archived from 5243:(in Italian). Archived from 4621:Lees, Slater & Wyly 2010 4340:Initiative on Global Markets 4097:Papadopoulous, Alex (2017). 3623:10.1371/journal.pone.0233361 2878:Annual Review of Criminology 2865:Lees, Slater & Wyly 2010 2336:Lees, Slater & Wyly 2010 2247:Environmental gentrification 2026:Anti-gentrification protests 1022:Zoning ordinances and other 769:Caulfield & Peake (1996) 665:Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt 663:The Glockenbach district of 532: 228:Kennedy & Leonard (2001) 7: 8199:Real property administrator 8189:Real estate investment club 6571:"The world-city hypothesis" 6180:Development Southern Africa 5524:Hackworth & Rekers 2005 5451:(in Polish). Archived from 4806:Hackworth & Rekers 2005 4778:www.urbancenter.utoronto.ca 4727:"Learning From Mexico City" 4389:The San Francisco Chronicle 3404:Journal of Public Economics 3099:(Report). pp. w25809. 2499:Centers for Disease Control 2476:Atkinson & Bridge (2005 2448:Online Etymology Dictionary 2161: 1430: 1238:Gentrification of Vancouver 1198:London Borough of Islington 1177:" (some two miles north of 1131: 348:, discuss the issue on the 51:through the influx of more 27:Urban socioeconomic process 10: 9617: 9307:Professional organizations 8664:Urban freight distribution 8639:Transportation forecasting 7856:Private equity real estate 7518:Mele, Christopher (2000). 7267:Gentrification of the City 7142:10.2747/0272-3638.30.7.694 4769:Campsie, Philippa (1994). 4647:The Environmental Magazine 3674:10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05422 3211:Murdie & Teixeira 2009 3170:10.1590/S0034-759020180308 2950:Murdie & Teixeira 2009 2551:10.1007/s11524-019-00400-1 2095:locations in the historic 2049:Cereal Killer Cafe protest 1858: 1803:Adam Mickiewicz University 1235: 1212: 916:Direct action and sabotage 862: 739: 643: 416: 316: 9543:List of planning journals 9507: 9429: 9394: 9368: 9322: 9315: 9282: 9242: 9118: 9111: 8924: 8832: 8779: 8703: 8694: 8672: 8629: 8596: 8578: 8546: 8512:History of urban planning 8493: 8484: 8423: 8395: 8308: 8212: 8131: 8038: 7910: 7874: 7804:International real estate 7774: 7693: 7675: 6988:Maloutas, Thomas (2011). 6834:The Gentrification Reader 6554:10.1080/01944360408976337 6380:. London: Edward Arnold. 6372:Castells, Manuel (1983). 6261:10.1007/s10901-011-9248-3 6192:10.1080/03768350902899595 4817:Girard, Violaine (2017). 4599:10.1017/S0003055421000058 4504:10.1080/01944360008976096 4212:The Philadelphia Inquirer 2803:Smith & Williams 1986 2702:. New York: Basic Books. 2696:Florida, Richard (2002). 2470:London: aspects of change 2305:10.1177/08854122211051603 2148:leads to gentrification. 1842: 1728: 1289: 1231: 766: 758: 722: 552: 260:Palen & London (1984) 254: 9479:Marine spatial planning 8991:Healthy community design 8569:Village design statement 8559:Preservation development 8554:Conservation development 7370:10.1177/0042098008097104 7186:Schulman, Sarah (2012). 7080:10.1177/0042098009360227 7006:10.1177/0896920510380950 6656:10.1177/1078087405280859 6596:Gale, Dennis E. (1987). 6569:Friedman, John (1995) . 6525:10.1177/1078087404273341 6318:10.1177/1078087407313581 5420:Archirama.muratorplus.pl 4891:ALG (8 September 2016). 3935:Journal of Rural Studies 3885:10.1177/0308518x15595771 3575:10.1177/0038040717710494 3540:10.1177/0042085916636656 3496:10.1177/0042085919884342 2925:10.1177/1078087416666959 2725:Transportation Quarterly 2442:Harper, Douglas (2001). 2287:Finio, Nicholas (2022). 2268: 2200:The Last Block in Harlem 2139:in April and June 2018. 1777:railway station and the 1622: 1118:rent control in New York 1092:Occasionally, a housing 724:Stages of Gentrification 626: 380: 9494:Real estate development 9225:List of urban theorists 8721:City Beautiful movement 8649:Rational planning model 8631:Transportation planning 8621:Sustainable development 7998:Real estate transaction 7887:Real estate development 7393:Zukin, Sharon (1989) . 7157:Sassen, Saskia (1995). 6973:. New York: Routledge. 6969:Lloyd, Richard (2006). 6700:Hamnett, Chris (2003). 6685:10.1177/107874037006003 6488:Freeman, Lance (2006). 4999:Visser & Kotze 2008 4987:Visser & Kotze 2008 4963:Visser & Kotze 2008 4951:Visser & Kotze 2008 4921:Visser & Kotze 2008 4440:. FOCUS. Archived from 4434:"Equitable Development" 2672:Palen & London 1984 2539:Journal of Urban Health 2367:Murphy, Daniel (2024). 1200:, where Prime Minister 879:(inclusionary housing) 829:and the closely linked 84:real estate development 9538:List of planned cities 9474:Landscape architecture 9230:List of urban planners 8952:Conservation community 8789:Collaborative planning 8598:Environmental planning 8506:Comprehensive planning 8098:Real estate derivative 8058:Effective gross income 7824:Healthcare real estate 7124:Quastel, Noah (2009). 6813:Lang, Michael (1982). 6420:Rose, Demaris (1996). 5259:"Report CARA MADUNINA" 5210:Diappi, Lidia (2009). 4525:Dreier, Peter (1997). 4005:"Flag Wars | POV" 3563:Sociology of Education 3398:Neri, Lorenzo (2024). 2084: 1791:– the Jewish district 1702:, Spazio A and MUDEC. 1662:. In the 1950s, a new 1165:reported that much of 1014: 968: 933: 823:mixed-income community 672: 656: 510: 457: 419:Community displacement 414: 277:technological advances 249:community displacement 191: 111: 41: 9449:Development economics 9300:Real estate education 9260:James Howard Kunstler 9185:Konstantinos Doxiadis 9066:Urban growth boundary 9006:Mixed-use development 8901:Intentional community 8255:Industry trade groups 8159:Exclusive buyer agent 8113:Real estate valuation 8103:Real estate economics 8063:Gross rent multiplier 7892:Real estate investing 7794:Corporate Real Estate 7325:10.1353/urb.2002.0012 7211:. London: Routledge. 6836:. London: Routledge. 6796:Kasman, Paul (2015). 6293:Brookings Institution 6211:. London: Routledge. 5586:10.1353/cot.2018.0001 5313:"Tortona Design Week" 2605:Lin, Jeffrey (2017). 2242:Environmental justice 2082: 1563:Eastern European Jews 1236:Further information: 1159:King's College London 1137:Inner London, England 1039:Community land trusts 1012: 926:St-Henri neighborhood 923: 873:housing affordability 760:Retail gentrification 662: 651: 504: 455: 401: 232:Brookings Institution 178: 109: 35: 9001:Leapfrog development 8947:Complete Communities 8804:Intelligent urbanism 8731:Garden city movement 8674:Economic development 8606:Environmental design 8073:Highest and best use 8039:Economics, financing 8003:Real estate contract 7897:Real estate flipping 7866:Residential property 7809:Lease administration 7761:United Arab Emirates 7205:Smith, Neil (1996). 6673:Urban Affairs Review 6644:Urban Affairs Review 6513:Urban Affairs Review 6353:Butler, Tim (1997). 6306:Urban Affairs Review 6230:. pp. 256–264. 6126:Johnson, Olatunde C. 5975:The Washington Times 5319:on 11 February 2012. 4358:Art Good, Hitler Bad 4131:on 14 September 2019 3449:City & Community 2913:Urban Affairs Review 2761:10.3390/land12020358 2646:. Governing Magazine 2468:Glass, Ruth (1964). 2237:Environmental racism 1684:Porta Genova station 1669:Progetto Porta Nuova 1652:Cerchia dei Bastioni 1318:improve this article 1054:community land trust 696:" residents. As the 462:socioeconomic status 385:According to a 2020 346:improve this section 336:may not represent a 300:de-industrialization 275:community networks: 102:Origin and etymology 92:economic development 9407:Communist countries 9031:Planning Permission 8968:Filtering (housing) 8942:Cluster development 8751:Settlement movement 8736:Indigenous planning 8053:Capitalization rate 8048:Asset-based lending 7882:Property management 7787:Commercial building 7782:Commercial property 7568:2000EnPlD..18..341P 7362:2008UrbSt..45.2565V 6925:1994EnPlD..12...53L 6892:Ley, David (1996). 6760:1992TrIBG..17..116H 6723:1991TrIBG..16..173H 6145:Brooklyn Law Review 5627:on 20 November 2016 5458:on 13 November 2017 5269:on 20 February 2011 5235:Brizioli, Antonio. 5194:Il Fatto Quotidiano 4471:on 25 February 2012 4293:, pp. 256–264. 4270:The Washington Post 4114:, pp. 199–222. 4068:The Modern American 4041:The Washington Post 3982:, pp. 121–123. 3947:2012JRurS..28...49S 3877:2015EnPlA..47.1480H 3843:Revitalizing Cities 3614:2020PLoSO..1533361B 2816:, pp. 186–187. 2194:Settlement movement 2179:Deindustrialization 2108:Five Points, Denver 2097:Five Points, Denver 1455:, Santa Lucia, and 1110:landlord harassment 1058:inclusionary zoning 940:sometimes involves 885:Inclusionary zoning 877:inclusionary zoning 88:community activists 9581:Affordable housing 9290:Planning education 9250:Elizabeth Farrelly 9094:High-rise urbanism 8932:Affordable housing 8471:World Urbanism Day 8280:Real estate trends 8184:Real estate broker 8154:Chartered Surveyor 8108:Real estate bubble 8088:Mortgage insurance 7921:Adverse possession 7844:Luxury real estate 7819:Garden real estate 7630:Governing Magazine 6994:Critical Sociology 6619:10.1007/BF00807824 6461:10.14288/1.0100689 5865:. 25 November 2017 5846:. 25 November 2017 5820:. 24 November 2017 5791:. 23 November 2017 5548:Governing Magazine 5375:Blog.urbanfile.org 5288:Dispenza, Andrea. 4725:Davidson, Justin. 4420:The New York Times 4099:Neoliberal Chicago 3994:, pp. 138–70. 3461:10.1111/cico.12027 3385:10.1111/soc4.12148 2995:10.1093/sf/soac086 2085: 2055:Cereal Killer Cafe 1779:EC1 Science Museum 1719:Sesto San Giovanni 1660:Naviglio Martesana 1565:, immigrants from 1483:Gentrification in 1015: 934: 831:hipster subculture 771:; Ley as cited in 733:Transitional Stage 673: 657: 653:Bedford-Stuyvesant 511: 509:apartment building 458: 415: 164:people displacing 112: 42: 9563: 9562: 9520:Cities portal 9444:Civil engineering 9425: 9424: 9278: 9277: 9107: 9106: 9075:Peri-urbanisation 8895:Planned community 8726:Dark-sky movement 8716:Car-free movement 8690: 8689: 8644:Trip distribution 8580:Regional planning 8533:Urban green space 8501:Land-use planning 8476:Labor market area 8466:Growth management 8441:Metropolitan area 8355: 8354: 7993:Property abstract 7976:Land registration 7936:Concurrent estate 7861:Real estate owned 7851:Off-plan property 7829:Vacation property 7814:Niche real estate 7549:on 4 August 2011. 7529:978-0-8166-3182-7 7406:978-0-8135-1389-8 7356:(12): 2565–2593. 7178:978-0-521-48470-1 7116:978-0-87395-784-7 6980:978-0-415-95182-1 6882:978-1-4473-1349-6 6862:978-1-4473-1349-6 6824:978-0-88410-697-5 6588:978-0-521-48470-1 6503:978-1-59213-437-3 6387:978-0-520-05617-6 6237:978-0-415-32951-4 6218:978-0-415-32951-4 5263:www.report.rai.it 5247:on 28 March 2016. 5139:Voice of the Cape 4828:978-2-36512-110-1 4560:Timesonline.co.uk 4336:"Diversification" 4087:, pp. 39–40. 3373:Sociology Compass 3263:978-3-89971-105-9 2709:978-0-465-02477-3 2614:Economic Insights 2212:Urban green space 2128:Hamilton, Ontario 1882:service economies 1688:Milan Design Week 1664:business district 1413:François Hollande 1394: 1393: 1386: 1368: 1056:; moreover, many 1018:Zoning ordinances 976:Welsh nationalist 902:Council of Europe 791: 790: 387:systematic review 378: 377: 370: 16:(Redirected from 9608: 9601:1960s neologisms 9551: 9550: 9529: 9528: 9518: 9517: 9516: 9469:Land development 9320: 9319: 9155:Donald Appleyard 9116: 9115: 8866:Mining community 8819:Radical planning 8766:Transition towns 8701: 8700: 8517:Spatial planning 8491: 8490: 8382: 8375: 8368: 8359: 8358: 8343: 8342: 8330: 8329: 8317: 8316: 8260:Investment firms 8179:Property manager 8078:Home equity loan 7981:Leasehold estate 7941:Conditional sale 7662: 7655: 7648: 7639: 7638: 7633: 7616: 7587: 7550: 7545:. 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Archived from 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4939: 4933: 4924: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4814: 4808: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4786: 4775: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4698:(8): 1154–1174. 4687: 4678: 4677: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4642: 4633: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4551: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4316:on 14 March 2017 4315: 4308: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4209: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3871:(7): 1480–1501. 3860: 3851: 3846: 3837: 3831: 3826: 3811: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3676: 3667:(9): 1425–1432. 3652: 3646: 3645: 3635: 3625: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3534:(8): 1121–1148. 3523: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3427: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3249: 3243: 3242:, p. 93–94. 3237: 3231: 3226: 3213: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3172: 3148: 3142: 3137: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3098: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3072: 3040: 3034: 3028:Vandergrift 2006 3013: 3007: 3006: 2989:(4): 1856–1887. 2974: 2968: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2873: 2867: 2862: 2833: 2828: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2800: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2739: 2733: 2732: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2693: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2611: 2602: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2562: 2530: 2521: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2490: 2479: 2473: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2439: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2406: 2397: 2396: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2345: 2339: 2334: 2327:"Gentrification" 2323: 2317: 2316: 2284: 2019:Arlington, Texas 1930:Washington, D.C. 1924:Portland, Oregon 1911:Washington, D.C. 1849:central-planning 1707:Lambrate-Ventura 1453:Valle de Angeles 1389: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1367: 1333:"Gentrification" 1326: 1302: 1294: 1186:Second World War 1147:Roman Republican 950:Mission District 827:LGBTQ+ community 720: 719: 593:Gentrifier types 373: 366: 362: 359: 353: 329: 328: 321: 221:Hackworth (2002) 55:residents (the " 21: 9616: 9615: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9586:Urban economics 9566: 9565: 9564: 9559: 9514: 9512: 9503: 9499:Social sciences 9459:Urban economics 9431: 9421: 9390: 9364: 9311: 9274: 9238: 9205:Peter Calthorpe 9160:Ebenezer Howard 9121: 9103: 9090:Verticalization 8920: 8828: 8814:Market urbanism 8809:Livable streets 8775: 8696: 8686: 8668: 8625: 8592: 8574: 8542: 8486: 8480: 8419: 8391: 8386: 8356: 8351: 8304: 8208: 8127: 8068:Hard money loan 8040: 8034: 8015:Rent regulation 7906: 7870: 7770: 7689: 7671: 7666: 7636: 7605:10.1068/d020047 7530: 7418: 7416:Further reading 7413: 7407: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7288: 7277: 7219: 7198: 7179: 7130:Urban Geography 7117: 6981: 6933:10.1068/d120053 6904: 6883: 6863: 6844: 6825: 6791:on 6 June 2011. 6589: 6504: 6478: 6476: 6440: 6413: 6388: 6365: 6343: 6341: 6238: 6219: 6173: 6168: 6167: 6160:UCLA Law Review 6156: 6152: 6141: 6137: 6123: 6119: 6108: 6104: 6094: 6092: 6084: 6083: 6076: 6074: 6066: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6041: 6040: 6036: 6026: 6024: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5978: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5941: 5937: 5922: 5918: 5902: 5901: 5894: 5892: 5882: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5863:The Denver Post 5857: 5856: 5849: 5847: 5844:The Denver Post 5838: 5837: 5833: 5823: 5821: 5818:The Denver Post 5812: 5811: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5789:The Denver Post 5783: 5782: 5775: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5744: 5742: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5713: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5663: 5662: 5655: 5653: 5645: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5628: 5613: 5609: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5536: 5529: 5518: 5514: 5475: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5423: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5394: 5390: 5380: 5378: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5340: 5328: 5324: 5311: 5310: 5303: 5301: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5208: 5201: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5145:on 23 July 2011 5133: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 5001:, p. 2585. 4997: 4993: 4989:, p. 2589. 4985: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4965:, p. 2586. 4961: 4957: 4953:, p. 2569. 4949: 4942: 4934: 4927: 4923:, p. 2567. 4919: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4773: 4767: 4763: 4744: 4740: 4723: 4719: 4692:Urban Geography 4688: 4681: 4666: 4662: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4578: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4552: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4523: 4519: 4488: 4484: 4474: 4472: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4412: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4364:on 28 June 2017 4352: 4351: 4347: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4261: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3931: 3927: 3904: 3900: 3861: 3854: 3847:) as cited in 3838: 3834: 3827: 3814: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3702: 3698: 3653: 3649: 3608:(5): e0233361. 3594: 3590: 3559: 3555: 3528:Urban Education 3524: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3484:Urban Education 3480: 3476: 3445: 3441: 3396: 3392: 3368: 3364: 3341: 3337: 3302: 3298: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3216: 3209: 3205: 3182: 3178: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3127: 3119: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3041: 3037: 3014: 3010: 2975: 2971: 2944: 2940: 2909: 2905: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2836: 2829: 2820: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2740: 2736: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2659: 2649: 2647: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2609: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2531: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2492: 2491: 2482: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2421: 2407: 2400: 2365: 2361: 2346: 2342: 2325: 2324: 2320: 2285: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2252:Cost of poverty 2164: 2145: 2137:Hamilton police 2120: 2077: 2064: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2028: 1879:post-industrial 1863: 1857: 1845: 1731: 1673:Bosco Verticale 1625: 1547:Group Areas Act 1496:values on to a 1481: 1433: 1390: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1327: 1325: 1315: 1303: 1292: 1240: 1234: 1217: 1211: 1139: 1134: 1106:sold to tenants 1070: 1041: 1020: 961:Meibion Glyndŵr 918: 913: 865: 799:Manuel Castells 796: 713:were converted 707:Manhattan lofts 646: 629: 616: 614:The upper-class 600:self-employment 595: 573: 555: 535: 499: 497:Economic shifts 450: 421: 396: 383: 374: 363: 357: 354: 343: 330: 326: 319: 309: 257: 198:In the US, the 196: 104: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9614: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9576:Gentrification 9561: 9560: 9558: 9557: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9523: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9435: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9372: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9362: 9360:United Kingdom 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9340:Czech Republic 9337: 9332: 9326: 9324: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9286: 9284: 9280: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9272: 9270:Randal O'Toole 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9210:Patrick Geddes 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9190:Kevin A. Lynch 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9170:Guy Benveniste 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9150:Daniel Burnham 9147: 9145:Colin Buchanan 9142: 9140:Clarence Stein 9137: 9135:Clarence Perry 9132: 9126: 9124: 9113: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9087: 9082: 9080:Urban vitality 9077: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8987:Healthy cities 8984: 8979: 8977:Brusselization 8973:Gentrification 8970: 8965: 8962:Eminent domain 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8892: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8838: 8836: 8834:Cities by type 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8794:Context theory 8791: 8785: 8783: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8711:Athens Charter 8707: 8705: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8678: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8635: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8602: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8591: 8590: 8584: 8582: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8572: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8550: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8514: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8495: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8389:Urban planning 8385: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8362: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8346:List of topics 8336: 8323: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8295:Urban planning 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8275:Property cycle 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8235:Gentrification 8232: 8227: 8222: 8216: 8214: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8174:Moving company 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8044: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8033: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8006: 8005: 7995: 7990: 7989: 7988: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7956:Eminent domain 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7926:Chain of title 7923: 7917: 7915: 7914:and regulation 7908: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7790: 7789: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7766:United Kingdom 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7697: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7665: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7642: 7635: 7634: 7617: 7588: 7562:(3): 341–353. 7551: 7534: 7528: 7515: 7511:New York Times 7502: 7492:(3): 465–468. 7481: 7471:(4): 521–535. 7460: 7439: 7435:Art in America 7430: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7405: 7390: 7345: 7312: 7293:Calvin College 7281: 7275: 7262: 7223: 7217: 7202: 7196: 7183: 7177: 7154: 7136:(7): 694–725. 7121: 7115: 7109:. SUNY Press. 7100: 7063: 7033:(4): 472–492. 7018: 6985: 6979: 6966: 6956:(2): 238–258. 6945: 6908: 6902: 6889: 6888: 6887: 6881: 6861: 6848: 6843:978-0415548403 6842: 6829: 6823: 6810: 6793: 6780: 6768:10.2307/622642 6743: 6731:10.2307/622612 6706: 6702:Gentrification 6697: 6679:(6): 815–843. 6668: 6639: 6602: 6593: 6587: 6566: 6537: 6519:(4): 463–491. 6508: 6502: 6485: 6465: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6438: 6411: 6392: 6386: 6369: 6363: 6350: 6330: 6312:(6): 751–776. 6301: 6284: 6273: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6236: 6217: 6204: 6186:(2): 271–288. 6174: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6150: 6135: 6117: 6102: 6059: 6034: 6009: 5988: 5961: 5935: 5916: 5876: 5831: 5802: 5773: 5752: 5739:Deutsche Welle 5726: 5707: 5681: 5651:Democracy Now! 5638: 5607: 5560: 5527: 5512: 5485:(2): 113–129. 5469: 5433: 5407: 5388: 5361: 5322: 5294:Mentelocale.it 5280: 5250: 5227: 5220: 5199: 5180: 5178:, p. 437. 5168: 5166:, p. 434. 5156: 5126: 5124:, p. 430. 5114: 5102: 5090: 5088:, p. 431. 5078: 5066: 5064:, p. 284. 5051: 5049:, p. 277. 5039: 5037:, p. 276. 5027: 5025:, p. 274. 5015: 5013:, p. 271. 5003: 4991: 4979: 4977:, p. 433. 4967: 4955: 4940: 4938:, p. 272. 4925: 4910: 4883: 4856: 4834: 4827: 4809: 4798: 4761: 4738: 4717: 4679: 4660: 4634: 4625: 4613: 4572: 4543: 4517: 4498:(2): 162–176. 4482: 4455: 4444:on 3 July 2014 4425: 4406: 4394: 4375: 4345: 4327: 4295: 4283: 4255: 4229: 4196: 4168: 4142: 4127:Archived from 4116: 4104: 4089: 4077: 4054: 4026: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3970:, p. 104. 3960: 3925: 3898: 3852: 3832: 3812: 3810:, p. 769. 3806:, p. 37; 3796: 3769: 3743: 3716:(1): 193–211. 3696: 3661:Health Affairs 3647: 3588: 3569:(3): 213–235. 3553: 3518: 3509: 3490:(2): 183–215. 3474: 3455:(3): 238–259. 3439: 3390: 3379:(4): 446–456. 3362: 3335: 3296: 3269: 3262: 3244: 3232: 3214: 3203: 3176: 3143: 3125: 3105:10.3386/w25809 3084: 3035: 3008: 2969: 2958:Hackworth 2002 2938: 2903: 2884:(1): 121–138. 2868: 2834: 2818: 2806: 2784: 2775: 2734: 2715: 2708: 2685: 2676: 2657: 2630: 2597: 2586: 2584:, p. 132. 2574: 2522: 2513: 2480: 2460: 2438:. p. 394. 2426: 2419: 2398: 2359: 2340: 2331:Dictionary.com 2318: 2299:(2): 249–264. 2273: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2257:Urban Retrofit 2254: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2227:Urban vitality 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2144: 2141: 2119: 2116: 2089:Sandwich board 2076: 2073: 2063: 2060: 2050: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1970: 1969: 1963: 1957: 1954:Virginia Beach 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1859:Main article: 1856: 1853: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1836: 1826: 1820: 1806: 1796: 1775:Łódź Fabryczna 1747:Metropolis GZM 1730: 1727: 1624: 1621: 1586:housing market 1510:capital flight 1489:Post-Apartheid 1480: 1477: 1442:San Pedro Sula 1432: 1429: 1402:National Front 1392: 1391: 1306: 1304: 1297: 1291: 1288: 1244:rooming houses 1233: 1230: 1213:Main article: 1210: 1207: 1194:infrastructure 1179:central London 1171:City of London 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1102:social housing 1083:West Hollywood 1069: 1066: 1040: 1037: 1024:urban planning 1019: 1016: 938:class conflict 932:, January 2012 917: 914: 912: 909: 864: 861: 857:eminent domain 795: 794:LGBT community 792: 789: 788: 764: 763: 756: 755: 749: 744: 738: 737: 734: 731: 727: 726: 645: 642: 628: 625: 615: 612: 594: 591: 572: 569: 554: 551: 534: 531: 498: 495: 487:infrastructure 449: 448:Social changes 446: 434:social capital 430:property taxes 402:A building in 395: 392: 382: 379: 376: 375: 340:of the subject 338:worldwide view 333: 331: 324: 318: 315: 284: 283: 280: 273: 270: 267: 256: 253: 241:gentrification 212:gentrification 195: 192: 128:gentrification 122:, where large 103: 100: 90:and resulting 68:economic value 45:Gentrification 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9613: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9591:Urban renewal 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9556: 9555: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9533: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9489:Public policy 9487: 9485: 9484:Public health 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9454:Urban ecology 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9428: 9418: 9417:Ancient Egypt 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9305: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9288: 9287: 9285: 9281: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9265:Lewis Mumford 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9241: 9235: 9234: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9215:Raymond Unwin 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9122:practitioners 9117: 9114: 9110: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9051:Tract housing 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9041:Temporary use 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9026:Planning gain 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8957:Creative city 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8911:Urban village 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8890:Model village 8888: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8851:Commuter town 8849: 8847: 8843: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8831: 8825: 8824:Urban renewal 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8761:Structuralism 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8693: 8683: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8675: 8671: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8589: 8586: 8585: 8583: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8564:Rural housing 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8545: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8523:Redevelopment 8521: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8383: 8378: 8376: 8371: 8369: 8364: 8363: 8360: 8348: 8347: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8324: 8322: 8321: 8311: 8310: 8307: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8093:Mortgage loan 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041:and valuation 8037: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8025:Torrens title 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8010:Real property 8008: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7839:Golf property 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7658: 7656: 7651: 7649: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7631: 7627: 7626:Governing.com 7623: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7521: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7440: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7420: 7408: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7350:Urban Studies 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7313: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7278: 7276:9780043012024 7272: 7268: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7218:9780415132541 7214: 7210: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7197:9780520264779 7193: 7189: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7068:Urban Studies 7064: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7050:11573/1633898 7046: 7041: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6976: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6905: 6903:9780198232926 6899: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6816: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6717:(2): 173–89. 6716: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6499: 6494: 6493: 6486: 6475: 6474:Bloomberg.com 6471: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6439:9780802005144 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6412:9780802005144 6408: 6404: 6399: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6366: 6364:9781859723715 6360: 6356: 6351: 6340: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6229: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6175: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6113: 6106: 6091: 6087: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6023: 6019: 6013: 5998: 5992: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5965: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5931: 5930:The Telegraph 5927: 5920: 5912: 5906: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5864: 5860: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5762: 5756: 5740: 5736: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5670: 5666: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5564: 5549: 5545: 5544:Governing.com 5541: 5534: 5532: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5473: 5454: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5349: 5345: 5338:(in Italian). 5337: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5221:9788856802665 5217: 5213: 5206: 5204: 5196:(in Italian). 5195: 5191: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5112:, p. 32. 5111: 5106: 5100:, p. 33. 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5076:, p. 31. 5075: 5070: 5063: 5062:Atkinson 2009 5058: 5056: 5048: 5047:Atkinson 2009 5043: 5036: 5035:Atkinson 2009 5031: 5024: 5023:Atkinson 2009 5019: 5012: 5011:Atkinson 2009 5007: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4945: 4937: 4936:Atkinson 2009 4932: 4930: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4844: 4838: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4807: 4802: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4733: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4684: 4676:(1): 117–123. 4675: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4632:Hamnett, 1989 4629: 4623:, p. 13. 4622: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4312: 4305: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4259: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4200: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4085:Schulman 2012 4081: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4030: 4015:on 6 May 2009 4014: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3993: 3992:Castells 1983 3988: 3981: 3976: 3969: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3859: 3857: 3850: 3849:Butler (1997) 3844: 3836: 3830: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3804:Belanger 2012 3800: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3773: 3757: 3756:Governing.com 3753: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3230: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3212: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3180: 3171: 3166: 3163:(3): 279–90. 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3039: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2983:Social Forces 2980: 2973: 2967: 2966:Belanger 2012 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954:Maloutas 2011 2951: 2947: 2942: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2815: 2810: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2692: 2690: 2680: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2645: 2644:Governing.com 2641: 2634: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2601: 2595: 2590: 2583: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2517: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2471: 2464: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2430: 2422: 2420:9780415165174 2416: 2412: 2405: 2403: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2363: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2217:Urban renewal 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2207:Trailer Trash 2205: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2069: 2059: 2056: 2046: 2037: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1855:United States 1852: 1850: 1840: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559:1820 Settlers 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1514:disinvestment 1511: 1506: 1504: 1499: 1498:working-class 1495: 1490: 1486: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1417:Marine Le Pen 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1388: 1385: 1377: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1335: – 1334: 1330: 1329:Find sources: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1307:This section 1305: 1301: 1296: 1295: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151:Roman Britain 1148: 1144: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1122:Massachusetts 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1046: 1043:Because land 1036: 1033: 1032:urban density 1028: 1025: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1001: 1000:Operation Tân 997: 993: 992:holiday homes 989: 985: 981: 980:Welsh culture 977: 973: 972: 966: 962: 958: 956: 951: 947: 943: 939: 931: 927: 922: 911:Other methods 908: 905: 903: 899: 893: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 860: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815: 810: 809: 804: 803:San Francisco 800: 786: 785:Kasman (2015) 782: 778: 774: 770: 765: 761: 757: 754: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 735: 732: 729: 728: 725: 721: 718: 716: 712: 708: 704: 699: 695: 689: 685: 683: 678: 670: 666: 661: 654: 650: 641: 638: 633: 624: 620: 611: 607: 603: 601: 590: 586: 584: 583:San Francisco 580: 579: 568: 565: 561: 558: 550: 546: 542: 538: 530: 527: 523: 519: 515: 508: 503: 494: 491: 488: 482: 479: 475: 472: 466: 463: 454: 445: 441: 437: 435: 431: 427: 420: 412: 409: 405: 400: 391: 388: 372: 369: 361: 351: 347: 341: 339: 332: 323: 322: 314: 310: 307: 305: 301: 296: 294: 289: 281: 278: 274: 271: 268: 265: 264: 263: 261: 252: 250: 246: 242: 236: 233: 230:say in their 229: 225: 222: 216: 213: 209: 205: 201: 190: 187: 183: 177: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 156: 151: 149: 145: 144: 143:landed gentry 139: 135: 134: 130:derives from 129: 125: 121: 120:Roman Britain 117: 108: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 75: 73: 69: 65: 60: 58: 54: 50: 46: 39: 34: 30: 19: 9553: 9530: 9511: 9439:Architecture 9412:Nazi Germany 9220:Thomas Adams 9200:Loretta Lees 9195:Le Corbusier 9165:Edmund Bacon 9130:Andrés Duany 9085:Urbanization 9071:Urban sprawl 9036:Rural flight 9016:Permeability 9011:Model cities 8972: 8883:Logging camp 8842:Company town 8756:Smart growth 8746:New Urbanism 8528:Urban design 8344: 8332: 8318: 8265:Land banking 8234: 8164:Land banking 8149:Buyer broker 8123:Rental value 7946:Conveyancing 7756:Saudi Arabia 7625: 7599:(1): 47–74. 7596: 7592: 7576:10.1068/d10s 7559: 7555: 7547:the original 7542: 7519: 7510: 7489: 7485: 7468: 7464: 7447: 7443: 7434: 7424: 7395: 7353: 7349: 7316: 7304:. 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