789:
215:
416:
745:
160:
33:
947:
323:
901:
821:
267:
1458:
The pulpit gown (usually black, but in more recent times commercially available in other colors) is connected to academic gowns worn in the medieval universities. It communicates gravity, learned bearing, and presence. The pulpit gown gained popularity in the twentieth century among those
Protestant
1459:
groups recovering their
Reformation connections. The alb came to popular use in the late twentieth century in the post-Vatican II period, when Protestant churches reached back to early church liturgical roots and the emerging ecumenical consensus about worship.
852:), or scarlet red for a King's Chaplain. This practice is sometimes followed by some English Methodists and American Presbyterians, although wearing the more familiar American-style gown, including wearing a black cassock in Roman or Anglican cut.
731:
clergy, its use waned in the 20th century. During that century, there was a general shift toward a less formal religious service; this movement spread across most denominational lines. Rarely is this uniquely
Protestant attire worn by
1067:
The Chief Divine
Service of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church: Explained, and Furnished with Historic Church Melodies for the Preservation of the Liturgical Heritage and for the Advancement of Liturgical Study in the American-Lutheran
253:
The Geneva gown represents the academic training the wearer has attained for the purpose of preaching. The gown has the effect of concealing the person, thereby emphasizing the office instead. In this way, it is a kind of
1137:
The Geneva gown is a black robe, once commonly worn in public by those with academic credentials. The Geneva gown symbolizes scholarly training and learned preaching, a historical value and strength of the
Reformed
969:
churches trend the opposite direction, doing away with distinct ministerial dress altogether. This has the effect of minimizing distinction between pastor and laity, encouraging a casual atmosphere common for the
990:
1002:
848:, it is normal for the Geneva gown to be vented (opened at the front), sleeveless, and worn over a cassock. The cassock is usually black, but also comes in blue (as the
1485:
477:
362:
carried the custom from Geneva to
Scotland in the 1570s. This was eventually defined as liturgical dress, and the traditional garment for those in leadership roles.
1015:
The black preaching-gown worn by the early
Reformed ministers, loose-fitting and with full sleeves. It is still worn by Presbyterians and other Calvinists.
437:
A survey from 1966 records North
American use by denomination. In all cases, the denomination allows for local discretion or makes no official statement:
487:
242:) may wear three velvet bars on each sleeve, or simply wear his academic gown in the pulpit. The velvet panels of the gown's facings match the sleeves.
1546:
1027:
1277:
1405:
385:
peers, and objected that such vestments were a superstitious holdover from medieval
Catholicism. The debate centered around whether vestments were
358:, followed suit. Unlike today, when academic regalia is generally reserved for ceremonies, this would have been the daily dress for the reformers.
688:
2297:
43:
1442:
350:
was the first to wear his black academic gown during the liturgy rather than contemporary clerical dress. Other
Protestant ministers, (esp.
864:
and spiritual leaders of other non-Christian faiths have fashioned their modern religious garb patterned after the historic Geneva gown.
203:
gowns, is traditionally black, loose fitting with full length bell sleeves. It is often constructed from heavy material and features
1365:"CULTURES OF THE PAST: "The pastor's new clothes": Reclericalisation of Protestant clothing in German-speaking countries since 1970"
245:
Contemporary choir robes are distinct from the Geneva gown, usually made with lighter and colorful fabrics and large open sleeves.
920:
movements are all associated with a renewed interest in premodern liturgical forms. These tend to abandon the Geneva gown for the
537:
607:
587:
298:. A lay preacher may wear a preaching scarf. Less typically a minister may wear white gloves when distributing elements of the
1539:
1337:
1105:
1079:
1251:
2173:
557:
1826:
527:
517:
382:
335:
355:
77:
1532:
597:
2237:
1178:"An Argument for the Wider Adoption and Use of Traditional Academic Attire within Roman Catholic Church Services"
1053:. [The gown (from Latin: talaris vestis = ankle-length robe) is the black official dress of the priest.]
1003:
10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095847763?p=emailaivcdastofje6&d=/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095847763
2071:
938:
churches have officially reintroduced liturgical vestments since the 1970s, a trend termed "reclericalisation".
772:, many whom desire a continuity with the stauncher Protestant stances of the church before the influence of the
2197:
1491:
1121:
1042:
2292:
1790:
547:
458:
Geneva gown "the rule". Doctors wear their academic gowns. Congregationalists likely to include hood, German
2213:
2205:
756:
The typical clerical dress of an Anglican minister during the 18th century was a cassock, Geneva gown, and
637:
374:
2302:
1913:
1327:
917:
678:
577:
17:
1225:
1908:
567:
497:
2181:
1556:
1312:
2312:
2221:
1748:
935:
617:
59:
2269:
1479:
467:
453:
110:
1418:
1667:
1633:
1065:
880:(1962-65). Ministers abandoning the gown will generally transition to an alb with accompanying
877:
836:
churches, though it seemed to be common during the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries.
809:
788:
647:
532:
Degreed ministers usually wear academic gown with hood. Others usually wear black pulpit gown.
507:
214:
2245:
1888:
1737:
1524:
1399:
1299:
700:
657:
405:
339:
2031:
1794:
1589:
1512:
749:
459:
331:
239:
2164:
2160:
1585:
8:
2229:
2189:
1855:
1815:
1575:
2057:
2307:
1979:
1844:
1779:
845:
769:
708:
627:
235:
231:
1095:
415:
389:
and could thus be regulated. Official positions would fluctuate through the reigns of
2082:
1984:
1756:
1387:
1333:
1199:
1101:
1075:
1021:
904:
The alb, related to the ancient tunic, displaced the Geneva gown in certain churches.
366:
347:
51:
1364:
2253:
2140:
2092:
1800:
1722:
1694:
1639:
1379:
1226:"Lutheran and Protest Vestment Practices in the United States and Canada: A Survey"
1189:
1151:
998:
971:
849:
805:
757:
733:
314:
where Master's gowns sometimes feature drop sleeves (also called a set-in sleeve).
295:
279:
271:
219:
218:
Presbyterian pastors in Brazil wearing modern gowns of various colors, some adding
208:
163:
55:
776:. In these parishes it is usual for the gown to be worn for preaching, whilst the
1949:
1699:
1684:
1581:
1518:
913:
909:
773:
291:
287:
159:
572:
Gown worn by about 1/6th of ministers. Cassock, surplice and stole more common.
512:
Worn by a majority of ministers. Southern ministers more likely to wear a suit.
2261:
2010:
2005:
1959:
1861:
1726:
966:
962:
793:
667:
427:
398:
196:
2286:
2015:
1923:
1838:
1832:
1810:
1805:
1657:
1503:
1391:
1383:
1203:
797:
419:
311:
303:
175:
167:
1421:
Theology and Worship – What about all the different clerical vestments?
1100:. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. 2006. p. 237.
2135:
2036:
2000:
1933:
1903:
1883:
1761:
1718:
1620:
1194:
1177:
744:
720:
704:
434:, though it was originally a minister's daily wear in the reformation era.
140:, especially in Reformed churches. The garment in Lutheran churches is the
130:
2130:
1850:
1821:
1560:
955:
951:
833:
394:
200:
171:
126:
118:
1927:
502:
Cassock with gown and bands common. Stronger in Northeast than Midwest.
482:
Gown worn by a majority of ministers. Doctors wear their academic gown.
2062:
1964:
1954:
1497:
761:
306:
and communion trays. Open-front gowns are traditionally worn over the
1785:
1732:
1473:
946:
929:
728:
712:
390:
386:
359:
351:
322:
299:
227:
179:
122:
114:
1443:"What is United Methodist practice in wearing vestments in worship?"
270:
A traditional open-front Geneva gown worn over a cassock with white
2145:
2125:
2120:
2107:
2097:
1898:
1679:
1594:
925:
888:, or abandon distinctive dress altogether, often wearing a typical
885:
881:
777:
765:
760:. For this reason, the gown is sometimes (though rarely) found in "
716:
699:
For historical and theological reasons the gown is most typical of
378:
370:
343:
900:
872:
The gown gained in popularity in the 20th century, but so did the
2150:
2067:
1974:
1969:
1878:
1772:
1767:
1673:
1663:
1652:
1613:
1363:
Bednarek-Gilland, Antje; Eberlein, Hermann - (12 December 2014).
820:
724:
426:
By convention a minister or lay preacher only wears the gown for
307:
283:
255:
1514:
Material History of American Religion Project: Ministerial Dress
207:
facings running over the neck and down the front, mimicking the
1918:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1646:
1507:
861:
582:
Gown worn rarely, except for baptisms. Formal attire the norm.
431:
326:
Andreas Karlstadt first wore the academic gown into his pulpit.
204:
183:
1554:
1487:
A Defense of the Use of the Ministerial Robe in Public Worship
711:
churches, that is those congregations primarily influenced by
472:
Gown "almost entirely" worn, usually over cassock with bands.
266:
2086:
2077:
2041:
1893:
1627:
1521:— an advice book published in 1950 for young American clergy.
1329:
Christian Worship: A Theological and Historical Introduction
522:
Gown worn in about half the churches. Rising in popularity.
1688:
889:
106:
1475:
The Advent of the Use of the Geneva Gown in Public Worship
478:
United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America
2115:
921:
873:
1362:
290:, with or without a suitcoat. A minister may also wear
562:
Gown worn by about 1/5th of ministers, without bands.
1097:
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian church
302:, a practice predating the advent of stainless steel
310:
and sometimes do not include sleeves, especially in
369:, a controversy broke out over the prescription of
941:
113:for preaching. It is particularly associated with
2284:
1252:"Preaching Uniforms; What to Wear in the Pulpit"
1540:
1026:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
40:The examples and perspective in this article
1404:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 (
1176:Hargrave, Seamus Addison (21 October 2018).
839:
1325:
1547:
1533:
1269:
1074:. Concordia Publishing House. p. 17.
1372:Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica
1332:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 57.
1193:
1149:
381:) party preferred black gowns like their
222:. Doctors are entitled to wear arm bands.
78:Learn how and when to remove this message
1278:"Liturgical Dress in the Uniting Church"
1249:
1223:
1175:
1040:
945:
899:
819:
787:
743:
488:Presbyterian Church in the United States
414:
321:
265:
261:
213:
158:
1490:by Jeff Myers, a teaching elder of the
1224:Piepkorn, Arthur Carl (November 1966).
1063:
723:. Though historically also common with
538:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
401:instructed black gowns for the pulpit.
14:
2285:
1432:Handbook of the Free Church of England
1319:
1150:Blacketer, Raymond A. (18 June 2015).
492:Gown worn by a majority of ministers.
2298:History of clothing (Western fashion)
1528:
1358:
1356:
1250:Bruggink, Donald J. (December 1988).
928:, which are seen as more ancient and
828:(bands), sometimes includes a collar.
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
895:
622:Gown "almost completely" in disuse.
592:Gown worn by some. Most wear suits.
26:
1499:Why does the minister wear a robe?,
1283:. Assembly Commission on Liturgy: 2
1275:
824:The Lutheran talar, worn here with
278:Modern gowns are often worn over a
24:
1353:
1182:Transactions of the Burgon Society
832:Use of the gown has also waned in
528:African Methodist Episcopal Church
518:Evangelical United Brethren Church
25:
2324:
1467:
1210:
783:
422:depicted wearing his black talar.
117:churches, while also used in the
855:
558:Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod
31:
2238:Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement
1435:
1426:
1412:
942:Transition to civilian clothing
462:adherents prefer the surplice.
2198:Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book
1502:Redeemer Presbyterian Church,
1492:Presbyterian Church in America
1419:Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.):
1293:The origins of the Geneva Gown
1243:
1169:
1143:
1114:
1088:
1057:
1034:
983:
804:Gowns are widely used in many
748:An 18th-c. Anglican minister,
612:Gown not usual. Suits common.
190:
13:
1:
1233:Concordia Theological Monthly
977:
2214:Evangelical Lutheran Worship
2206:Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary
1041:jtreiber (22 October 2016).
808:congregations regardless of
792:A colorful robe worn with a
693:Gowns not worn, only suits.
683:Gowns not worn, only suits.
673:Gowns not worn, only suits.
662:Gowns not worn, only suits.
652:Gowns not worn, only suits.
642:Gowns not worn, only suits.
638:American Baptist Association
377:. The more reformed (later,
342:and its prescribed priestly
334:objected to the theology of
226:A minister who has earned a
7:
1126:Presbyterian Mission Agency
1064:Lochner, Friedrich (2020).
1043:"Talar, Beffchen und Stola"
815:
739:
679:Church of Christ, Scientist
588:National Baptist Convention
578:Southern Baptist Convention
548:American Baptist Convention
186:, all wearing their gowns.
54:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2329:
780:is worn for the liturgy.
715:formulations of Christian
568:Lutheran Church in America
552:Worn by 1/4 of ministers.
498:Reformed Church in America
403:
317:
248:
136:It is commonly called the
2159:
2106:
2050:
2024:
1993:
1942:
1871:
1746:
1605:
1578:(known as the Invocation)
1567:
1386:(inactive 23 June 2024).
867:
840:Reformed and Presbyterian
156:(choir or chancel robe).
2222:Lutheran Book of Worship
1384:10.5604/20842937.1131972
1005:(inactive 27 April 2024)
954:is known for his casual
752:, preaching in his gown.
618:American Lutheran Church
430:in which they deliver a
410:
211:sometimes worn over it.
2270:Service Book and Hymnal
1738:Prayers of the Faithful
1606:The Service of the Word
1480:United Church of Canada
1447:Discipleship Ministries
1152:"The Preaching Uniform"
468:United Church of Canada
454:United Church of Christ
354:), many of them former
1943:Parts of the Sanctuary
1307:Cite journal requires
1195:10.4148/2475-7799.1150
959:
905:
829:
801:
753:
648:Church of the Nazarene
423:
327:
275:
223:
187:
2246:Lutheran Service Book
956:Hawaiian style shirts
949:
903:
823:
791:
747:
418:
406:Vestarian controversy
404:Further information:
375:Book of Common Prayer
340:Roman Catholic Church
325:
269:
262:Accompanying garments
217:
162:
2293:Protestant vestments
1795:Memorial Acclamation
1791:Words of Institution
1590:Declaration of Grace
844:In the Presbyterian
750:Philip Stanhope Dodd
736:or Roman Catholics.
602:Gowns worn by some.
542:Gown normally worn.
383:continental reformed
332:Protestant Reformers
60:create a new article
52:improve this article
42:may not represent a
2230:The Lutheran Hymnal
2190:Common Service Book
1747:The Service of the
1576:Trinitarian formula
1568:Preparatory Service
1326:O'Brien, G (2015).
1122:"Signs and symbols"
950:"America's Pastor"
608:Disciples of Christ
441:
387:a thing indifferent
152:(priest's robe) or
111:Christian ministers
90:Ministerial garment
2303:History of fashion
2051:Liturgical objects
2025:Liturgical vessels
1980:processional cross
1845:Benedicamus Domino
1780:Eucharistic Prayer
1668:Responsorial Psalm
1574:Entrance hymn and
960:
906:
846:Church of Scotland
830:
802:
770:Anglican Communion
754:
628:Churches of Christ
448:Frequency of Wear
440:
424:
328:
276:
224:
188:
2280:
2279:
2182:Christian Worship
2174:Christian Worship
2083:sacramental bread
2058:collection basket
1478:by D.G. Laird, a
1339:978-1-4982-3135-0
1107:978-0-19-866268-6
1081:978-0-7586-6567-6
936:German Protestant
896:Transition to alb
697:
696:
689:Latter-day Saints
658:Assemblies of God
367:Church of England
348:Andreas Karlstadt
88:
87:
80:
62:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2320:
2254:Lutheran Worship
2161:Liturgical books
2093:sacramental wine
1723:Athanasian Creed
1640:Dominus vobiscum
1549:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1282:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1256:Reformed Worship
1247:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1221:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1010:
995:Oxford Reference
987:
972:seeker sensitive
850:Flag of Scotland
806:African-American
734:Eastern Orthodox
632:Gowns not worn.
508:Methodist Church
442:
439:
356:Catholic priests
164:Reformation Wall
83:
76:
72:
69:
63:
35:
34:
27:
21:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2313:Presbyterianism
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2155:
2102:
2046:
2020:
1989:
1938:
1867:
1742:
1700:Hymn of the day
1601:
1582:Penitential Act
1563:
1553:
1519:Nolan B. Harmon
1470:
1465:
1451:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1413:
1397:
1396:
1367:
1361:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1324:
1320:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1248:
1244:
1228:
1222:
1211:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1148:
1144:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1039:
1035:
1019:
1018:
1008:
1006:
989:
988:
984:
980:
944:
910:Oxford movement
898:
870:
858:
842:
818:
786:
774:Oxford Movement
742:
598:Moravian Church
413:
408:
320:
292:preaching bands
288:clerical collar
264:
251:
195:The gown, like
193:
148:), also called
91:
84:
73:
67:
64:
49:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2326:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2262:ReClaim Hymnal
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2075:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2011:sanctuary lamp
2008:
2006:paschal candle
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1960:altar crucifix
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1862:Ite, missa est
1858:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1803:
1798:
1776:
1753:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1727:Trinity Sunday
1716:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1584:including the
1579:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1557:Divine Service
1552:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1495:
1483:
1469:
1468:External links
1466:
1464:
1463:
1434:
1425:
1411:
1352:
1338:
1318:
1309:|journal=
1268:
1242:
1209:
1168:
1142:
1113:
1106:
1087:
1080:
1056:
1033:
981:
979:
976:
943:
940:
918:uniting church
914:paleo-orthodox
897:
894:
869:
866:
857:
854:
841:
838:
817:
814:
810:denominational
794:pectoral cross
785:
784:Black American
782:
741:
738:
701:Congregational
695:
694:
691:
685:
684:
681:
675:
674:
671:
664:
663:
660:
654:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
624:
623:
620:
614:
613:
610:
604:
603:
600:
594:
593:
590:
584:
583:
580:
574:
573:
570:
564:
563:
560:
554:
553:
550:
544:
543:
540:
534:
533:
530:
524:
523:
520:
514:
513:
510:
504:
503:
500:
494:
493:
490:
484:
483:
480:
474:
473:
470:
464:
463:
456:
450:
449:
446:
412:
409:
399:James VI and I
319:
316:
280:collared shirt
272:preaching tabs
263:
260:
250:
247:
192:
189:
146:talaris vestis
103:preaching robe
97:, also called
89:
86:
85:
46:of the subject
44:worldwide view
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2325:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2016:votive candle
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:Postcommunion
1837:
1835:
1834:
1833:Nunc dimittis
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:Sign of peace
1804:
1802:
1801:Lord's Prayer
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1658:Old Testament
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:Order of the
1550:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:Overland Park
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1471:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1341:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1301:
1294:
1279:
1272:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1157:
1156:blacketer.org
1153:
1146:
1139:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1060:
1044:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
991:"Geneva gown"
986:
982:
975:
973:
968:
964:
957:
953:
948:
939:
937:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
902:
893:
891:
890:business suit
887:
883:
879:
875:
865:
863:
856:Non-Christian
853:
851:
847:
837:
835:
827:
822:
813:
812:affiliation.
811:
807:
799:
798:Deborah Wolfe
795:
790:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
751:
746:
737:
735:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
692:
690:
687:
686:
682:
680:
677:
676:
672:
669:
666:
665:
661:
659:
656:
655:
651:
649:
646:
645:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
609:
606:
605:
601:
599:
596:
595:
591:
589:
586:
585:
581:
579:
576:
575:
571:
569:
566:
565:
561:
559:
556:
555:
551:
549:
546:
545:
541:
539:
536:
535:
531:
529:
526:
525:
521:
519:
516:
515:
511:
509:
506:
505:
501:
499:
496:
495:
491:
489:
486:
485:
481:
479:
476:
475:
471:
469:
466:
465:
461:
457:
455:
452:
451:
447:
445:Denomination
444:
443:
438:
435:
433:
429:
421:
420:Martin Luther
417:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:in the first
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
324:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Lord's Supper
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
268:
259:
257:
246:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
221:
216:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
133:traditions.
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:, is a black
104:
100:
96:
82:
79:
71:
68:November 2020
61:
57:
53:
47:
45:
38:
29:
28:
19:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2136:humeral veil
2001:altar candle
1872:Participants
1860:
1843:
1831:
1827:Distribution
1809:
1784:
1778:
1766:
1762:Sursum corda
1760:
1719:Nicene Creed
1678:
1645:
1638:
1626:
1621:Gloria Patri
1619:
1612:
1593:
1513:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1457:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1437:
1428:
1420:
1414:
1400:cite journal
1378:(2): 33–55.
1375:
1371:
1343:. Retrieved
1328:
1321:
1300:cite journal
1292:
1285:. Retrieved
1276:Gribben, R.
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:
1145:
1136:
1129:. Retrieved
1125:
1116:
1096:
1090:
1066:
1059:
1047:. Retrieved
1036:
1014:
1007:. Retrieved
994:
985:
961:
934:
907:
871:
859:
843:
831:
825:
803:
755:
721:church order
705:Presbyterian
698:
436:
425:
364:
329:
277:
252:
244:
225:
194:
153:
150:priesterrock
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
102:
98:
94:
92:
74:
65:
41:
2131:geneva gown
1851:Benediction
1561:Lutheranism
1345:1 September
1287:1 September
1045:(in German)
967:Pentecostal
963:Evangelical
952:Rick Warren
884:, stole or
668:Pentecostal
460:Mercersburg
395:Elizabeth I
191:Description
166:statues of
138:Geneva gown
99:pulpit robe
95:pulpit gown
18:Geneva gown
2287:Categories
2063:holy water
1985:tabernacle
1965:altar rail
1955:altar bell
1598:on Easter)
1188:(1): 111.
1138:tradition.
978:References
974:movement.
930:ecumenical
878:Vatican II
762:low church
758:neck bands
397:. By 1610
336:ordination
2308:Methodism
2108:Vestments
1856:Dismissal
1822:Agnus Dei
1816:elevation
1786:Epiclesis
1749:Eucharist
1733:Offertory
1586:Confiteor
1482:minister.
1392:2084-2937
1204:2475-7799
729:Methodist
713:Calvinist
670:churches
391:Edward VI
371:vestments
360:John Knox
344:vestments
228:doctorate
131:Unitarian
123:Methodist
56:talk page
2146:surplice
2126:dalmatic
2121:chasuble
2098:thurible
2032:ciborium
1899:crucifer
1680:Alleluia
1595:Asperges
1261:31 March
1022:cite web
926:cincture
886:chasuble
882:cincture
834:Lutheran
826:beffchen
816:Lutheran
778:surplice
766:parishes
740:Anglican
717:doctrine
709:Reformed
428:services
352:Reformed
304:chalices
201:judicial
197:academic
154:chorrock
127:Lutheran
119:Anglican
115:Reformed
109:worn by
50:You may
2165:hymnals
2151:tunicle
2068:incense
2037:chalice
1994:Candles
1975:piscina
1970:kneeler
1879:Acolyte
1773:Hosanna
1768:Sanctus
1757:Preface
1687:during
1674:Epistle
1664:gradual
1660:reading
1653:Collect
1614:Introit
1452:4 April
1161:1 April
1131:1 April
1049:2 April
1009:2 April
768:of the
725:Baptist
379:Puritan
365:In the
318:History
312:Britain
308:cassock
294:and a
284:necktie
256:uniform
249:Purpose
2273:(1958)
2265:(2006)
2257:(1982)
2249:(2006)
2241:(1989)
2233:(1941)
2225:(1978)
2217:(2006)
2209:(1996)
2201:(1912)
2193:(1917)
2185:(2021)
2177:(1993)
1928:Priest
1924:Pastor
1919:lector
1904:deacon
1889:cantor
1884:bishop
1713:Sermon
1709:Postil
1705:Homily
1695:Gospel
1647:Oremus
1634:Gloria
1390:
1336:
1237:XXXVII
1202:
1104:
1078:
1068:Church
876:after
868:Trends
862:rabbis
432:sermon
230:(e.g.
220:stoles
205:velvet
184:Geneva
172:Calvin
2141:stole
2087:wafer
2078:paten
2042:cruet
1950:altar
1934:usher
1914:laity
1909:elder
1894:choir
1685:tract
1628:Kýrie
1368:(PDF)
1281:(PDF)
1239:(10).
1229:(PDF)
1072:(PDF)
860:Some
411:Usage
296:stole
286:or a
282:with
209:stole
168:Farel
142:talar
58:, or
2163:and
1926:(or
1689:Lent
1666:(or
1592:(or
1588:and
1508:Kan.
1454:2024
1406:link
1388:ISSN
1347:2015
1334:ISBN
1313:help
1289:2015
1263:2024
1200:ISSN
1163:2024
1133:2024
1102:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1051:2024
1028:link
1011:2024
965:and
924:and
916:and
908:The
727:and
719:and
707:and
393:and
330:The
199:and
180:Knox
178:and
176:Beza
129:and
107:gown
93:The
2116:alb
2072:use
1811:pax
1725:on
1707:or
1559:in
1517:by
1380:doi
1190:doi
999:doi
932:.
922:alb
874:alb
796:by
338:in
240:PhD
236:ThD
182:in
101:or
2289::
1808:/
1793:/
1789:/
1771:/
1765:/
1506:,
1456:.
1445:.
1402:}}
1398:{{
1376:15
1374:.
1370:.
1355:^
1304::
1302:}}
1298:{{
1291:.
1254:.
1235:.
1231:.
1212:^
1198:.
1186:17
1184:.
1180:.
1154:.
1135:.
1124:.
1024:}}
1020:{{
1013:.
997:.
993:.
912:,
892:.
764:"
703:,
346:.
258:.
238:,
234:,
232:DD
174:,
170:,
125:,
121:,
2089:)
2085:(
2074:)
2070:(
1930:)
1818:)
1814:(
1797:)
1783:(
1775:)
1759:(
1729:)
1721:(
1715:)
1711:(
1691:)
1683:(
1670:)
1548:e
1541:t
1534:v
1494:.
1408:)
1394:.
1382::
1349:.
1315:)
1311:(
1265:.
1206:.
1192::
1165:.
1110:.
1084:.
1030:)
1001::
958:.
800:.
274:.
144:(
81:)
75:(
70:)
66:(
48:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
