94:
687:
706:
partition coefficients. Anesthetics that are highly soluble require many molecules of drug to raise the partial pressure within a given tissue, as opposed to minimally soluble anesthetics which require relatively few. Generally, inhalational anesthetics that are minimally soluble reach equilibrium more quickly. Inhalational anesthetics that have a high fat:blood partition coefficient, however, reach equilibrium more slowly, due to the minimal vascularization of fat tissue, which serves as a large, slowly-filling reservoir for the drug.
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496:. This process is accelerated with intravenous anesthetics, so much so that it is negligible to consider during their use. The four stages of anesthesia are described using Guedel's signs, signifying the depth of anesthesia. These stages describe effects of anesthesia mainly on cognition, muscular activity, and respiration.
718:, tissue solubility, blood flow to the lungs, and patient respiratory rate and inspiratory volume. For gases that have minimal tissue solubility, termination of anesthesia generally occurs as rapidly as the onset of anesthesia. For gases that have high tissue solubility, however, termination of anesthesia is generally
697:
within the various tissues is equivalent to the partial pressure of the drug within the lungs. Healthcare providers can control the rate of anesthesia induction and final tissue concentrations of the anesthetic by varying the partial pressure of the inspired anesthetic. A higher drug partial pressure
654:
in the liver, and existing drug concentration in fat. When large quantities of an anesthetic drug have already been dissolved in the body's fat stores, this can slow its redistribution out of the brain and spinal cord, prolonging its CNS effects. For this reason, the half-lives of these infused drugs
516:
Stage II is often characterized by the receiver being delirious and confused, with severe amnesia. Irregularities in the patterns of respiration are common at this stage of anesthesia. Nausea and vomiting are also indicators of Stage II anesthesia. Struggling and panic can sometimes occur as a result
337:
capacity for its anti-depressant effects. This drug, however, also alters arousal and is often used in parallel with other general anesthetics to help maintain a state of general anesthesia. Administration of ketamine alone leads to a dissociative state, in which a patient may experience auditory and
396:
channels (i.e. TREK-1 and TASK channels). In the case of TREK-1, activation was shown through an anesthetic perturbation to membrane lipid clusters and activation of phospholipase D2; direct binding of anesthetics to purified reconstituted TREK-1 had no effect on conductance. The effects of certain
546:
Aside from the clinically advantageous effects of general anesthetics, there are a number of other physiological consequences mediated by this class of drug. Notably, a reduction in blood pressure can be facilitated by a variety of mechanisms, including reduced cardiac contractility and dilation of
705:
of a gaseous drug is indicative of its relative solubility in various tissues. This metric is the relative drug concentration between two tissues, when their partial pressures are equal (gas:blood, fat:blood, etc.). Inhalational anesthetics vary widely with respect to their tissue solubilities and
525:
Normal breathing resumes at the beginnings of Stage III. Nearing the end of the stage, breathing ceases completely. Indicators for stage III anesthesia include loss of the eyelash reflex as well as regular breathing. Depth of stage III anesthesia can often be gauged by eye movement and pupil size.
429:
agonists are primarily utilized for their analgesic effects. These drugs, however, can also elicit sedation. This effect is mediated by opioid actions on both opioid and acetylcholine receptors. While these drugs can lead to decreased arousal, they do not elicit a loss of consciousness. For this
237:
Induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, and the control of the various physiological side effects is typically achieved through a combinatorial drug approach. Individual general anesthetics vary with respect to their specific physiological and cognitive effects. While general anesthesia
218:
is used in the UK as "field anaesthesia", for instance in road traffic incidents or similar situations where an operation must be conducted at the scene or when there is not enough time to move to an operating room, while preferring other anaesthetics where conditions allow their use. It is more
379:
channel family comprises six subfamilies, which includes 15 unique members. 13 of these channels (excluding TWIK-1 and TWIK-2 homomers) are affected by general anesthetics. While it has not been determined that general anesthetics bind directly to these channels, nor is it clear how these drugs
85:—or mixable—in water, and as gases they dissolve in oils better than in water). It is possible to deliver anaesthesia solely by inhalation or injection, but most commonly the two forms are combined, with an injection given to induce anaesthesia and a gas used to maintain it.
577:. The net effect is decreased respiration, which must be managed by healthcare providers, while the patient is under general anesthesia. The reflexes that function to alleviate airway obstructions are also dampened (e.g. gag and cough). Compounded with a reduction in
238:
induction may be facilitated by one general anesthetic, others may be used in parallel or subsequently to achieve and maintain the desired anesthetic state. The drug approach utilized is dependent upon the procedure and the needs of the healthcare providers.
698:
in the lungs will drive diffusion more rapidly throughout the body and yield a higher maximum tissue concentration. Respiratory rate and inspiratory volume will also affect the promptness of anesthesia onset, as will the extent of pulmonary blood flow.
475:, analgesia, and unresponsiveness). They are no longer used in the context, because patients experiencing neuroleptic anesthesia were frequently aware of the medical procedures being performed, but could not move or express emotion. Such drugs include
622:
molecules. These characteristics facilitate their rapid preferential distribution into the brain and spinal cord, which are both highly vascularized and lipophilic. It is here where the actions of these drugs lead to general anesthesia induction.
41:
in animals. Clinical definitions are also extended to include an induced coma that causes lack of awareness to painful stimuli, sufficient to facilitate surgical applications in clinical and veterinary practice. General anaesthetics do not act as
50:. General anaesthetics are a structurally diverse group of compounds whose mechanisms encompass multiple biological targets involved in the control of neuronal pathways. The precise workings are the subject of some debate and ongoing research.
2113:
722:. As with intravenous anesthetic infusions, prolonged delivery of highly soluble anesthetic gases generally results in longer drug half-lives, slowed elimination from the brain and spinal cord, and delayed termination of anesthesia.
93:
342:. Additionally, the perception of pain is dissociated from the perception of noxious stimuli. Ketamine appears to bind preferentially to the NMDA receptors on GABAergic interneurons, which may partially explain its effects.
116:. An anaesthesia machine allows composing a mixture of oxygen, anaesthetics and ambient air, delivering it to the patient and monitoring patient and machine parameters. Liquid anaesthetics are vapourised in the machine.
461:
sleep. It is used in parallel with other general anesthetics to help maintain a state of general anesthesia, in an off-label capacity. Notably, patients are easily aroused from this non-REM sleep state.
2159:
57:. It remains somewhat controversial regarding how this state should be defined. General anesthetics, however, typically elicit several key reversible effects: immobility, analgesia,
659:. Generally, prolonged anesthetic drug infusions result in longer drug half-lives, slowed elimination from the brain and spinal cord, and delayed termination of general anesthesia.
276:
neurons and function as inhibitory CNS receptors. General anesthetics that agonize them are typically used to induce a state of sedation and/or unconsciousness. Such drugs include
566:
mechanisms are triggered in response to cold. (On the other hand, the threshold at which thermoregulatory mechanisms are triggered in response to heat is typically increased.)
2149:
639:. In patients given a single injection of drug, this redistribution results in termination of general anesthesia. Therefore, following administration of a single anesthetic
670:(MAC) is the concentration of an inhalational anesthetic in the lungs that prevents 50% of patients from responding to surgical incision. This value is used to compare the
693:
Induction of anesthesia is facilitated by diffusion of an inhaled anesthetic drug into the brain and spinal cord. Diffusion throughout the body proceeds until the drug's
249:. The relative roles of different receptors is still under debate, but evidence exists for particular targets being involved with certain anaesthetics and drug effects.
1960:
2164:
375:
s have been found to be affected by general anesthetics (esp. halogenated inhalation anesthetics) and are currently under investigation as potential targets. The K
2194:
3623:
2703:
967:. Goodman, Louis S. (Louis Sanford), 1906-2000., Brunton, Laurence L., Chabner, Bruce., Knollmann, Björn C. (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2011.
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while under general anesthesia. Healthcare providers closely monitor individuals under general anesthesia and utilize a number of devices, such as an
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increases the heat lost via peripheral blood flow. By and large, these drugs reduce the internal body temperature threshold at which autonomic
2255:
714:
Inhaled anesthetics are eliminated via expiration, following diffusion into the lungs. This process is dependent largely upon the anesthetic
1841:
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reason, they are often used in parallel with other general anesthetics to help maintain a state of general anesthesia. Such drugs include
2693:
3474:
2144:
1436:
3434:
2189:
1796:
1712:
1541:
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channel activation. This drug-elicited channel activation has been shown to be dependent upon specific amino-acids within certain K
2174:
2092:
232:
163:
Injectable anaesthetics are used for the induction and maintenance of a state of unconsciousness. Anaesthetists prefer to use
3047:
2637:
2154:
1430:
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3327:
1468:
2184:
1995:
1760:
1578:
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Franks, Nicholas P. (May 2008). "General anaesthesia: from molecular targets to neuronal pathways of sleep and arousal".
715:
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2082:
1990:
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During administration of an anesthetic, the receiver goes through different stages of behavior ultimately leading to
356:
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While most research focuses on the intoxicating effects of ethanol, it can also produce a general anesthesia. Since
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1945:
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2123:
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of an anesthetic drug following a prolonged infusion, however, depends upon both drug redistribution kinetics,
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2011:
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246:
81:). All of these agents share the property of being quite hydrophobic (i.e., as liquids, they are not freely
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Pavel, Mahmud Arif; Petersen, E. Nicholas; Wang, Hao; Lerner, Richard A.; Hansen, Scott B. (16 June 2020).
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2016:
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No respiration occurs in stage IV. This is shortly followed by circulatory failure and depression of the
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the vasculature. This drop in blood pressure may activate a reflexive increase in heart rate, due to a
119:
Many compounds have been used for inhalation anaesthesia, but only a few are still in widespread use.
1970:
1676:
678:
of the drug utilized by healthcare providers during general anesthesia induction and/or maintenance.
538:. Death is common at this stage of anesthesia if no breathing and circulatory support is available.
2031:
1985:
1851:
1742:
1722:
1461:
771:
70:
635:(CNS), the anesthetic drug then diffuses out of the CNS into the muscles and viscera, followed by
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properties. Previously, they were used in parallel with opioids to elicit neuroleptic anesthesia (
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1980:
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78:
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1975:
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It is postulated that general anaesthetics exert their action by the activation of inhibitory
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Benzodiazepines are sedatives and are used in combinations with other general anaesthetics.
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1955:
1950:
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1281:
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Steinberg, E. A.; Wafford, K. A.; Brickley, S. G.; Franks, N. P.; Wisden, W. (2015-05-01).
132:
37:) are often defined as compounds that induce a loss of consciousness in humans or loss of
8:
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1879:
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450:
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are particularly well supported as playing a role in the induction of general anesthesia.
113:
54:
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252:
Below are several key targets of general anesthetics that likely mediate their effects:
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tone, which increases the frequency of regurgitation, patients are especially prone to
1396:
1379:
725:
Metabolism of inhaled anesthetics is generally not a major route of drug elimination.
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868:"General Anesthesia and Altered States of Arousal: A Systems Neuroscience Analysis"
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1811:
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38:
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1446:
643:, duration of drug effect is dependent solely upon the redistribution kinetics.
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20:
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97:
General anesthetics are frequently administered as volatile liquids or gases.
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61:, unconsciousness, and reduced autonomic responsiveness to noxious stimuli.
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1047:. Katzung, Bertram G., Trevor, Anthony J. (Thirteenth ed.). New York.
917:
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Intravenously delivered general anesthetics are typically small and highly
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559:
443:
313:
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1405:
569:
Anesthetics typically affect respiration. Inhalational anesthetics elicit
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2511:
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2415:
2407:
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2108:
1816:
1770:
1558:
1105:. Rang, H. P., Dale, Maureen M. (6th ed.). : Churchill Livingstone.
555:
508:
followed by amnesia and a sense of confusion moving into the next stage.
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305:
197:
189:
128:
74:
891:
866:
Brown, Emery N.; Purdon, Patrick L.; Van Dort, Christa J. (2011-06-21).
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2325:
2295:
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1329:"Temperature management under general anesthesia: Compulsion or option"
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124:
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210:
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144:
140:
69:
General anaesthetics can be administered either as gases or vapours (
43:
809:
554:
Patients under general anesthesia are at greater risk of developing
167:, as they are faster, generally less painful and more reliable than
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1801:
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antagonist, is used primarily for its analgesic effects and in an
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2734:
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458:
58:
346:
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2488:
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studies have shown that certain general anesthetics result in K
105:
2150:
American
Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
1210:
367:
in neurons. Opening of these channels therefore facilitates a
3594:
3304:
2799:
2360:
413:
409:
152:
965:
Goodman & Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics
674:
of various inhalational general anesthetics and impacts the
3298:
363:
modulate the potassium conductance that contributes to the
2114:
Helsinki
Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
1961:
Effects of early-life exposures to anesthesia on the brain
1419:
Eger II EI, Saidman LJ, Westhorpe RN (14 September 2013).
1327:
Bindra, Ashish; Bindu, Barkha; Rath, Girija (2017-07-01).
2165:
1380:"Ethanol as a general anesthetic: actions in spinal cord"
1378:
Wong, SM; Fong, E; Tauck, DL; Kendig, JJ (25 June 1997).
109:
1418:
1267:
2195:
European
Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care
1425:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 4–.
1043:
Katzung, Bertram G.; Trevor, Anthony J. (2014-12-23).
2704:
600:, eliciting nausea and vomiting following treatment.
151:. Researchers are also actively exploring the use of
139:. Older, less popular volatile anaesthetics include
2180:
Australian and New
Zealand College of Anaesthetists
1377:
1213:"The role of K2P channels in anaesthesia and sleep"
865:
662:
219:
frequently used in the operative setting in the US.
1153:"Molecular targets underlying general anaesthesia"
608:
551:. Some anesthetics, however, disrupt this reflex.
1476:
529:
520:
3709:
1333:Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology
1270:"Studies on the mechanism of general anesthesia"
1326:
1274:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1217:PflĂĽgers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology
573:, an increase in respiratory rate, and reduced
504:The receiver of the anesthesia primarily feels
371:current, which reduces neuronal excitability. K
101:Inhalational anaesthetic substances are either
2263:
2687:
2249:
1462:
1412:
1042:
748:, prior to the development of modern agents,
541:
245:(CNS) receptors, and the inactivation of CNS
16:Compound that induces a loss of consciousness
2702:Major chemical drug groups – based upon the
1842:Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
1133:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
397:general anesthetics are less pronounced in K
320:
2694:
2680:
2256:
2242:
2145:American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
1469:
1455:
1075:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
255:
2190:International Anesthesia Research Society
1797:ASA physical status classification system
1395:
1354:
1344:
1303:
1293:
1244:
1184:
907:
64:
1542:Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia
685:
549:baroreceptor-mediated feedback mechanism
175:. Among the most widely used drugs are:
92:
19:These drugs are not to be confused with
3723:Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action
2175:Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
1439:from the original on 18 September 2017.
511:
487:
3710:
3681:Pharmacological classification systems
3048:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
1150:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
795:
233:Theories of general anaesthetic action
226:
53:General anesthetics elicit a state of
3328:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
2675:
2237:
2155:American Society of Anesthesiologists
1450:
1206:
1204:
1146:
1144:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1024:
1022:
1020:
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1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
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929:
927:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
499:
112:, and are usually delivered using an
46:and should also not be confused with
2160:Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
592:General anesthetics also affect the
408:counterparts. Cumulatively, TASK-1,
135:today. They are often combined with
2941:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
2185:Australian Society of Anaesthetists
2093:Physicians' assistant (anaesthesia)
1996:Postoperative residual curarization
884:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153200
752:was used as a general anaesthetic.
603:
13:
2073:Operating department practitioners
1201:
1141:
1100:
1083:
1003:
924:
840:
14:
3734:
2083:Certified anesthesia technologist
1991:Postoperative nausea and vomiting
1506:Procedural sedation and analgesia
1151:Franks, Nicholas P (2006-01-01).
457:leads to sedation that resembles
3690:
3670:
3669:
2217:
2208:
2207:
1624:Transverse abdominis plane block
1422:The Wondrous Story of Anesthesia
1384:European Journal of Pharmacology
709:
663:Inhalational general anesthetics
631:Following distribution into the
3078:Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones
2218:
2124:History of neuraxial anesthesia
2078:Certified anesthesia technician
1900:Double-lumen endobronchial tube
1761:Blood–gas partition coefficient
1594:Intravenous regional anesthesia
1371:
1157:British Journal of Pharmacology
1045:Basic and clinical pharmacology
716:blood:gas partition coefficient
609:Intravenous general anesthetics
2370:
2170:Royal College of Anaesthetists
2129:History of tracheal intubation
1776:Minimum alveolar concentration
1713:Anesthesia provision in the US
1320:
1261:
1103:Rang & Dale's pharmacology
789:
681:
668:Minimal alveolar concentration
626:
530:Stage IV: Medullary Depression
521:Stage III: Surgical Anesthesia
467:antagonists have sedative and
357:Two-pore potassium channels (K
347:Two-pore potassium channels (K
1:
2830:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
2119:History of general anesthesia
1631:Total intravenous anaesthesia
1579:Inferior alveolar nerve block
1525:Continuous wound infiltration
1397:10.1016/S0014-2999(97)89174-1
872:Annual Review of Neuroscience
782:
777:History of general anesthesia
88:
3541:Wakefulness-promoting agents
1682:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
613:
589:, to ensure patient safety.
158:
7:
2017:Critical emergency medicine
798:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
755:
272:are chloride channels that
10:
3739:
3191:Intravenous immunoglobulin
2063:Anesthesiologist assistant
1925:Relative analgesia machine
1346:10.4103/joacp.joacp_334_16
737:
733:
728:
594:chemoreceptor trigger zone
579:lower esophageal sphincter
542:Physiological side effects
451:alpha2 adrenergic receptor
365:resting membrane potential
230:
18:
3665:
3621:
3593:
3549:
3358:
3293:
3256:
3204:
3117:
3061:
3021:
2978:
2862:
2798:
2710:
2632:
2607:
2579:
2546:
2487:
2454:
2406:
2378:
2369:
2276:
2203:
2137:
2101:
2050:
2004:
1971:Local anesthetic toxicity
1938:
1870:
1789:
1753:
1700:
1639:
1488:
1229:10.1007/s00424-014-1654-4
598:brainstem vomiting center
420:
321:NMDA receptor antagonists
131:are the most widely used
71:inhalational anaesthetics
3246:Topoisomerase inhibitors
2930:renin–angiotensin system
2924:Calcium channel blockers
1986:Postanesthetic shivering
1852:Neuromuscular monitoring
1743:Rapid sequence induction
1672:Inhalational anesthetics
772:Intraoperative awareness
558:, as the aforementioned
2037:Oral sedation dentistry
2027:Intensive care medicine
1981:Perioperative mortality
1837:Guedel's classification
1584:Intercostal nerve block
1295:10.1073/pnas.2004259117
404:, as compared to their
173:subcutaneous injections
3038:Hormonal contraception
2968:Bile acid sequestrants
2749:Proton-pump inhibitors
2712:gastrointestinal tract
2088:Anaesthetic technician
1976:Malignant hyperthermia
1169:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706441
995:: CS1 maint: others (
767:Mechanical ventilation
690:
633:central nervous system
449:Administration of the
243:central nervous system
165:intravenous injections
98:
65:Mode of administration
1910:Laryngeal mask airway
1754:Scientific principles
1723:Dogliotti's principle
1599:Occipital nerve block
1564:Brachial plexus block
1101:M., Dale, M. (2007).
703:partition coefficient
689:
133:volatile anaesthetics
96:
73:), or as injections (
3647:Radiopharmaceuticals
3435:Antiparkinson agents
2581:Neuroactive steroids
2548:Arylcyclohexylamines
1956:Drug-induced amnesia
1951:Anesthesia awareness
1885:Anesthetic vaporizer
1862:Thyromental distance
1766:Concentration effect
1640:Pharmacologic agents
1609:Pudendal nerve block
512:Stage II: Excitement
488:Stages of anesthesia
386:electrophysiological
247:excitatory receptors
31:General anaesthetics
3430:Antimigraine agents
3420:Antidementia agents
3323:Anti-inflammatories
3013:Medicated dressings
2953:Antihyperlipidemics
2780:Diabetes medication
2265:General anesthetics
1880:Anaesthetic machine
1738:Tracheal intubation
1728:Intravenous therapy
1667:General anesthetics
1619:Sciatic nerve block
1574:Femoral nerve block
1569:Fascia iliaca block
1547:Epidural anesthesia
1513:Twilight anesthesia
1286:2020PNAS..11713757P
1280:(24): 13757–13766.
740:Alcohols (medicine)
227:Mechanism of action
155:as an anaesthetic.
114:anaesthesia machine
3283:Immunosuppressants
3153:Antimycobacterials
3109:Antithyroid agents
3093:Mineralocorticoids
2897:Cardiac stimulants
2887:Cardiac glycosides
2879:cardiac therapy /
2775:Anti-obesity drugs
2659:Never to phase III
1966:Emergence delirium
1946:Allergic reactions
1822:Entropy monitoring
1604:Paracervical block
1589:Interpleural block
1552:Spinal anaesthesia
1537:Neuraxial blockade
691:
500:Stage I: Analgesia
99:
55:general anesthesia
3705:
3704:
3608:Ophthalmologicals
3318:Anabolic steroids
3221:Anticancer agents
3184:Ectoparasiticides
2904:Antihypertensives
2852:Antifibrinolytics
2669:
2668:
2628:
2627:
2446:Thiotetrabarbital
2351:Trichloroethylene
2231:
2230:
2068:Nurse anesthetist
1895:Bronchial blocker
1890:Arterial catheter
1781:Second gas effect
1708:Airway management
1677:Local anesthetics
1614:Retrobulbar block
1432:978-1-4614-8441-7
762:Local anaesthesia
720:context-dependent
657:context-dependent
587:endotracheal tube
536:vasomotor centers
465:Dopamine receptor
310:sodium thiopental
260:receptor agonists
3730:
3694:
3673:
3672:
3657:Senotherapeutics
3511:Neuroprotectives
3506:Mood stabilizers
3405:Anti-ADHD agents
3345:Muscle relaxants
3278:Immunostimulants
3273:Immunomodulators
3105:Thyroid hormones
3043:Fertility agents
2946:Renin inhibitors
2837:Antihemorrhagics
2804:forming organs (
2790:Dietary minerals
2696:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2376:
2375:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2058:Anesthesiologist
1847:Mallampati score
1807:Bispectral index
1647:Anticholinergics
1471:
1464:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1348:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1124:
1098:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1066:
1040:
1001:
1000:
994:
986:
961:
922:
921:
911:
863:
838:
837:
793:
695:partial pressure
676:partial-pressure
604:Pharmacokinetics
564:thermoregulatory
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3697:Medicine portal
3661:
3617:
3589:
3584:
3576:Cough medicines
3571:Bronchodilators
3552:
3545:
3425:Antidepressants
3415:Anticonvulsants
3363:
3354:
3350:Bisphosphonates
3340:Corticosteroids
3302:
3289:
3261:
3252:
3236:Spindle poisons
3226:Antimetabolites
3209:
3200:
3122:
3113:
3088:Glucocorticoids
3083:Corticosteroids
3064:
3057:
3024:
3017:
2974:
2892:Antiarrhythmics
2865:
2858:
2815:Antithrombotics
2803:
2794:
2770:Antipropulsives
2766:Antidiarrhoeals
2743:
2714:
2706:
2700:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2649:Clinical trials
2624:
2603:
2575:
2542:
2483:
2456:Benzodiazepines
2450:
2402:
2365:
2272:
2262:
2232:
2227:
2199:
2133:
2097:
2046:
2000:
1934:
1866:
1812:Body mass index
1785:
1749:
1696:
1662:Benzodiazepines
1635:
1484:
1475:
1445:
1444:
1433:
1417:
1413:
1376:
1372:
1325:
1321:
1266:
1262:
1209:
1202:
1163:(S1): S72–S81.
1149:
1142:
1126:
1125:
1113:
1099:
1084:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1041:
1004:
988:
987:
975:
963:
962:
925:
864:
841:
810:10.1038/nrn2372
794:
790:
785:
758:
742:
736:
731:
712:
684:
665:
655:are said to be
652:drug metabolism
637:adipose tissues
629:
616:
611:
606:
571:bronchodilation
544:
532:
523:
514:
502:
494:unconsciousness
490:
455:dexmedetomidine
427:Opioid receptor
423:
400:
395:
391:
383:
378:
374:
369:hyperpolarizing
360:
353:
350:
323:
290:benzodiazepines
269:
262:
259:
235:
229:
207:Benzodiazepines
161:
91:
67:
39:righting reflex
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3642:Contrast media
3639:
3633:
3631:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3595:sensory organs
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:Antipsychotics
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3410:Antiaddictives
3407:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3365:nervous system
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Antirheumatics
3332:
3331:
3330:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3269:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3241:Antineoplastic
3238:
3233:
3228:
3217:
3215:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:Antiprotozoals
3169:Antiparasitics
3166:
3161:
3156:
3149:Antibacterials
3145:Antimicrobials
3141:
3139:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3008:Antipsoriatics
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2936:ACE inhibitors
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2875:
2873:
2864:cardiovascular
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2825:Anticoagulants
2822:
2811:
2809:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2726:
2724:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2384:
2382:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2336:Methoxypropane
2333:
2331:Methoxyflurane
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2012:Cardiothoracic
2008:
2006:
2005:Subspecialties
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1920:Magill forceps
1917:
1915:Laryngeal tube
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:Fick principle
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:Butyrophenones
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1482:anesthesiology
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1411:
1390:(2–3): 121–7.
1370:
1339:(3): 306–316.
1319:
1260:
1223:(5): 907–916.
1200:
1140:
1112:978-0443069116
1111:
1082:
1053:
1002:
973:
923:
878:(1): 601–628.
839:
804:(5): 370–386.
787:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
757:
754:
738:Main article:
735:
732:
730:
727:
711:
708:
683:
680:
664:
661:
628:
625:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
543:
540:
531:
528:
522:
519:
513:
510:
501:
498:
489:
486:
485:
484:
462:
447:
422:
419:
418:
417:
402:knock-out mice
398:
393:
389:
381:
376:
372:
358:
352:
348:
345:
344:
343:
340:hallucinations
322:
319:
318:
317:
267:
261:
257:
254:
228:
225:
221:
220:
213:
204:
187:
182:
160:
157:
149:methoxyflurane
90:
87:
66:
63:
21:sleep medicine
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3735:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:Decongestants
3564:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3485:Dissociatives
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3475:Hallucinogens
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Anthelmintics
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:genitourinary
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Antipruritics
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Beta blockers
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Antiplatelets
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Phencyclidine
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Phenoperidine
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:Narcobarbital
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Nitrous oxide
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:Diethyl ether
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2224:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:Organizations
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2042:Pain medicine
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:Complications
1937:
1931:
1930:Tracheal tube
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:Goldman index
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:9780071825054
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
998:
992:
984:
980:
976:
974:9780071624428
970:
966:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
919:
915:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
792:
788:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
753:
751:
747:
741:
726:
723:
721:
717:
707:
704:
699:
696:
688:
679:
677:
673:
669:
660:
658:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
624:
621:
601:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
539:
537:
527:
518:
517:of delirium.
509:
507:
497:
495:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:
441:
440:hydromorphone
437:
433:
428:
425:
424:
415:
411:
407:
403:
387:
384:conductance,
370:
366:
362:
355:
354:
351:s) activation
341:
336:
332:
331:NMDA receptor
328:
325:
324:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:hyperpolarize
271:
264:
263:
253:
250:
248:
244:
239:
234:
224:
217:
214:
212:
208:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
176:
174:
170:
169:intramuscular
166:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
137:nitrous oxide
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
107:
104:
95:
86:
84:
80:
79:intramuscular
76:
72:
62:
60:
56:
51:
49:
45:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
3480:Psychedelics
3450:Aphrodisiacs
3387:
3124:infestations
3100:Sex hormones
3053:Sex hormones
2998:Cicatrizants
2928:
2914:Vasodilators
2881:antianginals
2878:
2730:stomach acid
2729:
2599:Hydroxydione
2532:Remifentanil
2426:Methohexital
2421:Hexobarbital
2408:Barbiturates
2291:Cyclopropane
2278:Inhalational
2264:
1905:Gas cylinder
1790:Measurements
1733:Laryngoscopy
1718:Bronchoscopy
1421:
1414:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1220:
1216:
1160:
1156:
1102:
1044:
964:
892:1721.1/86331
875:
871:
801:
797:
791:
743:
724:
713:
700:
692:
666:
645:
630:
617:
591:
583:asphyxiation
575:tidal volume
568:
560:vasodilation
553:
545:
533:
524:
515:
503:
491:
444:remifentanil
314:methohexital
306:barbiturates
251:
240:
236:
222:
194:methohexital
190:Barbiturates
162:
118:
100:
68:
52:
34:
30:
29:
3613:Otologicals
3585:antagonists
3551:respiratory
3526:Orexigenics
3521:Neurotoxins
3470:Euphoriants
3460:Entactogens
3455:Depressants
3445:Anxiolytics
3383:Anesthetics
3159:Antifungals
2756:Antiemetics
2744:antagonists
2645:from market
2512:Embutramide
2507:Anileridine
2479:Remimazolam
2416:Amobarbital
2393:Fospropofol
2356:Vinyl ether
2346:Sevoflurane
2109:ACE mixture
2051:Professions
1872:Instruments
1817:Capnography
1771:Fink effect
1652:Antiemetics
1559:Nerve block
710:Elimination
627:Elimination
556:hypothermia
477:haloperidol
198:thiopentone
129:sevoflurane
75:intravenous
35:anesthetics
3718:Anesthesia
3712:Categories
3536:Stimulants
3516:Nootropics
3490:Deliriants
3465:Entheogens
3400:Anorectics
3378:Analgesics
3231:Alkylating
3164:Antivirals
3119:infections
2993:Emollients
2847:Coagulants
2717:metabolism
2620:Propanidid
2594:Alfaxalone
2589:Alfadolone
2571:Tiletamine
2556:Esketamine
2538:Sufentanil
2522:Alfentanil
2441:Thiopental
2326:Isoflurane
2296:Desflurane
2286:Chloroform
1857:Pain scale
1701:Techniques
1478:Anesthesia
783:References
620:lipophilic
481:droperidol
469:antiemetic
286:isoflurane
231:See also:
202:thiopental
125:isoflurane
121:Desflurane
89:Inhalation
44:analgesics
3686:ATC codes
3652:Dressings
3637:Antidotes
3501:Sedatives
3497:Hypnotics
3206:malignant
3063:endocrine
2909:Diuretics
2842:Platelets
2802:and blood
2761:Laxatives
2655:Phase III
2643:Withdrawn
2615:Etomidate
2502:Oxycodone
2474:Lorazepam
2464:Midazolam
2436:Thiamylal
2371:Injection
2321:Halothane
2316:Fluroxene
2306:Enflurane
2032:Obstetric
2022:Geriatric
1692:Sedatives
1237:0031-6768
1177:1476-5381
1129:cite book
1071:cite book
1063:875520239
991:cite book
983:498979404
900:0147-006X
818:1471-0048
746:antiquity
682:Induction
672:potencies
648:half-life
614:Induction
506:analgesia
473:catalepsy
406:wild-type
335:off-label
298:lorazepam
294:midazolam
282:etomidate
270:receptors
211:midazolam
185:Etomidate
159:Injection
145:enflurane
141:halothane
48:sedatives
3531:Serenics
3196:Vaccines
2963:Fibrates
2785:Vitamins
2735:Antacids
2561:Ketamine
2517:Fentanyl
2497:Morphine
2469:Diazepam
2398:Propofol
2388:Ciprofol
2311:Ethylene
2213:Category
1802:Baricity
1501:Sedation
1437:Archived
1365:29109627
1314:32467161
1255:25482669
1195:16402123
1121:76798115
918:21513454
834:14020693
826:18425091
756:See also
453:agonist
436:fentanyl
432:morphine
380:affect K
327:Ketamine
302:diazepam
278:propofol
216:Ketamine
209:such as
192:such as
180:Propofol
103:volatile
83:miscible
77:or even
25:insomnia
3388:General
3295:muscles
3264:L03–L04
3260:disease
3212:L01–L02
3208:disease
2958:Statins
2489:Opioids
2380:Phenols
2223:Outline
2102:History
1687:Opioids
1530:Topical
1496:General
1406:9226403
1356:5672515
1305:7306821
1282:Bibcode
1246:4428837
1186:1760740
909:3390788
750:alcohol
734:Ethanol
729:History
459:non-REM
338:visual
304:), and
106:liquids
59:amnesia
3695:
3674:
3622:other
3553:system
3305:joints
3258:immune
3065:system
3025:system
2866:system
2638:WHO-EM
2608:Others
1429:
1404:
1363:
1353:
1312:
1302:
1253:
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442:, and
421:Others
414:TREK-1
412:, and
410:TASK-3
147:, and
3676:Drugs
3393:Local
3360:brain
3299:bones
2800:blood
2361:Xenon
1520:Local
1489:Types
830:S2CID
641:bolus
329:, an
153:xenon
110:gases
3303:and
2980:skin
2269:N01A
1480:and
1427:ISBN
1402:PMID
1361:PMID
1310:PMID
1251:PMID
1233:ISSN
1191:PMID
1173:ISSN
1135:link
1117:OCLC
1107:ISBN
1077:link
1059:OCLC
1049:ISBN
997:link
979:OCLC
969:ISBN
914:PMID
896:ISSN
822:PMID
814:ISSN
701:The
646:The
596:and
479:and
266:GABA
256:GABA
196:and
127:and
33:(or
23:for
3624:ATC
3362:and
3121:and
1392:doi
1388:329
1351:PMC
1341:doi
1300:PMC
1290:doi
1278:117
1241:PMC
1225:doi
1221:467
1181:PMC
1165:doi
1161:147
904:PMC
888:hdl
880:doi
806:doi
171:or
108:or
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