110:, occurred in the early 1980s and continued with an autonomous women's movement in the 1990s. The Sandinistas’ reforms in family law, their discourse on women's emancipation and the promotion of the New Man as a proper family man were meant to pave the way for the modern role of women in Nicaraguan society. This decision led to conflicts as men saw their dominant position threatened, which extended the process until the end of the 1990s, when international fundings and a neoliberal government prioritized establishing a new female figure. After the revolution, the Sandinista National Liberation Front party became the most powerful party which makes the multiparty constitutional republic a single party ruled system. Still, the country has to face increasing societal violence against women and violent attacks against the
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743:
144:"Everything that we did was for our children so that they could learn to read, so they could have a better life, then we, with this idea, participated in the Revolution. With the idea that they were going to learn to read, that they were going to learn many things that they didn't know, with this we integrated in the process of the Revolution," Ser madre en Nicaragua (Being a Mother in Nicaragua) 22.
84:, two prevalent forms of Latin American cultural behavior. According to marianismo and machismo, regardless of class, women don't possess the same legal rights as men. Additionally, women are subordinates of fathers and husbands, not allowed to make their own decisions. At the same time, women have to uphold the morality of the family and are responsible for its spiritual development and well-being.
75:
Throughout history, the role of women in
Nicaragua has been deeply traditional and therefore, deeply unequal. Men and women held really different social roles and were supposed to adhere to common stereotypes, namely the working men and the woman responsible for the household. This was largely due to
66:
When it comes to farming, there is inequality amongst men and women. 2016 saw 8.5 percent of women employed in agriculture, while 42.9 percent of men were employed. Men tend to own more land than women in
Nicaragua. In the rural areas of Nicaragua, 65 percent of women are working on land that they do
122:
The degree of health care for women in
Nicaragua depends on whether they live in the rural or urban area. Overall, the percentage of births attended by skilled health staff was 88%. The number of pregnant women receiving prenatal care grew steady over the past years, amounting to 94.7% in 2012. The
105:
that started in 1979. In 1987, it was reported that 67% of 'active members' in the popular militia were women. Before the movement, topics like domestic violence and sexual abuse were taboo and not viewed as injustice by society. As a result of the revolution, changes in gender discourses, policies
58:
Gender Data Portal, participation in the labor force between men and women differs. For the year 2016, women in the low income bracket accounted for 65 percent, men accounted for 80 percent. The middle income bracket accounted for 46 percent of women, and 77 percent of men. The high income bracket
177:
The literacy rate of the female youth (15-24) was 88.8% in 2012 and with that, 3.6% higher than the rate of male youth. From pre-primary school to secondary school, generally more female than male students are enrolled, education is free and accessible to every
Nicaraguan. The
20:, Nicaragua ranks high amongst the other countries in the region. When it came to global rankings regarding gender equality, the World Economic Forum ranked Nicaragua at number twelve in 2015, while in 2016 it ranked tenth, and in 2017 the country ranked sixth.
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not own. Due to the fact that more men owned land in
Nicaragua, and ownership in Nicaragua is linked to authority, programs in the 1990s sought to provide more women with the opportunity to own land.
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Pena, Nuria; Maiques, Mar; Castillo, Gina E. (2003–2008). "Using rights-based and gender-analysis arguments for land rights for women: some initial reflections from
Nicaragua".
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In 2012, Nicaragua passed Law 779, which strengthens the protection of victims and creates an avenue for women to seek justice in such cases of violence against women.
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With the participation in the revolution, women began to have a voice in political decisions, originally their motivation was the will to protect their families.
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Overall, women were less educated, had fewer financial resources, were employed in less-skilled, lower-paying jobs and had fewer civil and legal rights than men.
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597:
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Men were exempt from those duties and not legally obliged to acknowledge and support children or support their families financially.
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775:
955:
451:
ManchĂłn, Beatriz
Gonzalez; Macleod, Morna (2010–2011). "Challenging gender inequality in farmers' organisations in Nicaragua".
40:
Nicaragua has yet to achieve overall gender equality. Women in
Nicaragua are more likely to face poverty than men and rates of
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In 2017, 45.7 percent of parliamentary seats were held by women, which is the highest rate in all middle-American countries.
37:
in 2017. It reflects gender-based inequalities in three dimensions-reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity.
960:
672:"Nicaraguan Institute for Women Instrumental in Mainstreaming Gender Equality Strategies, Women's Anti-Discrimination Told"
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318:
Molyneux, Maxine (1985). "Mobilization without
Emancipation? Women's Interests, the State, and Revolution in Nicaragua".
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Out of those circumstances, the rate of female-headed families was several times higher than nowadays.
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Come hell or high water : feminism and the legacy of armed conflict in
Central America
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Nicaragua was amongst the many countries in Latin America and the Caribbean to ratify the
8:
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691:"NICARAGUA Key concerns relating to human rights promotion and protection in Nicaragua"
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712:"School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI) | Data"
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The participation of women in managerial and executive positions was 33.9% in 2012.
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and programs promoted by the Nicaraguan women's movement, beginning with the
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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
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206:"An investigation into the reported closing of the Nicaraguan gender gap"
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in Nicaragua was 1.035 in 2010, 3.8% higher than the worldwide average.
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77:
55:
994:
698:
Amnesty International Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review
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980:
265:"Human development indices and indicators: 2018 statistical update"
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maternal mortality ratio is at 0.15%, according to data from 2015.
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The Nicaraguan Institute for Women became independent in 2007.
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In 2012, a mother's mean age at first birth was 19.2 years.
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accounted for 52 percent of women, and 69 percent of men. A
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In 1955, women received the right to vote and be elected.
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ranked Nicaragua on place 106 out of 160 countries in the
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Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women
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Female life expectancy is 8.6% higher than that of men.
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The lives of women in Nicaragua didn't change until the
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Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women
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632:– via Japan International Cooperation Agency.
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368:"Nicaragua on Obstacle Course to Women's Equality"
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630:Final Report on Gender and Development Nicaragua
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623:"Study of Gender and Development in Nicaragua"
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114:community, to which police fails to respond.
1103:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
63:between men and women in Nicaragua exists.
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574:"Women's Role in the Sandinista Struggle"
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27:, which aimed to promote women's rights.
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16:When it comes to gender equality in
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133:Political and public representation
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394:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
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670:Chambers, B. (January 18, 2007).
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162:In 1994, Nicaragua signed the
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97:Change through the revolution
676:United Nations Press Release
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241:"Americas and the Caribbean"
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31:The Human Development Report
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204:Piper, Alan T. (May 2018).
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1170:Gender equality by country
537:Tine., Destrooper (2015).
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453:Gender & Development
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118:Equality in health care
47:Nicaragua ratified the
35:Gender Inequality Index
1023:British Virgin Islands
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221:Cite journal requires
42:violence against women
936:Saint Kitts and Nevis
103:Sandinista Revolution
51:on October 27, 1981.
423:"Gender Data Portal"
276:10.18356/9a42b856-en
1113:U.S. Virgin Islands
956:Trinidad and Tobago
801:Antigua and Barbuda
541:. Haymarket Books.
180:Gender Parity Index
44:still remain high.
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866:Dominican Republic
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