434:
837:, diluting its power. That had been a long-running controversy in Serbian politics, particularly after Kosovo and Vojvodina were granted influence over Serbia under the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution. Vjeran PavlakoviÄ posited that MiloÅ”eviÄ sought to make "clear parallels between the Battle of Kosovo and the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution, both considered to be defeats in the Serbian national consciousness." He maintained that disunity among Serbian political leaders meant that they were "prone to compromise to the detriment of its own people, a compromise that "could not be accepted historically and ethically by any nation in the world ... here we are now at the
184:
1112:"And whatever significance the Kosovo battle may have in the national and intimate consciousness of the Serbs, the festivities at Gazimestan again confirmed that it will be more and more difficult to face Serbian conduct and wishes, for it seems that the Serbs won a significant victory in Kosovo today and they made it known that it was not the last one. The feeling of belonging, of unity, power and almost blind obedience of the million-fold crowd and all the others from this republic of Serbian or Montenegrin origin who may not have attended the gathering, are the elements in shaping a sharp and unyielding policy."
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917:"Six centuries later, now, we are being again engaged in battles and are facing battles. They are not armed battles, although such things cannot be excluded yet. However, regardless of what kind of battles they are, they cannot be won without resolve, bravery, and sacrifice, without the noble qualities that were present here in the field of Kosovo in the days past. Our chief battle now concerns implementing the economic, political, cultural, and general social prosperity, finding a quicker and more successful approach to a civilization in which people will live in the 21st century."
428:
1045:, a well-known poet and academic, praised the event as "the culmination of the Serb national revolt, in Kosovo as the equator of the Serb planet.... On this six hundredth anniversary of the Kosovo battle, we must emphasise that Kosovo is Serbia; and that this is a fundamental reality, irrespective of Albanian birth rates and Serb mortality rates. There is so much Serb blood and Serb sanctity there that Kosovo will remain Serbian even if there is not a single Serb left there.... It is almost surprising that all Serbian land is not called by the
857:"Thanks to their leaders and politicians and their vassal mentality they felt guilty before themselves and others. This situation lasted for decades, it lasted for years and here we are now at the field of Kosovo to say that this is no longer the case... Serbia of today is united and equal to other republics and prepared to do everything to improve its financial and social position and that of all its citizens. If there is unity, cooperation, and seriousness, it will succeed in doing so."
2903:
635:
654:, who had fallen in the Battle of Kosovo, were carried in a heavily-publicized procession around the Serb-inhabited territories of Yugoslavia. Throngs of mourners queued for hours to see the relics and attend commemorative public rallies, vowing in speeches never to allow Serbia to be defeated again. At the end of the tour, the relics were reinterred in the
999:
27:
867:"Serbs have never in the whole of their history conquered and exploited others. Their national and historical being has been liberational throughout the whole of history and through two world wars, as it is today. They liberated themselves and when they could they also helped others to liberate themselves."
972:
governments." and stressed, "In this spirit we now endeavor to build a society, rich and democratic, and thus to contribute to the prosperity of this beautiful country, this unjustly suffering country, but also to contribute to the efforts of all the progressive people of our age that they make for a
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views). MiloÅ”eviÄ praised the virtues of ethnic tolerance and socialism, describing how "the world is more and more marked by national tolerance, national cooperation and even national equality" and calling for equal and harmonious relations among the peoples of
Yugoslavia. It was reportedly met with
661:
The 28 June 1989 event was attended by a crowd estimated at between half-a-million and two million people (most estimates put the figure at around a million). They were overwhelmingly Serbs, many of whom had been brought to
Gazimestan on hundreds of special coaches and trains organized by MiloÅ”eviÄ's
1122:
noted the unprecedented nature of the event and the radical departure that it represented from the anti-nationalist ideology espoused under Tito. Although the speech's advocacy of mutual respect and democracy was described as "unexpectedly conciliatory", the contrast between MiloÅ”eviÄ's rhetoric and
825:
At the beginning of the speech, MiloÅ”eviÄ mentioned the battle and concluded that it is "through the play of history of life" that "Serbia regained its state, national, and spiritual integrity" (referring to the constitutional changes that reduced autonomy of Serbia's provinces and strengthened the
626:
itself should know the truth about the predicament of the Kosovo Serbs, emotionally presented as an issue of the utmost national importance. Serb-inhabited towns competed with each other to stage ever-more patriotic rallies to gain favour from the new "patriotic leadership", thus helping to further
884:
Unity and equality to other republics will enable Serbia to "improve its financial and social position and that of all its citizens". MiloÅ”eviÄ said that in Serbia, apart from Serbs, "members of other peoples and nationalities also live in it.... This is not a disadvantage for Serbia. I am truly
849:"The fact that in this region they are a major nation is not a Serbian sin or shame; this is an advantage which they have not used against others, but I must say that here, in this big, legendary field of Kosovo, the Serbs have not used the advantage of being great for their own benefit either."
1107:
British journalist Marcus Tanner, who attended
Gazimestan, reported that "representatives ... looked nervous and uncomfortable" and commented that the outpouring of Serbian nationalist sentiment had "perhaps permanently destroyed any possibility of a settlement in Kosovo." The nervousness was
897:
and their religions. He devoted a large part of the speech to the divisions by stating, "Yugoslavia is a multinational community and it can survive only under the conditions of full equality for all nations that live in it". However, "The crisis that hit
Yugoslavia has brought about national
1130:
speculated that MiloÅ”eviÄ perhaps referred to "armed battles" in a "bid to intimidate the other
Yugoslav leaders, who because of protocol were forced to attend". Milan MiloÅ”eviÄ (no relation to Slobodan MiloÅ”eviÄ) commented that Slobodan "did not have in mind the later
1057:, a Belgrade newspaper, reprinted MiloÅ”eviÄ's speech in full in a special edition dedicated entirely to Kosovo. It asserted in an editorial, "We are once more living in the times of Kosovo, as it is in Kosovo and around Kosovo that the destiny of Yugoslavia and the
622:, particularly the theme of the betrayal of Serbia. Public "Rallies for Truth" were organised by Kosovo Serbs between mid-1988 and early 1989 at which symbols of Kosovo were prominently displayed. The common theme was that Serbs outside Kosovo and
821:
According to James Gow, the objective was to further MiloÅ”eviÄ's political campaign, which was "predicated on the notion of redressing this mood of victimisation and restoring the sense of
Serbian pride and, most important of all, power".
1095:
legacy". MiloÅ”eviÄ's claim that Serbs "liberated themselves and when they could they also helped others to liberate themselves" was seen by some as a commitment to a forcible redrawing of
Yugoslavia's internal borders to create a
1167:"That is an ordinary type of sentence that everybody uses today because peace has still not become a stable, secure category in the present day world, in the modern day world. And if that were not so, why do states have armies?"
813:
A similar theme characterised his speech at
Gazimestan. Anthropologist Edit PetroviÄ comments that MiloÅ”eviÄ sought to combine "history, memory and continuity", promoting "the illusion that the Serbs who fought against the
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Although many Serbs gave the speech a warm welcome, it was regarded warily in the other
Yugoslav nations as well as by anti-MiloÅ”eviÄ Serbs. The nationalist sentiments expressed by MiloÅ”eviÄ were a major break with the
1147:"one of the people that I talked to spoke of any warmongering attitude, nothing of the kind. On the contrary, this was a speech of peace, encouraging people to live together in harmony, all of the nationalities, the
844:
MiloÅ”eviÄ presented
Serbian victimisation as the result of poor political leadership and spoke of how "the Serbian leadership remained divided, prone to compromise to the detriment of its own people" and asserted:
535:
The speech has since become notorious for MiloÅ”eviÄ's reference to the possibility of "armed battles", in the future of Serbia's national development. Many foreign commentators have described this as presaging the
826:
central rule) at the battle's anniversary. He continued by saying, "Today, it is difficult to say what is the historical truth about the Battle of Kosovo and what is legend. Today this is no longer important".
739:
After being escorted through cheering crowds waving his picture alongside that of Lazar, MiloÅ”eviÄ delivered his speech on a huge stage with a backdrop containing powerful symbols of the Kosovo myth: images of
1035:: Thomas A. Emmert, writing in 1993, commented that since the day of the speech, "Serbs have not failed to remind themselves and the world that they are fighting for the very defense of Europe against
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League of Communists of Serbia. The attendees came from Serbia but also all of the Serb-inhabited parts of Yugoslavia and even from overseas. Around seven thousand diaspora Serbs from
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as the defender of its own territory and of all of Europe in the fight against the Ottomans: "Six centuries ago, Serbia heroically defended itself in the field of Kosovo, but it also
901:
The middle of the speech took a markedly different line from the nationalist expressions which bookended it; Louis Sell describes it as sounding "as if it was written by his wife" (
1020:("Little Lazar"), while others chanted "Europe, don't you remember that we defended you!" (referring to a key element of the Kosovo myth of Serbia sacrificing itself in defending
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The speech was attended by a variety of dignitaries from the Serbian and Yugoslav establishment. They included the entire leadership of the Serbian Orthodox Church, led by
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The actual size of the assembled crowd is unknown and unverifiable, but the estimates of a million and up to 1.5 million people are generally cited and accepted.
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Many commentators have interpreted the speech in hindsight as a coded declaration by MiloÅ”eviÄ that he was willing to use force to advance Serbia's interests;
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in 1987, and in early 1989, he pushed through a new constitution that drastically reduced the autonomy of Kosovo and the northern autonomous province of
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member of the Yugoslav collective presidency, sat next to MiloÅ”eviÄ during the ceremony and later described the Serbian president's mood as "euphoric".
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The message MiloÅ”eviÄ delivered in the speech was essentially one that he had already been promoting for some time. On 19 November 1988, he had told a "
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The speech was delivered to a crowd of an estimated million or more attendees, and came against a backdrop of protracted ethnic tension between ethnic
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in Croatia, who gave a keynote speech in which he compared Dalmatia to Kosovo and concluded that both had made the same vow to MiloÅ”eviÄ.
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After issuing a call for "unity, solidarity, and cooperation among people", MiloÅ”eviÄ delivered the speech's most controversial passage:
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divisions" although Yugoslavia "experienced the worst tragedy of national conflicts that a society can experience and still survive."
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Quote from the English translation by the National Technical Information Service of the US Department of Commerce. Reprinted in
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Emmert, Thomas A. "Why Serbia Will Fight for 'Holy' Kosovo; And the Peril for Western Armies Approaching the Balkan Tripwire".
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603:. Many Albanians were killed in March 1989 when demonstrations against the new constitution were violently suppressed by
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1100:. Concerns about an underlying agenda were heightened by the presence at the event of the Serbian Orthodox bishop from
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802:: "None should be surprised that Serbia raised its head because of Kosovo this summer. Kosovo is the pure centre of
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614:. It followed months of commemorative events, which had been promoted by an intense media focus on the subject of
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leaving the area by the late-1980s although there is no official, non-Serbian, data regarding that issue.
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The speech was enthusiastically received by the crowds at Gazimestan, who were reported to have shouted "
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618:. A variety of Serbian dramatists, painters, musicians and filmmakers had highlighted key motifs of the
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599:. This was followed by the mass replacement of opposing communist leaders in the provinces, called the
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in Kosovo in 1389 are somehow the same as the Serbs fighting for Serbian national survival today".
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881:", and also to "each one of its citizens, irrespective of his national or religious affiliation".
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approach and, as Robert Thomas commented, "it effectively acted as a symbolic repudiation of the
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In the final paragraph, MiloÅ”eviÄ addressed the relation between Serbia and Europe. He portrayed
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1039:. It matters little to them that Europeans and Americans do not perceive any need for defense."
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584:, and a worsening economy led to a large number (around 100,000 between 1961ā87) of Serbs and
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1983:
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Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian victim-centered propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia
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the reality of his widely-criticized policies towards the Kosovo Albanians was also noted.
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The event was also invested with major religious significance. In the months preceding the
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Neighbors at War: anthropological perspectives on Yugoslav ethnicity, culture, and history
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the Serbian and the Yugoslav Kosovo, yes, they want to, but they will not be allowed to."
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and memory. Every nation has one love that warms its heart. For Serbia it is Kosovo."'
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The Third Reich in the Unconscious: Transgenerational Transmission and Its Consequences
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Lazar, you were not lucky enough to have Sloba by your side" and dubbed MiloÅ”eviÄ
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MiloÅ”eviÄ placed his speech in the context of the history of Yugoslavia since the
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505:. It was the centrepiece of a day-long event to mark the 600th anniversary of the
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1139:. He was thinking of Kosovo itself." However, Slobodan rejected this view at the
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The Kosovo Conflict and International Law: An Analytical Documentation 1974ā1999
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Edit PetroviÄ, "Ethnonationalism and the Dissolution of Yugoslavia", p. 170 in
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The speech was the climax of the commemoration of the 600th anniversary of the
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Slovenian TV news, 1700 GMT, 28 June 1989 (in translation from BBC Monitoring)
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That was to be an important theme in Serbian nationalist rhetoric during the
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reflected in a television news report on the speech in Slovenia that noted:
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8th Session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia
1335:"Kosovo 1989: The (Ab)use of the Kosovo Myth in Media and Popular Culture"
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2743:
2737:
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1938:
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MiloÅ”eviÄ: The People's Tyrant", footnote 18, pg. 219. I.B. Tauris, 2004.
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744:, a flower traditionally deemed to symbolize the blood of Lazar, and an
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1517:
Michael Sells, "Kosovo Mythology and the Bosnian Genocide", p. 181 in
1445:, ed. Jasminka UdoviÄki, James Ridgeway, Duke University Press, 2000;
2021:
1573:, ed. Joel Martin Halpern, David A. Kideckel. Penn State Press, 2000.
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The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence and Reconciliation
756:" in Cyrillic) at each of its four corners, standing for the slogan
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1989:
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ZirojeviÄ, Olga. "Kosovo in the Collective Memory", p. 207-208, in
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877:: he emphasised that "unity in Serbia will bring prosperity to the
799:
91:
1627:, ed. Heike Krieger, pp. 10ā11. Cambridge University Press, 2001;
560:. The province had been given extensive rights of autonomy in the
2016:
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Serbia Since 1989: politics and society under MiloÅ”eviÄ and after
1584:
The Serbian Project and Its Adversaries: A Strategy of War Crimes
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1850:
Judah, Tim. "The Serbs: the sweet and rotten smell of history",
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The Migration of Serbs and Montenegrins from Kosovo and Metohija
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living in Kosovo, as well as throughout the entire Yugoslavia."
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Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1907:
1488:, ed. NebojŔa Popov. Central European University Press, 2000;
1441:
Milan MiloÅ”eviÄ, "The Media Wars: 1987 ā 1997", pp. 110ā11 in
607:. By June 1989, Kosovo was calm but its atmosphere was tense.
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1519:
In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century
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591:
MiloÅ”eviÄ had used the issue to secure the leadership of the
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Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia
692:; members of the Presidency of the Central Committee of the
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Addressing his use of the phrase "armed battles", he said:
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544:. MiloÅ”eviÄ later claimed that he had been misrepresented.
1375:
2791:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1707:
Evil and Human Agency: Understanding Collective Evildoing
1141:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
1782:
Cigar, Norman. "The Serbo-Croatian War, 1991", p. 57 in
1212:
Slobodan GligorijeviÄ (speaker of the Yugoslav Assembly)
929:. Serbia was at that time the bastion that defended the
2516:
14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1461:
Volkan, Vamik D., William F. Greer & Gabriele Ast.
853:
MiloÅ”eviÄ signalled that the passiveness would change:
1901:ā photo of MiloÅ”eviÄ delivering the Gazimestan speech
1443:
Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia
1700:
1698:
1696:
2768:
Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
2762:
Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1784:
Genocide After Emotion: The Postemotional Balkan War
1681:
Slobodan MiloÅ”eviÄ and the Destruction of Yugoslavia
1506:
The War in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1991ā1995
484:
48:
41:
833:in which Serbia's influence had been restricted by
1693:
910:silence, bordering on restiveness, by the crowd.
885:convinced that it is its advantage." He went say "
728:(which had a direct interest in the event as the
2953:
1654:, p. 13. University of Washington Press (2005);
1586:, pg. 10. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers (2003);
524:and the other constituent republics of the then
1834:, p. 203. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999.
1766:(pg. 50), C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1999;
1486:The Road to War in Serbia: trauma and catharsis
989:Long live peace and brotherhood among peoples!"
980:"Let the memory of Kosovo heroism live forever!
2552:Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia
1801:
1799:
1786:, ed. Stjepan G. MestroviÄ. Routledge (1996);
1637:online version in MiloÅ”eviÄ's official website
1272:(chairman of the Central Committee of the SKJ)
2582:
2457:Contributions to the Slovene National Program
2363:
1923:
1764:Serbia Under MiloÅ”eviÄ: Politics in the 1990s
1437:
1435:
1359:, pg. 65. Manchester University Press, 2002;
1116:International media such as the UK newspaper
1015:
763:
757:
452:
1805:"Milosevic carries off the battle honours",
1648:Ramet, Sabrina Petra & Vjeran PavlakoviÄ
1171:
944:has commented that it was an appeal "to the
889:in particular, being a progressive and just
564:and had been run by the province's majority-
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1709:. Cambridge University Press. p. 153.
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1930:
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520:and increasing political tensions between
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1059:destiny of socialism are being determined
841:to say that this is no longer the case".
509:, which was fought at the site in 1389.
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1548:, p. 70. Rowman & Littlefield, 2000.
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1402:, pp. 181ā182. C. Hurst & Co, 2003;
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578:province's predominantly Albanian police
1854:, 22 June 1997. No. 3, Vol. 126; pg. 23
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674:also attended at the invitation of the
552:In the years leading up to the speech,
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2785:Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control
2604:Independence referendums in Yugoslavia
1683:, p. 88. Duke University Press, 2003;
1525:, Phyllis Mack. Berghahn Books, 2001;
1422:, p. 102. McGill-Queen's Press, 1996;
1339:Comparative Southeast European Studies
2570:
2399:Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia
2351:
1911:
2534:MiloÅ”eviÄāTuÄman KaraÄorÄevo meeting
1664:
1596:
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937:, and European society in general".
893:, should not allow" divisions among
873:Afterward, he spoke about unity and
964:sentiments and help to amplify the
16:June 1989 Slobodan MiloÅ”eviÄ speech
13:
3017:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
2428:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
1465:, pg. 47. Psychology Press, 2002;
1376:Ruza Petrovic; Marina BlagojeviÄ.
694:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
233:President of Serbia and Yugoslavia
14:
3038:
1884:
905:, who was known for her hardline
704:. The event was boycotted by the
616:Serbia's relationship with Kosovo
2902:
2901:
2598:
2118:The Narration about Prince Lazar
724:countries with the exception of
432:
426:
182:
2797:Overthrow of Slobodan MiloÅ”eviÄ
2137:Life of Despot Stefan LazareviÄ
1937:
1876:MiloÅ”eviÄ testimony to the ICTY
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1864:MiloÅ”eviÄ testimony to the ICTY
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1188:Metropolitan Amfilohije RadoviÄ
489:) was given on 28 June 1989 by
31:MiloÅ”eviÄ delivering the speech
3002:June 1989 events in Yugoslavia
2750:Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1750:Quoted by Vidosav StevanoviÄ,
1455:
1412:
1392:
1369:
1349:
1307:
1260:(Prime Minister of Yugoslavia)
1063:They want to take away from us
976:He concluded the speech with:
758:
700:; and members of the rotating
593:League of Communists of Serbia
556:had become a central issue in
239:League of Communists of Serbia
49:
1:
2982:Serbian nationalism in Kosovo
1705:Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2005).
1508:, ed. Branka MagaÅ”, Ivo ŽaniÄ
1320:
716:and all ambassadors from the
650:rally, the remains of Prince
547:
2977:Socialist Republic of Serbia
2879:SerbianāMontenegrin unionism
2732:Croatian War of Independence
2504:Anti-bureaucratic revolution
2127:The Encomium of Prince Lazar
1899:El lĆder de la 'Gran Serbia'
1400:In Search of Greater Albania
993:
973:better and happier world."
658:in Kosovo, near Gazimestan.
601:Anti-bureaucratic revolution
530:anti-bureaucratic revolution
254:Anti-bureaucratic revolution
7:
3027:Political history of Kosovo
3022:Political history of Serbia
1183:Serbian Patriarch German II
1016:
835:constitutional arrangements
764:
279:1991ā1992 anti-war protests
42:
10:
3043:
2100:Fall of the Serbian Empire
1878:, un.org, 14 February 2002
1866:, un.org, 26 January 2005.
960:with a capital C, exploit
789:
780:Only Unity Saves the Serbs
708:member of the Presidency,
562:1974 Yugoslav Constitution
2897:
2806:
2780:Joint Criminal Enterprise
2713:
2662:
2609:
2566:
2496:
2408:
2385:
2280:
2199:
2108:
1968:
1960:Serbian national identity
1945:
1172:List of notable attendees
765:Samo Sloga Srbina SpaŔava
759:Š”Š°Š¼Š¾ Š”Š»Š¾Š³Š° Š”ŃŠ±ŠøŠ½Š° Š”ŠæŠ°ŃaŠ²Š°
752:letter "S" (rendered as "
683:German, Serbian Patriarch
572:, discrimination against
485:
163:
152:600th anniversary of the
148:
109:
87:
73:
58:
36:
24:
2231:Nicholas I of Montenegro
2220:Petar II PetroviÄ-NjegoÅ”
2142:Constantine of Kostenets
2031:(depiction of a traitor)
1355:MacDonald, David Bruce.
1300:
1024:against the encroaching
1002:Insignia from the speech
879:Serbian people in Serbia
714:United States ambassador
702:Presidency of Yugoslavia
696:; the leadership of the
191:This article is part of
43:ObraÄanje na Gazimestanu
2869:Montenegrin nationalism
2610:Republics and provinces
2522:Independence of Croatia
2440:1981 protests in Kosovo
676:Serbian Orthodox Church
605:Serbian security forces
244:Presidency of SR Serbia
3012:Politics of Yugoslavia
2864:Macedonian nationalism
2839:Anti-Serbian sentiment
2641:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2147:Memoirs of a Janissary
1504:Footnote on p. 101 in
1037:Islamic fundamentalism
1003:
875:Serbian multiethnicity
869:
698:Yugoslav People's Army
643:
538:collapse of Yugoslavia
480:
62:28 June 1989
2972:Breakup of Yugoslavia
2938:42.69056Ā°N 21.12333Ā°E
2884:Slovenian nationalism
2422:Brotherhood and unity
2393:Breakup of Yugoslavia
2379:Breakup of Yugoslavia
2327:Vidovdan Constitution
2151:Konstantin MihailoviÄ
1001:
986:Long live Yugoslavia!
865:
796:Brotherhood and Unity
637:
568:. The reassertion of
349:Bosnian genocide case
133:42.69056Ā°N 21.12361Ā°E
2859:Croatian nationalism
2849:Albanian nationalism
2176:Kingdom of the Slavs
1418:Crnobrnja, Mihailo.
570:Albanian nationalism
486:ŠŠ¾Š²Š¾Ń Š½Š° ŠŠ°Š·ŠøŠ¼ŠµŃŃŠ°Š½Ń
481:Govor na Gazimestanu
304:Insurgency in Kosovo
50:ŠŠ¾Š²Š¾Ń Š½Š° ŠŠ°Š·ŠøŠ¼ŠµŃŃŠ°Š½Ń
2934: /
2874:Serbian nationalism
2854:Bosniak nationalism
2445:Islamic Declaration
2215:The Mountain Wreath
1950:Serbian epic poetry
1218:(interior minister)
1202:Yugoslav Presidency
942:Arne Johan Vetlesen
656:GraÄanica Monastery
566:Albanian population
518:Albanians in Kosovo
495:president of Serbia
314:Education agreement
274:KaraÄorÄevo meeting
226:Cultural depictions
129: /
21:
2997:Slobodan MiloÅ”eviÄ
2962:1989 in Yugoslavia
2943:42.69056; 21.12333
2163:Benedikt KuripeÄiÄ
1832:Croatia: A History
1544:R. Scott Appleby,
1420:The Yugoslav Drama
1283:(head of security)
1253:Desanka MaksimoviÄ
1249:(foreign minister)
1229:(defence minister)
1143:in 2002 and 2005:
1137:Bosnia-Herzegovina
1082:Yugoslav president
1004:
891:democratic society
718:European Community
644:
491:Slobodan MiloÅ”eviÄ
417:Borislav MiloÅ”eviÄ
200:Slobodan MiloÅ”eviÄ
168:Slobodan MiloÅ”eviÄ
138:42.69056; 21.12361
19:
2917:
2916:
2709:
2708:
2510:Gazimestan speech
2497:Events and actors
2469:Agrokomerc Affair
2345:
2344:
2332:Gazimestan speech
2294:Paeonia peregrina
2256:Aleksandar Deroko
2169:TronoŔa Chronicle
2090:Kingdom of Heaven
2080:Strahinja BanoviÄ
1891:Speech transcript
1333:VuÄetiÄ, Radina.
1297:
1296:
1200:(chairman of the
983:Long live Serbia!
712:, as well as the
540:and the eventual
473:Gazimestan speech
469:
468:
421:
413:
405:
397:
294:1992 constitution
264:1990 constitution
259:Gazimestan speech
208:
207:
173:
172:
156:, possibility of
20:Gazimestan speech
3034:
3007:1989 in politics
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2905:
2904:
2824:United Macedonia
2774:Dayton Agreement
2727:Ethnic cleansing
2694:Eastern Slavonia
2603:
2602:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2546:Brioni Agreement
2372:
2365:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2262:Battle of Kosovo
2246:Pavle ÄortanoviÄ
2040:JugoviÄ brothers
1978:Battle of Kosovo
1932:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1780:
1774:
1762:Thomas, Robert.
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1702:
1691:
1677:
1662:
1645:
1639:
1621:
1594:
1580:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1482:
1473:
1459:
1453:
1439:
1430:
1416:
1410:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1384:. Archived from
1373:
1367:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1330:
1314:
1311:
1227:Veljko KadijeviÄ
1177:
1089:anti-nationalist
1022:Christian Europe
1019:
946:values of Europe
931:European culture
923:Mediaeval Serbia
903:Mirjana MarkoviÄ
895:Yugoslav nations
785:
782:
777:
774:
771:
767:
761:
760:
612:Battle of Kosovo
582:local government
558:Serbian politics
507:Battle of Kosovo
501:monument on the
488:
487:
461:
454:
447:
436:
430:
419:
411:
403:
395:
393:Mirjana MarkoviÄ
319:1996ā97 protests
309:Dayton Agreement
204:
203:
201:
194:
186:
179:
178:
175:
174:
154:Battle of Kosovo
144:
143:
141:
140:
139:
134:
130:
127:
126:
125:
122:
69:
67:
54:
52:
51:
45:
37:Native name
29:
22:
18:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3031:
2952:
2951:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2913:
2893:
2834:United Slovenia
2819:Greater Croatia
2814:Greater Albania
2802:
2705:
2658:
2605:
2597:
2595:
2562:
2492:
2451:SANU Memorandum
2434:Croatian Spring
2416:Josip Broz Tito
2404:
2381:
2376:
2346:
2341:
2321:Medal of ObiliÄ
2315:Medal of ObiliÄ
2276:
2241:Adam StefanoviÄ
2202:popular culture
2201:
2195:
2110:
2104:
2075:Stevo VasojeviÄ
2035:Tsaritsa Milica
1970:
1964:
1955:Serb traditions
1941:
1936:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1845:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1807:The Independent
1804:
1797:
1781:
1777:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1741:, 13 June 1993.
1739:Washington Post
1736:
1732:
1717:
1703:
1694:
1678:
1665:
1646:
1642:
1622:
1597:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1560:, 14 June 1996.
1556:
1552:
1543:
1536:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1483:
1476:
1460:
1456:
1440:
1433:
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1397:
1393:
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1370:
1354:
1350:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1287:Janez Stanovnik
1281:Jovica StaniÅ”iÄ
1270:Milan PanÄevski
1193:Momir BulatoviÄ
1174:
1133:wars in Croatia
1119:The Independent
1085:Josip Broz Tito
1043:Matija BeÄkoviÄ
996:
927:defended Europe
839:field of Kosovo
792:
783:
778:
775:
772:
730:successor state
652:Lazar of Serbia
550:
465:
431:
424:
409:Marko MiloÅ”eviÄ
401:Marko MiloÅ”eviÄ
384:
230:
199:
197:
196:
195:
192:
190:
137:
135:
131:
128:
123:
120:
118:
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115:
65:
63:
47:
40:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3040:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2967:1989 in Serbia
2964:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2829:Greater Serbia
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2756:Graz agreement
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
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2656:
2650:
2644:
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2632:
2626:
2620:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2528:Log Revolution
2525:
2519:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2466:
2463:Slovene Spring
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2299:kosovski božur
2290:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Ivan MeÅ”troviÄ
2233:
2222:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2144:
2133:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2055:MusiÄ brothers
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1886:
1885:External links
1883:
1881:
1880:
1868:
1856:
1843:
1828:Goldstein, Ivo
1820:
1811:
1809:, 29 June 1989
1795:
1775:
1755:
1743:
1730:
1715:
1692:
1663:
1640:
1595:
1575:
1562:
1550:
1534:
1510:
1497:
1474:
1454:
1431:
1411:
1398:Kola, Paulin.
1391:
1388:on 2009-04-07.
1368:
1348:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1289:
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1278:
1273:
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1261:
1255:
1250:
1247:Budimir LonÄar
1244:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1219:
1216:Petar GraÄanin
1213:
1210:
1208:Milo ÄukanoviÄ
1205:
1198:Janez DrnovŔek
1195:
1190:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1114:
1113:
1098:Greater Serbia
1067:Janez DrnovŔek
1047:name of Kosovo
1010:". Some sang "
1008:Kosovo is Serb
995:
992:
991:
990:
987:
984:
981:
968:widespread in
919:
918:
871:
870:
859:
858:
851:
850:
791:
788:
746:Orthodox cross
734:Ottoman Empire
687:Prime Minister
624:outside Serbia
549:
546:
528:caused by the
526:SFR Yugoslavia
477:Serbo-Croatian
467:
466:
464:
463:
456:
449:
441:
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193:a series about
189:
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158:armed conflict
150:
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113:
107:
106:
104:SFR Yugoslavia
89:
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84:
75:
71:
70:
60:
56:
55:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3039:
3028:
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3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2992:Yugoslav Wars
2990:
2988:
2987:1989 speeches
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
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2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2721:Yugoslav Wars
2719:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
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2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2651:
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2642:
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2612:
2608:
2601:
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2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2511:
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2501:
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2330:
2328:
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2319:
2316:
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2311:
2308:
2306:
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2300:
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2289:
2286:
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2272:
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2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2226:Onamo, 'namo!
2223:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:Filip ViÅ”njiÄ
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2154:
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2148:
2145:
2143:
2139:
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2134:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Chosen people
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Pavle OrloviÄ
2068:
2066:
2065:Ivan KosanÄiÄ
2063:
2061:
2060:Milan Toplica
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Kosovo Maiden
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:Vuk BrankoviÄ
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2013:(main enemy)
2012:
2011:Ottoman Turks
2009:
2007:(main heroes)
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1840:1-85065-525-1
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1793:
1792:0-415-12293-7
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2844:Islamophobia
2714:Consequences
2509:
2430:(until 1990)
2424:(until 1990)
2418:(until 1980)
2331:
2317:(Montenegro)
2310:Young Bosnia
2298:
2292:
2268:
2260:
2224:
2213:
2209:Guslar poems
2191:Vuk KaradžiÄ
2181:Mavro Orbini
2174:
2167:
2155:
2146:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2085:Prince Marko
2005:MiloÅ” ObiliÄ
1996:Kosovo curse
1984:Kosovo Field
1980:(main event)
1903:(in Spanish)
1894:(in Serbian)
1871:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1831:
1823:
1814:
1806:
1783:
1778:
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1643:
1624:
1583:
1582:Gow, James.
1578:
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1513:
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1399:
1394:
1386:the original
1381:
1371:
1356:
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1309:
1291:
1276:Obrad Piljak
1162:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1075:
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1041:
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1005:
975:
958:Civilization
950:Christianity
939:
920:
912:
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883:
872:
866:
860:
852:
843:
831:World War II
828:
824:
820:
812:
793:
738:
680:
660:
645:
640:Prince Lazar
631:sentiments.
609:
590:
586:Montenegrins
551:
534:
511:
503:Kosovo field
472:
470:
386:
385:
367:
360:
354:
353:
329:NATO bombing
284:Croatian War
258:
232:
231:
221:Public image
164:Participants
82:Kosovo field
2941: /
2889:Yugoslavism
2807:Nationalism
2793:(1993ā2017)
2770:(1992ā1994)
2764:(1992ā2001)
2746:(1992ā1995)
2744:Bosnian War
2738:Ten-Day War
2734:(1991ā1995)
2723:(1991-2001)
2670:SAO Krajina
2559:(1991ā1993)
2530:(1990ā1991)
2524:(1989ā1992)
2506:(1988ā1989)
2465:(1987ā1988)
2436:(1967ā1971)
2401:(1980ā2008)
2395:(1991ā1992)
2305:Yugoslavism
2251:UroÅ” PrediÄ
2109:Sources and
1939:Kosovo Myth
1523:Omer Bartov
962:Orientalist
861:He stated:
804:its history
798:" rally in
710:Stipe Å uvar
629:nationalist
289:Bosnian War
249:8th Session
136: /
111:Coordinates
2956:Categories
2929:21Ā°07ā²24ā³E
2926:42Ā°41ā²26ā³N
2653:Montenegro
2647:Montenegro
2481:JBTZ trial
2409:Background
2337:AndriÄgrad
2288:Gazimestan
2218:(1847) by
2157:BugarŔtica
2122:Danilo III
2111:literature
2045:Jug Bogdan
2001:Tsar Lazar
1986:(location)
1971:and topics
1969:Characters
1558:NaŔa Borba
1345:Oldenburg.
1343:De Gruyter
1321:References
1266:(security)
1264:Naser OriÄ
1017:Mali Lazar
648:Gazimestan
580:force and
548:Background
499:Gazimestan
412:(grandson)
324:Kosovo War
216:Early life
121:42Ā°41ā²26ā³N
96:SAP Kosovo
78:Gazimestan
66:1989-06-28
46:(Croatian)
2700:Macedonia
2629:Macedonia
1378:"Preface"
1128:Tim Judah
1028:Turks).
994:Reception
966:Balkanism
954:modernity
907:communist
887:Socialism
664:Australia
627:increase
597:Vojvodina
522:SR Serbia
497:, at the
420:(brother)
355:Elections
334:Overthrow
299:Sanctions
124:21Ā°7ā²25ā³E
100:SR Serbia
53:(Serbian)
2908:Category
2663:Autonomy
2617:Slovenia
2540:RAM Plan
2386:Overview
2323:(Serbia)
2270:Vidovdan
2131:Jefimija
1990:Vidovdan
1852:Daedalus
1725:67765460
1102:Dalmatia
1054:Politika
935:religion
800:Belgrade
750:Cyrillic
706:Croatian
670:and the
638:Tomb of
92:Pristina
88:Location
2752:(1992ā)
2688:Ilirida
2676:Sandžak
2623:Croatia
2489:(1980s)
2200:Art and
2022:Bajazet
2017:Murad I
1157:Ashkali
1093:Titoist
1071:Slovene
970:Western
940:Writer
808:culture
790:Content
773:
748:with a
742:peonies
732:to the
576:by the
493:, then
64: (
2799:(2000)
2787:(1996)
2776:(1996)
2758:(1992)
2740:(1991)
2702:(2004)
2696:(1997)
2690:(1992)
2684:(1991)
2682:Srpska
2678:(1991)
2672:(1990)
2655:(2006)
2649:(1992)
2643:(1992)
2637:(1991)
2635:Kosovo
2631:(1991)
2625:(1991)
2619:(1990)
2548:(1991)
2542:(1991)
2536:(1991)
2518:(1990)
2512:(1989)
2483:(1988)
2477:(1987)
2471:(1987)
2459:(1987)
2453:(1986)
2447:(1983)
2273:(1989)
2265:(1989)
1992:(date)
1838:
1790:
1770:
1723:
1713:
1687:
1658:
1631:
1590:
1529:
1521:, ed.
1492:
1469:
1449:
1426:
1406:
1363:
1292:
1153:Gorani
1069:, the
1026:Muslim
726:Turkey
685:; the
668:Canada
554:Kosovo
396:(wife)
387:Family
2281:Other
1301:Notes
1149:Turks
956:, to
952:, to
816:Turks
574:Serbs
514:Serbs
404:(son)
344:Death
339:Trial
149:Theme
74:Venue
2003:and
1836:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1768:ISBN
1721:OCLC
1711:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1629:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1527:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1424:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1135:and
1079:late
1012:Tsar
770:lit.
722:NATO
720:and
516:and
471:The
380:2000
375:1996
369:1992
362:1990
59:Date
2229:by
2179:by
2149:by
2140:by
2129:by
2120:by
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786:).
736:).
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1666:^
1650:,
1635:.
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1537:^
1477:^
1434:^
1380:.
1341:.
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1155:,
1151:,
1061:.
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