Gaviotas - Knowledge

348:, which does not occur naturally in the Llanos. Soon they realized that only one application of the fungus was enough, unlike the Venezuelan plantations which had to reapply fungus continually. The Gaviotas pines were also growing surprisingly fast. It was theorized in the community that since Gaviotas did not use herbicides as is common practice in plantations, the mycorrhiza was thriving and needed no further help. Also, since no herbicides were being used, an entire understory of vines, shrubs and trees started to grow under the pines, which commercial forestry plantations advice against to avoid competition, but given that the pines were growing so healthily, Gaviotans sensed that the diversity of plants was helping the soil improve and benefitted the pine trees. 595:

approach of environmentally restorative ways of life. Apart from gallery forests, the land was always characterized by only a few species of grasses, but now 250 plant species have been identified in the Gaviotas forests. Within just 5 years of planting it is estimated that biomass in the ecosystem multiplied by 16 and biodiversity increased substantially. Also, the forest is now large enough that it has created a microclimate around Gaviotas, increasing precipitation and maintaining cooler temperatures under the canopy. The cool temperatures and moist environment created by inside-forest conditions under a closed canopy also provide a plethora of microhabitats for many species. Large amounts of fauna have moved into the Gaviotas forests including

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resin was equivalent to what should be produced by 25-year-old trees according to manuals. Through this pine resin, Gaviotas found a way to be financially independent, since the resin is used in the manufacturing of paints, varnishes, and other products, and Colombian companies had been importing resin for decades. Gaviotas was able to serve this market and also found other commercial applications for the resin. Furthermore, the pine trees produce sap that the people collect, process, and sell as colophony, turpentine, and rosin for stringed instruments' bows.

202:, who was the minister of Public Works at the time, took him on an inspection flight to the Llanos. Paolo was captivated by the seemingly empty landscape and soon after travelled to Vichada by car with his brother. After days of travel they found a couple of deserted buildings from the abandoned construction of a highway through the Llanos. Lugari chose this place to start a community, he staked 10,000 hectares around the abandoned buildings and started a non-profit called El Centro las Gaviotas. The day the brothers arrived they saw river 507: 842:, settlers in the region, and refugees. The relationship between the Guahibo and Gaviotas goes back to the very founding of Gaviotas, when Guahibo individuals helped build the first houses. Over the years there have been many reciprocal agreements, such as when it was arranged that Gaviotas engineers would teach the Guahibo how to dig and construct sewage channels and the Guahibo would teach the engineers how to build waterproof palm leaf roofs. The Guahibo were also able to design and build a 579:. Lugari did think that this was a species that was perfectly suited to local conditions, which was later confirmed by biologist Catherine Caulfield, who found pockets of Caribbean pine populations dispersed around the Amazon. Seedlings are initially grown hydroponically since the soil is so poor, with the help of an artificial pond fed by windmill pumps. During the first three months seedlings are given a small boost of potassium, magnesium, and boron. In order to encourage 333: 25: 270:(UNDP). The UNDP declared Gaviotas a model community and started providing funding, which helped Gaviotas continue to develop technology and employ people. By the late 1970s, Gaviotas had grown to around 200 people, and a visit from the UNDP in 1979 secured a new round of funding after the delegates saw the impressive water pump and windmill technology Gaviotas had developed. 763:. The final result was a thick and deeply black film. Alonso estimated that it was even more effective than the British version and it worked remarkably well in accumulating heat even in cool, cloudy conditions. They also designed spherical water storage tanks to compress the greatest volume into the least amount of space. With the new design, Gaviotas was able to install 669:

must be able to access the technologies; pollution levels must be zero or very close to zero; research and development must be accessible to individuals of all education levels as well as undisciplined minds with a creative instinct; and technology must be designed to meet the demands of disadvantaged individuals and communities, not necessarily foreign capital interests.

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from the clean aquifers under their forest. Their bottles were designed like legos that could fit with each other, and were used as toys that became known as 'poor people legos' or were filled with sand and used as bricks for construction. Gaviotas sold water bottles to many upscale restaurants, stipulating that all bottles must be returned to Gaviotas to be repurposed.

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they did operate the grinder, women complained about now having too much free time on their hands and also complained that it changed their relationship with their children since they did not spend time with them milling the cassava. This and many other Gaviotas innovations performed well technically but for different reasons failed to be adopted socially.

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Many of Gaviotas' innovations, despite being technically clever and functional, were not successful culturally and socially. For instance, the pedal-powered cassava grinder failed to take off even though cassava is a crucially important staple in rural South America. Bicycle riding is traditionally a

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prototypes. 57 windmill prototypes were tested until the 58th was deemed successful, it consists of 5 aluminum blades with each blade torqued to turn leeward, which eliminated the need for a tail. The Gaviotas windmill has various uses such as drawing water from wells. It has become so widely adopted

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Early on Gaviotas adopted a set of technological principles, which were: technologies must be low cost so countries that do not have financial resources can access them; technologies must be manually intensive enough to promote employment but still be competitive in the market; low income populations

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Given the often impassable road to Bogotá from Gaviotas, transporting materials and products back and forth between the capital and Gaviotas is expensive and often difficult. There was also the issue to armed groups setting up roadblocks on the only road leading to the Llanos from Bogotá. Therefore,

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Gaviotas has a deep commitment and interest in technology, but they believe technology needs to work for the enrichment of human existence, not become a steamroller that turns on its inventors and crushes them. Furthermore, this technology needs to reduce environmental harm compared to alternatives,

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Gaviotas was defined by Lugari as a 'human settlement of tropical rationality'. The driving principle behind Gaviotas was to shed the colonial tradition of countries like Colombia to be dependent on the cultural and technological dictates from Northern countries. 10 founding principles were outlined

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Different factors also meant Gaviotas continued to struggle economically. After supplying virtually the entire Colombian market for pine resin, China flooded the market with cheap resin from its western provinces, sending prices plummeting. Gaviotas had to diversify and started selling bottled water

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When the new Gaviotas hospital was built in the 1980s, they designed a self-powered, functional hospital that ran only on solar energy. In the 1990s the Colombian government passed new legislation and pressured the hospital to close its doors. The hospital is no longer operational and the building

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leaflets and FARC insurgents forced Gaviotans to gather for indoctrination. The community chose to remain neutral and banned weapons from Gaviotas. It became generally known that Gaviotas was neutral and their staff were generally respected as they travelled across the region. Both the military and

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because of the widespread belief that bike seats cause injuries to female genitalia. The pedal cassava grinder, therefore, took this role away from women. Since cassava is so crucial in keeping families fed, cassava grinding is a socially significant role and important to women's self-esteem. When

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since the technology was prohibitively expensive at the time, but different forms of solar technology like convection solar heaters to sterilize water. The local Guahibo had been important partners in developing Gaviotas and used the old hospital regularly, but they considered being locked indoors

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Since already-existing solutions are often very costly to adapt, Gaviotas' innovations are often simple changes to a means of production that make otherwise expensive products available at affordable prices. Gaviotas has always refused to patent their developments to be able to share them freely.

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species. Planted areas have also seen the development of a complex forest structure with a shrub layer, understory, subcanopy, and canopy. Structurally diverse and complex forests with canopy closure are key for species richness and species diversity; it often takes decades after tree planting to

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but throughout the Llanos it has receded over the past 2.3 thousand years giving way to a savanna ecosystem dominated by grasslands. It has been theorized that human impact has had an influence on the recent retreat of the rainforest, evidence of human impact on the savanna ecosystem seems to be

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proposing to build a city called Tropicalia which would essentially be a large-scale replication of Gaviotas. However, Gaviotas struggled to grow past the mid 1990s. As much as armed groups respected Gaviotas' neutrality, the armed conflict put many government plans on the back burner and deeply

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by Lugari. The first trees were planted in 1983, when they were 8 years old, incisions were made on the bark to see if resin could be collected, every 12 days a new incision was made higher up the tree according to the instructions of a Venezuelan pine plantation. After 36 days the yield of pine

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The Gaviotas windmill and water pump designs were adopted widely across the Llanos and beyond. The Gaviotas water pump design led to a regional decline in cattle death as many ranchers now had access to underground aquifers during dry season. The water-heating solar panels were installed by the

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sleeve pump to draw water from wells was also developed. During a lesson in the Gaviotas school on the concept of levers to explain pumps, a child remarked how the pump handle resembled half of a see-saw. That same night Gaviotas engineers built a see-saw sleeve pump, so children playing on the

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As plants were allowed to grow under the now moist and cool shade of the pine trees, an Indigenous forest grew under the pine canopy. This was never the intention of Gaviotas, it was in fact an accident of experimentation, but it has become a point of pride and a cornerstone for the community's

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watershed, covering most of the Llanos, could have continuous tree cover according to rain and temperature patterns. Vichada itself sits in the transition zone between the Amazon and Llanos ecosystems, local vegetation and floristic relationships in the gallery forests where Gaviotas is located

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Lugari's initial intention was to settle the Llanos, finding ways to support large populations here in a manner that was not environmentally destructive. However, the population of Gaviotas was still only around 200 people 30 years after founding, although around 2000 people still made a living

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millions of hectares in South America, but the Spanish government refused. The Japanese government, however, did provide funding that allowed Gaviotas to plant a further 2,000 hectares with Caribbean pines. Another 1,500 were planted around the same time with a forestry grant from the Colombian

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across the entire planet. He encouraged Lugari to create an alternative way of living, a bio-system, in harmony with nature if he was serious about settling the Llanos. Gaviotas started bringing many university students to experiment and design new technologies that could be used in the harsh

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Aymard, Gerardo A.; Rangel-Ch, J. Orlando; Minorta-Cely, Vladimir; Castro-Lima, Francisco; Niño, Larry (2021). "Piper otto-huberi Steyerm. (Piperaceae) y Capparidastrum huberi Iltis & Cornejo (Capparaceae) nuevos registros para la flora de Colombia, aspectos históricos, corológicos y

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sleeve around the piston. This was specially useful in the Llanos since in the dry season the water table lowers so much that people are forced to drink surface water, which is often dirty and carries diseases. Gaviotas' double action pump won the 1978 National Science Price in Colombia.

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affected Colombia's economy. The entire Llanos region became a no-go zone for many, to the point Gaviotas had to discourage foreign visitors since foreigners became prime targets for kidnappings. This was also one of the reasons manufacturing was more concentrated in Gaviotas' factory in

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wanted to implement programs to replicate what Gaviotas did, but Lugari felt it was impossible to replicate because Gaviotas is the antithesis of a government program, which are too linear; it's more of combination of random occurrences born out of chaos. Lugari defines Gaviotas as the

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For the tropical environment there are no pre-established rules, because diversity makes up its rationality. In Gaviotas, a human settlement is by definition an integrated whole that invites community participation. The polar opposite is the prevailing disorder in a world of fragmented

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and other plants. the hypothesis was that similarly to the pine trees, oil palms would grow better amongst other plants instead of as a monoculture. The oil palms were used to make biofuel to feed all of Gaviotas' machines and vehicles, making the community fuel self-sufficient.

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in the plantations. It is unclear if there were dormant seeds in the ground or if birds and other animals drop seeds that make the basis of the new forest, but in the end Gaviotas was able to simultaneously find an economic activity to support itself and provide a platform for

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grinder that reduces 10 hours of labour into 1, a one-handed sugar cane press, a see-saw sleeve pump, a solar kettle for sterilizing water, solar heating panels, a low cost technique for building artificial ponds by using chicken wire and soil cement, and more.

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specifically designed to be low cost and adapted to tropical environments, it has also planted around 10,000 hectares of forest that have allowed hundreds of native plant and animal species to thrive in a harsh environment from where forests have long receded.

493:. In principle, this contradicts the initial goal of creating a new way of life for widespread settlement, since it cannot be replicated, but many of the innovations coming out of Gaviotas have been shared with the world and benefitted thousands of people. 221:

regions of Colombia. So Lugari wanted to see if the Llanos could be made inhabitable while rejecting reliance on technology and knowledge from distant, temperate places like the United States and Europe. The Llanos were very sparsely populated apart from

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quite strong, particularly in the late Holocene. In any case, it is known that the grasslands Lugari chose to develop Gaviotas in have been covered by forest in the past, but in the present it is notoriously hard to grow anything on this land. The

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Distant, tranquil settlements on the Colombian frontier, but not in-communicated. In the era of knowledge and speed of communications, all distances have been erased. Everything must be close enough to share, but never to harm the individuality of

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In the first years, the population of Gaviotas was of 20 people, many Guahibo people helped build houses and hammocks. The Guahibo asked for a school, and Lugari was able to build the school and also bring nurses regularly to Gaviotas. Given the

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see-saw could replenish the school's water tank. The see-saw sleeve pump has also been installed widely around Colombia, and so inspired United Nations delegates in 1979 that it was part of the reason UNDP funding was extended that year.

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In the late 1980s Gaviotas suffered significant financial blows. UNDP stopped funding and the Colombian Central Mortgage Bank stopped investing in social housing, meaning that Gaviotas got no more large contracts to install their

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Gaviotas also designed a two-cylinder steam engine to use the steam from resin processing to generate electricity, which helped Gaviotas finally become energy self-sufficient after years of using diesel generators when needed.

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An analysis of the Gaviotas manual pump found that it has very high levels of volumetric efficiency, although the pump showed a significant decrease in efficiency when drawing water from 20 meters of depth and under.

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insurgent armed groups used Gaviotas for operations, usually without community consent, and Gaviotas' all-solar hospital was used by both wounded military and insurgent soldiers, sometimes being treated side by side.

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was intensifying and insurgent groups started taking over the Llanos in and around Gaviotas. Insurgent groups set up roadblocks and charged protection money to locals. On several occasions, Gaviotas was papered with

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Energy self-sufficiency. With the use of renewable energy sources: mini-hydro, solar, wind, biomass. Because they feed on permanent residues that flow from nature itself or from human use of its resources.

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to thrive. The new forest growing in what was formerly savanna meant that all of Gaviotas' operations became carbon negative, and an estimated 250 species have been found to grow in the Gaviotas forests.

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ecosystem. Being quite close to the equator, the land receives intense sunlight and a high amount of precipitation at around 2,700mm annually. In fact, studies suggest that a large portion of the

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environment of the Llanos. Different water pumps, soil cement, windmills or any kind of device that could help people and be adapted to local conditions were encouraged. Most students came from

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through Gaviotas and many families in the region sent their children to study at the Gaviotas school. Gaviotas had generated much enthusiasm throughout the 1980s and 1990s, with president

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Lugari envisioned Gaviotas as a laboratory for a tropical civilization. Lugari theorized that in order to accommodate Colombia's growing population, people would either have to settle the

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Gaviotas has created many technological innovations over the years, including a double action water pump, a one-man manual cement mixer, windmills suited to the Llanos, a pedal-powered

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Preference for small and medium scales so nature's restorative forces can act in time in the restoration of environmental equilibrium, either independently or with technological help

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Gaviotas was named a leading example of appropriate technology in the Third World by the World Conference of Technological Cooperation Among Developing Countries. Technicians from

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A government forester had spent years trying unsuccessfully to get native and exotic species to grow in Gaviotas by the time Lugari came back from Venezuela with the idea to plant

1896:<687::aid-jqs551>3.0.co;2-6 "Holocene Amazon rainforest-savanna dynamics and climatic implications: high-resolution pollen record from Laguna Loma Linda in eastern Colombia" 1724:

Benavides, G.; Rozo, E.; Becerra, S.; Andreaux, F. (1975). "Investigaciones especiales en los suelos del centro de desarrollo integrado Las Gaviotas. Departamento del Vichada".

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Gaviotas has leveraged many forms of solar energy. They developed solar heating panels to provide hot water, which were installed in Gaviotas homes and housing developments in

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technology, so they started only selling piecemeal contracts to affluent individuals. However, out of this crisis came the solution that has become the symbol of Gaviotas, its

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by Gaviotas technicians (apart from the many sleeve pumps installed in Colombia). Gaviotas was also awarded the 1997 World Prize in Zero Emissions from the United Nations'

567:, with the main cause of failure being withering. Yet, Gaviotas has successfully planted thousands of hectares in which structurally complex, diverse forests are thriving. 266:, Gaviotas gained notoriety for their methodologies focused on the use of renewable energy. Many journalists came to visit the community as well as a delegation from the 469:

literally means 'no place', so Gaviotas is referred to as a 'topia' because it is real. It is a place of action and experimentation rather than an idealized place.

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Proximity of housing to work. Distances should be able to be travelled by foot or bicycle, to allow us to be free but with a feeling of belonging to a community

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50 years of green entrepreneurship with Paolo Lugari, founder of Las Gaviotas in Colombia, whom Gabriel Garcia Márquez called “inventor of the world”

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to properly digest the Llanos soil, which was later confirmed during their visit to a Venezuelan plantation. A Venezuelan company donated 3 kilos of

2018:"Caracterización experimental y modificación de una bomba de acción manual para uso doméstico en zonas con escasez de recursos hídricos en Colombia" 291:

away from family to be the opposite of healing, so a separate wing was added to the hospital. Local Guahibos designed and built themselves a Gahibo

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in a pipe through atmospheric pressure, Gaviotas engineers created pumps that leave the piston in place and instead lift and lower a cheap, light

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plantations. Hundreds of crops had been tested at Gaviotas, with virtually all failing due to the thin, acidic soil of the Llanos. Only in the

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The Gaviotas factory in Bogotá trained children from slums to become solar technicians, and some even went on to live in Gaviotas later on.

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thousands all across Medellín, Bogotá, and around Colombia, providing a low cost and low maintenance way to have access to warm water.

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Many visitors and journalists over the years have defined Gaviotas as a utopia, a characterization that Lugari and Gaviotans reject. A

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when the new Gaviotas hospital was built, so Guahibo patients could be treated according to their preferences, surrounded by family.

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across the Llanos that they ran out of customers since virtually every farm, ranch or household that could use a windmill has one.

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levels that are close to toxic. Other afforestation projects close to Gaviotas have seen a staggering rate of failure for planted

984: 35: 1633:"A review of Holocene rainforest ecotonal dynamics at opposite ends of the Amazon – Bolivia <i>versus</i> Colombia" 279: 1944:

Cunningham, S. C.; Mac Nally, R.; Baker, P. J.; Cavagnaro, T. R.; Beringer, J.; Thomson, J. R.; Thompson, R. M. (2015-07-01).

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to get involved with the project. In 1970, Sven Zethelius, the son of a Swedish immigrant to Colombia, told Lugari about the

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to carry cargo to and from Bogotá. It turns out they massively underestimated how difficult it is to haul heavy cargo on a

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six times as deep as conventional pumps with less effort being expended. While conventional pumps raise and lower a heavy

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As Gaviotas planted pines, a whole new forest grew where only grasses could survive earlier. This led to an explosion of

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Rangel-Ch, J. Orlando; Minorta-Cely, Vladimir; Castro-Lima, Francisco; Niño, Larry; Aymard-Corredor, Gerardo A. (2022).

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practised by many eco-villages. Las Gaviotas is largely apolitical, a strategy which has allowed it to grow amidst the

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Creation of spaces for casual encounters, spontaneous dialogue, unexpected questions that fuel continuous creativity

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Gaviotas raised much attention and praise internationally. The community has been visited by Colombian president

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reach structural complexity, but this happens faster in the tropics and happened surprisingly fast at Gaviotas.

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Extreme Entrepreneurship: Inspiring Life and Business Lessons from Entrepreneurs and Startups around the World

884:, the Chinese ambassador to Colombia, among others. Books about Gaviotas have been published in Colombia, the 2174:

Gaviotas Rising. All Things Considered. National Public Radio: Segment #06. August 29, 1994. Transcript #1589

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A new hospital was built in the mid 1980s that needed no air conditioning and fully ran on solar energy. Not

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Fossil pollen records show that the Amazon rainforest has expanded and contracted through the region across

2268: 1995:"Cambios en la vegetación de sabanas ocasionados por la plantación de Pinus caribaea en Vichada, Colombia" 771:, at the time the largest public housing complex in the world to use only solar energy to heat its water. 79: 870: 2070:"The Indigenous Palm Flora of "Las Gaviotas," Colombia, Including Observations on Local Names and Uses" 1768:"The Indigenous Palm Flora of "Las Gaviotas," Colombia, Including Observations on Local Names and Uses" 1945: 689:

In light of the goal to harness renewable energy and work with nature, Gaviotas spent years designing

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resembles many aspects of the Colombian Amazon. The Orinoco watershed in general has a wide mosaic of

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growing along rivers and streams, which have a rich variety of palm species. It's classified as a

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Level and quality of life. Urbanism and architecture to integrate the family, not isolate members

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regions, destroying some of the richest rainforest in the planet as was already happening in the

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came to learn pump designs, Honduran technicians came to learn windmill design, communities in

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Stevenson, Pablo R.; Ramírez, Mónica A.; Casas, Luisa F.; Henao-Diaz, Francisco (2017-04-30).

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Calderón Rivera, Mario. Renacimiento en el Trópico: Paolo Lugari O Los Tiempos de Gaviotas

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volunteers form the US also spent time in Gaviotas in the early days, but gradually left.

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movements because of its early ties to the United Nations and the Colombian government.

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Cortés-Pérez, Francisco; Dueñas-Gómez, Hilda del Carmen; Cardozo, Hernán (March 2005).

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replicated the Gaviotas solar collector design, and a sleeve pump was installed in

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improve nature in some way or at the very least minimize harm as much as possible.

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In 1982, Sven Zethelius had theorized that the pine trees would require help from

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is now used as a biofuel factory. Gaviotas was also able to procure thousands of

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By the mid 2000s, Gaviotas also started experimenting with mixed plantations of

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where patients could sleep in hammocks and have their relatives stay with them.

1946:"Balancing the environmental benefits of reforestation in agricultural regions" 1476: 1451: 881: 839: 752: 576: 547: 519: 325: 313: 309: 238: 223: 162: 1852: 952:'s book A Village to Reinvent the World. Parts of the play were reproduced by 702:

One of the most widespread Gaviotas developments is a water pump that can tap

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Weisman, Alan. A Good Harvest. In Context #42, Context Institute: Fall 1995.

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of the llanos allows Las Gaviotas to thrive, but it is not an example of low

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fungus is also applied by a mixture of water with a powder made from ground

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troops present in the Llanos. The village is further separated from many

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Las Gaviotas: proving sustainable living possible where it shouldn't be

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10.1002/1099-1417(200010)15:7<687::aid-jqs551>3.0.co;2-6

1850: 740: 518:, an ecoregion defined by flat grasslands with dispersed islands of 408: 324:. The first Caribbean pines were planted from seeds brought from la 233:

Lugari started bringing academics and engineers to Gaviotas such as

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Paolo Lugari first saw the Colombian Llanos in 1966 when his uncle,

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Renacimiento en el trópico paolo lugari o los tiempos de gaviotas

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Productive harmony with nature, not simply contemplative harmony

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across the thousands of forest hectares that Gaviotas manages.

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An Ecologically Sound Paradise in the Middle of a War Zone

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Use of local resources when applicable for high technology

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is the soil good enough to grow crops. At a conference in

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Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics

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Gaviotas have provided a livelihood for many Indigenous

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was sweeping through Guahibo populations in the Llanos.

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Gaviotas: A Village to Reinvent the World / Edition 2

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collectors all over Bogotá, including 30,000 person

1893: 1665: 1939: 1937: 1881:La vegetación como pasión: Otto Huber—Un homenaje 418: 2299: 2226:Living on Sun, Water, Wind, Grass, and Community 1805: 1803: 2015: 1934: 1698: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 177:organizations, insurgent guerrilla groups, and 2043:Robin Guenther, Gail Vittori (November 2007). 2042: 1894:Behling, Hermann; Hooghiemstra, Henry (2000). 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1492: 388: 194:Early days and support from the United Nations 2146: 2074:Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 1800: 1772:Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 1626: 1624: 658: 51:introducing citations to additional sources 2118:"Climate Statistics for Gaviotas, Colombia" 1607:. Chelsea Green Publications. p. 112. 1489: 626:Areas planted with trees saw a decrease in 2323:Populated places in the Vichada Department 804:Gaviotas engineers had dreamed to build a 2152:Gaviotas: A Village to Reinvent the World 2085: 1969: 1827: 1783: 1738: 1648: 1621: 739:. The original design was not suited for 664:Principles for technological development 505: 331: 113: 41:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2216:Gaviotas: In a War Zone, but Not at War 1602: 2300: 2067: 2005:(110): 82'84 – via ResearchGate. 1765: 774: 550:. The rainforest expanded through the 2246:The man who brought back a rainforest 2047:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 38. 1630: 496: 431:Bioclimatic urbanism and architecture 2313:Populated places established in 1971 2154:. Chelsea Green Publishing Company. 299:Loss of funding and pine plantations 268:United Nations Development Programme 18: 2045:Sustainable Healthcare Architecture 1726:Instituto Académico Agustín Codazzi 13: 2135: 985:Zero Emissions Research Initiative 856: 14: 2334: 2251: 2206:Nothing Wasted, Everything Gained 1739:Sulkowski, Adam J. (2021-06-24). 1703:. Editorial Centro Las Gaviotas. 995:Las Gaviotas has a hot and humid 833: 794: 273:However, also in the late 1970s, 2022:Repositorio Institucional Séneca 1766:Balick, Michael J (1986-02-14). 559:is highly acidic, thin, and has 501: 34:relies largely or entirely on a 23: 2318:1971 establishments in Colombia 2110: 2061: 2036: 2016:Tarquino Garzón, David (2022). 2009: 1986: 1887: 1699:Calderón Rivera, Mario (2012). 730: 570: 16:Ecovillage in Vichada, Colombia 2231:Gaviotas at University of Iowa 1871: 1844: 1759: 1732: 1717: 697: 419:Guiding Principles of Gaviotas 1: 1900:Journal of Quaternary Science 1482: 1433:Source: The Weather Network 1272:Average rainfall mm (inches) 684: 638:species, and an increase in 514:Gaviotas is situated in the 275:Colombia's internal conflict 145:. It was founded in 1971 by 7: 2181: 2068:Balick, Michael J. (1985). 1962:10.1016/j.ppees.2015.06.001 1631:Mayle, F. E. (2012-12-18). 1440: 1202:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1062:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 819: 389:Stagnation after resin boom 10: 2339: 2171:accessed February 20, 2007 1432: 1013:Climate data for Gaviotas 1012: 990: 873:, prime minister of Spain 810:lighter-than-air dirigible 355:celebrations organized by 226:peoples and refugees from 188: 1385: 1341: 1271: 1201: 1131: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 659:Technological innovations 424:as Gaviotas got started: 288:photovoltaic solar energy 2140: 1857:Harvard Papers in Botany 997:tropical monsoon climate 248:Universidad de Los Andes 1829:10.21068/c2017v18s01a06 1650:10.5194/gh-66-202-2011 1603:Weisman, Alan (2008). 871:Gabriel García Márquez 825:masculine activity in 511: 337: 119: 2258:"Friends of Gaviotas" 1867:– via ProQuest. 1637:Geographica Helvetica 585:Pizolithus tinctorius 509: 491:Uncertainty Principle 346:Pizolithus tinctorius 335: 239:greenhouse gas effect 117: 252:Universidad Nacional 243:loss of biodiversity 47:improve this article 2280: / 2193:Social Design Notes 1912:2000JQS....15..687B 1342:Average rainy days 1132:Daily mean °C (°F) 775:Healthcare advances 484:countries and even 336:Mycorrhizal network 306:solar water heating 264:oil embargo of 1973 123:Centro Las Gaviotas 918:Dominican Republic 863:Belisario Betancur 761:hydrochloric acids 512: 497:Ecological impacts 404:Belisario Betancur 338: 120: 118:Vichada department 2054:978-0-471-78404-3 1752:978-1-7340344-5-5 1710:978-958-57380-0-3 1437: 1436: 958:Los Angeles Times 472:Governments from 395:African oil palms 112: 111: 97: 2330: 2295: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2284:4.550°N 70.917°W 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2262: 2202: 2200: 2199: 2165: 2129: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2089: 2087:10.5962/p.295231 2065: 2059: 2058: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1973: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1875: 1869: 1868: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1831: 1816:Biota Colombiana 1807: 1798: 1797: 1787: 1785:10.5962/p.295231 1763: 1757: 1756: 1736: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1715: 1714: 1696: 1663: 1662: 1652: 1628: 1619: 1618: 1600: 1472:Renewable energy 1010: 1009: 877:, co-founder of 782:measles vaccines 351:In light of the 200:Tomás Castrillón 107: 104: 98: 96: 55: 27: 19: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2298: 2297: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2279: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2211:Time for Utopia 2197: 2195: 2187: 2184: 2162: 2143: 2138: 2136:Further reading 2133: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2041: 2037: 2014: 2010: 1991: 1987: 1942: 1935: 1892: 1888: 1876: 1872: 1849: 1845: 1808: 1801: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1737: 1733: 1722: 1718: 1711: 1697: 1666: 1629: 1622: 1615: 1601: 1490: 1485: 1443: 1438: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 993: 875:Felipe Gonzales 859: 857:Broader impacts 836: 822: 797: 777: 733: 700: 687: 666: 661: 640:melastomataceae 577:Caribbean pines 573: 548:glacial periods 520:gallery forests 504: 499: 421: 391: 314:gallery forests 301: 196: 191: 129:located in the 108: 102: 99: 56: 54: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2336: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2289:4.550; -70.917 2264: 2263: 2253: 2252:External links 2250: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2109: 2060: 2053: 2035: 2008: 1985: 1956:(4): 301–317. 1933: 1906:(7): 687–695. 1886: 1879:florísticos". 1870: 1843: 1799: 1758: 1751: 1731: 1716: 1709: 1664: 1643:(3): 202–207. 1620: 1613: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1477:Climate change 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1452:Caribbean pine 1449: 1442: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1388:sunshine hours 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1014: 1008: 992: 989: 954:New York Times 882:Aurelio Peccei 858: 855: 835: 834:Social impacts 832: 821: 818: 796: 795:Other advances 793: 776: 773: 753:copper sulfate 732: 729: 699: 696: 686: 683: 665: 662: 660: 657: 572: 569: 503: 500: 498: 495: 459: 458: 455: 451: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 420: 417: 390: 387: 310:Caribbean pine 300: 297: 241:and the rapid 235:Sven Zethelius 195: 192: 190: 187: 167:impact ecology 163:terraformation 110: 109: 45:. 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1971:2440/95479 1883:: 157–189. 1865:2718690578 1483:References 973:Costa Rica 613:armadillos 581:mycorrhiza 541:grasslands 537:shrublands 510:The Llanos 342:mycorrhiza 139:department 133:region of 127:ecovillage 103:April 2023 73:newspapers 62:"Gaviotas" 2096:0006-8098 1980:1433-8319 1928:0267-8179 1859:: 75–99. 1838:0124-5376 1794:0006-8098 1659:2194-8798 910:Nicaragua 902:Venezuela 814:wildfires 685:Windmills 648:rubiaceae 605:capybaras 601:anteaters 565:seedlings 482:Caribbean 326:Mosquitia 173:growers, 151:windmills 137:, in the 43:talk page 2182:Articles 2150:(1999). 2104:41762865 1999:Ecología 1861:ProQuest 1441:See also 1337:(106.2) 981:Veracruz 942:Portland 938:Paraguay 820:Failures 806:Zeppelin 789:epidemic 757:sulfuric 737:Medellín 704:aquifers 691:windmill 561:aluminum 552:Holocene 478:Malaysia 474:Thailand 365:reforest 361:afforest 322:Honduras 179:military 135:Colombia 2275:70°55′W 1908:Bibcode 1322:(10.5) 1317:(11.5) 1312:(11.8) 1307:(12.8) 1302:(17.7) 1297:(13.8) 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