126:
119:
31:
301:
581:
Gaussberg was probably constructed in a single eruptive episode but there is evidence that the present-day edifice formed on an older, eroded volcano. Gaussberg formed under much thicker ice than there is today in the area, and the ice deposited moraines on its summit. There are different views on
316:
in the region, with rocky outcrops at the summit and on the northern flank. The edifice covers an area of about 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) and has a volume of 1 cubic kilometre (0.24 cu mi). Most of the edifice is made out of
2185:
408:, but the Kerguelen volcanoes have yielded different magma compositions and there is no major geological structure linking the two other than the so-called "Kerguelen-Gaussberg Ridge", thus a connection between the two is unproven. A
518:
The source of the
Gaussberg lamproites is unclear, as the processes usually proposed for the formation of such magmas do not easily apply to the Gaussberg rocks. The magma may have formed through the incomplete melting of
582:
how erosion affected
Gaussberg; some think that it was largely spared and others that erosion wore down the initially much larger edifice to its current size; the latter theory is the preferred view of the
1012:"The geological composition of the hidden Wilhelm II Land in East Antarctica: SHRIMP zircon, Nd isotopic and geochemical studies with implications for Proterozoic supercontinent reconstructions"
1315:
Reading, Anya M.; Stål, Tobias; Halpin, Jacqueline A.; Lösing, Mareen; Ebbing, Jörg; Shen, Weisen; McCormack, Felicity S.; Siddoway, Christine S.; Hasterok, Derrick (26 October 2022).
257:
stocks in turn were named after the mountain. Owing to its peculiar composition and isolated location, the volcano has an importance out of proportion to its actual size. The mineral
321:
with radii of 0.5–2 metres (1 ft 8 in – 6 ft 7 in) and 3–5 centimetres (1.2–2.0 in) thick crusts. The volcano is covered with lava fragments resembling
1896:
1010:
Mikhalsky, E. V.; Belyatsky, B. V.; Presnyakov, S. L.; Skublov, S. G.; Kovach, V. P.; Rodionov, N. V.; Antonov, A. V.; Saltykova, A. K.; Sergeev, S. A. (1 March 2015).
1407:
Aitken, A. R. A.; Young, D. A.; Ferraccioli, F.; Betts, P. G.; Greenbaum, J. S.; Richter, T. G.; Roberts, J. L.; Blankenship, D. D.; Siegert, M. J. (14 April 2014).
723:"Aplacophoran Mollusca in the Natural History Museum Berlin. An annotated catalogue of Thiele's type specimens, with a brief review of "Aplacophora" classification"
1715:
Koffman, Bess G.; Goldstein, Steven L.; Winckler, Gisela; Kaplan, Michael R.; Kreutz, Karl J.; Bolge, Louise; Bory, Aloys; Biscaye, Pierre (15 December 2021).
571:
age. These disagreements between potassium-argon dating and other dating methods may indicate either contamination with older rocks or the presence of non-
365:
surveys suggest that within 30 kilometres (19 mi) there are other small volcanoes in the area. It is the only
Antarctic volcano situated on the
362:
258:
2364:
Sushchevskaya, N. M.; Migdisova, N. A.; Antonov, A. V.; Krymsky, R. Sh.; Belyatsky, B. V.; Kuzmin, D. V.; Bychkova, Ya. V. (1 December 2014).
2366:"Geochemical features of the quaternary lamproitic lavas of Gaussberg Volcano, East Antarctica: Result of the impact of the Kerguelen plume"
2525:
1951:
559:
age based on a presumed history of the
Antarctic Ice Sheet and comparisons between the appearance of Gaussberg with Kerguelen volcanoes.
687:
245:
Owing to its peculiar composition, Gaussberg has been intensively researched. The mountain was investigated in 1912 by the 1911-1914
701:
1123:"High Th/U ratios in subcontinental lithospheric mantle: mass spectrometric measurement of Th isotopes in Gaussberg lamproites"
253:
in 1956–1957, by
Australian expeditions in 1977, 1981, 1987 and by an expedition linked to an entity "K.D.C" in 1997. Regional
2093:
Migdisova, N. A.; Sushchevskaya, N. M.; Portnyagin, M. V.; Shishkina, T. A.; Kuzmin, D. V.; Batanova, V. G. (September 2023).
2147:
1652:
794:
118:
75:
692:
329:, rather having a ridge at the summit. The volcano has several terraces of undetermined origin and may have formed as a
586:
and is supported by aeromagnetic data which suggest an initial size of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). Dust layers in the
2075:
539:
billions of years ago and remained isolated since then have been proposed as the source of
Gaussberg lamproites. The
246:
2050:
LeMasurier, W.E.; Thomson, J.W.; Baker, P.E.; Kyle, P.R.; Rowley, P.D.; Smellie, J.L.; Verwoerd, W.J., eds. (1990).
2510:
2505:
1800:
697:
645:
528:
373:
of
Antarctica is found. Why it formed about 50,000 years ago on a stable continental margin is unclear; either a
238:
which in 1902 remained stuck in ice for a year. The ship in turn was named in honour of the German mathematician
192:
61:
563:
has yielded ages of 20 and 9 million years, with younger dating efforts producing an age of 56,000±5,000 years.
2530:
290:
2535:
377:, an instability of the East Antarctic continent or lateral flow of mantle plume material are possible. The
68:
2283:
2158:
1122:
250:
2515:
2159:"Lamproites from Gaussberg, Antarctica: Possible Transition Zone Melts of Archaean Subducted Sediments"
1011:
308:
It consists of a 370-metre-high (1,210-foot), 1.5-kilometre-wide (0.93-mile) cone located between the
578:. The 56,000±5,000 years age is considered to be more probable than the 20 and 9 million years ones.
2186:"Magmatic evolution of the Gaussberg lamproite (Antarctica): volatile content and glass composition"
1690:
583:
309:
2520:
2051:
1695:
1371:
722:
477:
2455:
2414:
1971:
551:
Drastically different age estimates have been obtained on
Gaussberg. Early research suggested a
476:
inclusions. The
Gaussberg suite is the youngest lamproite known on Earth. The rocks are rich in
560:
333:
with multiple vents. The rocks were probably emplaced subglacially, although the occurrence of
270:
199:
about 55,000 years ago. The current edifice is thought to be the remains of a once-larger
155:
2365:
864:
30:
1864:"Tardigrades of the Australian Antarctic Territories: the Windmill Islands, East Antarctica"
1138:
2467:
2426:
2377:
2295:
2246:
2197:
2106:
1908:
1728:
1420:
1377:
1328:
1134:
1023:
896:
564:
289:. It lies on the Davis Sea immediately west of Posadowsky Glacier. Gaussberg is within the
239:
8:
231:
2471:
2430:
2381:
2299:
2250:
2201:
2110:
1912:
1732:
1632:
1486:
1424:
1381:
1332:
1027:
428:
that separates regional tectonic structures may have influenced volcanism at
Gaussberg.
2401:
2352:
2270:
2234:
2221:
2038:
1932:
1880:
1863:
1754:
1446:
1352:
1285:
924:
827:
496:
378:
196:
56:
567:
produced ages of 25,000±12,000 years and geomorphologic considerations support a late
2483:
2442:
2405:
2393:
2356:
2344:
2311:
2274:
2262:
2225:
2213:
2143:
2129:
2081:
2071:
2030:
1963:
1936:
1924:
1758:
1746:
1648:
1438:
1356:
1344:
1316:
1289:
1277:
1150:
1146:
1039:
965:
928:
916:
790:
742:
721:
Glaubrecht, Matthias; Maitas, Lothar; v. Salvini-Plawen, Luitfried (September 2005).
621:
have been found at Gaussberg. It was the first place on the Antarctic mainland where
540:
453:
405:
346:
2307:
1741:
1716:
1576:
1513:
1450:
1222:
1035:
397:
under Gaussberg is over 150 kilometres (93 mi) thick and has an unusually high
2475:
2434:
2385:
2336:
2324:
2303:
2254:
2205:
2170:
2135:
2114:
2063:
2022:
1916:
1875:
1847:
1842:
1830:
1736:
1640:
1428:
1336:
1269:
1142:
1031:
955:
908:
734:
524:
417:
227:
1317:"Antarctic geothermal heat flow and its implications for tectonics and ice sheets"
1257:
2175:
1644:
626:
425:
421:
370:
366:
326:
204:
184:
2095:"Composition of Phenocrysts in Lamproites of Gaussberg Volcano, East Antarctica"
636:
were observed to breed there, but overall there is not much fauna at Gaussberg.
1685:
1340:
897:"Chapter 1.2 Antarctic volcanism: volcanology and palaeoenvironmental overview"
481:
452:
rock suite. The rocks are almost free of visible crystals but contain numerous
330:
294:
278:
2479:
2438:
2389:
2139:
2119:
2094:
1920:
2499:
2487:
2446:
2397:
2348:
2315:
2266:
2217:
2209:
2085:
2034:
1967:
1928:
1750:
1442:
1348:
1281:
1154:
1043:
969:
960:
943:
920:
746:
461:
342:
334:
286:
282:
180:
90:
77:
1950:
Croxall, J. P.; Steele, W. K.; McInness, S. J.; Prince, P. A. (1995-10-15).
1525:
1087:
1085:
988:
300:
738:
374:
235:
218:
magmas, and is the youngest volcano to have produced such magmas on Earth.
1121:
Williams, R. W.; Collerson, K. D.; Gill, J. B.; Deniel, C. (1 July 1992).
803:
2092:
1666:
1492:
1433:
1408:
1258:"Chapter 1.3 Antarctic volcanism: petrology and tectonomagmatic overview"
1082:
833:
633:
568:
493:
394:
390:
318:
2340:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1273:
1210:
815:
727:
Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin - Zoologische Reihe
424:
on the rift but its relation to the rift is unclear. Finally, the 90° E
341:
on the southern, northwestern and northeastern foot of the volcano, and
2258:
2042:
2010:
1831:"Terrestrial nematodes from the Bunger Hills and Gaussberg, Antarctica"
912:
618:
587:
536:
520:
504:
457:
274:
138:
1631:
Grew, Edward S. (1982), Nairn, Alan E. M.; Stehli, Francis G. (eds.),
242:. Drygalski observed the volcano with the help of a tethered balloon.
1612:
1588:
1457:
1161:
976:
629:
606:
532:
445:
441:
437:
398:
215:
208:
188:
160:
2363:
2026:
1582:
1519:
1228:
1388:
1009:
614:
590:
552:
485:
420:, has been christened the "Gaussberg Rift"; the volcano rises on a
413:
358:
200:
2067:
1072:
1070:
2011:"Some Scientific Results of the Antarctic Expeditions, 1901-1904"
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
720:
610:
572:
556:
489:
469:
465:
386:
338:
322:
313:
211:
2184:
Salvioli-Mariani, E.; Toscani, L.; Bersani, D. (February 2004).
1104:
1102:
1100:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
663:
661:
1198:
1067:
865:"The Ownership of Antarctica, Its Living and Mineral Resources"
622:
512:
500:
473:
409:
382:
46:
2413:
Tingey, R. J.; McDougall, Ian; Gleadow, A. J. W. (July 1983).
2183:
1714:
1564:
1531:
1173:
1057:
1055:
1053:
994:
503:
recovered from the rocks are up to several billion years old.
293:, and the only ice-free outcrop between Mirny Station and the
1600:
1097:
753:
658:
575:
449:
436:
The volcano has a uniform chemical composition consisting of
254:
1474:
1985:
1949:
1537:
1406:
1120:
1050:
602:
508:
2049:
1952:"Breeding Distribution of the Snow Petrel Pagodroma Nivea"
1672:
1216:
1091:
821:
809:
535:
ratio above 1. Deep mantle structures that formed through
1862:
Miller, W.R.; Miller, J.D.; Heatwole, H. (January 1996).
1717:"Late Holocene dust provenance at Siple Dome, Antarctica"
312:
on three sides and the sea on the fourth. It is the only
2415:"The age and mode of formation of Gaussberg, Antarctica"
1770:
1768:
1554:
1552:
1503:
1501:
1409:"The subglacial geology of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica"
325:
which may have formed through erosion. Gaussberg has no
1314:
1239:
1237:
846:
844:
842:
357:
Gaussberg is an extremely isolated volcano although an
2412:
2052:"Volcanoes of the Antarctic Plate and Southern Oceans"
1618:
1594:
1468:
1167:
982:
593:
may come from wind-driven erosion of Gaussberg rocks.
349:
are evidence that the volcano was formerly glaciated.
195:. It is ice-free and conical in nature, having formed
1780:
1765:
1549:
1498:
1114:
1861:
1370:
Golynsky, Dmitry; Golynsky, Alexander (1 May 2010).
1296:
1234:
839:
416:
and may be correlated to tectonic structures on the
2323:Smellie, J. L.; Collerson, K. D. (1 January 2021).
1897:"The Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, 1947–50"
714:
605:species were identified at Gaussberg, as well as a
2325:"Chapter 5.5 Gaussberg: volcanology and petrology"
1373:Rifts in the tectonic structure of East Antarctica
179:) is an extinct, 370-metre-high (1,210-foot) high
1943:
2497:
2322:
1855:
1394:
1369:
1204:
1076:
1005:
1003:
2232:
2128:Mitchell, Roger H.; Bergman, Steven C. (1991).
2127:
1606:
1570:
1480:
1192:
1108:
772:
667:
412:system in the region, which may have formed in
2419:Journal of the Geological Society of Australia
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
264:
2454:Vyalov, O. S.; Sobolev, V. S. (1 July 1959).
2453:
2233:Sheraton, J. W.; Cundari, A. (1 March 1980).
1991:
1543:
1061:
1000:
1532:Salvioli-Mariani, Toscani & Bersani 2004
1376:. EGU General Assembly 2010. p. 11538.
1363:
995:Salvioli-Mariani, Toscani & Bersani 2004
361:a few kilometres southwest of Gaussberg and
1708:
1308:
879:
1822:
1792:
1400:
1249:
856:
2239:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
2174:
2118:
1888:
1879:
1868:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1846:
1740:
1432:
959:
935:
1639:, Boston, MA: Springer US, p. 702,
1624:
778:
702:United States Department of the Interior
299:
291:Antarctic territory claimed by Australia
2235:"Leucitites from Gaussberg, Antarctica"
2008:
1786:
1774:
894:
527:and further chemical processes such as
2498:
2156:
1828:
1798:
1558:
1507:
1321:Nature Reviews Earth & Environment
1256:Panter, Kurt Samuel (1 January 2021).
1255:
942:Aodha, Breandán S. Mac (1 June 1989).
862:
850:
682:
680:
678:
676:
2281:
1894:
1302:
1243:
941:
784:
404:Its activity has been related to the
1630:
1619:Tingey, McDougall & Gleadow 1983
1595:Tingey, McDougall & Gleadow 1983
1469:Tingey, McDougall & Gleadow 1983
1168:Tingey, McDougall & Gleadow 1983
983:Tingey, McDougall & Gleadow 1983
2526:Landforms of Kaiser Wilhelm II Land
2329:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
1262:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
1127:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
901:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
895:Smellie, John L. (1 January 2021).
693:Geographic Names Information System
673:
546:
543:may or may not have played a role.
226:Discovered in February 1902 by the
221:
13:
2284:"Mantle plumes from top to bottom"
2282:Sleep, Norman H. (1 August 2006).
1881:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1996.tb02342.x
869:Journal of Law and the Environment
381:underneath Gaussberg is formed by
14:
2547:
785:Doake, C. S. M. (23 April 1987).
247:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
125:
124:
117:
29:
2308:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.03.007
1829:Yeates, G. W. (December 1979).
1742:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107271
1678:
1036:10.1016/j.precamres.2014.12.011
875:(2): 63 – via HeinOnline.
698:United States Geological Survey
646:List of volcanoes in Antarctica
62:List of volcanoes in Antarctica
1848:10.1080/03014223.1979.10428408
1835:New Zealand Journal of Zoology
431:
1:
2157:Murphy, D. T. (1 June 2002).
1895:Fuchs, V. E. (January 1951).
944:"Mineral Names from Toponyms"
651:
2460:International Geology Review
1808:British Antarctic Expedition
1645:10.1007/978-1-4615-8038-6_15
1637:The Ocean Basins and Margins
1413:Geophysical Research Letters
1395:Smellie & Collerson 2021
1205:Smellie & Collerson 2021
1147:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90183-V
1077:Smellie & Collerson 2021
261:is named after the volcano.
7:
2134:. Boston, MA: Springer US.
1607:Mitchell & Bergman 1991
1571:Sheraton & Cundari 1980
1481:Mitchell & Bergman 1991
1193:Sheraton & Cundari 1980
1109:Mitchell & Bergman 1991
863:Wright, Minturn T. (1987).
789:. CUP Archive. p. 18.
773:Sheraton & Cundari 1980
668:Mitchell & Bergman 1991
639:
281:and between the Australian
265:Geography and geomorphology
251:Soviet Antarctic Expedition
228:German Antarctic Expedition
214:. The volcano has produced
16:Volcanic cone in Antarctica
10:
2552:
2370:Geochemistry International
2176:10.1093/petrology/43.6.981
2099:Geochemistry International
2001:
1721:Quaternary Science Reviews
1341:10.1038/s43017-022-00348-y
632:occur at the mountain and
596:
531:that raised the potassium/
515:deposits have been found.
440:(originally identified as
352:
51:373 m (1,224 ft)
2480:10.1080/00206815909473430
2439:10.1080/00167618308729251
2390:10.1134/S0016702914120106
2140:10.1007/978-1-4615-3788-5
2120:10.1134/s0016702923090082
2056:Antarctic Research Series
1992:Vyalov & Sobolev 1959
1921:10.1017/S0032247400040894
1583:Sushchevskaya et al. 2014
1544:Vyalov & Sobolev 1959
1520:Sushchevskaya et al. 2014
1229:Sushchevskaya et al. 2014
1062:Vyalov & Sobolev 1959
234:, who named it after his
203:that has been reduced by
154:
149:
111:
106:
67:
55:
45:
40:
28:
23:
2210:10.1180/0026461046810173
2015:The Geographical Journal
1691:Global Volcanism Program
961:10.1179/nam.1989.37.1.19
584:Global Volcanism Program
472:, the latter containing
310:East Antarctic Ice Sheet
2511:Volcanoes of Antarctica
2506:Mountains of Antarctica
2456:"Gaussberg, Antarctica"
2131:Petrology of Lamproites
2009:Gregory, J. W. (1908).
1696:Smithsonian Institution
1139:1992E&PSL.111..257W
337:is possible. There are
304:German map of Gaussberg
2190:Mineralogical Magazine
1799:Murray, James (1907).
1673:LeMasurier et al. 1990
1633:"The Antarctic Margin"
1217:LeMasurier et al. 1990
1092:LeMasurier et al. 1990
822:LeMasurier et al. 1990
810:LeMasurier et al. 1990
739:10.1002/mmnz.200510009
561:Potassium-argon dating
305:
271:Kaiser Wilhelm II Land
2531:Pleistocene volcanoes
2288:Earth-Science Reviews
1493:Migdisova et al. 2023
834:Migdisova et al. 2023
529:crystal fractionation
484:and water. There are
369:, where the thickest
303:
2536:Subglacial volcanoes
2163:Journal of Petrology
1801:"Antarctic Rotifera"
1434:10.1002/2014gl059405
1016:Precambrian Research
565:Fission track dating
269:The volcano lies in
240:Carl Friedrich Gauss
191:immediately west of
2472:1959IGRv....1...30V
2431:1983AuJES..30..241T
2382:2014GeocI..52.1030S
2341:10.1144/M55-2018-85
2300:2006ESRv...77..231S
2251:1980CoMP...71..417S
2202:2004MinM...68...83S
2111:2023GeocI..61..911M
1913:1951PoRec...6....7F
1733:2021QSRv..27407271K
1425:2014GeoRL..41.2390A
1382:2010EGUGA..1211538G
1333:2022NRvEE...3..814R
1274:10.1144/M55-2020-10
1028:2015PreR..258..171M
444:), which defines a
232:Erich von Drygalski
87: /
2259:10.1007/BF00374713
1956:Marine Ornithology
1397:, p. 615-616.
913:10.1144/M55-2020-1
347:glacial striations
306:
193:Posadowsky Glacier
41:Highest point
2516:Extinct volcanoes
2376:(12): 1030–1048.
2149:978-1-4613-6688-1
1654:978-1-4615-8040-9
796:978-0-521-26233-0
787:Antarctic Science
613:inhabiting them.
406:Kerguelen Plateau
166:
165:
91:66.800°S 89.183°E
35:Gaussberg in 1912
2543:
2491:
2450:
2425:(1–2): 241–246.
2409:
2360:
2319:
2278:
2229:
2180:
2178:
2153:
2124:
2122:
2089:
2046:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1970:. Archived from
1947:
1941:
1940:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1810:. 1909.1 (3): 41
1805:
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1706:
1705:
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1702:
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1628:
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1610:
1604:
1598:
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1580:
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1568:
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1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1496:
1490:
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1478:
1472:
1466:
1455:
1454:
1436:
1404:
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1392:
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1385:
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1306:
1300:
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1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1065:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1007:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
973:
963:
939:
933:
932:
892:
877:
876:
860:
854:
848:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
812:, p. xviii.
807:
801:
800:
782:
776:
770:
751:
750:
718:
712:
711:
709:
708:
684:
671:
665:
547:Eruption history
492:coming from the
418:Indian Peninsula
367:Antarctic Shield
314:exposure of rock
222:Research history
128:
127:
121:
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:
92:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
33:
21:
20:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2169:(6): 981–1001.
2150:
2078:
2027:10.2307/1777874
2004:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1948:
1944:
1893:
1889:
1860:
1856:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1803:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1773:
1766:
1713:
1709:
1700:
1698:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1585:, p. 1046.
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:, p. 1035.
1518:
1514:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1458:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1368:
1364:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1235:
1231:, p. 1031.
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1098:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1051:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
981:
977:
940:
936:
893:
880:
861:
857:
849:
840:
832:
828:
820:
816:
808:
804:
797:
783:
779:
771:
754:
719:
715:
706:
704:
686:
685:
674:
666:
659:
654:
642:
627:Emperor penguin
625:were reported.
599:
549:
541:Kerguelen plume
434:
355:
327:volcanic crater
277:, close to the
267:
236:expedition ship
224:
185:East Antarctica
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
136:
135:
134:
133:
129:
96:-66.800; 89.183
95:
93:
89:
86:
81:
78:
76:
74:
73:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2549:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2521:Volcanic cones
2518:
2513:
2508:
2493:
2492:
2451:
2410:
2361:
2335:(1): 615–628.
2320:
2294:(4): 231–271.
2279:
2245:(4): 417–427.
2230:
2181:
2154:
2148:
2125:
2105:(9): 911–936.
2090:
2076:
2047:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1984:
1942:
1887:
1854:
1841:(4): 641–643.
1821:
1791:
1779:
1764:
1707:
1677:
1675:, p. 447.
1665:
1653:
1623:
1621:, p. 244.
1611:
1599:
1597:, p. 243.
1587:
1575:
1573:, p. 426.
1563:
1561:, p. 999.
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1510:, p. 981.
1497:
1495:, p. 911.
1485:
1473:
1471:, p. 241.
1456:
1399:
1387:
1362:
1307:
1305:, p. 252.
1295:
1248:
1246:, p. 250.
1233:
1221:
1209:
1207:, p. 617.
1197:
1195:, p. 418.
1172:
1170:, p. 245.
1160:
1113:
1096:
1094:, p. 446.
1081:
1079:, p. 615.
1066:
1049:
999:
987:
985:, p. 242.
975:
934:
878:
855:
853:, p. 982.
838:
836:, p. 913.
826:
824:, p. 448.
814:
802:
795:
777:
775:, p. 417.
752:
713:
672:
670:, p. 131.
656:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
641:
638:
609:fauna such as
598:
595:
548:
545:
482:carbon dioxide
433:
430:
354:
351:
343:erratic blocks
331:shield volcano
295:Vestfold Hills
279:West Ice Shelf
266:
263:
223:
220:
173:Schwarzen Berg
164:
163:
158:
152:
151:
147:
146:
137:
131:
130:
123:
122:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
109:
108:
104:
103:
71:
65:
64:
59:
53:
52:
49:
43:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2548:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:(1): 83–100.
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2077:0-87590-172-7
2073:
2069:
2068:10.1029/ar048
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2006:
1994:, p. 35.
1993:
1988:
1974:on 2020-07-24
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1789:, p. 35.
1788:
1783:
1777:, p. 33.
1776:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1615:
1609:, p. 86.
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1553:
1546:, p. 33.
1545:
1540:
1534:, p. 98.
1533:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1225:
1219:, p. 10.
1218:
1213:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1111:, p. 87.
1110:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1064:, p. 31.
1063:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1004:
997:, p. 83.
996:
991:
984:
979:
971:
967:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
874:
870:
866:
859:
852:
847:
845:
843:
835:
830:
823:
818:
811:
806:
798:
792:
788:
781:
774:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
703:
699:
695:
694:
689:
683:
681:
679:
677:
669:
664:
662:
657:
647:
644:
643:
637:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
594:
592:
589:
585:
579:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:clinopyroxene
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:pahoehoe lava
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
311:
302:
298:
296:
292:
288:
287:Mirny Station
284:
283:Davis Station
280:
276:
272:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
219:
217:
213:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:volcanic cone
178:
174:
170:
162:
161:Volcanic cone
159:
157:
156:Mountain type
153:
148:
140:
120:
110:
105:
100:
72:
70:
66:
63:
60:
58:
54:
50:
48:
44:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2466:(7): 30–40.
2463:
2459:
2422:
2418:
2373:
2369:
2332:
2328:
2291:
2287:
2242:
2238:
2193:
2189:
2166:
2162:
2130:
2102:
2098:
2059:
2055:
2021:(1): 25–47.
2018:
2014:
1987:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1959:
1955:
1945:
1904:
1901:Polar Record
1900:
1890:
1874:(1–2): 181.
1871:
1867:
1857:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1807:
1794:
1787:Gregory 1908
1782:
1775:Gregory 1908
1724:
1720:
1710:
1699:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1668:
1658:, retrieved
1636:
1626:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1578:
1566:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1488:
1483:, p. 7.
1476:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1390:
1372:
1365:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1298:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1163:
1130:
1126:
1116:
1019:
1015:
990:
978:
951:
947:
937:
904:
900:
872:
868:
858:
829:
817:
805:
786:
780:
730:
726:
716:
705:. Retrieved
691:
634:snow petrels
600:
580:
550:
517:
435:
403:
375:mantle plume
363:aeromagnetic
356:
319:pillow lavas
307:
285:and Russian
268:
259:gaussbergite
244:
225:
197:subglacially
187:fronting on
176:
172:
168:
167:
18:
1686:"Gaussberg"
1559:Murphy 2002
1508:Murphy 2002
1419:(7): 2396.
851:Murphy 2002
688:"Gaussberg"
619:tardigrades
569:Pleistocene
511:and native
494:Precambrian
458:Phenocrysts
432:Composition
395:lithosphere
391:Proterozoic
177:Mount Gauss
94: /
69:Coordinates
2500:Categories
1978:2022-03-20
1962:: 69–100.
1907:(41): 16.
1701:2021-06-24
1660:2022-03-19
1327:(12): 12.
1303:Sleep 2006
1244:Sleep 2006
1133:(2): 257.
733:(2): 153.
707:2009-05-03
652:References
588:Siple Dome
537:subduction
521:phlogopite
505:Palagonite
480:including
275:Antarctica
139:Antarctica
2488:0020-6814
2447:0016-7614
2406:128613976
2398:1556-1968
2357:233641277
2349:0435-4052
2316:0012-8252
2275:140666006
2267:1432-0967
2226:129651042
2218:0026-461X
2086:0066-4634
2035:0016-7398
1968:1018-3337
1937:251050677
1929:1475-3057
1759:244069283
1751:0277-3791
1443:0094-8276
1357:253177825
1349:2662-138X
1290:234276184
1282:0435-4052
1268:(1): 46.
1155:0012-821X
1044:0301-9268
970:0027-7738
954:(1): 10.
929:234287036
921:0435-4052
907:(1): 33.
747:1435-1935
630:rookeries
615:Nematodes
607:protozoan
573:outgassed
533:aluminium
488:, mostly
486:xenoliths
478:volatiles
446:potassium
442:leucitite
438:lamproite
399:heat flow
393:age. The
249:, by the
216:lamproite
209:subaerial
189:Davis Sea
169:Gaussberg
132:Gaussberg
107:Geography
47:Elevation
24:Gaussberg
1814:18 March
1451:53971785
640:See also
611:rotifers
601:Several
591:ice core
553:Pliocene
497:basement
490:granites
460:include
454:vesicles
414:Gondwana
383:gneisses
379:basement
359:ice rise
339:moraines
201:mountain
82:089°11′E
2468:Bibcode
2427:Bibcode
2378:Bibcode
2296:Bibcode
2247:Bibcode
2198:Bibcode
2107:Bibcode
2043:1777874
2002:Sources
1909:Bibcode
1729:Bibcode
1421:Bibcode
1378:Bibcode
1329:Bibcode
1135:Bibcode
1024:Bibcode
1022:: 180.
623:lichens
597:Biology
557:Miocene
501:zircons
470:olivine
466:leucite
387:Archean
353:Geology
323:lapilli
212:erosion
205:glacial
150:Geology
79:66°48′S
57:Listing
2486:
2445:
2404:
2396:
2355:
2347:
2314:
2273:
2265:
2224:
2216:
2146:
2084:
2074:
2041:
2033:
1966:
1935:
1927:
1757:
1749:
1651:
1449:
1441:
1355:
1347:
1288:
1280:
1153:
1042:
968:
927:
919:
793:
745:
525:mantle
523:-rich
513:sulfur
499:, and
474:spinel
448:-rich
410:graben
230:under
2402:S2CID
2353:S2CID
2271:S2CID
2222:S2CID
2039:JSTOR
1933:S2CID
1804:(PDF)
1755:S2CID
1727:: 8.
1447:S2CID
1353:S2CID
1286:S2CID
948:Names
925:S2CID
576:argon
450:mafic
426:Fault
422:horst
371:crust
255:krill
2484:ISSN
2443:ISSN
2394:ISSN
2345:ISSN
2312:ISSN
2263:ISSN
2214:ISSN
2144:ISBN
2082:ISSN
2072:ISBN
2031:ISSN
1964:ISSN
1925:ISSN
1816:2022
1747:ISSN
1649:ISBN
1439:ISSN
1345:ISSN
1278:ISSN
1151:ISSN
1040:ISSN
966:ISSN
917:ISSN
791:ISBN
743:ISSN
617:and
603:moss
509:salt
468:and
345:and
207:and
171:(or
2476:doi
2435:doi
2386:doi
2337:doi
2304:doi
2255:doi
2206:doi
2171:doi
2136:doi
2115:doi
2064:doi
2023:doi
1917:doi
1876:doi
1872:116
1843:doi
1737:doi
1725:274
1641:doi
1429:doi
1337:doi
1270:doi
1143:doi
1131:111
1032:doi
1020:258
956:doi
909:doi
735:doi
555:or
389:to
385:of
183:in
2502::
2482:.
2474:.
2462:.
2458:.
2441:.
2433:.
2423:30
2421:.
2417:.
2400:.
2392:.
2384:.
2374:52
2372:.
2368:.
2351:.
2343:.
2333:55
2331:.
2327:.
2310:.
2302:.
2292:77
2290:.
2286:.
2269:.
2261:.
2253:.
2243:71
2241:.
2237:.
2220:.
2212:.
2204:.
2194:68
2192:.
2188:.
2167:43
2165:.
2161:.
2142:.
2113:.
2103:61
2101:.
2097:.
2080:.
2070:.
2062:.
2060:48
2058:.
2054:.
2037:.
2029:.
2019:32
2017:.
2013:.
1960:23
1958:.
1954:.
1931:.
1923:.
1915:.
1903:.
1899:.
1870:.
1866:.
1837:.
1833:.
1806:.
1767:^
1753:.
1745:.
1735:.
1723:.
1719:.
1694:.
1688:.
1647:,
1635:,
1551:^
1500:^
1459:^
1445:.
1437:.
1427:.
1417:41
1415:.
1411:.
1351:.
1343:.
1335:.
1323:.
1319:.
1284:.
1276:.
1266:55
1264:.
1260:.
1236:^
1175:^
1149:.
1141:.
1129:.
1125:.
1099:^
1084:^
1069:^
1052:^
1038:.
1030:.
1018:.
1014:.
1002:^
964:.
952:37
950:.
946:.
923:.
915:.
905:55
903:.
899:.
881:^
871:.
867:.
841:^
755:^
741:.
731:81
729:.
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