594:
38:
394:
46:
243:
Dog breeds that have a higher depth to width ratio of the thorax are significantly more likely to acquire GDV than other breeds. If there is a family history of the condition the risk is even more severe, highlighting a heritability to the predisposing factors. Body weight is a factor with obese dogs
576:
is often performed, which by a variety of methods firmly attaches the stomach wall to the body wall, to prevent it from twisting inside the abdominal cavity in the future. While dogs that have had gastropexies still may develop gas distension of the stomach, a significant reduction in recurrence of
1223:
Harkey, Michael A.; Villagran, Alexandra M.; Venkataraman, Gopalakrishnan M.; Leisenring, Wendy M.; Hullar, Meredith A. J.; Torok-Storb, Beverly J. (2017). "Associations between gastric dilatation-volvulus in Great Danes and specific alleles of the canine immune-system genes DLA88, DRB1, and TLR5".
348:
One common recommendation in the past has been to raise the food bowl of dogs when they eat, but this was shown to increase the risk in one study. Eating only once daily and eating food consisting of particles less than 30 mm (1.2 in) in size also has been shown increase the risk of GDV.
624:
Historically, GDV has held a guarded prognosis. Although "early studies showed mortality rates between 33 and 68% for dogs with GDV," studies from 2007 to 2012 "reported mortality rates between 10 and 26.8%". Mortality rates approach 10 to 40% even with treatment. With prompt treatment and good
349:
One study looking at the ingredients of dry dog food found that while neither grains, soy, nor animal proteins increased risk of bloat, foods containing an increased amount of added oils or fats do increase the risk, possibly owing to delayed emptying of the stomach.
875:
Beck J, Staatz A, Pelsue D, Kudnig S, MacPhail C, Seim H, Monnet E (2006). "Risk factors associated with short-term outcome and development of perioperative complications in dogs undergoing surgery because of gastric dilatation-volvulus: 166 cases (1992-2003)".
637:. A longer time from presentation to surgery was associated with a lower mortality, presumably because these dogs had received more complete preoperative fluid resuscitation, thus were better cardiovascularly stabilized prior to the procedure.
562:
to the abdominal wall to prevent recurrence of GDV. Patients that do not receive a gastropexy have a high likelihood of GDV recurrence with one study finding 80% of dogs that suffered a GDV but did not undergo a gastropexy having GDV reoccur.
577:
gastric volvulus is seen. Of 136 dogs that had surgery for gastric dilatation-volvulus, six that did have gastropexies had a recurrence, while 74 (54.5%) of those without the additional surgery recurred. Gastropexies are also performed
549:
allows for the stomach to be repositioned. Sometimes the dilatation is serious enough that the stomach requires further decompression before repositioning. Other organs of the digestive system are assessed during the procedure.
119:
Symptoms are not necessarily distinguishable from other kinds of distress. A dog might stand uncomfortably and seem to be in extreme discomfort for no apparent reason. Other possible symptoms include firm distension of the
1712:
1545:
1417:
1345:
401:
A diagnosis of GDV is made by several factors. The breed and history often gives a significant suspicion of the condition, and a physical examination often reveals the telltale sign of a distended abdomen with abdominal
581:
in dogs considered to be at high risk of GDV, including dogs with previous episodes or with gastrointestinal disease predisposing to GDV, and dogs with a first-order relative (parent or sibling) with a history of it.
317:. The Great Dane has been found to have a lifetime risk of 42.4% in one study, which has led to the Great Dane being the focus of investigations into causes and risk factors for GDV. One study has found certain
384:
decreases blood flow to liver and decreases the ability of that organ to remove toxins and absorbed bacteria from the blood. Rotations of up to 360° have been reported but typically rotations stop around 270°.
364:. The most common direction for rotation is clockwise, viewing the animal from behind. The stomach can rotate up to 360° in this direction and 90° counterclockwise. If the volvulus is greater than 180°, the
1709:
Mackenzie G, Barnhart M, Kennedy S, DeHoff W, Schertel E (March–April 2010). "A retrospective study of factors influencing survival following surgery for gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in 306 dogs".
625:
preoperative stabilization of the patient, mortality is significantly lessened to 10% overall (in a referral setting). Negative prognostic indicators following surgical intervention include postoperative
571:
Recurrence of GDV attacks can be a problem, occurring in up to 80% of dogs treated medically only (without surgery). To prevent recurrence, at the same time the bloat is treated surgically, a right-side
1157:
Braun, L; Lester, S; Kuzma, AB; Hosie, SC (1996-07-01). "Gastric dilatation-volvulus in the dog with histological evidence of preexisting inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective study of 23 cases".
585:
Precautions that are likely to help prevent gastric dilatation-volvulus include feeding small meals throughout the day instead of one big meal, and not exercising immediately before or after a meal.
1008:
GREENFIELD, CATHY L.; WALSHAW, RICHARD; THOMAS, MICHAEL W. (1989). "Significance of the
Heineke‐Mikulicz Pyloroplasty in the Treatment of Gastric Dilatation‐Volvulus A Prospective Clinical Study".
340:
GDV has been reported across the age range in dogs. It is more likely to occur in older dogs but is not a geriatric disease and the risk plateaus after the first 2–4 years for large dogs.
1343:
Glickman L, Glickman N, Schellenberg D, Simpson K, Lantz G (1997). "Multiple risk factors for the gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs: a practitioner/owner case-control study".
545:
may be required. During the explap the stomach is rotated up to 360° to put it back into the right position, although typically such extreme rotation is not needed. Pulling on the
430:
to the body of the stomach and left of the midline, often separated on the X-ray by soft tissue and giving the appearance of a separate gas-filled pocket (double-bubble sign).
1543:
Glickman L, Lantz G, Schellenberg D, Glickman N (1998). "A prospective study of survival and recurrence following the acute gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in 136 dogs".
368:
is closed off, thereby preventing the animal from relieving the condition by belching or vomiting. The results of this distortion of normal anatomy and gas distension include
1680:
221:
438:
Patients with GDV need to be stabilised as soon as possible. Perfusion and blood pressure need to be normalised before any further treatment can be performed.
175:
235:
retarding gastric emptying has been hypothesised as a cause of GDV. Currently no study has identified an association between gastric myoelectricity and GDV.
217:
1508:
Rawlings C, Mahaffey M, Bement S, Canalis C (2002). "Prospective evaluation of laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs susceptible to gastric dilatation".
1300:
Glickman L, Glickman N, Schellenberg D, Raghavan M, Lee T (2000). "Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs".
247:
Stress is known to impair gastrointestinal function. Stress has been identified as a risk factor for GDV, the exact manner for this is not currently known.
333:
genes, which are part of the canine immune system, to predispose a dog to GDV. Further studies have associated these alleles with greater diversity in the
171:
1783:
198:
Gastric dilatation volvulus is multifactorial without any one cause being identified, but in all cases the immediate prerequisite is a dysfunction of the
634:
213:
107:
GDV is a life-threatening condition in dogs that requires prompt treatment. It is common in certain breeds; deep-chested breeds are especially at risk.
422:(X-rays), usually taken after decompression of the stomach if the dog is unstable, shows a stomach distended with gas. The pylorus, which normally is
1380:
Theyse L, van de Brom W, van Sluijs F (1998). "Small size of food particles and age as risk factors for gastric dilatation volvulus in great danes".
973:
Parton A, Volk S, Weisse C (2006). "Gastric ulceration subsequent to partial invagination of the stomach in a dog with gastric dilatation-volvulus".
1196:
Glickman L, Glickman N, Pérez C, Schellenberg D, Lantz G (1994). "Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation and dilatation-volvulus in dogs".
911:
Brockman D, Washabau R, Drobatz K (1995). "Canine gastric dilatation/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986-1992)".
232:
357:
The exact pathophysiology is not understood. It is still unknown what order the condition occurs: whether dilatation or volvulus occurs first.
1261:"The canine gut microbiome is associated with higher risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus and high risk genetic variants of the immune system"
1415:
Raghavan M, Glickman N, Glickman L (2006). "The effect of ingredients in dry dog foods on the risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs".
601:
Immediate treatment is the most important factor in a favorable prognosis. A delay in treatment greater than 6 hours or the presence of
519:
322:
614:
326:
1747:
Ward M, Patronek G, Glickman L (2003). "Benefits of prophylactic gastropexy for dogs at risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus".
644:
is necrotic. Many dogs are euthanised due to risks of performing surgery or inability to afford costly surgery and treatment.
228:. Studies have not found evidence to support this theory. One study found no association between pyloric hypertrophy and GDV.
1589:
804:
1672:
1481:
597:
A necrotic spleen removed following splenectomy in a dog with GDV. The black/darker end is where the necrosis has occurred
621:
patients are 36 times more likely to die. Dogs that show depression when presented are three times more likely to die.
1078:
Bredal, W.P. (1998). "Pneumonyssoides caninum infection--a risk factor for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs".
17:
132:(40% in one study). Chronic GDV in dogs, include symptoms such as loss of appetite, vomiting, and weight loss.
617:
are negative prognostic indicators. Patients that lack the ability to walk are 4.4 times more likely to die.
1807:
465:
drugs should be administered after starting fluid therapy to stabilise blood pressure. Other drugs such as
427:
423:
503:
or punctured. Potentially the content of the stomach may leak if the procedure is performed incorrectly.
111:
in dogs range from 10 to 60%, even with treatment. With surgery, the mortality rate is 15 to 33 percent.
942:
681:
255:
128:, and retching without producing any vomitus (nonproductive vomiting). Many dogs with GDV have cardiac
1633:"Occurrence and recurrence of gastric dilatation with or without volvulus after incisional gastropexy"
652:
As a general rule, GDV is of greatest risk to deep-chested dogs. The five breeds at greatest risk are
1455:
1259:
Hullar, Meredith A. J.; Lampe, Johanna W.; Torok-Storb, Beverly J.; Harkey, Michael A. (2018-06-11).
446:
672:. In fact, the lifetime risk for a Great Dane to develop GDV has been estimated to be close to 37%.
734:
151:
have been identified in patients with GDV. Haemological conditions that may be identified include:
1482:"Gastric dilatation-volvulus: risk factors and some new minimally invasive gastropexy techniques"
488:
251:
41:
X-ray of a dog with GDV. The "double bubble" pattern indicates that stomach torsion has occurred.
538:
310:
31:
1838:
714:
515:
822:
458:
101:
8:
689:
531:
377:
1605:
795:
Monnet, Eric; Mazzaferro, Elisa M (2023-05-31). "Gastric dilatation volvulus syndrome".
1649:
1632:
1486:
Proceedings of the 29th World
Congress of the World Small Animal Veterinary Association
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1056:
1021:
849:
824:
626:
137:
89:
1760:
1606:"Canine Bloat: Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus (GDV): 'The Mother of All Emergencies'"
840:
469:
should be provided if blood pressure fails to normalise, only as a last resort. Other
360:
The stomach twists around the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract, also known as
1764:
1729:
1654:
1585:
1562:
1525:
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1397:
1362:
1317:
1282:
1241:
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1139:
1118:"Incidence of and breed-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs"
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1060:
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990:
920:
893:
854:
800:
661:
573:
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is the easiest method of treating GDV. A large catheter is inserted into the gastric
450:
167:
73:
1329:
1756:
1721:
1644:
1631:
Przywara, John F.; Abel, Steven B.; Peacock, John T.; Shott, Susan (October 2014).
1554:
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523:
225:
129:
1043:
Elwood, C. M. (1998). "Risk factors for gastric dilatation in Irish setter dogs".
1277:
1260:
685:
677:
511:
492:
407:
290:
282:
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1313:
49:
X-ray from the underside of a dog with GDV. The dark area is the buildup of gas.
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559:
462:
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334:
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108:
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986:
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1832:
1286:
1245:
1179:
1099:
1064:
1029:
710:
665:
478:
258:, with 61% of dogs with GDV having inflammatory bowel disease identified via
141:
104:
without stomach torsion (a normal change after eating), or to refer to GDV.
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1733:
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1529:
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Aronson, Lillian R.; Brockman, Daniel J.; Brown, Dorothy Cimino (2000).
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306:
270:
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77:
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365:
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93:
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700:
have the greatest risk for dogs less than 50 lb (23 kg).
618:
593:
500:
373:
244:
being less likely to develop GDV than healthy or underweight dogs.
183:
125:
1116:
Glickman L, Glickman N, Schellenberg D, Raghavan M, Lee T (2000).
530:
it. Fluid should be regurgitated up the tube. If it is not then a
1542:
1195:
546:
403:
207:
121:
81:
673:
641:
606:
527:
496:
318:
314:
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1708:
1232:(8). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 934–945.
372:(low blood pressure), decreased return of blood to the heart,
37:
1681:
The
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
1507:
415:
1258:
457:
may be required if the patient does not respond well to the
393:
1379:
330:
30:
This article is about "bloat" in dogs. For other uses, see
88:
content. The condition also involves compression of the
85:
1784:"'Bloat' refers to 2 different stomach ailments in pets"
1630:
1414:
1086:(4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 225–231.
1007:
910:
220:
as a result of hypergastrinaemia was presumed to cause
45:
874:
799:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 53–74.
281:(3.5). Other breeds with a predisposition include the
206:
and stomach and an obstruction of outflow through the
1156:
1746:
1166:(4). American Animal Hospital Association: 287–290.
737:
develops a "twisted stomach", necessitating surgery.
1713:
Journal of the
American Animal Hospital Association
1546:
Journal of the
American Animal Hospital Association
1418:
Journal of the
American Animal Hospital Association
1346:
Journal of the
American Animal Hospital Association
1160:
Journal of the
American Animal Hospital Association
1271:(6). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0197686.
720:, Marley develops and ultimately dies of "bloat".
676:are also at risk for this health problem, as are
537:To restore the stomach to the normal position an
1830:
1111:
1109:
972:
794:
426:and to the right of the body of the stomach, is
84:becomes overstretched and rotated by excessive
818:
816:
265:The breeds most likely to develop GDV are the
124:, weakness, depression, difficulty breathing,
1106:
406:. Shock is diagnosed by the presence of pale
1704:
1702:
1665:
1503:
1501:
952:. World Small Animal Veterinary Association
813:
376:(loss of blood supply) of the stomach, and
1191:
1189:
943:"Gastric Dilatation Volvulus: What's New?"
1699:
1648:
1579:
1573:
1276:
1133:
848:
397:Bloat in a dog, with "double-bubble" sign
254:infection; gastrointestinal disease; and
216:has been hypothesised as a cause of GDV.
1498:
1450:
1448:
968:
966:
936:
934:
727:," an episode of the animated TV series
592:
392:
100:is often used as a general term to mean
44:
36:
1226:American Journal of Veterinary Research
1186:
829:The Veterinary Clinics of North America
414:refill, increased heart rate, and poor
14:
1831:
1479:
1077:
1042:
950:Proceedings of the 31st World Congress
940:
870:
868:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
703:
615:disseminated intravascular coagulation
76:that affects dogs and rarely cats and
1781:
1582:Veterinary Emergency Medicine Secrets
1445:
963:
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768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
526:through the tube into the stomach to
514:is entered into the stomach via the
510:is another method for treatment. An
865:
24:
1080:Veterinary Research Communications
1057:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1998.tb03627.x
1022:10.1111/j.1532-950x.1989.tb01038.x
747:
352:
343:
25:
1850:
1045:Journal of Small Animal Practice
797:Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery
541:(explap) is needed. Sometimes a
1814:. KBCW/CBS Local. 15 March 2014
1808:"The Simpsons - 'Dog of Death'"
1800:
1775:
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1473:
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1252:
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647:
238:
1782:Lucas, D (15 September 2014).
1071:
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1001:
904:
825:"Gastrointestinal Emergencies"
633:, or splenectomy with partial
337:and an increased risk of GDV.
136:may occur and in severe cases
13:
1:
1761:10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00142-9
1456:"Gastric Dilatation-volvulus"
841:10.1016/s0195-5616(00)50039-4
741:
566:
1584:. Hanley & Belfus, Inc.
1580:Wingfield, Wayne E. (1997).
1278:10.1371/journal.pone.0197686
640:Prognosis is guarded if the
588:
433:
388:
250:Other risk factors include:
174:. Other conditions include:
7:
1812:cwsanfrancisco.cbslocal.com
1612:. Animal Emergency Hospital
1522:10.2460/javma.2002.221.1576
1460:The Merck Veterinary Manual
1314:10.2460/javma.2000.217.1492
941:Fossum, Theresa W. (2006).
682:German Shorthaired Pointers
222:pyloric outflow obstruction
114:
54:Gastric dilatation volvulus
10:
1855:
1480:Bright, Ronald M. (2004).
495:. If done incorrectly the
489:Percutaneous decompression
256:inflammatory bowel disease
29:
1559:10.5326/15473317-34-3-253
1359:10.5326/15473317-33-3-197
1172:10.5326/15473317-32-4-287
1135:10.2460/javma.2000.216.40
987:10.2460/javma.228.12.1895
890:10.2460/javma.229.12.1934
447:intravenous fluid therapy
442:should also be provided.
193:
27:Medical condition in dogs
1610:marylandpetemergency.com
269:(10 times more likely),
1092:10.1023/a:1006083013513
1510:J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc
1302:J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc
1198:J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc
1122:J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc
975:J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc
913:J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc
878:J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc
598:
558:involves suturing the
539:exploratory laparotomy
534:has likely occurred.
398:
311:Grand Bleu de Gascogne
231:Impairment of gastric
50:
42:
32:Bloat (disambiguation)
1238:10.2460/ajvr.78.8.934
735:Santa's Little Helper
596:
516:oesophageal sphincter
396:
48:
40:
690:Rhodesian Ridgebacks
473:can be used such as
459:crystalloid solution
176:hepatocelluar damage
1394:10.1136/vr.143.2.48
1016:(1). Wiley: 22–26.
704:Society and culture
532:stomach perforation
522:water is sent as a
218:Pyloric hypertrophy
1010:Veterinary Surgery
627:cardiac arrhythmia
599:
399:
380:. Pressure on the
172:haemoconcentration
138:hypovolaemic shock
51:
43:
1591:978-1-56053-215-6
806:978-1-119-69368-0
733:, the family dog
635:gastric resection
554:may be required.
445:Patients require
313:and the standard
214:Hypergastrinaemia
168:thrombocytopaenia
74:medical condition
60:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
1846:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1804:
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1779:
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1772:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1706:
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1696:
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1683:. Archived from
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1652:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
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1577:
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1104:
1103:
1075:
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1033:
1005:
999:
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981:(12): 1895–900.
970:
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960:
958:
957:
947:
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929:
928:
908:
902:
901:
872:
863:
862:
852:
820:
811:
810:
792:
686:German Shepherds
678:Irish Wolfhounds
674:Standard Poodles
579:prophylactically
408:mucous membranes
226:gastric emptying
62:gastric dilation
21:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1845:
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1843:
1829:
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1817:
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1790:
1780:
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1741:
1726:10.5326/0460097
1707:
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1688:
1687:on July 1, 2014
1671:
1670:
1666:
1643:(10): 981–984.
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1578:
1574:
1541:
1537:
1516:(11): 1576–81.
1506:
1499:
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1488:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1431:10.5326/0420028
1413:
1409:
1378:
1374:
1341:
1337:
1298:
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1257:
1253:
1221:
1217:
1194:
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1107:
1076:
1072:
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1006:
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718:Marley & Me
706:
650:
591:
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512:orogastric tube
436:
391:
355:
353:Pathophysiology
346:
344:Dietary factors
291:English Mastiff
283:Irish Wolfhound
262:in one study.
241:
196:
126:hypersalivation
117:
109:Mortality rates
80:, in which the
70:gastric torsion
66:twisted stomach
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Gastric torsion
15:
12:
11:
5:
1852:
1842:
1841:
1826:
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1749:Prev. Vet. Med
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1664:
1623:
1597:
1590:
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1204:(9): 1465–71.
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1105:
1070:
1051:(4): 185–190.
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903:
884:(12): 1934–9.
864:
835:(1): 558–569.
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721:
705:
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666:Gordon Setters
649:
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590:
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568:
565:
560:pyloric antrum
463:Antiarrhythmic
455:Colloid fluids
435:
432:
390:
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345:
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335:gut microbiome
277:(4.2) and the
240:
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233:myoelectricity
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102:gas distension
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694:Basset Hounds
691:
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670:Irish Setters
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479:phenylephrine
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303:pointing dogs
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142:hypoperfusion
139:
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1839:Dog diseases
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1811:
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1685:the original
1676:
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1609:
1600:
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1550:
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1459:
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1422:
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730:The Simpsons
728:
725:Dog of Death
717:
662:St. Bernards
651:
648:Epidemiology
639:
623:
600:
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570:
536:
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471:vasopressors
444:
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400:
361:
359:
356:
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299:Bull Mastiff
279:Irish Setter
264:
249:
246:
242:
239:Risk factors
230:
224:, retarding
212:
202:between the
197:
188:hypokalaemia
160:lymphopaenia
156:leukocytosis
153:neutrophilic
146:
134:Hypovolaemia
118:
106:
97:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
1616:October 15,
1128:(1): 40–5.
658:Weimaraners
654:Great Danes
631:splenectomy
611:hypotension
603:peritonitis
552:Splenectomy
543:gastrectomy
506:Orogastric
483:epinephrine
420:Radiographs
382:portal vein
370:hypotension
180:cholestasis
164:leukopaenia
130:arrhythmias
96:. The word
92:and caudal
78:guinea pigs
1793:2017-07-28
1691:15 October
1491:2007-04-17
1466:2007-04-17
956:2007-04-17
742:References
698:Dachshunds
574:gastropexy
567:Prevention
556:Gastropexy
508:intubation
467:dobutamine
410:with poor
307:Bloodhound
275:St Bernard
271:Weimaraner
267:Great Dane
252:nasal mite
149:dyscrasias
94:vena cavae
1788:USA TODAY
1677:aspca.org
1637:Can Vet J
1287:1932-6203
1246:0002-9645
1180:0587-2871
1100:0165-7380
1065:0022-4510
1030:0161-3499
589:Prognosis
501:lacerated
475:ephedrine
440:Analgesia
434:Treatment
418:quality.
412:capillary
389:Diagnosis
366:esophagus
204:esophagus
200:sphincter
90:diaphragm
1833:Category
1769:12941556
1734:20194364
1659:25320388
1530:12479327
1439:16397192
1382:Vet. Rec
1330:22006972
1322:11128539
1265:PLOS ONE
1144:10638316
995:16784379
898:17173533
859:10853276
619:Comatose
374:ischemia
362:volvulus
184:azotemia
115:Symptoms
1818:29 July
1673:"Bloat"
1650:4187373
1567:9590454
1402:9699253
1367:9138229
1210:8050972
925:7591946
850:1374121
709:In the
547:pylorus
499:may be
428:cranial
424:ventral
404:tympany
321:of the
319:alleles
208:pylorus
122:abdomen
82:stomach
72:, is a
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668:, and
642:cardia
607:sepsis
528:lavage
497:spleen
481:, and
451:saline
315:Poodle
287:Borzoi
273:(4.6)
260:biopsy
194:Causes
170:, and
147:Blood
1326:S2CID
946:(PDF)
711:novel
613:, or
524:bolus
520:tepid
493:lumen
449:with
416:pulse
378:shock
323:DLA88
295:Akita
98:bloat
68:, or
1820:2017
1765:PMID
1730:PMID
1693:2017
1655:PMID
1618:2017
1586:ISBN
1563:PMID
1526:PMID
1435:PMID
1398:PMID
1363:PMID
1318:PMID
1283:ISSN
1242:ISSN
1206:PMID
1176:ISSN
1140:PMID
1096:ISSN
1061:ISSN
1026:ISSN
991:PMID
921:PMID
894:PMID
855:PMID
801:ISBN
723:In "
715:film
713:and
696:and
331:TLR5
329:and
327:DRB1
186:and
140:and
1757:doi
1722:doi
1645:PMC
1555:doi
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1390:doi
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