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362:. Modern tanks are non-metallic and sealed to stop leaks. Some have double walls or other structures that provide a side benefit of thermal insulation while pursuing the main goal of keeping gasoline out of the soil around the tank. So while the air temperature can easily vary between 30 and 85 °F (−1 and 29 °C), the gasoline warms or cools much more slowly, especially underground, as deep soil temperature tends to remain in a narrow range throughout the year, regardless of air temperature.
554:
570:
506:, Corson observed a worker filling a barrel with gasoline and thought it inefficient. The sound of a toilet flushing later gave him the idea for a "butterfly float." After developing a prototype with his assistant, Paul Wenke, Corson gave the suggestion to the company who later filed for a patent in his name. The initial intent of the device was to "allow a person to fill more than one barrel at the same time." This mechanism eventually developed into the modern gasoline pump cut-off valve.
405:. Inspection dates and test results are required, by law, to be displayed to consumers on a sticker on gasoline pumps. Under the 2011 Fairness at the Pumps Act, a vendor with a modified or poorly maintained dispenser can be fined up to $ 50,000. However, virtually all pumps that fail inspection in Canada do so for general calibration errors caused by use over time. Intentional modification for the purpose of deceiving consumers is extremely rare, as are prosecutions.
42:
674:
374:, so two deliveries in a 24-hour period are common. Gasoline spends so little time in the retail sales system that its temperature at the point of sale does not vary significantly from winter to summer or by region. Canada has lower overall population densities and geographically larger gasoline distribution systems, compared with the United States. Temperature compensation at the retail level improves the fairness under those conditions.
188:
26:
237:) per minute (the United States limits this to 10 US gallons per minute); pumps serving trucks and other large vehicles have a higher flow rate, up to 130 litres (34 US gallons) per minute in the UK and 40 US gallons (150 litres) in the US. This flow rate is based on the diameter of the vehicle's fuel filling pipe, which limits flow to these amounts.
267:
diesel pumps have been fitted with standard gasoline nozzles. Also, the nozzle for leaded gasoline is wider than for unleaded, and the fill pipe on vehicles designed for unleaded-only was made narrower to prevent misfueling. Some diesel fuel tanks are designed to prevent the wrong type of nozzle from being used.
1060:
Gas pumps provide drivers with an easy way to put gasoline in their cars. This gas pump, made by
Gilbert and Barker Manufacturing Company, dates from about 1915. Gilbert and Barker introduced the first measuring gas pump in 1911. Customers, however, could not see the gasoline. They had to rely on the
325:
is almost always done by a 4 stroke piston meter connected to an electronic encoder. In older gasoline pumps, the meter is physically coupled to reeled numerical displays (moving wheels or cylinders with numbers on the side), while newer pumps turn the meter's movement into electrical pulses using a
253:
Nozzles are attached to the pump with flexible hoses, so they can reach the vehicle's filler inlet. The hoses are robust to survive heavy wear and tear, including exposure to weather and being driven over, and are often attached using heavy spring or coil arrangements to provide additional strength.
400:
conducts regular tests of calibration and fuel quality at individual dispensers. The department also conducts random undercover inspections using specially designed vehicles that can check the accuracy of the dispensers. The department issues correction required notices to stations with pumps found
257:
Nozzles are usually color-coded to indicate which grade of fuel they dispense, but the color-coding differs between countries and even retailers. For example, a black hose and handle in the majority of Europe indicate that the fuel dispensed is diesel, and a green dispenser indicates unleaded fuel;
357:
The reference temperature for gasoline volume measurement is 60 °F or 15 °C. Ten gallons of gasoline at that temperature expands to about 10.15 US gal (38.4 L) at 85 °F (29 °C) and contracts to about 9.83 US gal (37.2 L) at 30 °F (−1 °C).
159:
Many early gasoline pumps had a calibrated glass cylinder on top. The desired quantity of fuel was pumped up into the cylinder as indicated by the calibration. Then the pumping was stopped and the gasoline was let out into the customer's tank by gravity. When metering pumps came into use, a small
365:
Temperature compensation is common at the wholesale level in the United States and most other countries. At the retail level, Canada has converted to automatic temperature compensation, and the UK is converting, but the United States has not converted. Automatic temperature compensation, known as
377:
In the United States, each state has its own
Department of Weights and Measure, with the authority to perform all testing and certification, issuing fines for non-compliance. For example, in 2007 Arizona found that 9% of all pumps were off by at least 2.5% (the threshold for fines), evenly split
266:
Some nozzles are designed to prevent the motorist selecting the wrong fuel. The nozzle on diesel pumps is supposed to be larger so that it cannot fit into the filler pipe on a vehicle tank designed for gasoline. However, the larger diameter diesel nozzles are not an actual requirement, and many
793:
Since gasoline pumps are the focal point of distributing fuel to the general public, and fuel is a hazardous substance, they are subject to stringent requirements regarding safety, accuracy and security. The exact details differ between jurisdictions and can depend to some extent on politics.
240:
Airline refueling can reach 1,000 US gallons (3,800 litres) per minute. Higher flow rates may overload the vapor recovery system in vehicles equipped with enhanced evaporative emissions controls (required since 1996 in the US), causing excess vapor emissions, and may present a safety hazard.
369:
There are far fewer retail outlets for gasoline in the US today than there were in 1980. Larger outlets sell gasoline rapidly, as much as 30,000 US gal (110,000 L) in a single day, even in remote places. Most finished product gasoline is delivered in 8,000- to 16,000-gallon
354:(NIST) specifies the accuracy of the measurements in Handbook 44, though states set their own legal standards. The standard accuracy is 0.3%, meaning that a 10-US-gallon (37.9 L) purchase may actually deliver between 9.97 and 10.03 US gal (37.7 and 38.0 L).
207:
to control the action of the pump, drive the pump's displays, and communicate to an indoor sales system; and a mechanical section which (in a self-contained unit) has an electric motor, pumping unit, meters, pulsers and valves to physically pump and control the fuel flow.
358:
Each of the three volumes represents the same theoretical amount of energy. In one sense, a given volume of gasoline purchased at 30 °F has about 3.2% more potential energy than the same volume purchased at 85 °F. Most gasoline is stored in tanks underneath the
807:
In Taiwan, continuous fuel flow is not allowed for self service pumps; the driver must grip the nozzle until the desired amount of fuel has been delivered or until the shutoff switch is triggered. This is also the case in
Australia and the UK.
244:
Historically, gasoline pumps had a very wide range of designs to solve the mechanical problems of pumping, reliable measurement, safety, and aesthetics. This has led to some popularity in collecting antique dispensers, especially in the US.
689:
481:
payment. A year before this rule came into force, a third of 750,000 pumps needed upgrading at a cost of $ 6,000 to $ 17,000 each plus the cost of new EPOS hardware and software. With some software not expected to be ready, some
152:
was used to refer to a vertical gasoline pump. In the United States this term is now only used for trucks that carry and dispense fuel to large aircraft at airports, but it is still used sometimes in
Australia and New Zealand.
525:
system, which prevents gasoline vapor from escaping to the air. In the UK, for example, any new forecourt with a predicted throughput in excess of 500 m per month is required to have active vapor recovery installed.
509:
Most modern pumps have an automatic cut-off feature that stops the flow when the tank is full. This is done with an auxiliary sensing tube running from just inside the mouth of the nozzle to a
777:
160:
glass globe with a turbine inside replaced the measuring cylinder to show the customer that gasoline really was flowing into the tank. The first measured gas pump, commercially produced by
156:
The first gasoline pump was patented by
Norwegian John J. Tokheim in 1901. The Tokheim pump was named after him. Fuel retail industry giant OPW (a Dover company) acquired Tokheim in 2016.
173:
637:
275:
In some countries, pumps can mix two fuel products together before dispensing; this is referred to as blending or mixing. Typical usages are in a "mix" pump to add oil to petrol for
705:
797:
For example, in countries fighting corruption, such as Mexico, gasoline pumps may be more stringently monitored by government officials, to detect attempts to defraud customers.
745:
657:
254:
A breakaway valve is also fitted to the hose so that the nozzle and hose will detach and fuel flow will stop if a motorist drives off with the nozzle still in the filler.
490:
available in time, not enough technicians for the installations, and many businesses unable to afford the upgrade, it was predicted the conversion would take until 2021.
298:). Retailers benefit by offering three grades of fuel while having to stock only two. This frees up both working capital and tank capacity and improves fuel turnover.
613:
397:
765:
222:
In modern pumps, the major variations are in the number of hoses or grades they can dispense, the physical shape, and additional hardware for services such as
343:
Gasoline is difficult to sell in a fair and consistent manner by volumetric units. It expands and contracts significantly as its temperature changes. Its
1196:
199:(indicated as "Polttoöljy"/"Brännolja"/"MPÖ"; primarily intended for non-road vehicles such as those used in the agricultural and construction sectors)
1336:
569:
401:
to be inaccurate. Most other US states conduct similar inspections. In Canada, inspections are regularly conducted by the federal government agency
148:. He later improved upon the pump by adding safety measures, and by adding a hose to directly dispense fuel into automobiles. For a while, the term
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425:
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191:
A four pump dispenser at a petrol station in
Finland. The dispenser shown here dispenses 95E10 and 98E5 petrol; diesel as well as low tax
576:
1227:
925:
But one doesn't have to be an
Australian to enter the Australian lexicon — take bowser 'petrol pump' (in Australia), which is
1213:
729:
215:. In general, submersible solutions in Europe are installed in hotter countries, where suction pumps may have problems overcoming
471:
513:
in the pump handle. A mechanical valve in the pump handle detects a change of pressure and closes, preventing the flow of fuel.
424:(NIST) specifies in Handbook 44 that the tolerance of the measurements is to be 2.0%. Worldwide regulations are discussed under
1446:
1379:
1323:
SAE International
Publishes New standard, SAE J2601, to Establish Worldwide Basis for H2 Fueling of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
1279:
SAE International publishes new standard, SAE J2601, to establish worldwide basis for H2 fueling of fuel cell electric vehicles
593:
537:
396:
In many jurisdictions, regular required inspections are conducted to ensure the accuracy of gasoline pumps. For example, the
366:
Standard
Temperature Accounting in the UK, may add a tiny amount of additional uncertainty to the measurement of about 0.1%.
1025:
211:
In some cases the actual pump may be sealed and immersed inside the fuel tanks on a site, in which case it is known as a
1477:
1577:
164:
in 1911, lacked this globe, with customers having to rely on the gas station owner to have calibrated it accurately.
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1353:
381:
344:
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of a gasoline pump is used internationally as a symbol on fuel gauges of vehicles, here on a 50 ccm
Chinese-made
436:
624:
553:
1500:
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1333:
1133:"California Refueling Emission Standards and Test Procedures for 1998 Through 2000 Model Motor Vehicles"
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with warm fuels or when the distance from tank to pump is longer than a suction pump can manage.
105:
203:
A modern gasoline pump is divided into two main parts – an electronic "head" containing an
1431:
Sampson, Julia (26 April 2010). "Did you know? Gas Pump shut-off valve was invented in Olean".
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909:
843:
291:
1002:
756:
463:, and others) and proprietary software protocols. In the past, this gave pump manufacturers
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Hydrogen pumps may be regulated under terms drawn from an industry technical standard,
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30:
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Typically, individual pumps must be certified for operation after installation by a
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176:
1447:"12/25/1991 How does a gas pump shut off automatically when the gas tank is full?"
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125:
66:
46:
1572:
1312:
Report on the activities of the OIML and regional legal metrology organizations
1132:
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inspector, who tests that the pump displays the same amount that it dispenses.
522:
477:
By October 2017, all US gasoline pumps with credit card readers had to support
467:
for their own point-of-sale systems, since only they understood the protocols.
464:
327:
1410:
1354:"How Much Does It Cost to Convert My Gas Pump Terminals to Be EMV Chip Ready?"
1301:
Fill er up- NIST develops prototype meter test for hydrogen refueling stations
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Four old-fashioned gasoline pumps at the 2012 Greater Milwaukee Auto Show.
1230:. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Archived from
1079:"Certificate Pursuant to section 12 of the Weights and Measures Act 1985"
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77:
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41:
946:"REGULATIONS REGARDING PETROLEUM PRODUCTS SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS"
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Gasoline pumps once used at the historic Morcomb's Service Station in
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1380:"For gas-station operators, chip card upgrade is a pain in the pump"
474:, which has had considerable success in Europe, but less elsewhere.
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or other controller varies widely, involving a variety of hardware (
1182:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 20 November 2014.
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The equipment must accurately measure the amount of fuel pumped.
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187:
783:
Wayne pump from 1923 in BP livery, at the Science Museum, London
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Display of various antique fuel pumps at Retro Classics 2018 in
521:
A modern fuel pump will often contain control equipment for the
648:
604:
560:
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34:
25:
1526:"QLD: Safety alert issued over fuel dispensing nozzle latches"
712:
386:
230:
1255:"Four years later, not a penny of fines under gas-pumps law"
628:
295:
81:
70:
1098:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 24 September 1997
502:, in 1939 by Richard C. Corson. At a loading dock at the
478:
1006:. Vol. 46, no. 21. 18 November 2004. p. 4
929:
a company established by U.S. inventor and entrepreneur
447:
Technology for communicating with gasoline pumps from a
963:
Machine at a filling station that is used to pump fuels
908:. Australian National Dictionary Centre. Archived from
398:
Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
470:
An effort to standardize in the 1990s resulted in the
286:
from separate high and low octane fuels, or to blend
1096:"The EPA 10 gallon per minute fuel dispensing limit"
1061:
pump's accuracy and the gas station owner's honesty.
1499:Dickerson, Marla; Martinez, Carlos (13 June 2006).
1498:
1334:IFSF Management Intro, sec 1.1 Background history
124:The first gasoline pump was invented and sold by
1564:
347:at 20 °C is about 4.5 times that of water.
84:into vehicles. Gasoline pumps are also known as
1121:. Petroleum Equipment & Technology Archive.
136:industry- It was commonly used to dispense the
1501:"Not Quite Measuring Up at Mexico's Gas Pumps"
422:National Institute of Standards and Technology
352:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1018:
755:gasoline pumps at Soulsby Service Station in
378:between overcounting and undercounting fuel.
229:Light passenger vehicles pump up to about 50
1554:How does a gas pump know to shut itself off?
1151:"Filling Up the Backyard With a Gas Station"
1028:. Gilbarco Veeder-Root. 2020. Archived from
950:Southern African Legal Information Institute
442:
1050:. Henry Ford Museum of American Innovation
1014:– via National Library of Australia.
896:
699:. Included is a 1918 Visi Bowl pump (left)
1476:. Editorial.autos.msn.com. Archived from
1116:
643:Display of various antique fuel pumps at
420:dispense by the kilogram. In the US, the
1252:
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1044:"Manual Crank Gasoline Pump, circa 1915"
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40:
24:
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472:International Forecourt Standards Forum
385:A state petroleum inspector visiting a
132:, on September 5, 1885, pre-dating the
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1471:
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1290:LA gas station gets hydrogen fuel pump
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1189:
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1214:"Help Center - the Arizona Republic"
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575:A 1991 photograph of a fuel pump in
493:
1186:
516:
498:The shut-off valve was invented in
316:
13:
1411:"Patent US2316934 - Barrel Filler"
16:For the automobile component, see
14:
1604:
1547:
1474:"Unraveling Automotive Mysteries"
1351:
1149:Caldwell, Dave (5 October 2008).
258:the reverse is common in the US.
1378:Kharif, Olga (31 October 2016).
1228:"Bureau of Petroleum Inspection"
976:"Sept. 5, 1885: Pay at the Pump"
974:Alfred, Randy (1 October 2008).
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345:coefficient of thermal expansion
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45:A dispenser being used at a BP
1253:McGregor, Glen (14 May 2015).
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873:"Gas Stations - Wisconsin DNR"
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625:Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum
1:
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282:, to produce an intermediate
261:
1449:. Pa.msu.edu. Archived from
1119:"How Large Aircraft Fuel Up"
1117:Austerman, Gary (May 1997).
333:
7:
897:Mark Gwynn (October 2005).
811:
735:Antique gasoline pump from
408:
338:
270:
226:and attendant tag readers.
80:, or other types of liquid
10:
1609:
899:"When people become words"
119:
15:
715:" pumps, manufactured by
504:Socony-Vacuum Oil Company
443:Communications components
167:
1578:Petroleum infrastructure
1339:August 24, 2005, at the
543:Restored petrol bowser,
29:A pump, manufactured by
1593:19th-century inventions
391:Port Charlotte, Florida
1397:Bloomberg Businessweek
844:Cascade storage system
829:
393:
313:
292:compressed natural gas
200:
184:
54:
38:
1472:Plueddeman, Charles.
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757:Mount Olive, Illinois
599:Antique fuel pump in
416:dispensers in use on
384:
304:
190:
175:
44:
28:
839:Electric car charger
802:weights and measures
1583:American inventions
721:Wilton, Connecticut
430:compressed hydrogen
130:Fort Wayne, Indiana
1532:. 22 November 2016
1453:on 28 October 2011
1433:Olean Times Herald
1234:on 2 December 2010
1155:The New York Times
998:"Fuel for thought"
830:
403:Measurement Canada
394:
314:
305:A pump display in
201:
197:Solvent Yellow 124
185:
65:is a machine at a
55:
39:
1558:The Straight Dope
1505:Los Angeles Times
1026:"Company History"
737:Savannah, Georgia
697:Glendale, Arizona
494:Automatic cut-off
418:hydrogen stations
205:embedded computer
1600:
1588:Filling stations
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1202:. February 2016.
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1138:. 5 August 1999.
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952:. 9 October 2019
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834:Fast fuel system
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645:Deutsches Museum
640:
623:pump located at
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517:Other components
323:Flow measurement
317:Flow measurement
213:submersible pump
177:Hydrogen station
69:that is used to
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1385:Chicago Tribune
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1352:Smith, Ashley.
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1341:Wayback Machine
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1032:on 30 May 2023.
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500:Olean, New York
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488:chip technology
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411:
360:filling station
350:In the US, the
341:
336:
319:
273:
264:
251:
224:pay at the pump
170:
126:Sylvanus Bowser
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108:countries), or
67:filling station
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11:
5:
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1548:External links
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1480:on 31 May 2012
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1197:"STA Guidance"
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1536:20 February
1510:10 December
1484:10 December
1457:10 December
1416:10 December
1391:13 November
1264:27 February
1238:10 December
1010:21 February
982:10 December
978:. Wired.com
956:6 September
931:S.F. Bowser
927:named after
683:fuel pumps.
621:diesel fuel
547:, Australia
486:not having
484:fleet cards
389:station in
372:tank trucks
280:motorcycles
47:gas station
1567:Categories
877:dnr.wi.gov
860:References
789:Regulation
667:, Germany.
651:, Germany.
631:, Germany.
563:, Austria.
277:two-stroke
262:Misfueling
235:US gallons
217:cavitation
195:dyed with
179:pump at a
134:automobile
76:(petrol),
1003:Air Force
828:from 2008
822:pictogram
711:Antique "
665:Stuttgart
579:village,
334:Metrology
110:gas pumps
94:Australia
51:Wisconsin
18:Fuel pump
1337:Archived
1102:20 April
812:See also
713:Mobilgas
619:Antique
545:Gundagai
409:Hydrogen
339:Gasoline
288:hydrogen
271:Blending
193:fuel oil
162:Gilbarco
140:used in
138:kerosene
74:gasoline
919:24 July
906:Ozwords
826:scooter
717:Tokheim
601:Quillan
585:Finland
439:J2601.
428:R 139 (
311:Florida
183:station
120:History
86:bowsers
1054:30 May
882:1 June
649:Munich
605:France
577:Ömossa
561:Vienna
457:RS-422
453:RS-485
231:litres
168:Design
150:bowser
146:stoves
78:diesel
35:Greece
1573:Pumps
1556:from
1200:(PDF)
1160:3 May
1136:(PDF)
1082:(PDF)
913:(PDF)
902:(PDF)
753:Shell
387:Mobil
181:Shell
142:lamps
33:, in
1538:2022
1530:AIHS
1512:2011
1486:2011
1459:2011
1418:2011
1393:2019
1365:2020
1266:2019
1240:2011
1180:Nist
1162:2010
1104:2016
1056:2023
1012:2022
984:2011
958:2023
921:2013
884:2019
820:The
679:Old
629:Konz
426:OIML
296:HCNG
290:and
233:(13
144:and
112:(in
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647:in
479:EMV
437:SAE
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