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528:, it was seen as inevitable that there would be a constant NBC threat on the battlefield and so troops needed protection in which they could remain fully functional; thus, protective gear and especially gas masks have evolved to incorporate innovations in terms of increasing user comfort and compatibility with other equipment (from drinking devices to artificial respiration tubes, to communications systems etc.).
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512:, a gas mask alone is not sufficient protection, and full protective clothing must be worn in addition to protect from contact with the atmosphere. For reasons of civil defence and personal protection, individuals often buy gas masks since they believe that they protect against the harmful effects of an attack with nuclear, biological, or chemical (
613:. This effect can be very simple and highly effective, for example using a damp cloth to cover the mouth and nose while escaping a fire. While this method can be effective at trapping particulates produced by combustion, it does not filter out harmful gases which may be toxic or which displace the oxygen required for survival.
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A modern mask typically is constructed of an elastic polymer in various sizes. It is fitted with various adjustable straps which may be tightened to secure a good fit. Crucially, it is connected to a filter cartridge near the mouth either directly, or via a flexible hose. Some models contain drinking
662:
Gas masks have a useful lifespan limited by the absorbent capacity of the filter. Filters cease to provide protection when saturated with hazardous chemicals, and degrade over time even if sealed. Most gas masks have sealing caps over the air intake and are stored in vacuum-sealed bags to prevent the
879:
A filter type that can protect against multiple hazards is notated with the
European symbols concatenated with each other. Examples include ABEK, ABEK-P3, and ABEK-HgP3. A2B2E2K2-P3 is the highest rating of filter available. An entirely different "multi/CBRN" filter class with an olive color is used
386:
created a mask made of chemical-absorbing fabric which fitted over the entire head. A 50.5 cm × 48 cm (19.9 in × 18.9 in) canvas hood treated with chlorine-absorbing chemicals, and fitted with a transparent mica eyepiece. Macpherson presented his idea to the
British War
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The user may be exposed to many types of toxic material. Military personnel are especially prone to being exposed to a diverse range of toxic gases. However, if the mask is for a particular use (such as the protection from a specific toxic material in a factory), then the design can be much simpler
871:
Particle filters are often included, because in many cases the hazardous materials are in the form of mist, which can be captured by the particle filter before entering the chemical adsorber. In Europe and jurisdictions with similar rules such as Russia and
Australia, filter types are given suffix
503:
Gas mask development since has mirrored the development of chemical agents in warfare, filling the need to protect against ever more deadly threats, biological weapons, and radioactive dust in the nuclear era. However, for agents that cause harm through contact or penetration of the skin, such as
494:
The
British Respirator, Anti-Gas (Light) was developed in 1943 by the British. It was made of plastic and rubber-like material that greatly reduced the weight and bulk compared to World War I gas masks, and fitted the user's face more snugly and comfortably. The main improvement was replacing the
473:
Also in World War I, since dogs were frequently used on the front lines, a special type of gas mask was developed that dogs were trained to wear. Other gas masks were developed during World War I and the time following for horses in the various mounted units that operated near the front lines. In
523:
Although thorough training and the availability of gas masks and other protective equipment can nullify the casualty-causing effects of an attack by chemical agents, troops who are forced to operate in full protective gear are less efficient in completing tasks, tire easily, and may be affected
251:
to allow vision. Glass and mica were quite brittle and needed frequent replacement. The later
Triplex lens style (a cellulose acetate lens sandwiched between glass ones) became more popular, and alongside plain cellulose acetate they became the standard into the 1930s. Panoramic lenses were not
220:
is often used to refer to military equipment (such as a field protective mask), the scope used in this article. Gas masks only protect the user from ingesting or inhaling chemical agents, as well as preventing contact with the user's eyes (many chemical agents affect through eye contact). Most
1101:
was a stopgap measure for
British troops in the trenches that offered at least some protection during a gas attack. As the months passed and poison gas was used more often, more sophisticated gas masks were developed and introduced. There are two main difficulties with gas mask design:
342:
in 1912, and patented in 1914. It was a simple device consisting of a cotton hood with two hoses which hung down to the floor, allowing the wearer to breathe the safer air found there. In addition, moist sponges were inserted at the end of the hoses in order to better filter the air.
516:) agents, which is only partially true, as gas masks protect only against respiratory absorption. Most military gas masks are designed to be capable of protecting against all NBC agents, but they can have filter canisters proof against those agents (heavier) or only against
1094:) that have different properties. Thus a resin can be tailored to a particular toxic group. When the reactive substance comes in contact with the resin, it will bond to it, removing it from the air stream. It may also exchange with a less harmful substance at this site.
872:
numbers to indicate their capacity. For non-particle hazards, the level "1" is assumed and a number "2" is used to indicate a better level. For particles (P), three levels are always given with the number. In the US, only the particle part is further classified by
663:
filter from degrading due to exposure to humidity and pollutants in normal air. Unused gas mask filters from World War II may not protect the wearer at all, and could be harmful if worn due to long-term changes in the chemical composition of the filter.
965:
The protection of a gas mask comes with some disadvantages. The wearer of a typical gas mask must exert extra effort to breathe, and some of the exhaled air is re-inhaled due to the dead space between the facepiece and the user's face. The exposure to
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The protection will wear off over time. Filters will clog up, substrates for absorption will fill up, and reactive filters will run out of reactive substances. Thus the user only has protection for a limited time, and then they must either
422:
In the first gas masks of World War I, it was initially found that wood charcoal was a good absorbent of poison gases. Around 1918, it was found that charcoals made from the shells and seeds of various fruits and nuts such as
415:, Bertram Lambert and John Sadd developed the Large Box Respirator. This canister gas mask had a tin can containing the absorbent materials by a hose and began to be issued in February 1916. A compact version, the
550:
with the help of
European countries such as Germany and France and used them in a large scale against Iranians and Iraqi Kurds. Iran was unprepared for chemical warfare. In 1984, Iran received gas masks from the
1420:
563:, the filter lasted for only 15 minutes, and the 5,000 masks bought from East Germany proved to be not gas masks but spray-painting goggles. As late as 1986, Iranian diplomats still travelled in Europe to buy
2052:
Hygienic standard 2.2.5.3532-18.Occupational exposure limits for toxic substances in workplace air [ГН 2.2.5.3532-18 Предельно допустимые концентрации (ПДК) вредных веществ в воздухе рабочей зоны]
259:
Some masks have one or two compact air filter containers screwed onto inlets, while others have a large air filtration container connected to the gas mask via a hose that is sometimes confused with an
338:
Early versions were constructed by the
Scottish chemist John Stenhouse in 1854 and the physicist John Tyndall in the 1870s. Another early design was the "Safety Hood and Smoke Protector" invented by
1948:
327:, a device that contained elements that allowed breathing through a nose and mouthpiece, inhalation of air through a bulb-shaped filter, and a vent to exhale air back into the atmosphere.
1078:
This principle relies on substances harmful to humans being usually more reactive than air. This method of separation will use some form of generally reactive substance (for example an
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The
Environment and Its Effect Upon Man: Symposium Held at Harvard School of Public Health, August 24-August 29, 1936, as Part of Harvard University Tercentenary Celebration, 1636-1936
887:, or when ventilation is poor or the hazards are unknown, filtration is not possible and air must be supplied (with a SCBA system) from a pressurized bottle as in scuba diving.
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Filtration may be aided with an air pump to improve wearer comfort. Filtration of air is only possible if there is sufficient oxygen in the first place. Thus, when handling
212:
and toxic gases. The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth, but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face. Most gas masks are also
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2050:
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176:, designed in 1915, was one of the first modern-type full-head protection gas masks with a detachable filter and eyelet glasses, shown here worn by U.S. Army soldier (
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separate filter canister connected with a hose by an easily replaceable filter canister screwed on the side of the gas mask. Also, it had replaceable plastic lenses.
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1134:
974:(0.5% by volume/9 grammes per cubic metre for an eight-hour shift; 1.4%/27 grammes per m for 15 minutes' exposure) by a factor of many times: for gas masks and
520:
and smoke (lighter and often used for training purposes). There are lightweight masks solely for protection against riot-control agents and not for NBC situations.
1912:
335:, who received a patent on June 12, 1849. U.S. patent #6,529 issued to Haslett, described the first "Inhaler or Lung Protector" that filtered dust from the air.
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combined gas mask filters will last around 8 hours in a biological or chemical situation. Filters against specific chemical agents can last up to 20 hours.
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and models of filters to produce defensive gear domestically. In April 1988, Iran started domestic production of gas masks by the Iran Yasa factories.
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Office Anti-Gas
Department on May 10, 1915; prototypes were developed soon after. The design was adopted by the British Army and introduced as the
2553:
1955:
513:
685:
Typically, masks using 40 mm connections are a more recent design. Rubber degrades with time, so boxed unused "modern type" masks can be
371:, Belgium on April 22, 1915. An immediate response was cotton wool wrapped in muslin, issued to the troops by May 1. This was followed by the
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605:. For example, if the target particles are positively charged, a negatively charged substrate may be used. Examples of substrates include
3030:
710:
619:
2035:
2169:"Adverse skin reactions to personal protective equipment against severe acute respiratory syndrome – a descriptive study in Singapore"
2055:(in Russian). Moscow: Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing. p. 170. Archived from
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252:
popular until the 1930s, but there are some examples of those being used even during the war (Austro-Hungarian 15M). Later, stronger
2318:
2276:
Wetherell, Anthony; Mathers, George (2007), "Respiratory Protection", in Marrs, Timothy; Maynard, Robert; Sidell, Frederick (eds.),
1350:
Ueber die unterirdischen Gasarten und die Mittel, ihren Nachtheil zu vermindern: Ein Beytrag zur Physik der praktischen Bergbaukunde
597:
is the process of deposition upon a surface. This can be used to remove both particulate and gaseous hazards. Although some form of
2003:
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The filter is selected according to the toxic compound. Each filter type protects against a particular hazard and is color-coded:
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in June 1915; Macpherson was appointed to the War Office Committee for Protection against Poisonous Gases. More elaborate
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Masks are typically tested for fit before use. After a mask is fitted, it is often tested by various challenge agents.
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tubes which may be connected to a water bottle. Corrective lens inserts are also available for users who require them.
110:
379:, which was a cotton pad soaked in an absorbent solution which was secured over the mouth using black cotton veiling.
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682:. not known to be harmful at the time. It is not reliably known for how long the materials were used in filters.
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443:. These waste materials were collected from the public in recycling programs to assist the war effort.
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The First World War brought about the first need for mass-produced gas masks on both sides because of
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Lim, E.C.H.; Seet, R.C.S.; Lee, K.-H.; Wilder-Smith, E.P.V.; Chuah, B.Y.S.; Ong, B.K.C. (2006).
2090:
test for powered and non-powered air-purifying respirators, airline respirators, and gas mask".
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Sinkule, E.; Turner, N.; Hota, S. (2003). "Automated breathing and metabolic simulator (ABMS) CO
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Mean values for several models; some models may provide a stronger exposure to carbon dioxide.
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found that the level in the filter was acceptable, but suggest caution when using, as it is a
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states that a "gas mask resembling the modern type" was patented by Lewis Phectic Haslett of
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A primitive respirator was designed by Alexander von Humboldt in 1799 for underground mining
637:
Gas mask used by the French military. The filter cartridge is connected via a flexible hose.
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8:
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2010:
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wears a respirator to protect against the insecticides sprayed in the greenhouses, 1930.
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describes a gas mask which allowed the wearer to breathe safely in a toxic environment.
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1836:"Porton Down report on the presence of asbestos in World War II respirator canisters"
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Finnish civilian gas mask from 1939. These masks were distributed during World War II
994:
textbook recommends limiting the use of respirators without air supply (that is, not
832:
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560:
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America, thousands of gas masks were produced for American as well as Allied troops.
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in a chamber may be used to give the users confidence in the efficacy of the mask.
944:
769:
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574:
465:
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324:
1986:"OSHA Bulletin: General Respiratory Protection Guidance for Employers and Workers"
2322:
1781:"Iraqi Scientist Reports on German, Other Help for Iraq Chemical Weapons Program"
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An asbestos-containing Soviet GP-5 filter and a safe modern one in comparison.
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is the process of being drawn into a (usually larger) body or substrate, and
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253:
1308:
Hill, Donald R. (1991). "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East".
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Evolution in Reference and Information Services: The Impact of the Internet
650:
556:
408:
1806:"Iranian Use of Chemical Weapons: A Critical Analysis of Past Allegations"
1767:"Respirator, Anti-Gas (Light) MKII: With Haversack Carrier & contents"
1513:
He sold the hoods to the U.S. Navy, and the Army used them in World War I.
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2697:
2692:
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2612:
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2296:
British Military Respirators and Anti-Gas Equipment of the Two World Wars
2167:
Chris C.I. Foo, Anthony T.J. Goon, Yung-Hian Leow, Chee-Leok Goh (2006).
1696:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Imperial College Press. pp. 10–11.
1203:
1098:
535:
Iranian soldier wearing a US M17 protective mask on the frontline of the
509:
457:
229:
1885:
Dail, David H.; Hammar, Samuel P.; Colby, Thomas V. (December 6, 2012).
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may take place, it is not necessary; the method may work by attractive
594:
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305:
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in which an alternate supply of fresh air (oxygen tanks) is delivered.
213:
2339:
2093:
American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition, May 10-15, 2003
1477:
Gates, Henry Louis Jr.; Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks (April 29, 2004).
711:
Cartridge (respirator) § Classification and marking of cartridges
196:
A Polish SzM-41M KF gas mask, used from the 1950s through to the 1980s
188:
Indian muleteers and mule wearing gas masks, France, February 21, 1940
3094:
2894:
2834:
2624:
2493:
2096:. Dallas, Texas: American Industrial Hygiene Association. p. 54.
1693:
Stalin's great science: the times and adventures of Soviet physicists
1228:
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psychologically by the threat of attack by those weapons. During the
396:
209:
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45:
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was a chief producer. This mask was later used widely in industry.
440:
428:
400:
225:
1812:. James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. Archived from
932:
928:
802:
674:
Some World War II and Soviet Cold War gas mask filters contained
610:
424:
392:
320:
1390:. Binghamton, New York: Haworth Information Press. p. 144.
903:. This design covered the whole of the baby except for its legs.
395:
compounds were added later to further iterations of his helmet (
323:. The forerunner to the modern gas mask was invented in 1847 by
2237:
1542:
940:
936:
931:
are often used as innocuous challenge agents. In the military,
847:
2112:"Headaches and the N95 face-mask amongst healthcare providers"
1605:
450:
gas mask in the world was invented in 1915 by Russian chemist
3231:
2325:
inventors.about.com, About, Inc. updated March 3, 2024 12:47
1497:
1082:) coating or supported by some solid material. An example is
806:
436:
312:
240:
177:
3042:
2049:
Popova, Anna, ed. (2018). "Substance #2138 Carbon dioxide".
559:, but the Korean masks were not suited for the faces of non-
27:
Protection from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases
2241:
Respiratory protective equipment at work. A practical guide
1565:
The Riddle of the Rhine: Chemical Strategy in Peace and War
1087:
1079:
987:
578:
244:
1008:
Chemical cartridge § Detection of end of service life
399:), to defeat other respiratory poison gases used such as
1732:
monthly, December 1918, page 75, Scanned by Google Books
1724:"Gas-Masks for Dogs / Dumb Heroes of the Fighting Front"
1671:
Once Worthless Things that have Suddenly Become of Value
490:
A British couple wearing gas masks in their home in 1941
239:
The first gas masks mostly used circular lenses made of
1593:. The Rooms Provincial Museum Archives (St. John's, NL)
2109:
224:
Airborne toxic materials may be gaseous (for example,
2382:
1189:
Cartridges and canisters of air-purifying respirators
2424:
1625:"Biographical entry Macpherson, Cluny (1879 - 1966)"
236:). Many filters provide protection from both types.
70:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2732:
2293:
1949:"Guide for selection and use of filtering devices"
1611:
1562:
208:used to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne
2278:Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment
2085:
1476:
382:Seeking to improve on the Black Veil respirator,
3386:
2275:
1548:
1086:. These can be created with different groups of
749:High-boiling (>65 °C) organic compounds
367:for the first time against Allied troops at the
319:in 1799, when he worked as a mining engineer in
2575:
1884:
1560:
1433:
1312:. Vol. 264, no. 5. pp. 100–105.
899:A 1939 Second World War-era baby's gas mask in
704:
419:, was made a universal issue from August 1916.
2814:
1381:
689:and leak. The US C2 canister (black) contains
3058:
2355:
1990:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
1418:, "Lung Protector", issued 1849-06-12
978:, up to 2.6%); and in case of long-term use,
585:
3415:Science and technology in the United Kingdom
2336:List of NIOSH Approved CBRN SCBA respirators
2294:Mayer-Maguire, Thomas; Baker, Brian (2015),
2223:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2079:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1677:monthly, December 1918, page 80, scanned by
1346:
741:Low-boiling (≤65 °C) organic compounds
1742:"Gas Masks to Guard Horses and Dogs in War"
1689:
1382:Drobnicki, John A.; Asaro, Richard (2001).
1046:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
311:Primitive respirator examples were used by
3065:
3051:
3025:
2362:
2348:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1756:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, November 30, 1960
1750:
1642:
1591:"Macpherson Gas Hood . Accession #980.222"
657:
271:
266:
2244:. HSG53 (4 ed.). Crown. p. 59.
2200:
2143:
1973:
1891:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1427:
1384:"Historical Fabrications on the Internet"
1066:Learn how and when to remove this message
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
2238:The Health and Safety Executive (2013).
2231:
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1466:. Harvard School of Public Health. 1937.
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1936:
1803:
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439:stones performed much better than wood
14:
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3341:Respirator assigned protection factors
2048:
2034:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1804:Zanders, Jean Pascal (March 7, 2001).
1254:Respirator assigned protection factors
1214:M50 joint service general purpose mask
3046:
2858:
2813:
2731:
2574:
2423:
2381:
2343:
2280:, New York: Wiley, pp. 157–174,
2179:(5). John Wiley & Sons: 291–294.
2122:(3). John Wiley & Sons: 199–202.
1861:"Ban wartime gas masks, schools told"
1858:
1583:
1249:Respirators testing in the workplaces
1113:replace the filter device in the mask
927:, a synthetic banana flavourant, and
3366:
3013:
2334:CBRN SCBA NIOSH Approved Respirators
1307:
1172:Mother and baby with gas masks, 1941
1044:adding citations to reliable sources
1011:
363:. The German army successfully used
355:German soldiers with gas masks, 1916
68:adding citations to reliable sources
39:
3311:Mission Oriented Protective Posture
2875:Breathing performance of regulators
2598:Continuous positive airway pressure
1617:
1375:
481:
24:
2472:Self-contained breathing apparatus
2407:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
1318:10.1038/scientificamerican0591-100
1140:Various gas masks employed on the
346:
25:
3451:
2765:Surface-supplied diving equipment
2477:Self-contained self-rescue device
2384:High altitude breathing apparatus
2303:
1353:. Braunschweig, Friedrich Vieweg.
1277:
361:extensive use of chemical weapons
282:, "The common sponge was used in
3365:
3356:
3355:
3024:
3012:
3001:
3000:
2925:Respiratory protective equipment
2910:Open circuit breathing apparatus
2499:Powered air-purifying respirator
2425:Occupational breathing apparatus
2185:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2006.00953.x
2128:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2005.00560.x
1848:from the original on 2019-05-02.
1530:National WWI Museum and Memorial
1347:Von Humboldt, Alexander (1799).
1165:
1153:
1133:
1121:
1016:
828:
642:
630:
625:US Navy MCU-2/P gas mask system.
618:
158:A World War I British P Helmet,
44:
2269:
2070:
2042:
1996:
1905:
1878:
1852:
1828:
1797:
1773:
1759:
1735:
1717:
1683:
1664:
1569:. The Chemical Foundation Inc.
1518:
1470:
1365:"The invention of the gas mask"
960:
302:Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier
55:needs additional citations for
2734:Underwater breathing apparatus
2661:Respiratory gas humidification
2435:
1859:Burns, Judith (May 13, 2014).
1612:Mayer-Maguire & Baker 2015
1454:
1404:
1357:
1340:
1301:
1286:
1271:
498:
446:The first effective filtering
13:
1:
3301:Personal protective equipment
3072:
2116:Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
1954:. draeger.com. Archived from
1367:. Ian Taggart. Archived from
411:. In summer and autumn 1915,
206:personal protective equipment
159:
146:Two people wearing full-face
3336:Workplace respirator testing
2395:Aviation breathing apparatus
1888:Pulmonary Pathology — Tumors
1549:Wetherell & Mathers 2007
874:NIOSH air filtration ratings
705:Modern filter classification
548:its chemical weapons program
232:), or particulates (such as
7:
3420:Military personal equipment
2920:Positive pressure breathing
2905:Negative pressure breathing
2859:
2577:Medical breathing apparatus
2310:How Stuff Works - Gas Masks
1526:"First Usage of Poison Gas"
1483:. Oxford University Press.
1184:Assigned Protection Factors
1177:
10:
3456:
3170:General Service Respirator
3126:General Service Respirator
2890:Escape breathing apparatus
2816:User respiratory interface
2554:GB2626 (China), and others
1747:, July 1934, bottom pg. 75
1005:
949:
901:Monmouth Regimental Museum
708:
586:Principles of construction
546:(1980–88), Iraq developed
29:
3351:
3288:
3275:(Yugoslavia; 1960s–1980s)
3253:
3218:
3183:
3144:
3131:Light Anti-Gas Respirator
3118:
3087:
3080:
2996:
2952:Closed circuit rebreather
2865:
2854:
2822:
2809:
2740:
2727:
2647:Built-in breathing system
2583:
2570:
2549:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
2537:42 CFR 84 (United States)
2529:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2419:
2390:
2377:
1690:Kozhevnikov, A B (2004).
1505:"Garrett Augustus Morgan"
1209:M40 Field Protective Mask
1097:Though it was crude, the
737:
291:book of Ingenious Devices
3136:Civilian Duty Respirator
2656:Positive airway pressure
2630:Non-invasive ventilation
2316:The History of Gas Masks
1629:livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk
1561:Victor Lefebure (1923).
1437:Inventors and inventions
1434:Alvin K. Benson (2010).
1264:
695:U.S. Army Chemical Corps
293:published in 850 by the
2967:Carbon dioxide scrubber
2935:Constant flow regulator
2787:Atmospheric diving suit
2703:Partial rebreather mask
2467:Supplied-air respirator
2400:Emergency oxygen system
1841:. p. 2 (summary).
1298:". January 1984. p. 163
976:elastomeric respirators
862:purple, orange, or teal
846:Radioactive particles (
658:Safety of old gas masks
649:Greek Infantry with US
272:Early breathing devices
267:History and development
261:air-supplied respirator
150:with gas mask canisters
148:elastomeric respirators
3430:Riot control equipment
3269:(Finland; 1960s–1980s)
2519:Elastomeric respirator
2484:Particulate respirator
1480:African American Lives
1234:Plague doctor's outfit
952:MOPP (protective gear)
916:
904:
890:
671:
582:
539:
491:
476:Mine Safety Appliances
470:
469:1916, Russian soldiers
462:
369:Second Battle of Ypres
356:
317:Alexander von Humboldt
197:
189:
181:
165:
151:
32:Elastomeric respirator
3296:Plague doctor costume
2797:Helium reclaim system
2775:Helicopter escape set
2760:Full-face diving mask
2329:Respirator Fact Sheet
1654:The Gas Mask Database
1509:PBS Who Made America?
1002:Reaction and exchange
950:Further information:
910:
898:
669:
573:
534:
489:
468:
460:
373:Black Veil Respirator
354:
195:
187:
171:
157:
145:
30:Further information:
3110:Small Box Respirator
2885:Emergency gas supply
2780:Submarine escape set
1115:, or use a new mask.
1040:improve this section
680:crocidolite asbestos
417:Small Box Respirator
333:Louisville, Kentucky
64:improve this article
3395:American inventions
3331:Respirator fit test
3263:(France; 1916–1918)
3219:Soviet Union/Russia
2972:Semi-closed circuit
2915:Oxygen concentrator
2683:Non-rebreather mask
2666:Supplemental oxygen
2642:Hyperbaric medicine
2588:Anaesthetic machine
2371:Breathing apparatus
2016:on October 20, 2012
1913:"OPERATOR'S MANUAL"
1386:. In Su, Di (ed.).
1310:Scientific American
1244:Respirator fit test
1219:C-4 Protective Mask
1107:and the cost lower.
720:
691:hexavalent chromium
676:chrysotile asbestos
518:riot control agents
461:Gas mask for horses
3425:1914 introductions
3410:Russian inventions
3405:Iranian inventions
3400:British inventions
2930:Pressure regulator
2745:Open-circuit scuba
2506:Chemical cartridge
2321:2020-03-26 at the
2173:Contact Dermatitis
1148:during World War I
917:
905:
718:
672:
583:
540:
492:
471:
463:
448:activated charcoal
389:British Smoke Hood
377:John Scott Haldane
357:
315:and introduced by
295:Banū Mūsā brothers
286:as a gas mask..."
216:, though the word
198:
190:
182:
166:
152:
3379:
3378:
3179:
3178:
3119:Interwar and WWII
3040:
3039:
2992:
2991:
2984:Escape respirator
2979:Work of breathing
2962:Oxygen rebreather
2850:
2849:
2805:
2804:
2755:Diving rebreather
2723:
2722:
2676:Reservoir cannula
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2415:
2414:
2251:978-0-71766-454-2
1898:978-1-4612-2496-9
1816:on March 20, 2015
1745:Popular Mechanics
1703:978-1-86094-419-2
1447:978-1-58765-526-5
1416:Haslett, Lewis P.
1397:978-0-7890-1723-9
1295:Popular Mechanics
1092:functional groups
1076:
1075:
1068:
869:
868:
789:hydrogen chloride
760:Inorganic gases (
693:; studies by the
561:East Asian people
553:Republic of Korea
279:Popular Mechanics
249:cellulose acetate
234:biological agents
172:Zelinsky–Kummant
140:
139:
132:
114:
36:Gas mask canister
16:(Redirected from
3447:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3281:(Canada; 1990s–)
3254:Other militaries
3226:Zelinsky-Kummant
3085:
3084:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3028:
3027:
3016:
3015:
3004:
3003:
2856:
2855:
2811:
2810:
2729:
2728:
2708:Simple face mask
2572:
2571:
2432:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2379:
2378:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2341:
2340:
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2258:
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2222:
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2164:
2158:
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2147:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2009:. Archived from
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1982:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1924:
1918:. Archived from
1917:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
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1733:
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1715:
1714:
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1710:
1687:
1681:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1656:. Archived from
1646:
1640:
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1637:
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1615:
1609:
1603:
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1598:
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1337:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1169:
1157:
1137:
1125:
1090:(usually called
1084:synthetic resins
1071:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1020:
1012:
990:may appear. The
945:stannic chloride
770:hydrogen cyanide
762:hydrogen sulfide
721:
717:
646:
634:
622:
607:activated carbon
482:Second World War
452:Nikolay Zelinsky
384:Cluny MacPherson
325:Lewis P. Haslett
164:
161:
135:
128:
124:
121:
115:
113:
72:
48:
40:
21:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
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3385:
3384:
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3380:
3375:
3347:
3284:
3249:
3214:
3175:
3140:
3114:
3076:
3071:
3041:
3036:
2988:
2861:
2846:
2826:Breathing mask
2818:
2801:
2736:
2719:
2579:
2558:
2542:ANSI K13.1-1973
2525:
2439:
2426:
2411:
2386:
2373:
2368:
2323:Wayback Machine
2306:
2288:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2216:
2215:
2165:
2161:
2108:
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2089:
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2080:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2047:
2043:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:"Archived copy"
2002:
2001:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1961:on May 26, 2012
1958:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1937:
1928:
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1911:
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1899:
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1755:
1751:
1740:
1736:
1729:Popular Science
1722:
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1708:
1706:
1704:
1688:
1684:
1675:Popular Science
1669:
1665:
1648:
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1623:
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1498:
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1475:
1471:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1440:. Salem Press.
1432:
1428:
1421:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1380:
1376:
1371:on May 2, 2013.
1363:
1362:
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1302:
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1276:
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1267:
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1149:
1138:
1129:
1126:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1037:
1021:
1010:
1004:
998:) to one hour.
970:may exceed its
963:
958:
925:Isoamyl acetate
893:
840:Reactor, orange
820:Carbon monoxide
724:EU Class, color
713:
707:
660:
653:
647:
638:
635:
626:
623:
588:
565:active charcoal
501:
484:
433:horse-chestnuts
413:Edward Harrison
349:
347:First World War
274:
269:
256:came into use.
162:
136:
125:
119:
116:
73:
71:
61:
49:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3333:
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3298:
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3290:
3286:
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3257:
3255:
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3250:
3248:
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3241:
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3216:
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3206:
3200:
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3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3082:
3081:United Kingdom
3078:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3010:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
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2954:
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2912:
2907:
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2882:
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2866:
2863:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Full facepiece
2823:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2725:
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2718:
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2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2637:Oxygen therapy
2634:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:Bag valve mask
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
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2544:
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2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2489:N95 respirator
2481:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
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2404:
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2402:
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2367:
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2359:
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2331:
2326:
2313:
2305:
2304:External links
2302:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2287:978-0470013595
2286:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2250:
2230:
2159:
2102:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2041:
1995:
1972:
1935:
1904:
1897:
1877:
1851:
1827:
1796:
1772:
1758:
1749:
1734:
1716:
1702:
1682:
1663:
1660:on 2008-07-09.
1641:
1616:
1604:
1582:
1575:
1553:
1551:, p. 157.
1541:
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1074:
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1024:
1022:
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1006:Main article:
1003:
1000:
968:carbon dioxide
962:
959:
911:A worker in a
892:
889:
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866:
863:
860:
856:
855:
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841:
837:
836:
830:
827:
823:
822:
817:
814:
810:
809:
800:
797:
793:
792:
785:Sulfur dioxide
783:Acidic gases (
781:
778:
774:
773:
758:
755:
751:
750:
747:
743:
742:
739:
736:
732:
731:
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706:
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659:
656:
655:
654:
648:
641:
639:
636:
629:
627:
624:
617:
587:
584:
577:in gas masks.
500:
497:
483:
480:
375:, invented by
348:
345:
340:Garrett Morgan
284:ancient Greece
273:
270:
268:
265:
204:is a piece of
138:
137:
52:
50:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3316:Chemical suit
3314:
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3309:
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3268:
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3234:(1950s–1970s)
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3184:United States
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2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2870:Breathing gas
2868:
2867:
2864:
2857:
2853:
2841:
2840:orinasal mask
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2798:
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2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
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2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Diving helmet
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2735:
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2726:
2714:
2711:
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2673:
2672:
2671:Nasal cannula
2669:
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2648:
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2453:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2444:Regulated by
2442:
2438:
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2422:
2418:
2408:
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2398:
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2273:
2253:
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2234:
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2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
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2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2082:
2073:
2059:on 2022-03-11
2058:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1957:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:on 2016-04-29
1921:
1914:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1815:
1811:
1810:CNS Briefings
1807:
1800:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1730:
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1620:
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1608:
1592:
1586:
1578:
1576:0-585-23269-5
1572:
1567:
1566:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1492:
1490:9780199882861
1486:
1482:
1481:
1473:
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1457:
1449:
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1438:
1430:
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1331:
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1315:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1278:Rumpf, Hans.
1274:
1270:
1260:
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1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:GP-5 gas mask
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1146:Eastern Front
1143:
1142:Western Front
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1070:
1067:
1059:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1025:This section
1023:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1009:
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
914:
913:plant nursery
909:
902:
897:
888:
886:
881:
877:
875:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
852:methyl iodide
849:
845:
842:
839:
838:
834:
831:
825:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
811:
808:
804:
801:
798:
795:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
776:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
744:
740:
734:
733:
729:
726:
723:
722:
719:Filter types
716:
712:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
668:
664:
652:
651:M17 gas masks
645:
640:
633:
628:
621:
616:
615:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
580:
576:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
545:
544:Iran–Iraq War
538:
537:Iran–Iraq War
533:
529:
527:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:blister agent
496:
488:
479:
477:
467:
459:
455:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
353:
344:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
280:
276:According to
264:
262:
257:
255:
254:polycarbonate
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
194:
186:
179:
175:
170:
156:
149:
144:
134:
131:
123:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81: –
80:
76:
75:Find sources:
69:
65:
59:
58:
53:This article
51:
47:
42:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3381:
3228:(1915–1930s)
3193:(1959–1990s)
3073:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2940:Demand valve
2792:Gas extender
2713:Venturi mask
2603:Resuscitator
2454:
2295:
2277:
2270:Bibliography
2255:. Retrieved
2240:
2233:
2219:cite journal
2176:
2172:
2162:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2092:
2081:
2072:
2061:. Retrieved
2057:the original
2051:
2044:
2018:. Retrieved
2011:the original
1998:
1989:
1965:February 22,
1963:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1927:. Retrieved
1920:the original
1907:
1887:
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1854:
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:the original
1809:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1761:
1752:
1744:
1737:
1727:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1692:
1685:
1679:Google Books
1670:
1666:
1658:the original
1653:
1644:
1632:. Retrieved
1628:
1619:
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1585:
1564:
1556:
1544:
1533:. Retrieved
1529:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1479:
1472:
1462:
1456:
1436:
1429:
1406:
1387:
1377:
1369:the original
1359:
1349:
1342:
1309:
1303:
1293:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1096:
1077:
1062:
1056:October 2017
1053:
1038:Please help
1026:
964:
961:Shortcomings
922:
918:
882:
878:
870:
714:
684:
673:
661:
589:
557:East Germany
541:
522:
502:
493:
472:
445:
421:
409:chloropicrin
381:
358:
337:
328:
310:
299:
288:
277:
275:
260:
258:
238:
223:
217:
201:
199:
173:
126:
117:
107:
100:
93:
86:
74:
62:Please help
57:verification
54:
3440:Respirators
3326:Respirators
3240:(1962–1990)
3154:(1966–1986)
3105:Hypo helmet
2957:Counterlung
2900:Hazmat suit
2698:Oxygen tent
2693:Oxygen mask
2688:Oxygen hood
2613:Pocket mask
2593:Bubble CPAP
2530:Regulations
2510:Facepieces
2312:Science.com
1204:M2 Gas Mask
1099:hypo helmet
885:asphyxiants
880:in the US.
542:During the
510:nerve agent
499:Modern mask
329:First Facts
304:invented a
230:mustard gas
214:respirators
163: 1915
3389:Categories
3321:Cartridges
3306:Smoke hood
3100:Black Veil
2947:Rebreather
2880:Dead space
2620:Ventilator
2514:Smoke hood
2448:and others
2437:Respirator
2063:2020-10-01
1929:2022-02-05
1870:August 21,
1790:2021-06-28
1535:2024-08-18
1259:Smoke hood
1239:Respirator
984:dermatitis
865:Particles
709:See also:
699:carcinogen
595:adsorption
591:Absorption
405:diphosgene
365:poison gas
306:respirator
210:pollutants
174:protivogaz
90:newspapers
79:"Gas mask"
3435:Gas masks
3209:M-50/M-51
3203:M40 field
3164:FM12 CBRN
3145:Post WWII
3095:PH helmet
3074:Gas masks
2895:Facepiece
2835:Half mask
2625:Iron lung
2494:Dust mask
2298:, Crowood
2193:0105-1873
2136:0001-6314
1820:March 27,
1709:April 28,
1634:April 22,
1597:August 5,
1326:0036-8733
1280:Gasschutz
1229:PH helmet
1199:Hopcalite
1027:does not
933:teargases
813:CO, black
777:E, yellow
735:AX, brown
429:chestnuts
397:PH helmet
300:In 1785,
120:July 2024
18:Gas masks
3361:Category
3246:(1980s–)
3205:(1990s–)
3199:(1980s–)
3031:Glossary
3007:Category
2460:Canister
2455:Gas mask
2319:Archived
2257:June 10,
2211:17026695
2154:16441251
2030:cite web
1865:BBC News
1843:Archived
1650:"The UK"
1412:US 6529A
1334:24936907
1224:NBC suit
1178:See also
980:headache
956:NBC suit
935:such as
859:P, white
796:K, green
766:chlorine
746:A, brown
727:US color
611:zeolites
599:reaction
575:Pioneers
526:Cold War
441:charcoal
425:coconuts
401:phosgene
226:chlorine
218:gas mask
202:gas mask
3371:Commons
3289:Related
3211:(2009–)
3197:MCU-2/P
3172:(2010–)
3166:(1997–)
3160:(1986–)
3158:S10 NBC
3019:Commons
2860:General
2770:Snorkel
2202:7162267
2145:7159726
2020:July 9,
1785:fas.org
1048:removed
1033:sources
929:camphor
843:magenta
833:Mercury
826:Hg, red
803:Ammonia
754:B, grey
730:Hazard
687:cracked
603:charges
393:sorbent
321:Prussia
104:scholar
3152:S6 NBC
2284:
2248:
2209:
2199:
2191:
2152:
2142:
2134:
1895:
1700:
1573:
1487:
1444:
1422:
1414:,
1394:
1332:
1324:
992:UK HSE
943:, and
848:iodine
835:vapor
807:amines
757:(many)
609:, and
581:, 1937
435:, and
313:miners
180:photo)
106:
99:
92:
85:
77:
3232:GP-4u
2446:NIOSH
2014:(PDF)
2007:(PDF)
1959:(PDF)
1952:(PDF)
1923:(PDF)
1916:(PDF)
1846:(PDF)
1839:(PDF)
1330:JSTOR
1265:Notes
1088:atoms
799:green
780:white
738:black
437:peach
241:glass
178:USAWC
111:JSTOR
97:books
3238:GP-5
2282:ISBN
2259:2018
2246:ISBN
2225:link
2207:PMID
2189:ISSN
2150:PMID
2132:ISSN
2099:copy
2036:link
2022:2010
1967:2013
1893:ISBN
1872:2018
1822:2016
1711:2009
1698:ISBN
1636:2018
1599:2017
1571:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1322:ISSN
1144:and
1080:acid
1031:any
1029:cite
996:PAPR
988:acne
986:and
972:OELs
954:and
850:and
816:blue
805:and
787:and
579:USSR
555:and
407:and
289:The
245:mica
83:news
34:and
3279:C-4
3267:M61
3244:PMK
3191:M17
3088:WWI
2197:PMC
2181:doi
2140:PMC
2124:doi
2120:113
1314:doi
1042:by
891:Use
678:or
514:NBC
508:or
247:or
228:or
66:by
3391::
3273:M1
3261:M2
2221:}}
2217:{{
2205:.
2195:.
2187:.
2177:55
2175:.
2171:.
2148:.
2138:.
2130:.
2118:.
2114:.
2032:}}
2028:{{
1988:.
1975:^
1938:^
1863:.
1808:.
1783:.
1726:,
1673:,
1652:.
1627:.
1528:.
1511:.
1507:.
1328:.
1320:.
982:,
941:CS
939:,
937:CN
876:.
854:)
791:)
772:)
768:,
764:,
701:.
454:.
431:,
427:,
403:,
308:.
243:,
200:A
160:c.
3066:e
3059:t
3052:v
2363:e
2356:t
2349:v
2261:.
2227:)
2213:.
2183::
2156:.
2126::
2088:2
2066:.
2038:)
2024:.
1992:.
1969:.
1932:.
1901:.
1874:.
1824:.
1793:.
1769:.
1713:.
1638:.
1614:.
1601:.
1579:.
1538:.
1493:.
1450:.
1400:.
1336:.
1316::
1292:"
1282:.
1069:)
1063:(
1058:)
1054:(
1050:.
1036:.
829:—
133:)
127:(
122:)
118:(
108:·
101:·
94:·
87:·
60:.
20:)
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