106:
From 1934-1936, Black attorney Fritz
Alexander served as editor until Arthur B. Whitlock regained control, and he left the company once again in 1938. Attorney F. Louis Sperling was elected editor and acting manager. Between November 1938 and February 1939, Wallace L. Johnson served as editor before
102:
was an "independent paper" devoted to
African American interests in Northern Indiana. In the 1920s and 1930s, its reporters highlighted the increase of lynchings across the U.S., the struggle of integrating Marquette Beach, and labor concerns regarding the United Steel Workers at Gary Steel.
114:
stayed within the
Whitlock family for the next seventeen years, with Henry O. Whitlock becoming manager in 1944 and his wife, Edwina, becoming editor in 1947. Henry Oliver Whitlock died of a heart attack on May 5, 1960, and Edwina Whitlock operated the paper for a year thereafter.
175:
The Urban League had documented evidence of racial injustice in numerous reports; the
Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance had drawn attention to the injustices; the NAACP had demonstrated against segregated public facilities; and the Gary
227:
in 1949. Edwina
Whitlock published her own column, "First Person Singular," for many years, addressing a variety of women's issues, such as education, race relations, and domestic life. Throughout Whitlock's leadership, the
215:, which continued until at least 1951. It heralded Gary's adoption of a fair employment practices ordinance in 1950, the first city ordinance of its kind. It also covered the African-American struggle within the
223:. It also chronicled important gains by the city's African-American community, including the first African-American recipient of a taxi license in 1945, and the first African-American appointee to the
232:
heavily focused on the emerging local activism within the community by exposing discriminatory funding within Gary's public education system as well as following the local boycott against
76:
59:
covered only national and local Gary news. In the 1940s, however, it widened its geographic scope to incorporate a regular column on the
African-American community in neighboring
122:
to a group of three purchasers, including James T. Harris, Jr., and Fred Harris, both of whom would serve in turn as managers of the paper. Under their leadership, the
2092:
72:
224:
79:
in Gary, Indiana. A.B. Whitlock, who in 1921 had become the first
African-American member of the Gary City Council, published the first issue of the
2188:
672:
426:
Walker, Juliet E.K. (1996). "The
Promised Land: The Chicago Defender and the Black Press in Illinois, 1862-1970". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.).
107:
being charged with embezzling the institution's funds, leading to A. B. Whitlock to regain control over the Gary
American Publishing Company.
1384:
197:
2183:
1734:
141:
2097:
2087:
145:), a uniquely large number among American cities. For some of this period the city was also served by a special Gary edition of the
1981:
1762:
192:
Walkout, when white students and parents protested the integration of six
African American students into the school. In response,
2198:
2193:
1714:
1483:
1469:
1567:
731:
94:, becoming one of Gary's most prominent African American newspapers. While initial circulation numbers are unavailable, the
1476:
665:
1770:
52:
was a weekly for most of its history, became a biweekly in the 1980s and ceased publication in the late 20th century.
2203:
2113:
1728:
1420:
435:
416:
393:
365:
342:
2147:
784:
34:
1805:
1315:
658:
529:
288:
280:
1925:
1378:
247:. After F. Louis Sperling was elected editor and acting manager, his legal influence filtered through as the
189:
1918:
1539:
1145:
759:
1798:
854:
687:
268:
1665:
1293:
1233:
868:
256:
244:
29:, serving the African American community of that city. It was known for its strong stance in favor of
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2134:
1226:
938:
903:
1904:
1833:
1525:
1357:
875:
752:
1644:
1609:
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1448:
1434:
1247:
1050:
980:
945:
819:
766:
738:
506:"About The Gary colored American. [volume] (Gary, Ind.) 1927-1928 Gary, Ind. (1927-1928)"
333:
Bigham, Darrel E. (1996). "The Black Press in Indiana, 1879-1985". In Suggs, Henry Lewis (ed.).
2140:
2082:
2009:
1861:
1826:
1791:
1254:
1159:
1138:
1067:
889:
724:
98:
claimed in 1928 a readership of nearly 2,000 readers. In 1929, its masthead asserted that the
1462:
1124:
1096:
973:
924:
260:
212:
60:
2058:
2016:
1651:
1574:
1546:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1212:
1089:
1082:
1029:
952:
833:
320:
216:
8:
2051:
2023:
1756:
1658:
1630:
1581:
1511:
1364:
1205:
1110:
1001:
959:
861:
798:
133:
was one of three African-American newspapers serving the city of Gary (together with the
251:
released articles on monumental rulings in the U.S. criminal justice system such as the
2037:
1953:
1868:
1840:
1819:
1742:
1623:
1413:
1371:
1173:
1131:
1036:
882:
791:
405:
354:
273:
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1946:
1784:
1616:
1602:
1553:
1490:
1350:
1191:
1103:
1022:
994:
896:
717:
431:
412:
389:
361:
338:
2161:
1939:
1897:
1749:
1707:
1672:
1406:
1219:
1043:
1015:
931:
917:
910:
840:
805:
710:
208:
147:
2044:
2030:
1995:
1777:
1686:
1679:
1588:
1518:
1504:
1392:
1198:
1166:
1008:
966:
847:
826:
299:
252:
126:
expanded its circulation to East Chicago, reaching approximately 9,000 readers.
2065:
1988:
1911:
1812:
1721:
1693:
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1497:
1261:
987:
745:
2177:
1847:
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1117:
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315:
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brought attention to many crucial public issues, including the fight against
135:
26:
266:
on African American jobs, in addition to heralding such developments as the
162:, a competing paper that James T. Harris, Jr. founded in 1963, absorbed the
2002:
1854:
1637:
1455:
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1399:
1343:
1275:
292:
30:
1875:
1700:
1427:
1268:
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83:
on November 10, with Townsend as editor and Whitlock acting as manager.
180:
had brought these social issues to the attention of the black community.
2118:
1932:
1152:
220:
1960:
75:, David E. Taylor, and Chauncey Townsend headed the formation of the
263:
1974:
386:
Steel City: Urban and Ethnic Patterns in Gary, Indiana, 1906-1950
1967:
233:
291:, although it endorsed some Republicans for office even after
611:
25:
was a newspaper that operated from the 1920s to the 1990s in
306:
focused increasingly on community revitalization efforts.
211:
and the struggle to integrate Gary's only public beach at
599:
2093:
National Association of Black Journalists Hall of Fame
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
473:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
587:
635:
623:
563:
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48:was owned and operated by the Whitlock family. The
575:
404:
353:
236:for refusing to hire African American employees.
2175:
356:City of the Century: A History of Gary, Indiana
666:
428:The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865-1985
335:The Black Press in the Middle West, 1865-1985
243:also provided close coverage of the national
196:reporters advocated for the construction of
200:to serve Gary's African American children.
680:
673:
659:
279:Although founder A.B. Whitlock had been a
2098:National Newspaper Publishers Association
2088:National Association of Black Journalists
617:
605:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
479:
402:
374:
158:published only once every two weeks. The
239:In addition to these local battles, the
2189:Defunct newspapers published in Indiana
1484:The Colored American (Washington, D.C.)
1470:The Colored American (Augusta, Georgia)
530:"Gary Publisher Dies From Heart Attack"
2176:
641:
629:
569:
557:
485:
467:
425:
332:
129:From the 1960s until its closure, the
654:
16:African-American newspaper in Indiana
1477:The Colored American (New York City)
593:
581:
383:
351:
2184:Defunct African-American newspapers
13:
118:In 1961, Edwina Whitlock sold the
44:, for its first three decades the
14:
2215:
2114:Perry Publishing and Broadcasting
1421:Charlottesville-Albemarle Tribune
377:Gary's Central Business Community
375:Millender, Dharathula H. (2003).
2148:Genius of Universal Emancipation
785:African-American News and Issues
287:became increasingly tied to the
77:Gary American Publishing Company
33:, and its strong support of the
1806:Southwestern Christian Advocate
407:Black Freedom Fighters in Steel
2199:1927 establishments in Indiana
2194:Newspapers established in 1927
522:
326:
302:as mayor of Gary in 1967, the
1:
1926:The Colored American Magazine
445:
1736:The Philadelphia Independent
1146:Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder
760:The Washington Afro-American
384:Mohl, Raymond Allen (1986).
360:. Indiana University Press.
7:
855:The Burning Spear Newspaper
309:
269:Brown v. Board of Education
10:
2220:
1666:The Mississippi Enterprise
298:Following the election of
272:decision in 1954, and the
257:Anti-Lynching Bill of 1937
245:U.S. civil rights movement
188:led reporting on the 1927
166:in the late 20th century.
66:
2135:Abolitionist publications
2127:
2106:
2075:
1889:
1307:
1285:
1183:
1060:
939:The Jacksonville Advocate
904:Florida Sentinel Bulletin
776:
702:
695:
686:
169:
2204:History of Gary, Indiana
1905:Black Issues Book Review
1834:The Winter Park Advocate
876:The Charleston Chronicle
753:The Philadelphia Tribune
403:Needleman, Ruth (2003).
90:changed its name to the
1645:Metro Herald (Virginia)
1435:The Chicago Conservator
1248:The Sacramento Observer
1051:Winston-Salem Chronicle
981:The New Orleans Tribune
946:Jacksonville Free Press
820:Baltimore Afro-American
767:The Washington Informer
739:New York Amsterdam News
352:Lane, James B. (1978).
40:Founded in 1927 as the
2141:The Anti-Slavery Bugle
2083:Associated Negro Press
2010:Our Women and Children
1862:Afro-American Sentinel
1792:The Seattle Republican
1255:San Francisco Bay View
1160:The St. Louis American
1139:The Michigan FrontPage
890:The Christian Recorder
725:New Pittsburgh Courier
681:African American press
182:
1463:The Cleveland Gazette
1125:Indianapolis Recorder
1097:The Cincinnati Herald
974:New Journal and Guide
925:Houston Forward Times
534:Indianapolis Recorder
261:President Roosevelt's
259:, and the effects of
198:Roosevelt High School
186:Gary Colored American
173:
88:Gary Colored American
81:Gary Colored American
42:Gary Colored American
2059:Visions Metro Weekly
1652:The Michigan Citizen
1575:Indianapolis Freeman
1337:Arkansas State Press
1330:The Aliened American
1323:The Alaska Spotlight
1213:Los Angeles Sentinel
1090:The Chicago Defender
1083:The Chicago Crusader
1030:The Triangle Tribune
953:The Louisiana Weekly
834:The Baptist Vanguard
321:Frank Marshall Davis
217:United Steel Workers
2052:Transition Magazine
1757:The Progressive Era
1659:Mirror of the Times
1631:Memphis Free Speech
1582:Indianapolis Leader
1512:Detroit Plaindealer
1365:Atlanta Independent
1111:Fort Wayne Ink Spot
1002:Richmond Free Press
960:Louisville Defender
862:Carolina Peacemaker
799:Atlanta Daily World
620:, p. 268, 274.
510:Chronicling America
430:. Greenwood Press.
337:. Greenwood Press.
55:At the outset, the
1820:The Washington Sun
1813:The Washington Bee
1743:Pittsburgh Courier
1729:The People's Voice
1624:The McDowell Times
1414:The Carolina Times
1372:The Black Dispatch
1174:St. Louis Sentinel
1132:Michigan Chronicle
1037:Tri-State Defender
883:The Charlotte Post
792:Atlanta Black Star
274:Greensboro sit-ins
154:By the 1980s, the
73:Arthur B. Whitlock
2171:
2170:
1885:
1884:
1785:The Rights of All
1617:Louisville Leader
1603:Jackson Eagle Eye
1554:Frost Illustrated
1547:Freedom's Journal
1491:Daily Negro Times
1379:The Black Panther
1351:Athens Republique
1303:
1302:
1234:Portland Observer
1192:Arizona Informant
1104:The Columbus Post
1023:Tennessee Tribune
995:The Orlando Times
897:The Dallas Weekly
718:Buffalo Criterion
596:, p. 62, 64.
225:Gary School Board
2211:
2162:The National Era
1898:Black Enterprise
1799:The Shining Star
1750:Portland New Age
1708:New National Era
1407:California Eagle
1220:Los Angeles Wave
1044:The Village Beat
1016:Savannah Tribune
932:Jackson Advocate
918:Houston Defender
911:The Florida Star
841:Birmingham Times
806:Atlanta Inquirer
732:The New York Age
711:Bay State Banner
700:
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289:Democratic Party
283:, over time the
209:police brutality
194:Colored American
148:Chicago Defender
35:Democratic Party
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2209:
2208:
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2071:
2031:Sister 2 Sister
1881:
1841:The Woman's Era
1778:Richmond Planet
1764:Ravenswood Post
1687:Nashville Globe
1680:Muhammad Speaks
1519:Detroit Tribune
1505:The Denver Star
1393:Boston Guardian
1299:
1281:
1199:Black Lens News
1179:
1167:St. Louis Argus
1056:
1009:Roanoke Tribune
967:The Miami Times
848:Black Chronicle
827:Baltimore Times
772:
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300:Richard Hatcher
253:Scottsboro Boys
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2020:
2013:
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1992:
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1915:
1908:
1901:
1893:
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1879:
1872:
1869:The Enterprise
1865:
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1795:
1788:
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1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1722:Pacific Appeal
1718:
1715:The North Star
1711:
1704:
1697:
1694:The Negro Star
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
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1596:Iowa Bystander
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1498:Dallas Express
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1294:The Final Call
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1262:Seattle Medium
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988:Oklahoma Eagle
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869:The Carolinian
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746:Our Time Press
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622:
618:Needleman 2003
610:
608:, p. 265.
606:Needleman 2003
598:
586:
584:, p. 270.
574:
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539:
521:
484:
480:Millender 2003
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213:Marquette Park
190:Emerson School
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2155:The Liberator
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2076:Organizations
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1848:Omaha Monitor
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1771:The Reflector
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1561:Gary American
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255:trials, the
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31:civil rights
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1982:The Horizon
1876:Omaha Guide
1701:Negro World
1610:Louisianian
1533:The Equator
1449:The Circuit
1428:Chicago Bee
1386:Black Times
1269:The Skanner
642:Bigham 1996
630:Bigham 1996
570:Walker 1996
558:Bigham 1996
468:Bigham 1996
327:Works cited
2178:Categories
2119:Real Times
1933:The Crisis
1827:The Appeal
1153:Omaha Star
688:Newspapers
515:2024-05-03
446:References
281:Republican
276:of 1960.
221:Gary Works
2017:Right On!
1961:The Fader
1890:Magazines
1206:The Facts
703:Northeast
594:Mohl 1986
582:Lane 1978
160:Gary Info
142:Gary Info
71:In 1927,
2024:The Root
1568:Harambee
1286:National
1069:The Call
310:See also
304:American
285:American
264:New Deal
249:American
241:American
230:American
205:American
178:American
124:American
120:American
100:American
96:American
57:American
50:American
46:American
2128:Related
1975:theGrio
1954:Essence
1540:Freedom
1308:Defunct
1061:Midwest
67:History
1968:Fire!!
1947:Emerge
1919:Clutch
696:Active
434:
415:
392:
364:
341:
170:Impact
1940:Ebony
777:South
2045:Tint
2038:Soul
1996:King
1673:Mojo
1184:West
432:ISBN
413:ISBN
390:ISBN
362:ISBN
339:ISBN
203:The
184:The
139:and
110:The
19:The
2066:YSB
1989:Jet
1912:BLK
1589:Ink
2180::
542:^
532:.
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411:.
388:.
295:.
151:.
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37:.
674:e
667:t
660:v
518:.
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347:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.