237:, work experience, travel, volunteering, participation in cultural exchanges, studying art or learning a trade, etc. Though gap years come in many different formats â from structured programs to personal exploration â the purpose of taking a gap year is usually founded on the common needs of young people to gain deeper self-understanding, expand their worldview, and recharge between traditional academic experiences. On the other hand, rejected college or employment applications have also caused high school students to pursue a gap year.
565:, the practice of taking a "year off" remains the exception, but is gaining in popularity. Parents are starting to encourage their high school graduates to take a gap year to focus on service opportunities. Schools are also beginning to support gap years more; most notably Harvard University and Princeton University, are now encouraging students to take time off, and some have even built gap year-like programs into the curriculum, and many high schools now have counselors specifically for students interested in taking a gap year.
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of tasks such as rebuilding trails in national parks, responding to natural disasters, or working as mentors for disadvantaged youths. As with most AmeriCorps programs, service members receive an education award of approximately $ 6,000 upon completion of their service that can be used toward qualified educational expenses or student loans. The zero cost to the member model AmeriCorps offers makes it an attractive alternative to costly gap year programs while leveraging taxpayer dollars to strengthen
American communities.
362:). Sometimes this is limited to one year, but at times Australians and New Zealanders will remain overseas for longer, many working short-term in service industry jobs to fund their travels. Europe and Asia are popular destinations for gap year travels. In Australia, exchange programs and youth benefits provide many opportunities for young people to gain experience through travel in a gap year. The Gap Year Association provided approximately four million dollars in 2016 in the form of scholarships and need-based grants.
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216:, is a period of time when students take a break from their studies, usually after completing high school or before beginning graduate school. During this time, students engage in a variety of educational and developmental activities, such as traveling, working, volunteering, or taking courses. Gap years are not limited to a year-long break and can range from several months to a few years.
345:. They created one of the first social media websites and actively promoted the concept in newspapers, radio and tv interviews using collected data and statistics. They wrote books, launched Gap Year magazine (published between 2002-2012) and invented products, offerings, phrases and concepts that form the skeleton of the international gap year industry seen today.
246:
years and similar sabbatical experiences are popular around the world (as can be evidenced below per country), but are just beginning to become more popular in the United States. Studies conducted by
American colleges are showing that the average GPA for students who have taken a gap year is significantly higher than the average GPA for students who have not
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that students must "Attend full-time and continuously at an eligible postsecondary institution as defined in T.C.A. § 49-4-708 in the fall term immediately following graduation or attainment of a GED or HiSET diploma; except that a student enrolling in a
Tennessee College of Applied Technology (TCAT) may enroll in the summer prior to the fall term."
644:, daughter of former President Barack Obama, took a gap year before attending Harvard University in the fall of 2017. Universities such as Harvard and Princeton are encouraging students to take a Gap year. This time that is taken off can be beneficial so students don't "burn out" or partake in indulging behaviors that promote unhealthy stress.
294:) was started to send UK youth around the world on Gap Year experiences. Their participants, still called "Gappers", went a long way to branding the year between high school and university as a Gap Year. In 1973, Graham Turner innovated the gap year industry by purchasing a bus and selling tickets to Kathmandu. This led to Turner creating
660:. Unless one attends a private university, one must wait one year after secondary school before applying to university. Until the 1990s, it was mandatory for male graduates serve in the army for one year, and to teach in a school or work in a hospital for female graduates (and for men who cannot join the army for health reasons).
549:
In the United
Kingdom, the practice of taking a gap year â seen as an interim period of 7 or 8 months between completing secondary education and starting university â began to develop in the 1970s. The period was seen as a time for gaining life experience through travel or volunteering. Universities
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Amidst much evidence supporting the positive outcomes of taking a gap year, the room for improvement remains â as the gap year experience is largely geared primarily toward students with âmeans.â Some still argue an opposing view, as parents are among the concerned that taking a year off from school
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During this year, students can explore different interests while gaining experience and maturity before beginning college. It gives young people the time to make an informed choice about the path they wish to pursue, as well as the experience of real-world situations to match academic theories. Gap
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The activities undertaken during a gap year vary widely and depend on the individual's interests and goals. Some students may take courses to improve their academic skills in areas such as math or language studies, while others may learn a trade, pursue art, or participate in sports. Volunteer work
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offer traditional gap year seekers an immersive professional and team-building experience that can serve as a launch pad for their careers. Some government programs designed to help students afford college prohibit students from taking a gap year. For example, the
Tennessee Promise program requires
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program, offers 18- to 24-year-olds (no age limit for Team
Leaders) an all-expense-paid gap year (room & board, meals, transportation, etc.) in exchange for a 10-month commitment to National and Community service. AmeriCorps NCCC members travel the country in diverse teams and perform a variety
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Taking a year off has recently become slightly more common for
Americans, the main reason is that students often feel burnt out with schooling and want to take time to make sure their lives are headed in a direction that suits them. Some 40,000 Americans participated in 2013 in sabbatical programs,
483:
result after secondary school, Nigerian youths usually learn a trade or skill or enrol in another academic program (remedial, pre-degree, JUPEB, A-levels, IJMB, etc.) to increase their chances of getting into a university. Some students also use this opportunity to write their SAT and ACT exams and
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to allow students more time for individual growth. Cornelius saw that students needed a bridge between high school and college that would help develop more hands-on skills. To do this, he founded the Center for
Interim Programs in 1980 which had goals of increasing self-awareness and developing new
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offers a program called 1+4 which allows students from lower income-families to volunteer abroad or within
America for a period of one year before starting their bachelor's degree. Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado, is the first U.S. university to fully integrate the gap year into a four-year
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In
Denmark, during the late 1990s, the percentage of students continuing their education directly after high school was down to 25%. Along with this drop, there was a rise in the number of students enrolling and graduating within ten years of finishing high school. Data also shows that women in
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A gap year is described as âa semester or year of experiential learning, typically taken after high school, and prior to career or post-secondary education, in order to deepen oneâs practical, professional, and personal awarenessâ. During this time, students engage in various educational,
223:
Research suggests that students who take a gap year tend to perform better academically than those who do not. However, some parents may worry that their children will continue deferring their education, rather than resuming studies at the end of the initially-planned period.
500:(Folk high school) and some are combining work (typically work that requires no formal education, such as cashiers and waiters) with traveling or volunteer work. It is also fairly common to study a language in another country, for instance, Spain, France, or Australia.
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has sought to limit the number of students who take a year out, penalizing students who delay their education to travel abroad or work full-time. In 2006, it was announced that fewer students than before had taken a year out. In April 2009, the
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has the potential to break a student's focus and derail their path rather than recharge it. Ultimately though, the idea of a gap year is growing as it helps students gain the independence necessary for a smoother transition into adulthood.
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While unusual, gap years in Japan are not completely unheard of. Some students will take a gap year or two to readjust or reassess their career path or school of choice if not accepted into the school they had originally hoped for.
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Taking a gap year can have significant benefits to one's academic path as well as a career trajectory. This time taken off can help college students from âburning outâ or turning to indulgent behaviors as a result of unhealthy
508:
Similar to the way that some students travel during a gap year, many Romanian and Bulgarian students instead study abroad and in recent years the number of students who choose to do this has been growing.
267:. At first, the primary purpose of the gap year was for countries to exchange cultural ideals in the hope of preventing future wars. The outcome of this exchange was the growth of the gap year industry.
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Shorter gap-style experiences (volunteering, expeditions, courses, and work placements) are gaining in popularity, as they can be taken without the need to take a full year out of study or work.
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was founded with the intention of teaching young people self-confidence and the role they play in a large community. In the 1980s, the gap year idea was promoted by Cornelius H. Bull in the
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Some formal gap year programs can cost as much as $ 30,000, but cheaper alternatives are becoming more widely available; some reduce costs by offering room and board. For example, the
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780:"Understanding reasons for electing gap years between undergraduate education and medical school and the impact of gap years on the student experience of medical education"
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Denmark take more gap years than men. In 2018, a record low of 15% of that year's high school graduates had chosen to continue their education directly after graduation.
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Israel has also become a popular gap year travel destination for thousands of young Jewish adults from abroad each year. There are over 10,000 participants in the
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The modern Gap Year pioneers came in the form of Peter Pedrick and Tom Griffiths who brought the gap year market onto the web in 1998 with the launch of
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Australians and New Zealanders have a tradition of traveling overseas independently at a young age. In New Zealand, this is known as "doing an OE" (
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The introduction of gap-year companies in the 1960s and 1970s started the gap-year industry. With the long-term success of organizations like
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It is quite normal in Norway to have a gap year between high school and further education or a job. Some join the military as part of the
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classes. Those who leave school often travel abroad to gain life experience. It is not uncommon for gap year students to travel to
394:, most senior high school leavers have a year out from August to the August of the following year, although this is not mandatory.
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282:, the gap year industry developed rapidly. In 1967, Nicholas Maclean-Bristol created Project Trust, which sent three volunteers to
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290:. The goal of this was to help the nation develop, but also build the volunteers' own skills. In 1972, Gap Activity Projects (now
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appear to welcome post-gap-year applicants on the same basis as those going straight to university from previous education.
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837:"Should students have a gap year? Motivation and performance factors relevant to time out after completing school"
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is also a popular choice, as it allows students to give back to their communities and gain valuable experience.
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1109:"Minding the gap? Young people's accounts of taking a Gap Year as a form of identity work in higher education"
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undergraduate degree, which makes financial aid directly available to any student considering a gap year.
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1691:"The College Insider: Admissions Freak-Out #15: Fall Into the Gap (Year), But Check the Price-Tag First"
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2095:"The importance of international experience for Romanian students in establishing career priorities"
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This article is about taking a break between two stages of formal education. For TV series, see
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413:(i.e. typically aged 15-16). It is usually optional and focuses on non-academic subjects.
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matches students with jobs before graduation, meaning sabbaticals are highly unusual in
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2565:"Why Harvard 'encourages' students to take a gap year. Just like Malia Obama is doing"
1049:"Why Harvard 'encourages' students to take a gap year. Just like Malia Obama is doing"
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1895:[Record few graduates continue their education immediately] (in Danish).
1866:. Copenhagen, Denmark: University of Copenhagen. pp. 113â114. Archived from
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proposed a new law that gives a bonus to students who refrain from a year out.
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an increase of almost 20% since 2006, according to statistics compiled by the
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1829:. Copenhagen, Denmark: University of Copenhagen. p. 111. Archived from
964:"What's a Gap Year Before College (& Should You Take One)? | Her Campus"
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1001:"Mind the gap? Estimating the effects of postponing higher education"
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656:, a gap year is mandatory between secondary school (high school) and
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1555:"'Constructive gap years help students stand out to employers and"
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2148:"Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community"
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2128:"Gap Year Travel Start Up Offers Programs 'Too Good to be True'"
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Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society
1497:"Gap year travel: what to put in if you plan to take a year out"
4655:
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749:"What's a Gap Year Before College (& Should You Take One)?"
429:
abroad in groups before starting university or full-time work (
422:
330:
1182:
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703:, extra year of education after high school and before college
302:, which are successful gap-year companies today. In 1978, the
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2598:. Country of Origin Research and Information. 6 November 2014
653:
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391:
1361:
Wildlife & Conservation Volunteering: The Complete Guide
966:. 9 August 2015. Archived from the original on 9 August 2015
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have formal policies allowing students to defer admission.
259:
Gap years first became common in the 1960s when the young,
1658:"Time Out: Gauging the Value of a Gap Year Before College"
1631:"Gapyear.com Magazine: Spring 2012 by Gapyear.com - Issuu"
998:
2934:
876:"The Academic and Career Advantages of Taking a Gap Year"
2352:
1973:"Committee proposes cash incentives for speedy students"
325:
In 1969, the first gap year organization was founded in
778:
Rashid, Haroon; Kibble, Jonathan D. (1 December 2021).
263:, wanted to get away from the severity of war from the
3626:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
2426:
2424:
2021:"The Gap Year: Jews Take on Israel After High School"
1082:"Gap year advice for parents: Are they a good thing?"
901:"Gap year advice for parents: Are they a good thing?"
2390:"Why Your High School Senior Should Take a Gap Year"
2217:
2215:
233:
work-related, and developmental activities such as
156:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
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2001:
999:Holmlund, B.; Liu, Q.; Nordstrom Skans, O. (2007).
1243:"History | Dynamy Internship Year - Worcester, MA"
318:, an expedition voyage around the world following
2212:
1954:Ministeriet for Videnskab, teknologi og Udvikling
4715:
2119:
2010:, citizensinformation.ie, accessed February 2023
984:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
521:, taking a year off is common for those in more
2200:"Take a Gap Year, With Your College's Blessing"
1893:"RekordfĂĽ studenter lĂŚser videre med det samme"
635:Additionally, new federal partnerships such as
2488:Corporation for National and Community Service
2463:Corporation for National and Community Service
2437:Corporation for National and Community Service
2409:"Gap Year Program Profile: Conservation Corps"
4552:
2632:
2221:
1922:[Sabbatical - healthy or harmful?].
777:
353:
4566:
2329:. Trustees of Tufts College. Archived from
2125:
1437:"Interesting Gap Year Statistics and Facts"
1268:"The Interim Advantage, Team & History"
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4559:
4545:
2639:
2625:
4368:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
2110:
1606:"The Virgin Student Traveller's Handbook"
1024:
795:
409:is for school students, after taking the
194:Learn how and when to remove this message
176:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
4212:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
2889:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
1918:Andersen, Lars Otto (29 November 2004).
1917:
1743:"Travel trends - how Australians travel"
746:
712:Simultaneous Recruiting of New Graduates
461:simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
4393:Credentialism and educational inflation
2222:Shellenbarger, Sue (29 December 2010).
1655:
1463:"How to make volunteering work for you"
503:
16:Year-long break from college/university
4716:
4588:Emerging adulthood and early adulthood
4264:List of countries by unemployment rate
2543:
2224:"Delaying College to Fill in the Gaps"
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1293:"History of the Gap Year - Winterline"
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137:contains content that is written like
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595:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
484:gain admission into schools abroad.
3157:Practice-based professional learning
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1461:Thorpe, Annabelle (15 August 2009).
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3710:Workers' right to access the toilet
2562:
1920:"SabbatĂĽr - sundt eller skadeligt?"
1656:Gregory, Sean (21 September 2010).
1321:
434:
13:
2459:"Segal AmeriCorps Education Award"
2179:. Trustees of Princeton University
2126:Castellanos, Sarah (9 June 2014).
1952:Universitet og Bygningsstyrelsen,
1386:"A Brief Visual History of Travel"
1299:. 25 December 2017. Archived from
873:
82:tone or style may not reflect the
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4745:
2198:Mohn, Tanya (23 September 2011).
1324:"Gap Year, American Style (2013)"
841:Journal of Educational Psychology
747:Taormina, Tricia (4 April 2013).
625:National Civilian Community Corps
544:
533:opportunities include working in
459:The employment practice known as
41:This article has multiple issues.
4481:
4480:
3774:Corporate collapses and scandals
1495:Insley, Jill (14 January 2012).
1435:Smith, Craig (22 October 2018).
784:Advances in Physiology Education
556:
126:
92:guide to writing better articles
71:
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2323:"Tufts 1+4 Bridge-Year Program"
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49:or discuss these issues on the
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3646:Occupational health psychology
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2371:"LEAPYEAR - Naropa University"
1770:. 23 July 2013. Archived from
1411:"History of Social Networking"
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227:
1:
4362:Works Progress Administration
4254:Unemployment Convention, 1919
3666:Personal protective equipment
3214:Occupational Outlook Handbook
2407:Kern, Rebecca (9 June 2010).
2388:Hoder, Randye (14 May 2014).
1194:. 30 May 2012. Archived from
1188:"The History of the Gap Year"
1161:. 30 May 2012. Archived from
1155:"The History of the Gap Year"
733:
348:
292:Lattitude Global Volunteering
4443:Psychopathy in the workplace
3616:Human factors and ergonomics
2509:"Tennessee Promise Handbook"
2414:U.S. News & World Report
2287:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1985:. 5 May 2009. Archived from
1794:"Gap Year Data and Benefits"
1530:"Tom Griffiths, Gapyear.com"
1125:10.1080/13676261.2010.522563
529:for life experience. Common
7:
4428:Narcissism in the workplace
3641:Occupational exposure limit
2311:Yeshiva University Rankings
2244:"Deferring Your Enrollment"
2008:Transition Year information
1957:(in Danish). Archived from
1718:"How to Plan Your Gap Year"
1272:Center for Interim Programs
1218:"Our Story | Project Trust"
663:
494:compulsory military service
444:'post-army trip').
10:
4750:
4357:Civil Works Administration
4239:Technological unemployment
3715:Workplace health promotion
3167:Professional certification
2864:Personalityâjob fit theory
2353:"Home - Naropa University"
1857:"From Birth to Graduation"
1820:"From Birth to Graduation"
938:www.gapyearassociation.org
835:Martin, Andrew J. (2010).
474:
397:
365:
329:. The organization called
254:
18:
4616:
4575:
4476:
4375:
4337:Guaranteed minimum income
4294:
4135:
4009:
3922:Organizational commitment
3874:
3766:
3733:
3596:
3521:
3398:
3320:
3254:
3041:
2963:
2907:
2757:
2654:
1855:Sievertsen, Hans Henrik.
1818:Sievertsen, Hans Henrik.
1107:King, Andrew (May 2011).
487:
416:
354:Australia and New Zealand
4506:Aspects of organizations
4187:Involuntary unemployment
3748:Equal pay for equal work
3671:Repetitive strain injury
3172:Professional development
3162:Professional association
2844:Letter of recommendation
1113:Journal of Youth Studies
797:10.1152/advan.00059.2021
647:
571:American Gap Association
519:Republic of South Africa
479:While waiting for their
454:
385:
327:Worcester, Massachusetts
4491:Aspects of corporations
4453:Slow movement (culture)
4332:Employer of last resort
4234:Structural unemployment
4172:Frictional unemployment
3611:Epilepsy and employment
3498:Performance-related pay
3432:National average salary
3345:996 working hour system
2133:Boston Business Journal
2112:10.1515/mmcks-2017-0010
1764:"Gap Year Destinations"
1364:. Bradt Travel Guides.
573:. Universities such as
338:cultural perspectives.
4501:Aspects of occupations
4307:Unemployment insurance
4259:Unemployment extension
4229:Reserve army of labour
4034:Constructive dismissal
3841:Sleeping while on duty
3806:Exploitation of labour
3688:Sick building syndrome
2859:Personâenvironment fit
2729:Independent contractor
2262:"Gap Year Information"
2069:"Teens talk about it!"
1339:Cite journal requires
1005:Oxford Economic Papers
314:which is now known as
4576:Life stages or events
4511:Aspects of workplaces
4249:Unemployment benefits
4244:Types of unemployment
4182:Graduate unemployment
4076:Letter of resignation
3705:Workers' compensation
3698:Occupational fatality
3202:Vocational university
2802:Employment counsellor
2544:Barnds, kent (2018).
1722:www.vergemagazine.com
1390:history-of-travel.com
1358:Lynch, Peter (2009).
934:"What is a gap year?"
575:Georgetown University
316:Raleigh International
280:Raleigh International
158:neutral point of view
4626:Boomerang Generation
4317:Job creation program
4093:Mandatory retirement
4046:Employee offboarding
3866:Workplace incivility
3861:Workplace harassment
3636:Occupational disease
3631:Occupational burnout
3546:Disability insurance
3390:Workweek and weekend
3370:Retroactive overtime
3192:Vocational education
3107:Continuing education
2945:Permanent employment
2333:on 23 September 2018
2177:Princeton University
2073:teenstalkaboutit.com
1873:on 20 September 2018
1836:on 20 September 2018
1798:Gap Year Association
1534:www.travelweekly.com
587:Princeton University
504:Romania and Bulgaria
496:, some take part in
308:John Blashford-Snell
261:baby boom generation
21:Gap Year (TV series)
4678:Quarter-life crisis
4222:Recession-proof job
4217:Lists of recessions
4155:Economic depression
4103:Retirement planning
3984:Workâlife interface
3821:Employee monitoring
3789:Corporate behaviour
3779:Accounting scandals
3661:Occupational stress
3651:Occupational injury
3182:Reflective practice
3177:Professional school
2899:Work-at-home scheme
2819:Induction programme
2797:Employment contract
2777:Business networking
2570:The Washington Post
2248:New York University
2229:Wall Street Journal
2173:"About the Program"
2055:Masa Israel Journey
1989:on 24 November 2011
1983:The Copenhagen Post
1303:on 16 November 2018
1086:www.telegraph.co.uk
905:The Daily Telegraph
696:Overseas experience
579:New York University
451:gap year annually.
449:Masa Israel Journey
360:Overseas experience
320:Sir Francis Drake's
150:promotional content
4703:Youth unemployment
4698:Youth homelessness
4636:Disconnected youth
4619:social dysfunction
4598:Identity formation
4485:See also templates
4322:Job creation index
4286:Youth unemployment
4150:Discouraged worker
4039:Wrongful dismissal
4019:At-will employment
3892:Civil conscription
3856:Workplace bullying
3743:Affirmative action
3725:Workplace wellness
3656:Occupational noise
3292:Long service leave
3152:Overspecialization
3132:Induction training
3087:Career development
2563:Strauss, Valerie.
2266:Middlebury College
2093:Butum, L. (2017).
1925:Berlingske Tidende
1017:10.1093/oep/gpn010
944:on 24 January 2022
907:. 20 August 2010.
874:Miller, jennifer.
607:Yeshiva University
599:Middlebury College
591:Harvard University
427:backpacker tourism
411:Junior Certificate
212:, also known as a
152:and inappropriate
4711:
4710:
4641:Economic mobility
4534:
4533:
4433:Post-work society
4413:Kiss up kick down
4145:Barriers to entry
4110:Severance package
3942:Human trafficking
3836:Sexual harassment
3816:Employee handbook
3735:Equal opportunity
3598:Safety and health
3588:Take-home vehicle
3197:Vocational school
3147:Lifelong learning
3122:Further education
3082:Career counseling
3077:Career assessment
2854:Overqualification
2525:on 24 August 2015
2516:Tennessee Promise
2432:"AmeriCorps NCCC"
2105:(2017): 155â170.
1774:on 24 August 2018
1371:978-1-84162-275-0
1198:on 23 August 2018
1165:on 23 August 2018
717:Work-life balance
701:Postgraduate year
443:
380:Danish government
265:silent generation
204:
203:
196:
186:
185:
178:
120:
119:
112:
86:used on Knowledge
84:encyclopedic tone
64:
4741:
4724:Rites of passage
4688:Vulnerable adult
4617:Psychological or
4603:Self-sufficiency
4561:
4554:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4521:Critique of work
4516:Corporate titles
4484:
4483:
4403:Evil corporation
4269:Employment rates
4192:Jobless recovery
4160:Great Depression
4120:Golden parachute
4115:Golden handshake
3912:Job satisfaction
3902:Critique of work
3720:Workplace phobia
3551:Health insurance
3508:Wage compression
3476:Progressive wage
3330:35-hour workweek
3297:No call, no show
3287:Leave of absence
3137:Knowledge worker
3065:Master craftsman
2869:Personality hire
2807:Executive search
2787:Curriculum vitae
2772:Background check
2641:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2518:. Archived from
2513:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2327:Tufts University
2319:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2291:Davidson College
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2031:on 13 April 2014
2027:. Archived from
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1961:on 19 July 2011.
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1824:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1716:Minthorn, Jeff.
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1561:. 16 August 2009
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1088:. 20 August 2010
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1028:
996:
990:
989:
983:
975:
973:
971:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
940:. Archived from
930:
924:
923:
921:
919:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
871:
865:
864:
853:10.1037/a0019321
832:
826:
825:
799:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
759:on 9 August 2015
755:. Archived from
744:
691:Journeyman years
617:Tufts University
603:Davidson College
438:
436:
199:
192:
181:
174:
170:
167:
161:
139:an advertisement
130:
129:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
94:for suggestions.
90:See Knowledge's
75:
74:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4729:Student culture
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4683:Social mobility
4666:Parasite single
4618:
4612:
4571:
4565:
4535:
4530:
4526:Organized labor
4496:Aspects of jobs
4472:
4463:Toxic workplace
4398:Emotional labor
4371:
4295:Public programs
4290:
4207:Great Recession
4177:Full employment
4165:Long Depression
4131:
4029:Banishment room
4005:
3927:Refusal of work
3870:
3794:Corporate crime
3762:
3729:
3592:
3517:
3394:
3316:
3250:
3127:Graduate school
3037:
2959:
2903:
2894:Underemployment
2753:
2697:Self-employment
2672:Contingent work
2662:Academic tenure
2655:Classifications
2650:
2645:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2561:
2557:
2546:"gap year gain"
2542:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2405:
2401:
2386:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2220:
2213:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2124:
2120:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1978:Jyllands-Posten
1971:
1970:
1966:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1581:"Before You Go"
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1559:The Independent
1553:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1459:
1455:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1356:
1352:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1322:Haigler, Karl.
1320:
1316:
1306:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1168:
1166:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1053:Washington Post
1047:
1046:
1042:
997:
993:
977:
976:
969:
967:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
932:
931:
927:
917:
915:
899:
898:
894:
884:
882:
872:
868:
833:
829:
776:
772:
762:
760:
745:
741:
736:
731:
722:Working holiday
707:Sabbatical year
666:
650:
583:Amherst College
559:
547:
515:
506:
490:
477:
457:
419:
403:Transition Year
400:
388:
368:
356:
351:
312:Operation Drake
304:Prince of Wales
257:
230:
214:sabbatical year
200:
189:
188:
187:
182:
171:
165:
162:
143:
131:
127:
116:
105:
99:
96:
89:
80:This article's
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4747:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4564:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4448:Sunday scaries
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4197:Phillips curve
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4098:Retirement age
4095:
4085:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4051:Exit interview
4048:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:Discrimination
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3753:Gender pay gap
3750:
3745:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3573:
3568:
3566:Parental leave
3563:
3561:Marriage leave
3558:
3556:Life insurance
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3412:Income bracket
3408:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Eight-hour day
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
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3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3099:
3097:Creative class
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3055:Apprenticeship
3051:
3049:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Scarlet-collar
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
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2995:
2990:
2985:
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2755:
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2751:
2746:
2741:
2739:Temporary work
2736:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2707:Skilled worker
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
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2658:
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2583:
2555:
2536:
2500:
2475:
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2420:
2399:
2380:
2375:www.naropa.edu
2362:
2357:www.naropa.edu
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2118:
2085:
2060:
2042:
2012:
2000:
1964:
1939:
1910:
1899:. 11 June 2019
1884:
1847:
1810:
1785:
1755:
1734:
1708:
1697:. 12 June 2010
1682:
1648:
1637:. 2 March 2012
1622:
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1521:
1487:
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1402:
1377:
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1341:|journal=
1314:
1284:
1259:
1247:www.dynamy.org
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1209:
1176:
1146:
1119:(3): 341â357.
1099:
1073:
1040:
1011:(4): 683â710.
991:
955:
925:
892:
866:
847:(3): 561â576.
827:
790:(4): 886â894.
770:
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558:
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545:United Kingdom
543:
535:animal welfare
514:
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184:
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154:external links
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79:
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65:
39:
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15:
9:
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4672:Puer aeternus
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4436:
4434:
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4426:
4424:
4423:Make-work job
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
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4399:
4396:
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4391:
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4374:
4370:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4342:Right to work
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4327:Job guarantee
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Make-work job
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
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4084:
4083:Restructuring
4081:
4077:
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4072:
4069:
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4062:
4061:Notice period
4059:
4057:
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4027:
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4017:
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4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Unfree labour
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3937:Bonded labour
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
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3913:
3910:
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3898:
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3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:Whistleblower
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
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3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Control fraud
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3758:Glass ceiling
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:Work accident
3691:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3681:United States
3679:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
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3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
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3619:
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3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3581:United States
3579:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:Casual Friday
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3493:Paid time off
3491:
3489:
3488:Overtime rate
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3469:United States
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Four-day week
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:Practice firm
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Employability
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Orange-collar
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2965:Working class
2962:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Job interview
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Part-time job
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2677:Full-time job
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2504:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2391:
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2354:
2348:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2307:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2122:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1744:
1738:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1346:
1333:
1325:
1318:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1223:
1222:Project Trust
1219:
1213:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
987:
981:
965:
959:
943:
939:
935:
929:
914:
910:
906:
902:
896:
881:
877:
870:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
758:
754:
750:
743:
739:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
661:
659:
655:
645:
643:
638:
633:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
566:
564:
563:United States
557:United States
554:
551:
542:
540:
539:tree planting
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
510:
501:
499:
498:Folkehøyskole
495:
485:
482:
472:
468:
466:
462:
452:
450:
445:
441:
435:×××× ×××¨× ×Ś××
432:
428:
424:
414:
412:
408:
404:
395:
393:
383:
381:
376:
372:
363:
361:
346:
344:
339:
336:
335:United States
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Flight Centre
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:Flight Centre
273:
268:
266:
262:
252:
249:
244:
238:
236:
225:
221:
217:
215:
211:
206:
198:
195:
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177:
169:
159:
155:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
93:
87:
85:
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
4670:
4592:
4458:Toxic leader
4438:Presenteeism
4418:Labor rights
4408:Going postal
4383:Bullshit job
4366:
4351:
4346:
4137:Unemployment
3989:Downshifting
3972:Wage slavery
3952:Penal labour
3907:Dead-end job
3897:Conscription
3676:Right to sit
3531:Annual leave
3513:Working poor
3449:Minimum wage
3427:Maximum wage
3385:Working time
3375:Six-hour day
3281:
3272:Career break
3234:Professional
3028:Black-collar
2998:White-collar
2978:Green-collar
2955:Volunteering
2792:Drug testing
2782:Cover letter
2722:Tradesperson
2613:
2602:20 September
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