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351:, which described artifacts found "near the mouth of the Rouge River, where the site of what was once a considerable Indian village was indicated by the remains of the logs which formed a wooden palisade surrounding their habitations." Some of these artifacts, the account continued, "have all the characteristics of the stone age, and mixed with the rude weapons and implements of 'native industry' are those of copper and iron, and also glass beads, which were probably obtained by intercourse with the early French voyageurs and traders ... A few yards from the site of the village a number of graves containing aboriginal remains were discovered."
276:. Denonville destroyed most of the Seneca villages in New York. It is unclear whether the French also destroyed Ganatsekwyagon and other Iroquois villages on the North Shore of Lake Ontario in his 1687 campaign, or if the villages were abandoned as the Iroquois on the north shore of Lake Ontario retreated to New York state. Iroquois villages were usually temporary and tended to shift to a new location every 10–20 years. Therefore, it is not unusual that villages were abandoned. Regardless of the exact reason, following the 1687 campaign the Iroquois were restricted to south of Lake Ontario and Ganatsekwyagon was abandoned.
344:"There were pieces of broken pottery, broken guns, and flint heads of some very handsome tobacco pipes which the men brought away. They intended to go again ... But I persuaded them to allow the dead to rest in peace, going, however, to view the place myself; and I found that about 40 acres had been appropriated as a place of sepulture, and that no grave had been deeper than about two feet from the surface. The whole of the steep bank of the river had been used, and the graves being one above another in the hillside, they looked like steps from the top to the bottom."
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218:. Evidence from test excavations suggests that it was home to about 500 to 800 people for about 22 years (1665-1687). Bead Hill was primarily a fur trading outlet, not a military or agricultural site. It was located at the nexus of major trade and transportation routes, including the lakeshore trail that follows modern-day
365:
By the late 1660s various Five Nation
Iroquois had established seven villages along the shores of Lake Ontario where trails led off into the interior. In addition to Ganatsekwyagon at the mouth of the Rouge River, the following settlements have been identified by historian Percy James Robinson:
640:
History of
Toronto and county of York, Ontario, containing an outline of the history of the Dominion of Canada, a history of the city of Toronto and the county of York, with the townships, towns, villages, churches, schools, general and local statistics, biographical sketches, etc., etc Volume
260:
in the fall of 1674 that the
Iroquois "have given their word not to continue the trade, which as I informed you last year, they had commenced to establish at Ganatsekwyagon, with the Ottawas, which would have absolutely ruined ours by the transfer of the furs to the Dutch."
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The name likely means "among the birches". Because early
Europeans had difficulty in transcribing First Nations names into European orthographic systems, numerous spelling variations exist. Alternate names for the village included:
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William Brown, who was renting a saw mill on the Rouge River, was one of the first individuals to describe Bead Hill in 1849. After his employees found the site and he inspected it, he wrote,
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in the 1660s. The Bead Hill site was settled temporarily as part of a mid 17th century push by the
Iroquois Confederacy north, from their traditional homeland in New York state. The
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The Bead Hill site is believed to contain the archaeological remains of the village of
Ganatsekwyagon. French missionaries and explorers arrived at Ganatsekwyagon in 1669.
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Late 1600s map of Lac de
Frontenac (Lake Ontario), showing Ganatsekwyagon (Ganatchekiagon) and Lac Taronto, and the land occupied by the Mississaugas and the Iroquois
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Following extensive excavation undertaken in the 1980s it was determined that the Bead Hill site could be the historically documented village of
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Tensions between the
Iroquois and French led to a number of conflicts over the course of the 17th century which are collectively known as the
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The village was an important fur trading post and was part of the regional power struggle between the French, British, and
Iroquois. The
179:. Because of its sensitive archaeological nature, it is not open to the public, nor readily identified in the park. It was designated a
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passed the winter of 1669 in the village, which was the first recorded residence of
Europeans in the neighbourhood of Toronto.
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may have also spent the winter of 1669 in Ganatsekwyagon with Abbé Fénelon but the records are unclear.
456:"The Bead Hill Site (AkGs-5, 8): An Historic Seneca Component on the North Shore of Lake Ontario"
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The Bead Hill site is believed to be one of seven villages established along the north shore of
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Map showing Ganatsekwyagon and the Rouge Trail to Lake Simcoe, ca. 1673 by Louis Jolliet.
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is an archaeological site comprising the only known remaining and intact 17th-century
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in 1991, eventually becoming a unit of the national park system in June 2019.
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482:"Rouge River State of the Watershed Report State of the Watershed Report"
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644:. Toronto: Toronto : C. Blackett Robinson. p. 107.
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Along the Shore: Rediscovering Toronto's Waterfront Heritage
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Iroquois settlement of the northern shores of Lake Ontario
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Bead Hill is adjacent to Glen Rouge Park and Campgrounds.
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Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario
609:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 243.
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Reconstructing Ontario Iroquoian Village Organization
458:. Canadian Archaeological Association. Archived from
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Iroquois villages on the north shore of Lake Ontario
272:, began a campaign against the Senecas in northwest
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27:17th century Seneca archaeological site in Toronto
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222:and the historic Toronto Carrying-Place Trail.
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433:"Bead Hill National Historic Site of Canada"
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592:. Hamilton: McMaster University. p. 7.
487:. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority
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130:Bead Hill National Historic Site of Canada
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347:In 1885, C. Blackett Robinson published
243:François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon
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388:Ganaraske - on the site of present-day
370:Ganneious - on the site of present-day
349:A History of Toronto and County of York
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516:. The Scarborough Public Library Board
511:"The People of Scarborough: A History"
499:
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657:"Iroquois origins of modern Toronto"
540:"Iroquois origins of modern Toronto"
163:. It is located on the banks of the
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567:. Toronto: ECW Press. p. 36.
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637:Mulvany, Charles Pelham (1885).
606:Toronto During the French Regime
397:- on a hillside overlooking the
211:at the end of the 16th century.
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337:Early descriptions of Bead Hill
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326:Le Portage de Toronto
270:Marquis de Denonville
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462:on 21 February 2014
258:Louis XIV of France
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1051:History of Toronto
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460:the original
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909:Territories
893:Quebec City
841:Nova Scotia
803:by location
266:Beaver Wars
209:Lake Simcoe
165:Rouge River
1045:Categories
1018:79°08′24″W
1015:43°48′15″N
663:4 February
546:2 February
520:2 February
491:2 February
466:2 February
420:References
410:Tinawatawa
403:Baby Point
401:, today's
169:Rouge Park
135:Designated
105:Site notes
809:Provinces
754:Teiaiagon
749:Bead Hill
740:Ganaraske
725:Ganneious
395:Teiaiagon
390:Port Hope
384:Rice Lake
256:wrote to
153:Bead Hill
31:Bead Hill
961:Category
888:Montreal
856:Kingston
851:Hamilton
826:Manitoba
718:villages
716:Iroquois
414:Hamilton
197:Iroquois
159:site in
99:Iroquois
95:Cultures
77:, Canada
67:Location
921:Nunavut
871:Toronto
861:Niagara
846:Ontario
816:Alberta
735:Kentsio
622:Feb 18,
439:1 March
372:Napanee
195:by the
177:Ontario
173:Toronto
87:Periods
82:History
75:Ontario
71:Toronto
1066:Seneca
942:France
883:Quebec
866:Ottawa
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161:Canada
157:Seneca
46:Seneca
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926:Yukon
730:Kente
514:(PDF)
485:(PDF)
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624:2022
611:ISBN
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493:2014
468:2014
441:2023
207:and
138:1991
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
