31:
314:
80:
594:
55:
327:
547:, becoming the first rat to receive the award since the charity began honouring animals in 2003. Before retiring in 2021, Magawa detected 71 landmines and 38 items of unexploded ordnance, clearing over 2,421,880 sq ft (225,000 m) of land in
482:
nuts so as to be hardly able to squeeze through the entrance of its burrow. The burrow consists of a long passage with side alleys and several chambers, one for sleeping and the others for storage. The
Gambian pouched rat reaches
613:, after a private breeder allowed the animals to escape in the 1990s. Starting in 2007, Florida wildlife officials have tried to eradicate it from Grassy Key, but it was still present as of 2014, and has been sighted nearby on
529:. The rats are far cheaper to train than mine-detecting dogs; a rat requires US$ 7,300 for nine months of training, whereas a dog costs about $ 25,000 for training, but lives about twice as long.
447:. It typically weighs between 1.0 and 1.4 kg (2.2 and 3.1 lb). In its native Africa, the pouched rat lives in colonies of up to 20, usually in forests and thickets, but also commonly in
487:
at 5โ7 months of age. It has up to four litters every nine months, with up to six offspring in each litter. Males are territorial and tend to be aggressive when they encounter one another.
991:
1053:
932:
1083:
1019:
632:
that were purchased as pets. In 2003, the CDC and FDA issued an order preventing the importation of the rodents following the first reported outbreak of
1271:
478:
Its cheek pouches allow it to gather up several kilograms of nuts per night for storage underground. It has been known to stuff its pouches so full of
2554:
1061:
981:
2619:
2593:
250:
in the world, growing to about 0.9 m (3 ft) long, including the tail, which makes up half of its total length. It is widespread in
2673:
571:
samples. Reports that they are also being used in
Mozambique and Tanzania to check tuberculosis test results have proven mildly incorrect:
2096:
294:
1005:
884:
2515:
1336:
391:
2567:
1110:"Invasive Giant Rats Make a Comeback in the Florida Keys | The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"
537:
363:
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344:
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1555:
754:
Olude, M.A.; Ogunbunmi, T.K.; Olopade, J.O.; Ihunwo, A.O. (2014). "The olfactory bulb structure of
African giant rat (
551:, preventing many injuries and deaths, in his 5-year career. Magawa died from natural causes at the age of 8 in 2022.
2121:
1791:
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410:
377:
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1918:
1636:
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The
Gambian pouched rat is sometimes kept as a pet, but some have escaped from captivity and become an
79:
2390:
2057:
1973:
1563:
1303:
730:
2261:
2253:
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2137:
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190:
1728:
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1619:
1595:
1425:
1322:
384:
337:
933:"Magawa, a landmine-detecting rat, is retiring after five years of life-saving work in Cambodia"
509:("Anti-Personnel Landmines Removal Product Development" in English), trains the closely related
2559:
2406:
2034:
1942:
1775:
1759:
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2019:
1926:
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8:
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1696:
1603:
1571:
657:
581:
44:
30:
2223:
1887:
1259:
1220:
982:"Cambodia landmine detection rat awarded miniature gold medal for 'lifesaving bravery'"
861:
836:
787:
614:
560:
251:
74:
1314:
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2489:
1909:
1485:
1476:
1466:
1280:โ story regards the use in Africa of giant pouched rats and bees to detect land mines
866:
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230:
151:
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1295:
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with their highly developed sense of smell. The trained pouched rats are called
2429:
2010:
1799:
1026:
1023:
956:
905:
835:
Poling, A.; Weetjens, B.; Cox, C.; Beyene, N.; Durgin, A.; Mahoney, A. (2011).
1254:
1233:
1215:
1194:
775:
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1502:
666:
444:
64:
59:
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2200:
2191:
2048:
1682:
1673:
870:
783:
629:
610:
564:
544:
522:
301:(FDA) now ban the importation of this species because it is blamed for the
593:
2637:
2541:
2468:
2438:
1956:
1860:
1408:
1398:
226:
211:
624:
This outsized
African rodent is also believed to be responsible for the
2520:
2214:
1990:
1346:
852:
606:
472:
351: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
267:
243:
141:
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1807:
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633:
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91:
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111:
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1159:
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436:
290:
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219:
2507:
1878:
1376:
1370:
1358:
1006:"'Hero rat' Magawa retires from Cambodian bomb sniffing career"
568:
533:
460:
263:
131:
121:
101:
1188:. Vol. II. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
651:
649:
813:
576:
506:
496:
468:
259:
233:
753:
646:
464:
1307:
1274:. News. National Geographic. February 2004. Archived from
906:"Magawa, the landmine-sniffing hero rat, dies aged eight"
440:
1195:"New invasive species in southern Florida: Gambian rat (
1054:"Giant Rats Trained to Sniff Out Tuberculosis in Africa"
885:"Giant rats trained to sniff out tuberculosis in Africa"
559:
The
Gambian pouched rat has been used in experiments at
1344:
1020:"Pouched rats sniff for land mines and medical samples"
834:
837:"Tuberculosis detection by giant African pouched rats"
1406:
731:"Keeping and caring for Gambian pouched rats as pets"
554:
1045:
490:
1134:"Florida tries to wipe out cat-sized African rats"
681:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T112169507A50534302.en
563:to investigate its usefulness in the detection of
2665:
1234:"Native range ecology and invasive potential of
1155:"Kids want an exotic pet? Ask your doctor first"
847:(1). U.S. National Institutes of Health: 47โ54.
597:A Gambian pouched rat killed in the Florida Keys
439:-like pouches in its cheeks. It is not a true
1330:
1183:
900:
898:
655:
2097:Ankarana Special Reserve tufted-tailed rat (
1084:"More huge Gambian rats found on Grassy Key"
628:in the United States, after spreading it to
505:social enterprise founded by two Belgians,
1337:
1323:
895:
707:The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals
471:, and other items, but apparently prefers
295:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
53:
29:
1253:
1214:
860:
700:
698:
679:
588:
411:Learn how and when to remove this message
1832:
1474:
1231:
592:
312:
270:(although it is absent from much of the
1107:
1008:. Al Jazeera. Al Jazeera. June 5, 2021.
994:from the original on November 26, 2020.
803:
801:
704:
636:. Around 20 individuals were affected.
2666:
1152:
695:
443:, but is part of an African branch of
423:The Gambian pouched rat has very poor
2405:
2404:
1318:
1192:
1103:
1101:
1060:. National Geographic. Archived from
1232:Peterson, A.T.; et al. (2006).
1184:Novak, R.M.; Paradiso, J.L. (1991).
957:"Meet the gold medal-winning rodent"
798:
709:. Academic Press. pp. 199โ200.
601:Gambian pouched rats have become an
538:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals
349:adding citations to reliable sources
320:
2674:IUCN Red List least concern species
1031:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
667:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
1177:
1098:
1051:
979:
555:Detection of tuberculosis by scent
308:
14:
2705:
1284:
1193:Perry, N.D.; et al. (2006).
1108:Johnson, Terrell (June 3, 2014).
435:. Its name comes from the large,
427:, so it depends on its senses of
282:to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).
1556:Monard's African climbing mouse
809:"RODENTS OF UNUSUAL SIZE (ROUS)"
764:Anatomical Science International
491:Detection of land mines by scent
325:
272:Democratic Republic of the Congo
78:
2154:White-tipped tufted-tailed rat
2122:Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat
1792:Pousargues's African fat mouse
1628:Rupp's African climbing mouse (
1532:Montane African climbing mouse
1146:
1126:
1090:. 25 March 2012. Archived from
1076:
1012:
998:
973:
949:
626:2003 Midwest monkeypox outbreak
543:, the animal equivalent of the
336:needs additional citations for
1153:Conlon, Michael (2008-10-06).
980:Ng, Kate (25 September 2020).
925:
877:
828:
747:
723:
317:Skull of a Gambian pouched rat
1:
2114:Ellerman's tufted-tailed rat
2029:Brachytarsomys mahajambaensis
1292:"APOPO agency mine clearance"
762:) I: Cytoarchitecture".
639:
2066:Gregarious short-tailed rat
2060:(Brachyuromys betsileoensis)
1966:South African pouched mouse
1662:(Dendroprionomys rousseloti)
1540:Mount Kahuzi climbing mouse
1186:Walkers Mammals of the World
299:Food and Drug Administration
293:. In the United States, the
7:
2162:Petter's tufted-tailed rat
2146:Dormouse tufted-tailed rat
2106:Daniel's tufted-tailed rat
1919:Southern giant pouched rat
1752:Bocage's African fat mouse
1442:Brukkaros pygmy rock mouse
1058:news.nationalgeographic.com
511:southern giant pouched rats
10:
2710:
2293:Koopman's montane voalavo
2270:Petter's big-footed mouse
2130:Major's tufted-tailed rat
2068:(Brachyuromys ramirohitra)
2058:Betsileo short-tailed rat
2022:(Brachytarsomys albicauda)
1548:Lachaise's climbing mouse
1444:(Petromyscus monticularis)
532:In 2020, a Hero Rat named
494:
303:2003 outbreak of monkeypox
246:. It is among the largest
2689:Mammals described in 1840
2413:
2387:
2350:
2304:
2281:
2262:Greater big-footed mouse
2254:Bastard big-footed mouse
2242:
2212:
2189:
2178:Webb's tufted-tailed rat
2170:Tanala tufted-tailed rat
2138:Lesser tufted-tailed rat
2089:Tsingy tufted-tailed rat
2077:
2046:
2008:
1989:
1954:
1907:
1876:
1859:
1823:
1740:
1717:
1708:(Megadendromus nikolausi)
1694:
1671:
1648:
1510:
1501:
1465:
1452:(Petromyscus shortridgei)
1397:
1353:
1345:Extant species of family
1255:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-133R3.1
1216:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-132RR.1
776:10.1007/s12565-014-0227-0
674:: e.T112169507A50534302.
216:African giant pouched rat
180:
173:
75:Scientific classification
73:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
2256:(Macrotarsomys bastardi)
2037:(Brachytarsomys villosa)
1968:(Saccostomus campestris)
1846:(Mystromys albicaudatus)
1637:Vernay's climbing mouse
1620:Cameroon climbing mouse
1596:Chestnut climbing mouse
1450:Shortridge's rock mouse
2295:(Monticolomys koopmani)
2272:(Macrotarsomys petteri)
1974:Mearns's pouched mouse
1943:Kivu giant pouched rat
1760:Northwestern fat mouse
1580:Brant's climbing mouse
1564:Lovat's climbing mouse
1558:(Dendromus leucostomus)
1542:(Dendromus kahuziensis)
536:(2013โ2022) received a
2316:White-bellied nesomys
2264:(Macrotarsomys ingens)
2156:(Eliurus penicillatus)
2035:Hairy-tailed Antsangy
2020:White-tailed antsangy
1945:(Cricetomys kivuensis)
1937:(Cricetomys gambianus)
1660:Velvet climbing mouse
1598:(Dendromus mystacalis)
1588:Banana climbing mouse
1436:(Petromyscus collinus)
1428:(Petromyscus barbouri)
656:Kennerley, R. (2019).
598:
589:As an invasive species
318:
2364:Voalavo antsahabensis
2226:(Hypogeomys antimena)
2124:(Eliurus grandidieri)
1976:(Saccostomus mearnsi)
1921:(Cricetomys ansorgei)
1810:(Steatomys pratensis)
1770:(Steatomys cuppedius)
1729:Dollman's tree mouse
1612:Nyika climbing mouse
1590:(Dendromus messorius)
1582:(Dendromus mesomelas)
1574:(Dendromus melanotis)
1550:(Dendromus lachaisei)
1426:Barbour's rock mouse
1278:on February 12, 2004.
596:
360:"Gambian pouched rat"
316:
2459:Cricetomys_gambianus
2445:Cricetomys gambianus
2415:Cricetomys gambianus
2333:Nesomys narindaensis
2326:(Nesomys lambertoni)
2233:Hypogeomys australis
2203:(Gymnuromys roberti)
1935:Gambian pouched rat
1896:Greater hamster-rat
1778:(Steatomys jacksoni)
1776:Jackson's fat mouse
1762:(Steatomys caurinus)
1685:(Malacothrix typica)
1604:Kivu climbing mouse
1572:Gray climbing mouse
1534:(Dendromus insignis)
1242:Journal of Mammalogy
1203:Journal of Mammalogy
1197:Cricetomys gambianus
841:The Behavior Analyst
756:Cricetomys gambianus
705:Kingdon, J. (1997).
660:Cricetomys gambianus
345:improve this article
207:Cricetomys gambianus
184:Cricetomys gambianus
24:Gambian pouched rat
2373:Voalavo gymnocaudus
2318:(Nesomys audeberti)
2224:Malagasy giant rat
2116:(Eliurus ellermani)
1927:Emin's pouched rat
1888:Lesser hamster-rat
1786:(Steatomys krebsii)
1754:(Steatomys bocagei)
1639:(Dendromus vernayi)
1488:(Delanymys brooksi)
1114:The Weather Channel
889:National Geographic
515:Cricetomys ansorgei
202:Gambian pouched rat
45:Conservation status
2371:Northern voalavo (
2148:(Eliurus myoxinus)
2091:(Eliurus antsingy)
1929:(Cricetomys emini)
1802:(Steatomys parvus)
1794:(Steatomys opimus)
1784:Krebs's fat mouse
1731:(Prionomys batesi)
1614:(Dendromus nyikae)
1606:(Dendromus nyasae)
1566:(Dendromus lovati)
853:10.1007/BF03392234
599:
561:Cornell University
475:and palm kernels.
319:
276:Emin's pouched rat
252:sub-Saharan Africa
2684:Rodents of Africa
2661:
2660:
2646:Open Tree of Life
2407:Taxon identifiers
2398:
2397:
2383:
2382:
2362:Eastern voalavo (
2164:(Eliurus petteri)
2108:(Eliurus danieli)
2099:Eliurus carletoni
2002:
1985:
1984:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1844:White-tailed rat
1819:
1818:
1768:Dainty fat mouse
1706:Nikolaus's mouse
1622:(Dendromus oreas)
1525:
1497:
1496:
1461:
1460:
1434:Pygmy rock mouse
1419:
1238:in North America"
1064:on 15 August 2016
575:by Watkins shows
421:
420:
413:
395:
278:is present) from
231:giant pouched rat
198:
197:
166:C. gambianus
68:
16:Species of rodent
2701:
2654:
2653:
2641:
2640:
2628:
2627:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2601:
2589:
2588:
2576:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2484:
2472:
2471:
2462:
2461:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2402:
2401:
2324:Western nesomys
2172:(Eliurus tanala)
2132:(Eliurus majori)
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1830:
1829:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1472:
1471:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1306:. Archived from
1299:
1294:. Archived from
1279:
1267:
1257:
1228:
1218:
1189:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1027:The Science Show
1016:
1010:
1009:
1002:
996:
995:
977:
971:
970:
968:
967:
953:
947:
946:
944:
943:
929:
923:
922:
920:
919:
902:
893:
892:
881:
875:
874:
864:
832:
826:
825:
823:
822:
805:
796:
795:
761:
751:
745:
744:
742:
741:
727:
721:
720:
702:
693:
692:
690:
688:
683:
653:
603:invasive species
416:
409:
405:
402:
396:
394:
353:
329:
321:
287:invasive species
186:
83:
82:
62:
57:
56:
33:
21:
20:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2636:
2633:Observation.org
2631:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2488:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2409:
2399:
2394:
2379:
2346:
2341:(Nesomys rufus)
2300:
2277:
2238:
2208:
2185:
2180:(Eliurus webbi)
2140:(Eliurus minor)
2073:
2042:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1981:
1950:
1903:
1890:(Beamys hindei)
1866:
1865:
1863:
1851:
1815:
1800:Tiny fat mouse
1736:
1713:
1690:
1667:
1651:Dendroprionomys
1644:
1630:Dendromus ruppi
1521:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1493:
1486:Delany's mouse
1457:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1393:
1349:
1343:
1302:
1290:
1287:
1270:
1180:
1178:Further reading
1175:
1174:
1165:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1106:
1099:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1052:Cengel, Katya.
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1003:
999:
987:The Independent
978:
974:
965:
963:
955:
954:
950:
941:
939:
931:
930:
926:
917:
915:
904:
903:
896:
883:
882:
878:
833:
829:
820:
818:
807:
806:
799:
760:Waterhouse 1840
759:
752:
748:
739:
737:
735:The Spruce Pets
729:
728:
724:
717:
703:
696:
686:
684:
654:
647:
642:
591:
579:'s workers are
573:Genetic testing
557:
499:
493:
485:sexual maturity
417:
406:
400:
397:
354:
352:
342:
330:
311:
309:Characteristics
254:, ranging from
194:
188:
182:
169:
77:
69:
58:
54:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2642:
2629:
2616:
2603:
2590:
2577:
2564:
2551:
2538:
2525:
2512:
2499:
2486:
2473:
2463:
2450:
2435:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2396:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2289:
2287:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2259:
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1298:on 2008-08-02.
1286:
1285:External links
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1697:Megadendromus
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1503:Dendromurinae
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1399:Petromyscinae
1396:
1390:
1387:Superfamily:
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455:, feeding on
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401:February 2019
393:
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362: โ
361:
357:
356:Find sources:
350:
346:
340:
339:
334:This section
332:
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304:
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214:known as the
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176:
175:Binomial name
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72:
66:
61:
60:Least Concern
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2414:
2389:
2372:
2363:
2351:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2305:
2294:
2284:Monticolomys
2282:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2225:
2213:
2202:
2190:
2179:
2171:
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2155:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2098:
2090:
2078:
2067:
2059:
2049:Brachyuromys
2047:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2009:
1975:
1967:
1955:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1920:
1908:
1897:
1889:
1877:
1845:
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1825:Mystromyinae
1809:
1801:
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1549:
1541:
1533:
1511:
1487:
1475:
1467:Delanymyinae
1451:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1407:
1308:the original
1296:the original
1276:the original
1245:
1241:
1235:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1185:
1164:. Retrieved
1158:
1148:
1137:
1128:
1117:. Retrieved
1113:
1092:the original
1087:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:the original
1057:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1014:
1000:
985:
975:
964:. Retrieved
960:
951:
940:. Retrieved
936:
927:
916:. Retrieved
914:. 2022-01-11
909:
888:
879:
844:
840:
830:
819:. Retrieved
812:
767:
763:
755:
749:
738:. Retrieved
734:
725:
706:
685:. Retrieved
671:
665:
659:
630:prairie dogs
623:
611:Florida Keys
600:
580:
565:tuberculosis
558:
545:George Cross
531:
523:tuberculosis
517:) to detect
514:
500:
477:
422:
407:
398:
388:
381:
374:
367:
355:
343:Please help
338:verification
335:
284:
236:
215:
206:
205:
201:
199:
183:
181:
165:
164:
152:
18:
2542:iNaturalist
2439:Wikispecies
1957:Saccostomus
1674:Malacothrix
1416:(Rock mice)
1409:Petromyscus
1272:"Mine rats"
1088:keysnet.com
687:19 November
621:, Florida.
582:C. ansorgei
473:palm fruits
227:pouched rat
2679:Cricetomys
2668:Categories
2215:Hypogeomys
2192:Gymnuromys
1991:Nesomyinae
1910:Cricetomys
1808:Fat mouse
1381:Suborder:
1347:Nesomyidae
1304:"Hero rat"
1236:Cricetomys
1166:2008-10-06
1119:2022-02-25
966:2021-01-28
942:2021-06-05
918:2022-01-11
821:2022-11-02
740:2021-01-28
640:References
607:Grassy Key
541:Gold Medal
519:land mines
457:vegetables
453:omnivorous
371:newspapers
268:Mozambique
244:Nesomyidae
237:Cricetomys
191:Waterhouse
153:Cricetomys
142:Nesomyidae
1999:and mice)
1835:Mystromys
1743:Steatomys
1720:Prionomys
1513:Dendromus
1477:Delanymys
1383:Myomorpha
1357:Kingdom:
1068:16 August
634:monkeypox
615:Key Largo
567:in human
503:Tanzanian
480:date palm
280:sea level
262:and from
239:, in the
224:nocturnal
160:Species:
98:Kingdom:
92:Eukaryota
2612:13000072
2560:10227640
2466:BioLib:
2430:Q1770542
2424:Wikidata
2391:Category
1520:(African
1389:Muroidea
1377:Rodentia
1371:Mammalia
1365:Chordata
1363:Phylum:
1359:Animalia
1264:85265719
1225:28074023
992:Archived
961:BBC News
937:Sky News
911:BBC News
871:22532730
792:25811366
784:24469950
619:Marathon
549:Cambodia
527:HeroRATS
425:eyesight
274:, where
212:commonly
210:), also
138:Family:
132:Rodentia
122:Mammalia
112:Chordata
108:Phylum:
102:Animalia
88:Domain:
65:IUCN 3.1
2599:1003706
2521:2438550
2508:1179553
2353:Voalavo
2307:Nesomys
2080:Eliurus
1375:Order:
1369:Class:
1160:Reuters
1142:. 2007.
1139:Reuters
1037:May 22,
862:3089413
617:and in
609:in the
461:insects
449:termite
437:hamster
433:hearing
385:scholar
291:Florida
256:Senegal
248:muroids
229:of the
220:species
218:, is a
148:Genus:
128:Order:
118:Class:
63: (
2651:922511
2573:632775
2482:403131
1879:Beamys
1262:
1223:
869:
859:
817:. 2022
790:
782:
713:
569:sputum
534:Magawa
469:snails
387:
380:
373:
366:
358:
264:Angola
241:family
193:, 1840
2638:82709
2625:10085
2555:IRMNG
2547:44512
2469:35556
1260:S2CID
1221:S2CID
814:APOPO
788:S2CID
577:APOPO
507:APOPO
497:APOPO
465:crabs
429:smell
392:JSTOR
378:books
260:Kenya
234:genus
2694:Mpox
2620:NCBI
2586:5522
2581:IUCN
2568:ITIS
2534:1694
2529:GISD
2516:GBIF
2495:ZFWT
2477:BOLD
1070:2016
1039:2019
867:PMID
780:PMID
711:ISBN
689:2021
672:2019
521:and
431:and
364:news
200:The
2607:MSW
2594:MDD
2503:EoL
2490:CoL
2454:ADW
1250:doi
1211:doi
857:PMC
849:doi
772:doi
676:doi
605:on
441:rat
347:by
289:in
266:to
258:to
222:of
2670::
2648::
2635::
2622::
2609::
2596::
2583::
2570::
2557::
2544::
2531::
2518::
2505::
2492::
2479::
2456::
2441::
2426::
1258:.
1246:87
1244:.
1240:.
1219:.
1207:87
1205:.
1201:.
1199:)"
1157:.
1136:.
1112:.
1100:^
1086:.
1056:.
1029:.
1022:.
990:.
984:.
959:.
935:.
908:.
897:^
887:.
865:.
855:.
845:34
843:.
839:.
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800:^
786:.
778:.
768:89
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758:,
733:.
697:^
670:.
664:.
648:^
585:.
501:A
467:,
463:,
459:,
305:.
2375:)
2366:)
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1632:)
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1331:t
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1266:.
1252::
1227:.
1213::
1169:.
1122:.
1072:.
1041:.
969:.
945:.
921:.
891:.
873:.
851::
824:.
794:.
774::
743:.
719:.
691:.
678::
662:"
658:"
513:(
414:)
408:(
403:)
399:(
389:ยท
382:ยท
375:ยท
368:ยท
341:.
204:(
67:)
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