20:
98:
237:
398:. In 1965 it was proposed again by Borawska but did not win acceptance. In recent years, however, it has been revisited and has now gained positive reviews from several Polish medievalists. It has been supported by Professors
201:
writing style indicates a substantial education, available only to nobles and monks; and that he was an experienced writer, thus likely also to have authored earlier works. The
229:(The Transfer of St. Nicholas); and his writing style is thought to have been influenced by recent literary developments that were then common only in northern France and the
225:
349:
136:, as can be conjectured from the preface.') It is not known whether Kromer intended the word "Gallus" as a proper name or as a reference to the author's nationality (
407:
948:
89:
are an obligatory text for university courses in Polish history. Very little is known of the author himself and it is widely believed that he was a foreigner.
24:
485:
892:
846:
206:
399:
477:
964:
481:
1025:
782:
1080:
1008:
294:
place of origin is unknown. Several theories have been advanced. Traditional scholarship has assumed that he was French (hence
871:
126:
Gallus hanc historiam scripsit, monachus, opinor, aliquis, ut ex proemiis coniicere licet qui
Boleslai tertii tempore vixit
561:
147:, was written between 1469 and 1471. From the mid-16th to 18th centuries, it was kept in the town of Heilsberg (today
975:
666:
395:
1060:
742:
536:
This concept reinforced Poles' electoral traditions and their tendency to disobey and question authority. Via the
583:
410:. Fałkowski has noted that the two theories—French and Italian—may be less mutually exclusive than some think, as
403:
29:
360:
1065:
1031:
421:
According to Tomasz Jasiński, who in 2008 published a book on Gallus, the chronicler came to Poland over the
364:
1085:
1075:
1070:
843:
484:
regard the
Venetian suggestion as "too weak to be considered seriously." In Poland, medievalist Professor
174:
did write about himself may be summed up as follows: Before going to Poland, he likely spent some time in
1050:
553:
155:
704:
565:
261:
60:
961:
356:
who accompanied
Boleslaus in his return from Hungary to Poland. This theory enjoys little support.
334:
179:
133:
352:
advanced a theory that Gallus might have been a
Hungarian monk from Saint Giles' Monastery in
1055:
148:
529:
543:
19:
8:
923:
277:
245:
140:
in this period normally means "a
Frenchman"), nor what he based his identification on.
786:
867:
662:
505:
78:
590:
470:
466:
426:
254:
215:
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wrote little about himself and was not written about in contemporary sources. What
152:
118:
267:
1019:
979:
968:
939:
935:
850:
415:
380:
359:
Another theory has been gaining ground in Poland. Professors Danuta
Borawska and
44:
557:
124:(1512–89) in the margin of folio 119 of the "Heilsberg manuscript." It reads:
1044:
210:
121:
765:
570:
345:
972:
353:
915:
829:), edited by Marian Plezia, translated by Roman Grodecki, Wrocław, 1996.
821:: On Culture and Society in the Middle Ages), Poznań, 1984, pp. 111-20;
422:
376:
306:. Plezia has suggested that he was a monk from Saint Giles' Monastery in
230:
191:
187:
722:
La
Pologne dans l’obituaire de Saint-Gilles en Languedoc au XII e sičcle
132:
wrote this history, some monk, in my opinion, who lived in the time of
106:
97:
538:
318:
74:
942:. Jasiński concludes, "There is no reason, therefore, to doubt that
912:
438:
394:
The
Venetian theory was first broached in 1904 by Polish historian
338:
330:
307:
303:
273:
241:
895:
in 1930 formulated a hypothesis that if one found an author using
900:
769:
548:
524:
509:
442:
326:
220:
183:
175:
618:
Gesta
Principum Polonorum: The Deeds of the Princes of the Poles
888:
517:
462:
446:
434:
430:
384:
368:
299:
143:
The
Heilsberg manuscript, one of three extant witnesses of the
82:
815:
Mente et litteris. O kulturze i społeczeństwie wieków średnich
766:
Interview with Professor Tadeusz Jasiński: Kierunek – Wenecja!
457:, he found over 100 similarities. Jasiński has concluded that
931:
521:
388:
66:
57:, is the name traditionally given to the anonymous author of
321:
of Lavardin (aka Hildebert of Tours) and have thought that
285:
236:
513:
508:, in that his version of early Polish history held the
23:
An artist's impression of Gallus Anonymus' portrait by
866:(On the Origins of Gallus Anonymus), Avalon, 2008,
661:, translated by Roman Grodecki, Ossolineum, 2003,
556:, it contributed to the development of the unique "
391:, and Professor Plezia has subsequently concurred.
151:, Poland). It was later published at the behest of
414:might have been born in Italy, been a monk at the
418:, and have later traveled to France and Hungary.
65:(Deeds of the Princes of the Poles), composed in
1042:
741:(A Brief History of Polish Literature), Warsaw,
280:features an evocative bronze statue of a seated
612:
610:
608:
488:supports a French over an Italian origin for
205:("cleric living by his pen") is suspected by
1017:
465:of the time, had a native knowledge of both
50:
701:Sprawozdania Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności
588:
259:
58:
827:The Anonymous "Gaul," The Polish Chronicle
693:"W jakich szkołach uczył się Gall Anonim?"
605:
783:"Historians Know Who Gallus Anonymus Was"
757:
755:
753:
751:
16:12th-century chronicler of Polish history
960:(Historical Quarterly), CXII, 2005, 3. (
926:, and the anonymous author wrote in the
653:
651:
235:
96:
18:
512:'s authority to be inferior to that of
1043:
991:Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer, eds.,
839:
837:
835:
748:
678:Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer, eds.,
616:Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer, eds.,
954:Gallus Anonymus, Monachus Littorensis
648:
504:influenced the subsequent course of
313:Some scholars have pointed out that
1035:(Who Actually Was Gallus Anonymus?)
832:
516:, as expressed by the voice of the
73:is generally regarded as the first
13:
853:, Polish Press Agency, 2006-02-15.
631:"Gallus Anonim czy Italus Anonim?"
14:
1097:
1026:Gallus Anonymus' Venetian origins
1002:
844:Na tropie tajemnicy Galla Anonima
807:"Nowe studia nad Gallem-Anonimem"
739:Mała Historia Literatury Polskiej
823:Anonim tzw. Gall, Kronika polska
371:origin. It has been argued that
317:writing style resembles that of
985:
877:
856:
800:
775:
731:
714:
685:
672:
623:
562:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
560:" that would characterize the
449:." When Jasiński compared the
1:
1081:12th-century writers in Latin
1033:Kim naprawdę był Gall Anonim?
952:." See Tomasz Jasiński, "Was
620:, Budapest, 2003, pp. xxiv—v.
584:Anonymus (notary of BĂ©la III)
568:and were obliged to obey the
993:Gesta Principum Polonorum...
680:Gesta Principum Polonorum...
500:The anonymous author of the
495:
367:have presented a case for a
329:or, according to Zathey, at
117:real name is a note made by
7:
907:, that fact might identify
864:O pochodzeniu Galla Anonima
577:
255:The Deeds of the Hungarians
213:to have earlier penned the
190:; and he knew little about
178:, where he met Polish duke
10:
1102:
705:Polish Academy of Learning
645:(Historical Review), 1965.
375:may have been a monk from
934:and the celebration of a
887:is also in accord with a
262:Gesta principum Polonorum
226:Translatio Sancti Nicolai
161:
92:
61:Gesta principum Polonorum
928:Transfer of St. Nicholas
598:
554:Stanisław of Skarbimierz
455:Transfer of St. Nicholas
429:-speaking countries of "
203:clericus de penna vivens
156:Adam Stanisław Grabowski
1061:12th-century historians
1014:(in English and Polish)
903:?) simultaneously with
726:Revue des Études Slaves
153:Prince-Bishop of Warmia
119:Prince-Bishop of Warmia
69:between 1112 and 1118.
1018:
958:Kwartalnik Historyczny
589:
270:
260:
197:Historians agree that
180:Boleslaus III Wrymouth
134:Boleslaus III Wrymouth
110:
77:to have described the
59:
51:
35:
461:, like many Venetian
396:Tadeusz Wojciechowski
325:had been educated at
284:in monk's habit, the
239:
100:
22:
1066:Historians of Poland
949:Monachus Littorensis
809:("New Studies about
703:(Proceedings of the
657:Marian Plezia, ed.,
643:PrzeglÄ…d Historyczny
288:obscuring his face.
113:The only source for
43:, also known by his
1086:Unidentified people
1076:12th-century deaths
1071:11th-century births
695:("What Schools Did
564:, whose kings were
530:Vox populi, vox Dei
486:Jacek Banaszkiewicz
379:' Monastery at the
348:, French historian
1051:Polish chroniclers
978:2007-04-27 at the
967:2007-09-26 at the
924:Hildebert of Tours
849:2018-02-12 at the
745:, 2005, pp. 52-53.
408:Wojciech Fałkowski
278:Vajdahunyad Castle
271:
246:Vajdahunyad Castle
166:The author of the
149:Lidzbark Warmiński
111:
36:
1009:Edmund Kotarski:
922:in the school of
920:cursus spondiacus
897:cursus spondiacus
883:Gallus Anonymus'
872:978-83-60448-37-3
862:Tomasz Jasiński,
819:Mente et litteris
737:Danuta Borawska,
629:Danuta Borawska,
544:Wincenty Kadłubek
404:Roman Michałowski
365:Poznań University
45:Polonized variant
25:Henryk PiÄ…tkowski
1093:
1023:
996:
989:
983:
944:Gallus Anonymous
930:about a stay at
893:Feliks Pohorecki
881:
875:
860:
854:
841:
830:
804:
798:
797:
795:
794:
785:. Archived from
779:
773:
764:Roman Sidorski,
763:
759:
746:
735:
729:
718:
712:
689:
683:
676:
670:
659:Anonim tzw. Gall
655:
646:
627:
621:
614:
594:
591:Gesta Hungarorum
506:Poland's history
471:Slavic languages
298:), perhaps from
265:
258:and possibly of
216:Gesta Hungarorum
64:
54:
33:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1041:
1040:
1020:Gazeta Wyborcza
1005:
1000:
999:
990:
986:
980:Wayback Machine
969:Wayback Machine
882:
878:
861:
857:
851:Wayback Machine
842:
833:
811:Gallus Anonymus
805:
801:
792:
790:
781:
780:
776:
761:
760:
749:
736:
732:
720:Pierre David, "
719:
715:
697:Gallus Anonimus
690:
686:
682:, pp. xxvii—ix.
677:
673:
656:
649:
639:Italus Anonimus
635:Gallus Anonimus
628:
624:
615:
606:
601:
580:
498:
490:Gallus Anonymus
361:Tomasz Jasiński
207:Danuta Borawska
164:
95:
40:Gallus Anonymus
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1099:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1024:article about
1015:
1004:
1003:External links
1001:
998:
997:
984:
956:?" Summaries,
911:. The Swedish
876:
855:
831:
799:
774:
747:
730:
713:
684:
671:
647:
622:
603:
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
586:
579:
576:
574:(parliament).
558:Golden Liberty
497:
494:
400:Janusz Bieniak
219:(Deeds of the
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160:
94:
91:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1087:
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1007:
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994:
988:
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789:on 2009-03-06
788:
784:
778:
772:, 2006-04-10.
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734:
727:
723:
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711:7-10, p. 555.
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667:83-7316-258-5
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487:
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479:
478:Paul W. Knoll
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269:
268:MiklĂłs Ligeti
266:. Sculptor:
264:
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256:
251:
247:
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234:
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228:
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218:
217:
212:
211:Marian Plezia
208:
204:
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195:
193:
189:
186:; he revered
185:
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177:
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169:
159:
158:(1698–1766).
157:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:Marcin Kromer
120:
116:
108:
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99:
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76:
72:
68:
63:
62:
56:
55:
53:
46:
42:
41:
31:
26:
21:
1056:Benedictines
1032:
1010:
992:
987:
957:
953:
947:
943:
927:
919:
908:
905:cursus velox
904:
896:
885:cursus velox
884:
879:
863:
858:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
791:. Retrieved
787:the original
777:
738:
733:
728:, 19 (1939).
725:
721:
716:
708:
700:
696:
692:
687:
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658:
642:
638:
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617:
569:
547:
537:
535:
528:
501:
499:
489:
482:Frank Schaer
475:
458:
454:
450:
420:
411:
393:
372:
358:
350:Pierre David
346:World War II
343:
322:
314:
312:
295:
291:
290:
281:
272:
253:
252:, author of
249:
224:
214:
202:
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167:
165:
144:
142:
137:
129:
125:
114:
112:
102:
101:Monument to
86:
70:
48:
47:
39:
38:
37:
1037:(in Polish)
1028:(in Polish)
1011:Gall Anonim
916:Tore Janson
762:(in Polish)
699:Attend?"),
691:J. Zathey,
520:(as in the
425:across the
423:Via Egnatia
240:Statue, in
231:Netherlands
192:Scandinavia
188:Saint Giles
182:; he was a
103:Gall Anonim
28: [
1045:Categories
995:, p. xxix.
973:abstract 2
962:abstract 1
793:2007-01-17
539:Chronicles
310:, France.
223:) and the
221:Hungarians
87:Chronicles
707:), 1952,
496:Influence
476:However,
463:clergymen
453:with the
451:Chronicle
377:St. Giles
354:Somogyvár
319:Hildebert
75:historian
976:Archived
965:Archived
913:Latinist
909:Anonymus
891:origin.
889:Venetian
847:Archived
578:See also
546:and the
439:Dalmatia
369:Venetian
339:Normandy
331:Chartres
308:Provence
304:Flanders
282:Anonymus
274:Budapest
250:Anonymus
242:Budapest
109:, Poland
34:], 1898.
938:at the
901:spondee
813:"), in
770:Histmag
566:elected
549:Sermons
525:proverb
467:Italian
443:Croatia
344:Before
327:Le Mans
315:Gallus'
292:Gallus'
199:Gallus'
184:pilgrim
176:Hungary
115:Gallus'
107:Wrocław
79:history
918:found
870:
665:
518:people
459:Gallus
447:Istria
435:Thrace
431:Epirus
427:Slavic
412:Gallus
385:Venice
373:Gallus
323:Gallus
300:France
296:Gallus
172:Gallus
162:Origin
138:Gallus
130:Gallus
93:Kromer
85:. His
83:Poland
71:Gallus
52:Anonim
932:Tours
641:?"),
599:Notes
522:Latin
510:ruler
502:Gesta
389:Italy
248:, of
168:Gesta
145:Gesta
67:Latin
49:Gall
32:]
946:was
940:Lido
936:mass
868:ISBN
663:ISBN
571:Sejm
533:").
480:and
469:and
416:Lido
406:and
381:Lido
286:cowl
209:and
743:PWN
724:",
637:or
552:of
542:of
527:, "
514:God
363:of
337:in
335:Bec
333:or
302:or
276:'s
244:'s
81:of
1047::
971:,
834:^
768:,
750:^
709:z.
650:^
633:("
607:^
492:.
473:.
445:,
441:,
437:,
433:,
402:,
387:,
383:,
341:.
233:.
194:.
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982:)
899:(
874:.
825:(
817:(
796:.
669:.
128:(
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