Galileo affair - Knowledge

3542:

distinction, let us ask the whether Galileo or the Church was right in regard to the epistemological and methodological aspect of the controversy. Since such issues are normally more controversial than scientific ones, this is an area which some like to exploit by trying to argue that the Church's epistemological and philosophical insight was superior to Galileo's. ... However, such interpretations can be criticized for their exaggeration, one-sidedness, and superficiality in their analysis of the epistemological component of the affair. For example, I have already mentioned that there were at least four epistemological issues in the affair, and I am very doubtful that they can all be reduced to one. Moreover, it cannot be denied that Galileo turned out to be right on at least some of the epistemological issues—for example, those pertaining to the legitimacy of artificial instruments and to the Bible lacking scientific authority.

842:

However, demonstrating that heliocentrism merely "saved the appearances" could not be regarded as sufficient to establish that it was physically real. Although he believed that the former may well have been possible, he had "very great doubts" that the latter would be, and in case of doubt it was not permissible to depart from the traditional interpretation of Scriptures. His final argument was a rebuttal of an analogy that Foscarini had made between a moving Earth and a ship on which the passengers perceive themselves as apparently stationary and the receding shore as apparently moving. Bellarmine replied that in the case of the ship the passengers know that their perceptions are erroneous and can mentally correct them, whereas the scientist on the Earth clearly experiences that it is stationary and therefore the perception that the Sun, Moon and stars are moving is not in error and does not need to be corrected.

863:, Ingoli had probably been commissioned by the Inquisition to write an expert opinion on the controversy, and the essay provided the "chief direct basis" for the ban. The essay focused on eighteen physical and mathematical arguments against heliocentrism. It borrowed primarily from the arguments of Tycho Brahe, and it notedly mentioned Brahe's argument that heliocentrism required the stars to be much larger than the Sun. Ingoli wrote that the great distance to the stars in the heliocentric theory "clearly proves ... the fixed stars to be of such size, as they may surpass or equal the size of the orbit circle of the Earth itself." Ingoli included four theological arguments in the essay, but suggested to Galileo that he focus on the physical and mathematical arguments. Galileo did not write a response to Ingoli until 1624, in which, among other arguments and evidence, he listed the results of experiments such as 1109: 22: 1599: 1056:, which was published in 1632 to great popularity, was an account of conversations between a Copernican scientist, Salviati, an impartial and witty scholar named Sagredo, and a ponderous Aristotelian named Simplicio, who employed stock arguments in support of geocentricity, and was depicted in the book as being an intellectually inept fool. Simplicio's arguments are systematically refuted and ridiculed by the other two characters with what Youngson calls "unassailable proof" for the Copernican theory (at least versus the theory of Ptolemy – as Finocchiaro points out, "the Copernican and Tychonic systems were 459:– a model in which, for example, Venus circled the Sun. Tycho argued that the distance to the stars in the Copernican system would have to be 700 times greater than the distance from the Sun to Saturn. (The nearest star other than the Sun, Proxima Centauri, is in fact over 28,000 times the distance from the Sun to Saturn.) Moreover, the only way the stars could be so distant and still appear the sizes they do in the sky would be if even average stars were gigantic – at least as big as the orbit of the Earth, and of course vastly larger than the sun. (See the articles on the 1094: 1806:..one of the most common myths widely held about the trial of Galileo, including several elements: that he "saw" the earth's motion (an observation still impossible to make even in the twenty-first century); that he was "imprisoned" by the Inquisition (whereas he was actually held under house arrest); and that his crime was to have discovered the truth. And since to condemn someone for this reason can result only from ignorance, prejudice, and narrow-mindedness, this is also the myth that alleges the incompatibility between science and religion. 296: 934: 1020: 1182:, in 1633 Galileo was ordered to stand trial on suspicion of heresy "for holding as true the false doctrine taught by some that the sun is the center of the world" against the 1616 condemnation, since "it was decided at the Holy Congregation on 25 Feb 1616 that the Holy Office would give you an injunction to abandon this doctrine, not to teach it to others, not to defend it, and not to treat of it; and that if you did not acquiesce in this injunction, you should be imprisoned". 1123: 799: 837:

Galileo to limit themselves to treating heliocentrism as a merely hypothetical phenomenon and not a physically real one. Further on he says that interpreting heliocentrism as physically real would be "a very dangerous thing, likely not only to irritate all scholastic philosophers and theologians, but also to harm the Holy Faith by rendering Holy Scripture as false." Moreover, while the topic was not inherently a matter of faith, the statements about it in Scripture

6444: 6334: 429: 1847:

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World, in 1632, the patronage relationship was broken. It appears that the Pope never forgave Galileo for putting the argument of God's omnipotence (the argument he himself had put to Galileo in 1623) in the mouth of Simplicio, the staunch Aristotelian whose arguments had been systematically destroyed in the previous 400-odd pages. At any rate, the Pope resisted all efforts to have Galileo pardoned.

6396: 2082:. The original Latin reads: "Volo, mi Keplere, ut rideamus insignem vulgi stultitiam. Quid dices de primariis huius Gimnasii philosophis, qui, aspidis pertinacia repleti, nunquam, licet me ultro dedita opera millies offerente, nec Planetas, nec ☽, nec perspicillum, videre voluerunt? Verum ut ille aures, sic isti oculos, contra veritatis lucem obturarunt." A variety of translations of variable quality have appeared in print – 6384: 876: 746: 41: 287: 530: 675: 1247: 1582:, stating in a letter that the pope's expressed views on Galileo "offend and humiliate us as scientists who are loyal to reason and as teachers who have dedicated our lives to the advance and dissemination of knowledge". In response the pope canceled his visit. The full text of the speech that would have been given was made available a few days following Pope Benedict's cancelled appearance at the university. La Sapienza's 266: 6372: 1149: 490:, informed him that a group of malicious opponents, which Cigoli subsequently referred to derisively as "the Pigeon league", was plotting to cause him trouble over the motion of the Earth, or anything else that would serve the purpose. According to Cigoli, one of the plotters asked a priest to denounce Galileo's views from the pulpit, but the latter refused. Nevertheless, three years later another priest, 6408: 6432: 901:

mobile Earth, and as a consequence the Tribunal of the Inquisition would have eventually needed to determine the theological status of those doctrines. It is however possible, as surmised by the Tuscan ambassador, Piero Guiccardini, in a letter to the Grand Duke, that the actual referral may have been precipitated by Galileo's aggressive campaign to prevent the condemnation of Copernicanism.

6420: 6360: 1316:

required to include, in the mouth of a simpleton character named "Simplicio" in the book; this caused great offense to the Pope. There is some evidence that enemies of Galileo persuaded Urban that Simplicio was intended to be a caricature of him. Modern historians have dismissed it as most unlikely that this had been Galileo's intention.

664:...to check unbridled spirits, decrees that no one relying on his own judgement shall, in matters of faith and morals pertaining to the edification of Christian doctrine, distorting the Scriptures in accordance with his own conceptions, presume to interpret them contrary to that sense which the holy mother Church... has held or holds... 1330:, Robert Youngson indicates that Galileo struggled for two years against the ecclesiastical censor to publish a book promoting heliocentrism. He claims the book passed only as a result of possible idleness or carelessness on the part of the censor, who was eventually dismissed. On the other hand, Jerome K. Langford and 1132: 2169:. It is a pun on Colombe's surname, which is the feminine plural form of the Italian word for "Dove." "Pippione" is a now obsolete Italian word with a triple entendre – besides meaning "young pigeon", it was also a jocular colloquialism for a testicle, and a Tuscan dialect word for a fool. 3429:

undermined the Aristotelian belief in celestial perfection ... Galileo made enemies with ease – a result of his quick wit, sharp tongue, and distrust of authority. Many of them were priests, as well as astronomers and mathematicians, and found reason to dislike Galileo in both capacities.

1352:

While Galileo never claimed that his arguments themselves directly proved heliocentrism to be true, they were significant evidence in its favor. According to Finocchiaro, defenders of the Catholic church's position have sometimes attempted to argue, unsuccessfully, that Galileo was right on the facts

724:

Galileo soon heard reports that Lorini had obtained a copy of his letter to Castelli and was claiming that it contained many heresies. He also heard that Caccini had gone to Rome and suspected him of trying to stir up trouble with Lorini's copy of the letter. As 1615 wore on he became more concerned,

1543:

The Church at the time of Galileo kept much more closely to reason than did Galileo himself, and she took into consideration the ethical and social consequences of Galileo's teaching too. Her verdict against Galileo was rational and just, and the revision of this verdict can be justified only on the

900:

points out that the Inquisition had taken a deposition from Gianozzi Attavanti in November 1615, as part of its investigation into the denunciations of Galileo by Lorini and Caccini. In this deposition, Attavanti confirmed that Galileo had advocated the Copernican doctrines of a stationary Sun and a

702:

All our Fathers of the devout Convent of St. Mark feel that the letter contains many statements which seem presumptuous or suspect, as when it states that the words of Holy Scripture do not mean what they say; that in discussions about natural phenomena the authority of Scripture should rank last...

1322:

argues that during this time, Urban had fallen under the influence of court intrigue and problems of state. His friendship with Galileo began to take second place to his feelings of persecution and fear for his own life. The problem of Galileo was presented to the pope by court insiders and enemies

922:

to abstain completely from teaching or defending this doctrine and opinion or from discussing it... to abandon completely... the opinion that the sun stands still at the center of the world and the earth moves, and henceforth not to hold, teach, or defend it in any way whatever, either orally or in

909:

On February 24 the Qualifiers delivered their unanimous report: the proposition that the Sun is stationary at the centre of the universe is "foolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture"; the proposition that the

3428:

Galileo did not simply reject the Aristotelian model of the universe: he offered concrete evidence that it was wrong. In 1609 and 1610 his use of a telescope for astronomical observation – the first in history – revealed spots on the sun and mountains on the moon that

1515:

expressed the hope that "theologians, scholars and historians, animated by a spirit of sincere collaboration, will study the Galileo case more deeply and in loyal recognition of wrongs, from whatever side they come." However, the Pontifical Interdisciplinary Study Commission constituted in 1981 to

951:

With no attractive alternatives, Galileo accepted the orders delivered, even sterner than those recommended by the Pope. Galileo met again with Bellarmine, apparently on friendly terms; and on March 11 he met with the Pope, who assured him that he was safe from prosecution so long as he, the Pope,

423:

My dear Kepler, I wish that we might laugh at the remarkable stupidity of the common herd. What do you have to say about the principal philosophers of this academy who are filled with the stubbornness of an asp and do not want to look at either the planets, the moon or the telescope, even though I

845:

Bellarmine found no problem with heliocentrism so long as it was treated as a purely hypothetical calculating device and not as a physically real phenomenon, but he did not regard it as permissible to advocate the latter unless it could be conclusively proved through current scientific standards.

256:

The affair was complex since very early on Pope Urban VIII had been a patron to Galileo and had given him permission to publish on the Copernican theory as long as he treated it as a hypothesis, but after the publication in 1632, the patronage was broken off due to numerous reasons. Historians of

1846:

Upon Barberini's ascendance of the papal throne, in 1623, Galileo came to Rome and had six interviews with the new Pope. It was at these meetings that Galileo was given permission to write about the Copernican theory, as long as he treated it as a hypothesis. After the publication of Galileo' s

1560:

Thanks to his intuition as a brilliant physicist and by relying on different arguments, Galileo, who practically invented the experimental method, understood why only the sun could function as the centre of the world, as it was then known, that is to say, as a planetary system. The error of the

836:

Foscarini sent a copy of his book to Bellarmine, who replied in a letter of April 12, 1615. Galileo is mentioned by name in the letter, and a copy was soon sent to him. After some preliminary salutations and acknowledgements, Bellarmine begins by telling Foscarini that it is prudent for him and

3541:

I am not saying that the various proponents of the anti-Galilean accounts are right when they try to show that his arguments left much to be desired, ranging from inconclusive to weak to fallacious to sophistical. In fact, this evaluation is in my opinion untenable. ... To appreciate the next

1315:

Pope Urban VIII had been a patron to Galileo and had given him permission to publish on the Copernican theory as long as he treated it as a hypothesis, but after the publication in 1632, the patronage broke due to Galileo placing Urban's arguments for God's omnipotence, which Galileo had been

841:

so by virtue of who said them – namely, the Holy Spirit. He conceded that if there were conclusive proof, "then one would have to proceed with great care in explaining the Scriptures that appear contrary; and say rather that we do not understand them, than that what is demonstrated is false."

829:, which attempted to reconcile Copernicus with the biblical passages that seemed to be in contradiction. Bellarmine at first expressed the opinion that Copernicus's book would not be banned, but would at most require some editing so as to present the theory purely as a calculating device for " 1212:

Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy

1147: 960:

and do penance. To protect his good name, Galileo requested a letter from Bellarmine stating the truth of the matter. This letter assumed great importance in 1633, as did the question whether Galileo had been ordered not to "hold or defend" Copernican ideas (which would have allowed their

1527:) cited some current views on the Galileo affair as forming what he called "a symptomatic case that illustrates the extent to which modernity’s doubts about itself have grown today in science and technology". As evidence, he presented the views of a few prominent philosophers including 895:

On February 19, 1616, the Inquisition asked a commission of theologians, known as qualifiers, about the propositions of the heliocentric view of the universe. Historians of the Galileo affair have offered different accounts of why the matter was referred to the qualifiers at this time.

1353:

but that his scientific arguments were weak or unsupported by evidence of the day; Finocchiaro rejects this view, saying that some of Galileo's key epistemological arguments are accepted fact today. Direct evidence ultimately confirmed the motion of the Earth, with the emergence of

1457:. Urban's real purpose, though, was to avoid having the accusations of Eucharistic heresy referred to the Inquisition, and he stacked the commission with friendly commissioners who could be relied upon not to mention them in their report. The commission reported against Galileo. 1148: 398:

astronomers, experts both in Church teachings, science, and in natural philosophy, were at first skeptical and hostile to the new ideas; however, within a year or two the availability of good telescopes enabled them to repeat the observations. In 1611, Galileo visited the

3646:, a handwriting expert, Fr. Edmondo Lamalle, S.J., who compared its handwriting with that of contemporaneous documents known to have been written by Grassi, declared it "absolutely not sustainable" ("non è assolutamente sostenibile") that they could be of the same hand. 725:

and eventually determined to go to Rome as soon as his health permitted, which it did at the end of the year. By presenting his case there, he hoped to clear his name of any suspicion of heresy, and to persuade the Church authorities not to suppress heliocentric ideas.

3903:

is also available on the web. However, Allen's attribution of his translation to a speech supposedly given by Ratzinger in Parma on March 15, 1990 contradicts the attribution given by his source – namely, Ratzinger's speech at La Sapienza on February

858:

initiated a debate with Galileo, sending him in January 1616 an essay disputing the Copernican system. Galileo later stated that he believed this essay to have been instrumental in the action against Copernicanism that followed in February. According to philosopher

3470:

understanding of the universe, not only, as we have seen, against the obscurantism of some churchmen, but (and first of all) against the resistance (and obscurantism) of secular philosophers of his time who, like the churchmen, were also convinced disciples of

1060:

and the available evidence could be explained equally well by either"), which reduces Simplicio to baffled rage, and makes the author's position unambiguous. Indeed, although Galileo states in the preface of his book that the character is named after a famous

3076:

and did not necessarily imply that the Inquisition considered the opinions giving rise to the verdict to be heretical. The same verdict would have been possible even if the opinions had been subject only to the less serious censure of "erroneous in faith"

1000:

be amended rather than banned due to its utility for calendrics. In 1618, the Congregation of the Index accepted his recommendation, and published their decision two years later, allowing a corrected version of Copernicus' book to be used. The uncorrected

592:

Dr. Boscaglia had talked to Madame for a while, and though he conceded all the things you have discovered in the sky, he said that the motion of the Earth was incredible and could not be, particularly since Holy Scripture obviously was contrary to such

2753:) to identify a meeting between Cardinal Orsini and the Pope as the specific incident which triggered the Copernican propositions' referral to the qualifiers. This cannot have been the case, however, because the meeting did not occur until several days 917:

instructed Bellarmine to deliver this result to Galileo, and to order him to abandon the Copernican opinions; should Galileo resist the decree, stronger action would be taken. On February 26, Galileo was called to Bellarmine's residence and ordered,

1892:. The author is a fierce Aristotelian attacking almost everything coming from Galileo, himself known to be very critical of Aristotelians of his age and having criticized a book of delle Colombe in 1604 (Drake 1980, 50; Blackwell 1991, 59–61). 1239:, but there is no evidence that he actually said this or anything similar. The first account of the legend dates to a century after his death. The phrase "Eppur si muove" does appear, however, in a painting of the 1640s by the Spanish painter 3188:

in 1638, some five years after his trial, they did so under the pretense that a manuscript he had presented to the French Ambassador to Rome for preservation and circulation to interested intellectuals had been used without his knowledge

910:

Earth moves and is not at the centre of the universe "receives the same judgement in philosophy; and ... in regard to theological truth it is at least erroneous in faith." The original report document was made widely available in 2014.

992:

preferred a stricter prohibition, and so with the Pope's approval, on March 5 the Congregation banned all books advocating the Copernican system, which it called "the false Pythagorean doctrine, altogether contrary to Holy Scripture."

485:

against Aristotle. The debate was unfriendly, and Galileo's blunt and sometimes sarcastic style, though not extraordinary in academic debates of the time, made him enemies. During this controversy one of Galileo's friends, the painter

253:", and sentenced him to house arrest where he remained until his death in 1642. At that point, heliocentric books were banned and Galileo was ordered to abstain from holding, teaching or defending heliocentric ideas after the trial. 817:, one of the most respected Catholic theologians of the time, was called on to adjudicate the dispute between Galileo and his opponents. The question of heliocentrism had first been raised with Cardinal Bellarmine, in the case of 1274:

near Florence, where he spent the rest of his life under house arrest. He continued his work on mechanics, and in 1638 he published a scientific book in Holland. His standing would remain questioned at every turn. In March 1641,

1461:

Redondi's hypothesis concerning the hidden motives behind the 1633 trial has been criticized, and mainly rejected, by other Galileo scholars. However, it has been supported recently, as of 2007, by novelist and science writer

1887:

Inside the Catholic domain, the first difficulties worth mentioning begin to arise when, toward the end of 1610 or the beginning of 1611, appears the manuscript of an essary written by Lodovico (or Ludovico) delle Colombe

356:, and the resolution of what had been thought to be very cloudy masses in the sky (nebulae) into collections of stars too faint to see individually without a telescope. Other observations followed, including the phases of 1548:

Ratzinger did not directly say whether he agreed or disagreed with Feyerabend's assertions, but did say in this same context that "It would be foolish to construct an impulsive apologetic on the basis of such views."

1008:

Galileo's works advocating Copernicanism were therefore banned, and his sentence prohibited him from "teaching, defending… or discussing" Copernicanism. In Germany, Kepler's works were also banned by the papal order.

639:

10, in which Joshua makes the Sun stand still; this was the story that Castelli had to interpret for the Medici family the year before. It is said, though it is not verifiable, that Caccini also used the passage from

1561:

theologians of the time, when they maintained the centrality of the Earth, was to think that our understanding of the physical world's structure was, in some way, imposed by the literal sense of Sacred Scripture....

1373:

in the 19th century. According to Christopher Graney, an Adjunct Scholar at the Vatican Observatory, one of Galileo's observations did not support the Copernican heliocentric view, but was more consistent with

383:

and closely associated with the Catholic Church. In particular, Galileo's observations of the phases of Venus, which showed it to circle the Sun, and the observation of moons orbiting Jupiter, contradicted the

656:, acquired a copy of Galileo's letter to Castelli. Lorini and other Dominicans at the Convent of San Marco considered the letter of doubtful orthodoxy, in part because it may have violated the decrees of the 612:, expounding his views on what he considered the most appropriate way of treating scriptural passages which made assertions about natural phenomena. Later, in 1615, he expanded this into his much longer 415:, the most distinguished astronomer of his age, never was reconciled to the idea of mountains on the Moon, and outside the collegium many still disputed the reality of the observations. In a letter to 216:

in 1543. Galileo's opinions were met with opposition within the Catholic Church, and in 1616 the Inquisition declared heliocentrism to be "formally heretical". Galileo went on to propose a theory of

1896:

Thus the whole "Galileo affair" starts as a conflict initiated by a secular Aristotelian philosopher, who, unable to silence Galileo by philosophical arguments, uses religion to achieve his aim.

968:

formally declared false. It was consequently termed heretical by the Qualifiers, since it contradicted the literal meaning of the Scriptures, though this position was not binding on the Church.

1615:

In addition to the large non-fiction literature and the many documentary films about Galileo and the Galileo affair, there have also been several treatments in historical plays and films. The

694:

Lorini and his colleagues decided to bring Galileo's letter to the attention of the Inquisition. In February 1615, Lorini accordingly sent a copy to the Secretary of the Inquisition, Cardinal

4358: 2831: 4175:

the real pleasure of Roxana Silbert's modern-dress RSC revival and Mark Ravenhill's slimmed-down translation lies in the absolute clarity with which they put Brecht's masterpiece before us.

2567:"Saving the appearances" meant that the theory could enable astronomers to accurately predict and explain all the empirically observed apparent motions of the Sun, Moon, stars and planets. 1480:. It did not, however, explicitly rescind the decisions issued by the Inquisition in its judgement of 1633 against Galileo, or lift the prohibition of uncensored versions of Copernicus's 1341:. They claim Urban personally asked Galileo to give arguments for and against heliocentrism in the book, to include Urban's own arguments, and for Galileo not to advocate heliocentrism. 703:. were taking it upon themselves to expound the Holy Scripture according to their private lights and in a manner different from the common interpretation of the Fathers of the Church... 961:

hypothetical treatment) or not to teach them in any way. If the Inquisition had issued the order not to teach heliocentrism at all, it would have been ignoring Bellarmine's position.

1516:

study the case did not reach any definitive result. Because of this, the Pope's 1992 speech that closed the project was vague, and did not fulfill his intentions expressed in 1979.

1220:

He was sentenced to formal imprisonment at the pleasure of the Inquisition. On the following day this was commuted to house arrest, which he remained under for the rest of his life.

1453:, ostensibly for the purpose of determining whether it would be possible to avoid referring the matter to the Inquisition at all, and as a special favor to Galileo's patron, the 1081:. Pope Urban demanded that his own arguments be included in the book, which resulted in Galileo putting them in the mouth of Simplicio. Some months after the book's publication, 424:

have freely and deliberately offered them the opportunity a thousand times? Truly, just as the asp stops its ears, so do these philosophers shut their eyes to the light of truth.

635:

at the end of 1614, he denounced Galileo, his associates, and mathematicians in general (a category that included astronomers). The biblical text for the sermon on that day was

3667:

Redondi acknowledges that there are no surviving documents in which these protests were made explicit. His conclusions are based on complex inferences from indirect evidence.

1446:, would have been compromised had his enemies among the Cardinal Inquisitors been given an opening to comment on his support of a publication containing Eucharistic heresies. 846:

This put Galileo in a difficult position, because he believed that the available evidence strongly favoured heliocentrism, and he wished to be able to publish his arguments.

1590:

opposed the protest and supported the pope's right to speak. Also notable were public counter-statements by La Sapienza professors Giorgio Israel and Bruno Dalla Piccola.

5260: 3994: 3222: 1323:

of Galileo, following claims by a Spanish cardinal that Urban was a poor defender of the church. This situation did not bode well for Galileo's defense of his book.

3197: 1412:. At the time, investigation of this complaint was apparently entrusted to a Father Giovanni di Guevara, who was well-disposed towards Galileo, and who cleared 5246: 5291: 3892:

of Ratzinger's text is available at Amazon.com. The page containing the quotation can be obtained by searching on a short extract. An alternative translation

6080: 2809:

Graney, Christopher M. (March 2014). "The Inquisition's Semicolon: Punctuation, Translation, and Science in the 1616 Condemnation of the Copernican System".

1386:

According to a controversial alternative theory proposed by Pietro Redondi in 1983, the main reason for Galileo's condemnation in 1633 was his attack on the

1194: 729: 576:

One of the first suggestions of heresy that Galileo had to deal with came in 1613 from a professor of philosophy, poet and specialist in Greek literature,

2308: 3466:

Finally, another lesson in a different direction, but one not often drawn, is that it was Galileo, who believed in the Bible, who was advancing a better

2188: 2159: 2072: 2025: 1619:

has posted a listing of several of the plays. A listing centered on the films was presented in a 2010 article by Cristina Olivotto and Antonella Testa.

1492:, refused to license a book by a Catholic canon, Giuseppe Settele, because it openly treated heliocentrism as a physical fact. Settele appealed to pope 6144: 2770: 1454: 1243:

or an artist of his school. The painting depicts an imprisoned Galileo apparently pointing to a copy of the phrase written on the wall of his dungeon.

3965: 3106: 3069: 3012: 1394:

rather than his defence of Copernicanism. An anonymous denunciation, labeled "G3", discovered by Redondi in the Vatican archives, had argued that the

6494: 5817: 6179: 5861: 4851: 4366: 2839: 1603: 1227:

was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future.

3338: 6111: 5520: 5238: 4512: 3143: 3133: 2726: 2689: 2503: 1336: 1052: 1034: 1025: 229: 2532: 1436:

as further evidence that his atomism was heretically inconsistent with the doctrine of the Eucharist, and protested against it on these grounds.

1344:

Some historians emphasize Galileo's confrontation not only with the church, but also with Aristotelian philosophy, either secular or religious.

3208: 3157:

reprinted in 1635, he was informed by the Venetian Inquisitor that the Inquisition had forbidden further publication of any of Galileo's works

1496:. After the matter had been reconsidered by the Congregation of the Index and the Holy Office, Anfossi's decision was overturned. Copernicus's 5426: 5327: 3855:. According to Feyerabend himself, Ratzinger had also mentioned him "in support of" his own views in a speech in Parma around the same time 3258:

On two occasions only during this period he was given permission to travel away from Arcetri. In October 1636 he was permitted to travel to

5895: 5770: 5338: 419:

of August 1610, Galileo complained that some of the philosophers who opposed his discoveries had refused even to look through a telescope:

4017:

This last citation is a reprint of the original article that appeared in L'Osservatore Romano on January 15, 2008. Scroll down for access.

3683:

provide comprehensive overviews of some of the criticisms that have been levelled at Redondi's theory. Briefer criticisms can be found in

1108: 5783: 3980: 3280:. In March 1638 he was permitted to travel to Florence for medical treatment, where he spent several months before returning to Arcetri ( 407:, one of the Jesuit scholars on the faculty, sympathized with Galileo's theories, but was asked to defend the Aristotelian viewpoint by 4252:

Beretta, Franchesco (2005). "The Documents of Galileo's Trial: Recent Hypotheses and Historical Criticisms". In McMullin, Ernan (ed.).

4519:

Ferrone, Vincenzo; Firpo, Massimo (June 1986). "From Inquisitors to Microhistorians: A Critique of Pietro Redondi's Galileo eretico".

5844: 5373: 4969:. (in collaboration with Luciano, Antonio G.). Pontificiae Academiae Scientiarum Scripta Varia, no. 53, Vatican City. Archived from 3374:, after noting that Urban suspected Galileo of having intended Simplicio to be a caricature of him, says "this of course is untrue" 2056:. Claims of similar refusals by bishops and cardinals have sometimes been made, but there appears to be no evidence to support them. 1442:, who had been under attack by Spanish cardinals for being too tolerant of heretics, and who had also encouraged Galileo to publish 6154: 6068: 588:, Boscaglia said that the telescopic discoveries were valid, but that the motion of the Earth was obviously contrary to Scripture: 5278: 1279:, a follower and pupil of Galileo, wrote him at Arcetri that an Inquisitor had recently compelled the author of a book printed at 518:

In the Catholic world prior to Galileo's conflict with the Church, the majority of educated people subscribed to the Aristotelian

273:, named after Galileo. Galileo viewed these moons as a smaller Copernican system within the Solar System and used them to support 6289: 6215: 2953: 806:(1542–1621), who deliberated upon Galileo's writings in 1615–6, and ordered him to refrain from holding, teaching or discussing 4966: 3998: 3041: 1069:

in Latin, Simplicio in Italian), the name "Simplicio" in Italian also had the connotation of "simpleton." Authors Langford and

977: 943:, a list of books banned by the Catholic Church. Following the Inquisition's 1616 judgment, the works of Copernicus, Galileo, 6210: 5490: 5216: 5114: 5106: 4764: 4649: 3534: 3509: 3459: 3421: 2872: 2440: 2413: 2371: 1996: 1966: 1933: 1880: 1799: 174: 105: 882:(1552–1621), who ordered that the inquisitorial commission's 1616 judgement be delivered to Galileo by Cardinal Bellarmine ( 6222: 5967: 5934: 4214:

Artigas, Mariano; Martínez, Rafael; Shea, William R. (2005). "New Light on the Galileo affair?". In McMullin, Ernan (ed.).

2142:. "The Pigeon" ("il Pippione") was Cigoli's derisive nickname for the presumed leader of the group, Lodovico delle Colombe 77: 4233:

Beretta, Franchesco (2005). "Galileo, Urban VIII, and the Prosecution of Natural Philosophers". In McMullin, Ernan (ed.).

6479: 6312: 6279: 5101:, Peter Lang Europäischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, 2008. 431 pp. 3851:

An earlier version had been delivered on December 16, 1989, in Rieti, and a later version in Madrid on February 24, 1990

1732: 338:

Galileo began his telescopic observations in the later part of 1609, and by March 1610 was able to publish a small book,

212: 5332: 6085: 5345: 4935: 4581: 4500: 3563: 2234:"The Gregorian calendar, first adopted in 1582, was in fact based on computations that made use of Copernicus' work." 392:, which was backed and accepted by the Roman Catholic Church, and supported the Copernican model advanced by Galileo. 84: 21: 6469: 5982: 5957: 5832: 5822: 5812: 5148: 5129: 5058: 5034: 5005: 4986: 4955: 4919: 4900: 4874: 4835: 4815: 4791: 4716: 4692: 4671: 4622: 4601: 4562: 4508: 4492: 4460: 4441: 4420: 4396: 4347: 4314: 4261: 4242: 4223: 3397: 2291: 2219: 1598: 1208:

Galileo was found guilty, and the sentence of the Inquisition, issued on 22 June 1633, was in three essential parts:

785: 614: 569:, the theory that the Earth was a planet, which along with all the others revolved around the Sun, contradicted both 124: 728:

In going to Rome Galileo was acting against the advice of friends and allies, and of the Tuscan ambassador to Rome,

6474: 6162: 5873: 5763: 4805: 3367: 3011:. A copy of this quotation, taken from Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is 683: 1532: 1047:

who showed greater favor to Galileo, particularly after Galileo traveled to Rome to congratulate the new Pontiff.

522:

view that the Earth was the centre of the universe and that all heavenly bodies revolved around the Earth, though

481:

At this time, Galileo also engaged in a dispute over the reasons that objects float or sink in water, siding with

6118: 6056: 5890: 5856: 5710: 3285: 3267: 763: 58: 4634:

Setting Aside All Authority: Giovanni Battista Riccioli and the Science against Copernicus in the Age of Galileo

3595:"Galileo backed Copernicus despite data: Stars viewed through early telescopes suggested that Earth stood still" 1286:

However, partially in tribute to Galileo, at Arcetri the first academy devoted to the new experimental science,

474:, a Jesuit. This became a bitter lifelong feud. Neither of them, however, was the first to recognise sunspots – 91: 6489: 5987: 5885: 4451:

Fantoli, Annibale (2005). "the Disputed Injunction and its role in Galileo's Trial". In McMullin, Ernan (ed.).

4324: 3350: 2312: 2045: 1078: 767: 62: 2185: 2166: 2155: 2151: 2136: 2069: 2022: 6504: 6294: 6075: 6041: 5994: 5366: 2792: 1488:. The issue finally came to a head in 1820 when the Master of the Sacred Palace (the Church's chief censor), 3349:

asserts that Simplicio's character is modelled on the Aristotelian philosophers, Lodovico delle Colombe and

2093: 542: 6063: 6036: 6014: 5972: 5868: 5482: 609: 73: 29: 3896: 3037: 2086: 1240: 6337: 6307: 6090: 6051: 5999: 5756: 5619: 3353:, rather than Urban. He also considers that the demand for Galileo to include the Pope's argument in the 1520: 1476: 1157: 939: 5265: 3933: 3225: 558: 6484: 6350: 6167: 6029: 5919: 5839: 5655: 5650: 4166: 1681: 1474:

In 1758 the Catholic Church dropped the general prohibition of books advocating heliocentrism from the

1185:

Galileo was interrogated while threatened with physical torture. A panel of theologians, consisting of

953: 5233: 4782:

Heilbron, John L. (2005). "Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo". In McMullin, Ernan (ed.).

3296: 3292: 3274: 3219: 3173: 3162: 3140: 3129: 2723: 2686: 2664: 2500: 2478: 1680:

that was first performed in 1947. An adaptation of the play was televised in 1964; it was directed by

451:

Geocentrists who did verify and accept Galileo's findings had an alternative to Ptolemy's model in an

6274: 6243: 6123: 6019: 5914: 2529: 2044:

Galileo did not name the philosophers concerned, but Galileo scholars have identified two of them as

1057: 989: 3205: 554: 550: 6499: 6299: 6172: 6128: 6046: 6024: 5878: 5359: 1299: 1231:

According to popular legend, after his abjuration Galileo allegedly muttered the rebellious phrase

1062: 546: 233:, which defended heliocentrism, and was immensely popular. Responding to mounting controversy over 6464: 6205: 5907: 5849: 5827: 5726: 5614: 5421: 5406: 5396: 5344:. A searchable online copy of Favaro's National Edition of Galileo's works at the website of the 5307: 3594: 1700: 1378:'s hybrid model where the Earth did not move, and everything else circled around it and the Sun. 818: 756: 581: 51: 5029:. English translation translator: Raymond Rosenthal. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 4474: 2245: 964:

In the end, Galileo did not persuade the Church to stay out of the controversy, but instead saw

562: 5497: 5317: 5250: 5204: 3556:

Scientific World of Copernicus: On the Occasion of the 500th Anniversary of his Birth 1473–1973

1872: 1579: 1463: 1263: 1074: 695: 217: 5256: 5000:. translated from the 1991 German edition by Brian McNeil. San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press. 3777: 3346: 3330: 3102: 2879: 2100: 1432:

to allegedly heretical atomist ideas, regarded the ideas about matter expressed by Galileo in

690:

suspected Galileo of violating the decrees of the council. Museo Diocesano Tridentino, Trento.

312:, despite remaining near the Sun in Earth's sky (first image). This proved that it orbits the 6200: 6195: 6149: 6006: 5805: 5718: 5044: 4930: 4910:

McMullin, Ernan (2005). "The Church's Ban on Copernicanism, 1616". In McMullin, Ernan (ed.).

4330:

The life of Galileo Galilei, with illustrations of the advancement of experimental philosophy

4012: 3445: 3411: 3388: 3098: 2997: 2989: 2974: 2403: 1295: 1287: 1066: 585: 404: 3913: 2107: 1973: 1940: 1774: 708:

Letter from Lorini to Cardinal Sfrondato, Inquisitor in Rome, 1615. Quoted in Langford, 1992

98: 6514: 6509: 5800: 5661: 5643: 5599: 5552: 5167: 4637: 4060: 1722: 830: 641: 411:, the Father General of the Jesuits. Not all of Galileo's claims were completely accepted: 372: 3413:

A Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists and Inventors in American Film and TV since 1930

8: 6253: 5702: 5694: 5631: 5604: 5504: 5474: 5411: 5322: 4328: 4116: 4095: 4027: 3995:"Rejection of Pope's speech is fear of dialogue between faith and reason, professor says" 2584: 1688: 1665: 1354: 860: 538: 523: 440: 412: 221: 207: 5171: 4641: 4064: 3579: 3153:. When Fulgenzio Micanzio, one of Galileo's friends in Venice, sought to have Galileo's 2773:. University of California Press. 1989. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007 1627: 1334:

contend that Pope Urban and the Inquisition gave formal permission to publish the book,

6436: 6388: 6248: 5929: 5779: 5734: 5626: 5458: 5272: 4845: 4743: 4660: 4536: 4288: 4076: 3807: 2810: 2238: 1925:

Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos; Or, Quadripartite Being Four Books of The influence of the Stars

1405: 1358: 1298:, and many other important advancements were made which would eventually help usher in 1276: 1093: 608:. The exchange having been reported to Galileo by Castelli, Galileo decided to write a 598: 513: 507: 471: 375:

of the time, as they contradicted scientific and philosophical ideas based on those of

325: 3947: 3838: 6319: 6238: 5924: 5902: 5792: 5594: 5212: 5183: 5144: 5125: 5110: 5102: 5086: 5054: 5030: 5011: 5001: 4993: 4982: 4951: 4915: 4896: 4870: 4831: 4811: 4787: 4770: 4760: 4712: 4711:. Translators: G Henry Crew and Alfonso de Salvio. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 4688: 4667: 4645: 4618: 4597: 4577: 4558: 4552: 4540: 4488: 4470: 4456: 4437: 4416: 4392: 4343: 4310: 4257: 4238: 4219: 4191: 4147: 4080: 3811: 3610: 3559: 3530: 3505: 3455: 3417: 3393: 2868: 2786: 2436: 2409: 2367: 2287: 2215: 1992: 1962: 1929: 1876: 1795: 1742: 1664:, who directed the first productions of the English language version in 1947, made a 1583: 1575: 1566: 1524: 1512: 1331: 1186: 864: 814: 803: 714: 687: 533:

Christian painting of God creating the cosmos (Bible Moralisee, French, 13th century)

475: 470:

Galileo became involved in a dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots with

408: 400: 246: 154: 5077:

Segre, Michael (2011–2012). "Four centuries later: how to close the galileo case?".

4970: 3451: 1085:

banned its sale and had its text submitted for examination by a special commission.

653: 631:, appears to have made the first dangerous attack on Galileo. Preaching a sermon in 6412: 6364: 6258: 5686: 5588: 5546: 5528: 5466: 5175: 5024: 4735: 4528: 4280: 4068: 3834: 3799: 3602: 3181: 1862: 1672: 1653: 1370: 1366: 1232: 855: 679: 657: 577: 464: 432: 385: 344: 329: 182: 142: 5335:

Extensively documented series of lectures by William E. Carroll and Peter Hodgson.

5179: 4998:

Turning point for Europe? The Church in the Modern World – Assessment and Forecast

4386: 1652:

that exists in several versions, including a 1947 version in English written with

1283:

to change the words "most distinguished Galileo" to "Galileo, man of noted name".

403:

in Rome, where the Jesuit astronomers by that time had repeated his observations.

5678: 5638: 5431: 5382: 5282: 5242: 5048: 4945: 4864: 4801: 4702: 4682: 4612: 4591: 4548: 4431: 4359:"Una errata reproducida durante siglos cambia la censura de la Iglesia a Galileo" 4304: 4300: 3900: 3825:

Segre, Michael (1999). "Galileo: A 'rehabilitation' that has never taken place".

3499: 3362: 3212: 3147: 3137: 2862: 2832:"Una errata reproducida durante siglos cambia la censura de la Iglesia a Galileo" 2730: 2693: 2536: 2507: 2430: 2361: 2281: 2209: 2192: 2163: 2076: 2029: 1986: 1956: 1923: 1866: 1737: 1644: 1553: 1536: 1489: 1439: 1190: 1101: 1082: 1044: 1040: 944: 625: 621: 491: 460: 452: 444: 416: 309: 305: 203: 202:. With these observations and additional observations that followed, such as the 150: 5748: 5235:

Galileo Galilei, Scriptural Exegete, and the Church of Rome, Advocate of Science

4051:

Olivotto, Cristina; Testa, Antonella (December 2010). "Galileo and the Movies".

933: 6448: 6400: 5946: 5558: 5416: 4406: 4382: 2611:

Ingoli's essay was published in English translation for the first time in 2015.

1727: 1709: 1693: 1649: 1291: 1070: 1019: 636: 270: 195: 4410: 4072: 3889: 3105:. Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgement against Galileo is 6458: 5609: 5564: 4774: 3640: 3632: 3614: 3068:. Finocchiaro's translation of the Inquisition's judgment against Galileo is 2940:

Scientific Blunders: A Brief History of How Wrong Scientists Can Sometimes Be

1677: 1616: 1421: 1362: 965: 956:

and Castelli reported that there were rumors that Galileo had been forced to

807: 718: 566: 295: 274: 224:

in 1619; he argued that the tides were evidence for the motion of the Earth.

158: 5015: 4666:. Translator: Stillman Drake. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 4195: 190:), describing the observations that he had made with his new, much stronger 6424: 6376: 5570: 5187: 5090: 4860: 4151: 1705: 1661: 1656:. The play has been called "Brecht's masterpiece" by Michael Billington of 1587: 16:

17th century conflict between Galileo Galilei and the Roman Catholic Church

3606: 1449:

Urban, after banning the book's sale, established a commission to examine

798: 721:

and various other alleged heresies supposedly being spread by his pupils.

5512: 5441: 3441: 1837: 1637: 1528: 1400: 1375: 914: 879: 602: 570: 519: 456: 439:

system was adopted by the Catholic Church, and supplanted by the work of

436: 4706: 1574:

In January 2008, students and professors protested the planned visit of

1365:

in the 18th century, the analysis of orbital motions of binary stars by

4747: 4574:

Defending Copernicus and Galileo: Critical Reasoning in the two Affairs

4292: 3259: 1319: 1214: 1170: 913:

At a meeting of the cardinals of the Inquisition on the following day,

883: 822: 770: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 482: 428: 321: 242: 6443: 5314:, contrary to the claim made in the citation given on the page itself. 149:) began around 1610 and culminated with the trial and condemnation of 5310:. The English translation given on the web page at this link is from 3073: 2745:

An inaccuracy in Guicciardini's letter has led some historians (e.g.

2286:(3rd ed.). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 54. 1988:

Essays on Galileo and the History and Philosophy of Science, Volume 1

1769:, p. 50) dates the start of the Galileo affair to 1610. Finocchiaro ( 1409: 1387: 1201:. Their opinions were strongly argued in favour of the view that the 669:

Decree of the Council of Trent (1545–1563). Quoted in Langford, 1992.

376: 257:

science have corrected numerous false interpretations of the affair.

238: 191: 162: 4807:

The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe

4739: 4284: 1258:, where Galileo spent his life from 1634 onwards under house arrest. 875: 745: 157:

in 1633. Galileo was prosecuted for holding as true the doctrine of

40: 6383: 5720:

Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love

5436: 4532: 4484: 3803: 1493: 1280: 1255: 996:

Francesco Ingoli, a consultor to the Holy Office, recommended that

674: 632: 529: 368: 286: 234: 6395: 5351: 4684:

Galileo on the World Systems: A New Abridged Translation and Guide

4271:

Baumgartner, Frederic J. (1989). "Galileo Heretic (Book Review)".

4050: 2815: 2283:

Galileo, science, and the church (with foreword by Stillman Drake)

1246: 1012: 976:

Following the Inquisition's injunction against Galileo, the papal

1395: 1271: 1251: 389: 380: 361: 353: 265: 199: 4914:. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame. pp. 150–190. 4455:. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame. pp. 117–149. 4256:. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame. pp. 191–212. 4237:. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame. pp. 234–261. 4218:. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame. pp. 213–233. 3920:

edited by D. N. Robinson, G. M. Sweeney and R. Gill, Front Cover

3357:

left him with no option but to put it in the mouth of Simplicio

2259:

Four Treatises for the Reconsideration of the History of Science

652:

In late 1614 or early 1615, one of Caccini's fellow Dominicans,

3893: 1961:(illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 4. 1608: 1391: 957: 644:

1:11, "Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven?".

487: 395: 250: 5158:

Westfall, Richard S. (1987). "Galileo Heretic (Book Review)".

3757: 3755: 647: 4726:

Gosselin, Edward A. (1985). "Galileo Eretico (Book Review)".

3262:

to meet the French ambassador to Rome, François de Noailles (

1267: 628: 605: 357: 317: 166: 5301: 1504:

were then subsequently omitted from the next edition of the

3918:

Human nature in its wholeness: a Roman Catholic perspective

3752: 2942:; Carroll & Graff Publishers, Inc.; 1998; Pages 290–293 2454: 2452: 1424:

in 1626 under the pseudonym "Sarsi". According to Redondi:

698:, with a covering letter critical of Galileo's supporters: 349: 6419: 2214:. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. p. 25. 1794:. Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. pp. 1–4. 1347: 1178:

With the loss of many of his defenders in Rome because of

3529:. Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. 4-5. 3072:. "Vehemently suspect of heresy" was a technical term of 2435:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 89–91. 1785: 1783: 1369:

in the 19th century, and the accurate measurement of the

1113:

The trial of Galileo Galilei before the Inquisition, 1633

313: 170: 5053:. Midway reprint. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3742: 3740: 2449: 348:), describing some of his discoveries: mountains on the 249:

tried Galileo in 1633, found him "vehemently suspect of

5318:

Galileo's letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of 1615

5286: 4939:. Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies. 3518: 870: 597:

Galileo was defended on the spot by his former student

3928: 3926: 1780: 1684:. A recording was released as a VHS tape in the 1980s. 1569:, L'Osservatore Romano N. 44 (1264) – November 4, 1992 1416:

of any taint of unorthodoxy. A similar attack against

573:

and the prevailing theological support of the theory.

6348: 4518: 3934:"Sapienza Academics Reject Pope's University Address" 3790:

Segre, Michael (1997). "Light on the Galileo Case?".

3737: 3676: 2867:(revised ed.). Hackett Publishing. p. 102. 1991:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 292. 4943: 3936:. Corriere della Sera (English edition). 2008-01-15. 2993: 2583:. A copy of Finocchiaro's translation of the letter 2298:– Letter from Benedetto Castelli to Galileo, 1613–14 1586:, Renato Guarini, and former Italian Prime Minister 1073:

asserted that Simplicio was modeled on philosophers

453:

alternative geocentric (or "geo-heliocentric") model

4140:was first included as one chapter of a collection: 3923: 2804: 2802: 928:

The Inquisition's injunction against Galileo, 1616.

526:theories were used to reform the calendar in 1582. 478:had already been familiar with them for centuries. 65:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4885:Galileo's condemnation: The real and complex story 4822:Original edition published by Hutchinson (London). 4659: 4554:Killing Time: The Autobiography of Paul Feyerabend 4342:. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. 4013:"When Ratzinger Defended Galileo at "La Sapienza"" 3958: 3038:"Papal Condemnation (Sentence) of Galileo in 1633" 2309:"Letter from Galileo to Cardinal Dini (May, 1615)" 2237: 1398:espoused by Galileo in his previous work of 1623, 1088: 1005:remained on the Index of banned books until 1758. 5778: 4681:Galileo Galilei; Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1997). 3972: 3580:"Did Galileo have Proof of the Earth's Movement?" 1357:in the late 17th century, the observation of the 6456: 4687:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 4617:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 4596:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 3525:Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (2014). "Introduction". 2799: 1838:"Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) (1568–1644)" 1790:Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (2014). "Introduction". 1604:Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua 1270:, Galileo was allowed to return to his villa at 947:and others advocating heliocentrism were banned. 367:Galileo's contributions caused difficulties for 5521:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 5311: 5141:Galileo, the Jesuits and the Medieval Aristotle 4947:Rhetoric & dialectic in the time of Galileo 4680: 4662:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 4589: 4571: 4476:Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale 4270: 4093:A short description of the play in English is: 3987: 3696: 3527:The Trial of Galileo : Essential Documents 3094: 3065: 3008: 2985: 2970: 2620: 2580: 2408:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 49–55. 1792:The Trial of Galileo : Essential Documents 1770: 1692:is a 1968 Italian film written and directed by 1611:, 1602-06. Galilei is the third man on the left 1519:On February 15, 1990, in a speech delivered at 1469: 1337:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1180:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1053:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1035:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1014:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 717:'s offices in Rome to denounce Galileo for his 230:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 5346:Institute and Museum of the History of Science 5043: 4895:. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame. 4856:. Original edition by Desclee (New York, 1966) 4786:. University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame. 4547: 4501:Institute and Museum of the History of Science 4481:The Works of Galileo Galilei, National Edition 3856: 2104: 1832: 1830: 1593: 865:dropping a rock from the mast of a moving ship 827:Lettera ... sopra l'opinione ... del Copernico 5764: 5367: 4992: 4967:"I Documenti del Processo di Galileo Galilei" 4909: 4887:(Georgia Journal of Science, vol. 61(2) 2003) 4499:A searchable online copy is available on the 4337: 3885: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3852: 3704: 3365:, who is generally quite harsh on Galileo in 2758: 2708: 2657: 2576: 2560: 1861: 1857: 1855: 1766: 1762: 833:" (i.e. preserving the observable evidence). 5194: 5157: 5119: 4928: 4850:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4825: 4800: 4781: 4754: 4725: 4557:. Chicago, MI: University of Chicago Press. 4415:. Chicago, MI: University of Toronto Press. 4251: 4232: 3761: 3746: 3720: 3717:Artigas et al. (2005, pp. 214, 222, 225–227) 3712: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3375: 3371: 3326: 3281: 3263: 3190: 3122: 3082: 3024: 2757:the propositions had been referred to them. 2750: 2716: 2679: 2596: 2564: 2493: 2471: 2432:Galileo Galilei – When the World Stood Still 2386: 2344: 2332: 2143: 2119: 2053: 2015: 1907: 1901: 1134:"The Sentence of the Inquisition on Galileo" 952:should live. Nonetheless, Galileo's friends 897: 5138: 5022: 4944:Moss, Jean Dietz; Wallace, William (2003). 4701: 4610: 4450: 4323: 4213: 4046: 4044: 3981:"Pope cancels speech at university in Rome" 3773: 3716: 3708: 3655: 3628: 3524: 3504:. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. 3485: 3440: 3321: 3319: 3194: 3078: 3061: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2860: 2771:"The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History" 2653: 2235: 2083: 1827: 1789: 648:First meetings with theological authorities 5771: 5757: 5374: 5360: 5067: 4964: 4631: 4469: 4306:Making modern science: a historical survey 4299: 4164: 4158: 3966:"The speech Pope Benedict did not deliver" 3862: 3705:Blackwell (1991, pp. 154–155, footnote 47) 3684: 3643: 3631:attributed authorship of this document to 3434: 3334: 3289: 3271: 3201: 3169: 3168:, and was later shown a copy of the order 3158: 3126: 2720: 2683: 2661: 2643:Graney (2015, pp. 66–76, 164–175, 187–195) 2642: 2631: 2608: 2526: 2497: 2475: 2355: 2353: 2182: 2147: 2132: 2065: 2019: 1852: 1420:on doctrinal grounds was penned by Jesuit 1310: 1029:, in which Galileo advocated heliocentrism 971: 5203: 5124:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4859: 4830:(third ed.). St. Augustine's Press. 4657: 4593:The Galileo Affair: A Documentary History 4429: 4405: 4381: 4356: 4165:Billington, Michael (February 13, 2013). 3818: 3783: 3732: 3700: 3592: 3553: 3403: 3358: 3342: 3311: 3247: 3236: 3118: 2890: 2864:The Trial of Galileo: Essential Documents 2829: 2814: 2746: 2712: 2522: 2467: 2380: 2207: 2178: 2097: 2090: 2049: 2011: 1978: 1950: 1948: 1917: 1915: 1544:grounds of what is politically opportune. 1023:Frontispiece and title page of Galileo's 786:Learn how and when to remove this message 206:, he promoted the heliocentric theory of 125:Learn how and when to remove this message 6495:Events relating to freedom of expression 5323:Bellarmine's letter to Foscarini of 1615 5257:"The End of the Myth of Galileo Galilei" 4890: 4391:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4309:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 4041: 3845: 3497: 3316: 2923: 2905: 2279: 2273: 1597: 1556:had turned towards vindicating Galileo: 1404:, was incompatible with the doctrine of 1245: 1107: 1092: 1018: 932: 874: 825:father; Foscarini had published a book, 797: 673: 580:. In conversation with Galileo's patron 541:of Scripture in several places, such as 528: 427: 264: 260: 20: 5070:Galileo Galilei, his life and his works 4141: 3940: 2391:. Hackett Publishing. pp. 168–172. 2359: 2350: 1954: 1921: 1348:Views on Galileo's scientific arguments 6457: 5099:Galileo's Inquisition Trial Revisited 4144:From the Modern Repertoire, Series Two 3978: 3914:Daniel N. Robinson citing John Paul II 3635:, the target of attacks by Galileo in 2808: 1945: 1912: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 5752: 5491:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina 5355: 5211:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4708:Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences 4020: 3824: 3789: 3593:Sanderson, Katharine (5 March 2010). 3481: 3479: 3409: 3186:Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences 2428: 2422: 2401: 2363:Galileo's Inquisition Trial Revisited 1984: 1868:Galileo's Inquisition Trial Revisited 1777:) puts it a few years later, in 1613. 988:suspended until corrected. The papal 854:In addition to Bellarmine, Monsignor 615:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina 601:, now a professor of mathematics and 6223:Noisy intermediate-scale quantum era 5328:Inquisition documents, 1616 and 1633 5308:Galileo's letter to Castelli of 1613 5199:. Vatican City: Vatican Observatory. 4503:, Florence, and a brief overview of 3997:. Catholic News Agency. 2008-01-15. 2244:. Harvard University Press. p. 1928:. Library of Alexandria. p. 1. 1428:The Jesuits, who had already linked 1098:Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition 871:Inquisition and first judgment, 1616 768:adding citations to reliable sources 739: 713:On March 19, Caccini arrived at the 328:and disproved the then conventional 63:adding citations to reliable sources 34: 5381: 4826:Langford, Jerome K., O.P. (1998) . 4759:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3948:"Papal visit scuppered by scholars" 1811: 1648:is a play by the German playwright 1523:in Rome, Cardinal Ratzinger (later 1381: 849: 561:(but see varied interpretations of 213:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 13: 4936:Dictionary of Scientific Biography 4636:, University of Notre Dame Press, 4340:Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible 4190:. Films for the Humanities. 1983. 3968:. Catholic World News. 2008-01-19. 3709:Wallace (1991, pp. vii, 67, 81–84) 3501:The Cambridge Companion to Galileo 3498:Machamer, Peter (13 August 1998). 3476: 3386:Sobel, Dava (2000, pp. 223–225) . 3042:University of Missouri—Kansas City 2211:Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible 1636:is a short Italian silent film by 1552:In 1992, it was reported that the 1121: 495: 14: 6526: 5227: 3762:Heilbron (2005, pp. 279, 312–313) 3721:Beretta (2005b, pp. 192, 202–203) 2951: 2919:. University of California Press. 1712:. It was first performed in 2002. 1262:After a period with the friendly 620: 501: 494:, did in fact do precisely that, 455:proposed some decades earlier by 308:observed with his telescope that 6442: 6430: 6418: 6406: 6394: 6382: 6370: 6358: 6333: 6332: 5427:Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment 4611:Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (2005). 4590:Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (1989). 4180: 3554:Biékowska, Barbara, ed. (2013). 2861:Finocchiaro, Maurice A. (2014). 1169:Problems playing this file? See 1145: 744: 684:Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore 294: 285: 39: 4965:Pagano, Sergio M., ed. (1984). 4933:. In Gillispie, Charles (ed.). 4828:Galileo, Science and the Church 4632:Graney, Christopher M. (2015), 4357:Domínguez, Nuño (28 Feb 2014). 4325:Bethune, John Elliot Drinkwater 4130: 4117:"Galileo Galilei – Luigi Maggi" 4109: 4087: 4001:from the original on 2009-02-21 3907: 3878: 3766: 3726: 3701:Drake (1990, p. 179 – footnote) 3670: 3661: 3649: 3621: 3586: 3572: 3547: 3491: 3416:. Scarecrow Press. p. 21. 3380: 3305: 3252: 3241: 3230: 3112: 3088: 3066:Finocchiaro (1989, pp. 288–293) 3055: 3030: 3017: 3002: 2979: 2964: 2945: 2896: 2884: 2854: 2823: 2763: 2759:(McMullin, 2005b, pp. 152, 153) 2739: 2702: 2673: 2647: 2636: 2625: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2570: 2554: 2545: 2516: 2487: 2461: 2405:The Trial of Galileo, 1612–1633 2395: 2338: 2326: 2301: 2264: 2252: 2228: 2201: 2172: 2125: 2113: 2059: 2038: 2005: 1305: 1136:by Cardinals of the Inquisition 1089:Trial and second judgment, 1633 890: 755:needs additional citations for 447:in the 16th and 17th centuries. 352:, lesser moons in orbit around 227:In 1632, Galileo published his 180:In 1610, Galileo published his 169:and planets revolve around the 50:needs additional citations for 5285:. An English translation from 5197:Essays on the Trial of Galileo 5076: 4950:. Washington D.C.: CUA Press. 4338:Blackwell, Richard J. (1991). 4146:. University of Denver Press. 3656:Wallace (1991, pp. vii, 81–83) 3410:Riper, A. Bowdoin Van (2011). 2387:Finocchiario, Maurice (2014). 2366:. Peter Lang. pp. 57–58. 1958:How to Find a Habitable Planet 1755: 1213:Scripture. He was required to 1205:taught the Copernican theory. 1115:(Italian School, 17th century) 26:Galileo before the Holy Office 1: 5333:Galileo: Science and Religion 5195:Westfall, Richard S. (1989). 5180:10.1126/science.237.4818.1059 4891:McMullin, Ernan, ed. (2005). 4728:The Sixteenth Century Journal 4572:Finocchiaro, Maurice (2010), 4521:The Journal of Modern History 4273:The Sixteenth Century Journal 4206: 3839:10.1016/s0160-9327(99)01185-0 2915:Finochiario, Maurice (2007). 2709:McMullin (2005b, pp. 167–168) 1533:Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker 1290:, was formed, which is where 735: 147:il processo a Galileo Galilei 28:, a 19th-century painting by 5483:Letter to Benedetto Castelli 5253:tutor Dr. Christopher Decaen 5143:. Great Yarmouth: Variorum. 5139:Wallace, William A. (1991). 4869:. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger. 4436:. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger. 4167:"A Life of Galileo – review" 4096:"Galilée – François Ponsard" 3558:. Springer. pp. 63–65. 3155:Discourse on Floating Bodies 3083:Heilbron, 2005, pp. 282–284) 2838:(in Spanish). Archived from 2830:Domínguez, Nuño (Feb 2014). 2680:Beretta (2005a, pp. 247–248) 2581:Finocchiaro (1989, pp. 67–9) 2577:Blackwell (1991, pp. 265–67) 2472:Sharratt (1994, pp. 110–111) 2345:Sharratt (1994, pp. 112–126) 2280:Langford, Jerome J. (1992). 1539:, whom he quoted as saying: 1470:Modern Catholic Church views 1339:, Ptolemaic & Copernican 1139:Read by Availle for LibriVox 904: 30:Joseph-Nicolas Robert-Fleury 7: 6145:Cosmic microwave background 5122:Galileo: Decisive Innovator 5068:Seeger, Raymond J. (1966). 4614:Retrying Galileo, 1633–1992 4303:; Morus, Iwan Rhys (2005). 4142:Bentley, Eric, ed. (1952). 3218:. Return to other article: 3211:September 27, 2007, at the 3146:September 27, 2007, at the 3136:September 27, 2007, at the 2902:Finnochiario (2007), p. 154 2729:September 27, 2007, at the 2692:September 27, 2007, at the 2597:Sharratt (1994, pp. 115-25) 2535:September 27, 2007, at the 2506:September 27, 2007, at the 2208:Blackwell, Richard (1991). 2028:September 27, 2007, at the 1733:Catholic Church and science 1716: 1594:List of artistic treatments 1215:"abjure, curse, and detest" 984:be banned, and Copernicus' 978:Master of the Sacred Palace 940:Index Librorum Prohibitorum 537:Geostaticism agreed with a 10: 6531: 6480:Astronomical controversies 5656:Galileo National Telescope 5120:Sharratt, Michael (1994). 4994:Ratzinger, Joseph Cardinal 4905:. Reference-McMullin-2005. 4883:McMullen, Emerson Thomas, 4755:Heilbron, John L. (2010). 4412:Galileo: Pioneer Scientist 3979:Fisher, Ian (2008-01-16). 3857:(Feyerabend, 1995, p. 178) 3681:Westfall (1989, pp. 58–93) 3180:When the Dutch publishers 3009:Finocchiaro (1989, p. 288) 2621:Finocchiaro (2010, pp. 72) 2458:Langford (1992), pp. 56-57 2191:February 21, 2009, at the 2162:February 21, 2009, at the 2050:(Drake, 1978, pp. 162, 165 1890:Contro il moto della terra 1704:is an opera with music by 1668:that was released in 1975. 1640:that was released in 1909. 1508:when it appeared in 1835. 1058:observationally equivalent 1043:died and was succeeded by 1032: 511: 505: 155:Roman Catholic Inquisition 6328: 6267: 6231: 6188: 6137: 6101: 5945: 5791: 5671: 5580: 5539: 5450: 5389: 5072:. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 5023:Redondi, Pietro (1987) . 4433:Galileo His Life and Work 4073:10.1007/s00016-010-0027-4 3514:– via Google Books. 3392:. London: Fourth Estate. 2994:Moss & Wallace (2003) 2791:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2240:The Copernican Revolution 1288:the Accademia del Cimento 1241:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo 990:Congregation of the Index 980:ordered that Foscarini's 682:(1545–63) sitting in the 6470:17th-century Catholicism 5620:Galileo's objective lens 4929:McMullin, Ernan (2008). 4658:Galileo Galilei (1953). 4136:The American version of 3853:(Ratzinger, 1994, p. 81) 3685:Pagano (1984, pp. 43–48) 3677:Ferrone and Firpo (1986) 3639:. However, according to 2658:McMullin (2005b, p. 152) 2609:Graney (2015, pp. 68–69) 2131:"La legha del Pippione" 1985:Drake, Stillman (1999). 1748: 1630:first performed in 1867. 1477:Index of Forbidden Books 1300:The Age of Enlightenment 1254:area in the hills above 1063:Aristotelian philosopher 488:Lodovico Cardi da Cigoli 6475:17th century in science 6280:Chandrasekhar–Eddington 6206:Golden age of cosmology 6138:On specific discoveries 6086:Lorentz transformations 5651:Galileo Galilei Airport 5422:Galilean transformation 5397:Observational astronomy 5300:Original Latin text at 5079:Physis Riv Int Stor Sci 3747:Heilbron (2005, p. 307) 3713:Sharratt (1994, p. 149) 3123:Sharratt (1994, p. 184) 2717:Sharratt (1994, p. 127) 2565:Sharratt (1994, p. 112) 2561:Blackwell (1991, p. 74) 2494:Sharratt (1994, p. 111) 2360:Speller, Jules (2008). 2333:Sharratt (1994, p. 109) 2270:Heilbron (2010), p. 369 1955:Kasting, James (2010). 1922:Ashmand, J. M. (1936). 1824:Heilbron (2010), p. 218 1311:Historians and scholars 972:Copernican books banned 819:Paolo Antonio Foscarini 6211:Medieval Islamic world 5954:Computational physics 5896:Variational principles 5823:Electrical engineering 5498:Discourse on the Tides 5251:Thomas Aquinas College 5045:de Santillana, Giorgio 4912:The Church and Galileo 4893:The Church and Galileo 4784:The Church and Galileo 4453:The Church and Galileo 4254:The Church and Galileo 4235:The Church and Galileo 4216:The Church and Galileo 4053:Physics in Perspective 4028:"Galileo on the Stage" 3582:. Tel-Aviv University. 3191:Sharratt, 1994, p. 184 3079:(Fantoli, 2005, p. 140 3062:Fantoli (2005, p. 139) 2751:Sharratt, 1994, p. 127 2654:Fantoli (2005, p. 118) 2511:(in Latin and Italian) 2402:Mayer, Thomas (2012). 2144:(Sharratt, 1994, p. 95 2120:Sharratt (1994, p. 98) 2075:July 18, 2011, at the 2054:Sharratt, 1994, p. 87) 2016:Sharratt (1994, p. 86) 1666:film based on the play 1612: 1580:La Sapienza University 1572: 1546: 1521:La Sapienza University 1296:controlled experiments 1264:Archbishop Piccolomini 1259: 1126: 1116: 1105: 1075:Lodovico delle Colombe 1030: 948: 931: 887: 831:saving the appearances 810: 711: 696:Paolo Emilio Sfondrati 691: 672: 595: 539:literal interpretation 534: 448: 426: 278: 175:centre of the universe 146: 32: 6490:Copernican Revolution 6201:Golden age of physics 6196:Copernican Revolution 5261:Atila Sinke Guimarães 4119:. Museo Galileo. 2010 4098:. Museo Galileo. 2010 4030:. Museo Galileo. 2010 3899:May 15, 2008, at the 3888:. A partly browsable 3607:10.1038/news.2010.105 3359:(Drake, 1953, p. 491) 3341:, for example. Drake 2632:Graney (2015, pp. 71) 2551:Langford, 1992, p. 79 2389:The Essential Galileo 1601: 1558: 1541: 1455:Grand Duke of Tuscany 1249: 1125: 1111: 1096: 1022: 936: 920: 878: 801: 700: 677: 662: 590: 586:Christina of Lorraine 532: 512:Further information: 435:(A.D. 90–168), whose 431: 421: 405:Christoph Grienberger 360:and the existence of 268: 261:Initial controversies 24: 6505:History of astronomy 6304:Relativity priority 6159:Subatomic particles 6119:Loop quantum gravity 6108:Quantum information 6057:Quantum field theory 5857:Gravitational theory 5662:Astronomers Monument 5615:Galileo's telescopes 5553:Michelagnolo Galilei 5407:Galileo's escapement 5274:The Starry Messenger 5050:The Crime of Galileo 4483:] (in Italian). 4430:Fahie, John (2005). 3312:Drake (1978, p. 414) 3248:Drake (1978, p. 357) 3237:Drake (1978, p. 356) 3184:published Galileo's 3119:Drake (1978, p. 367) 2954:"Galileo's Dialogue" 2938:Youngson, Robert M. 2891:Drake (1978, p. 253) 2713:Drake (1978, p. 252) 2585:is available on-line 2523:Drake (1978, p. 241) 2468:Drake (1978, p. 240) 2429:Naess, Atle (2006). 2261:, Fabio J. a. Farina 2236:Thomas Kuhn (1957). 2179:Drake (1978, p. 180) 2012:Drake (1978, p. 162) 1765:, p. 2). Blackwell ( 1723:Aristarchus of Samos 1626:is a French play by 1233:"and yet it moves" ( 764:improve this article 584:and Cosimo's mother 582:Cosimo II de' Medici 373:natural philosophers 340:The Starry Messenger 269:Photomontage of the 194:, amongst them, the 59:improve this article 6268:Scientific disputes 6254:Via Panisperna boys 6155:Gravitational waves 6102:Recent developments 5833:Maxwell's equations 5632:Galileo thermometer 5505:Discourse on Comets 5475:Letters on Sunspots 5412:Galilean invariance 5172:1987Sci...237.1059W 5166:(4818): 1059–1060. 4931:"Robert Bellarmine" 4866:Pioneers of Science 4642:2015saaa.book.....G 4473:, ed. (1890–1909). 4065:2010PhP....12..372O 2880:Extract of page 102 2747:Drake, 1978, p. 252 1844:. Rice University. 1842:The Galileo Project 1660:British newspaper. 1355:Newtonian mechanics 1328:Scientific Blunders 1195:Zaccaria Pasqualigo 861:Maurice Finocchiaro 413:Christopher Clavius 310:Venus showed phases 208:Nicolaus Copernicus 165:model in which the 6313:General relativity 6308:Special relativity 6249:Oxford Calculators 6076:Special relativity 5995:General relativity 5780:History of physics 5672:In popular culture 5627:Tribune of Galileo 5459:De motu antiquiora 5339:Edizione Nationale 5312:Finocchiaro (1989) 5281:2012-02-07 at the 5241:2011-06-08 at the 5209:Galileo antichrist 3697:Baumgartner (1989) 3389:Galileo's Daughter 3226:; Two New Sciences 2986:Finocchiaro (1997) 2971:Finocchiaro (1997) 2958:The Globe and Mail 2501:(1907, 19:307–311) 2479:(1907, 19:297–298) 2023:(1900, 10:421–423) 1875:. pp. 55–56. 1708:and a libretto by 1613: 1406:transubstantiation 1359:stellar aberration 1326:In his 1998 book, 1277:Vincentio Reinieri 1260: 1197:, reported on the 1127: 1117: 1106: 1031: 949: 888: 811: 730:Piero Guicciardini 692: 610:letter to Castelli 599:Benedetto Castelli 543:1 Chronicles 16:30 535: 514:Biblical inerrancy 508:Biblical cosmology 496:as described below 472:Christoph Scheiner 449: 326:heliocentric model 320:, as predicted by 279: 33: 6485:Cognitive inertia 6346: 6345: 6320:Transfermium Wars 6239:Harvard Computers 6064:Subatomic physics 6037:Quantum mechanics 5973:Superconductivity 5964:Condensed matter 5793:Classical physics 5746: 5745: 5600:Galileo's paradox 5595:Villa Il Gioiello 5390:Scientific career 5218:978-0-297-84868-4 5115:978-0-8204-8798-4 5107:978-3-631-56229-1 4766:978-0-19-958352-2 4651:978-0-268-02988-3 4509:Finn's fine books 3536:978-1-62466-132-7 3511:978-0-521-58841-6 3461:978-0-7459-5371-7 3423:978-0-8108-8129-7 3107:available on-line 3095:Finocchiaro (1989 2874:978-1-62466-135-8 2530:(1895, 5:291–292) 2442:978-3-540-27054-6 2415:978-1-4426-0519-0 2373:978-3-631-56229-1 2048:and Giulio Libri 1998:978-0-8020-7585-7 1974:Extract of page 4 1968:978-0-691-13805-3 1941:Extract of page 1 1935:978-1-61310-429-3 1882:978-3-631-56229-1 1801:978-1-62466-132-7 1743:Vincenzo Maculani 1576:Pope Benedict XVI 1567:Pope John Paul II 1525:Pope Benedict XVI 1513:Pope John Paul II 1498:De Revolutionibus 1482:De Revolutionibus 1332:Raymond J. Seeger 1187:Melchior Inchofer 1150: 1140: 1003:De revolutionibus 998:De revolutionibus 986:De revolutionibus 815:Robert Bellarmine 804:Robert Bellarmine 796: 795: 788: 688:Roman Inquisition 409:Claudio Acquaviva 401:Collegium Romanum 247:Roman Inquisition 135: 134: 127: 109: 6522: 6447: 6446: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6423: 6422: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6398: 6387: 6386: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6354: 6336: 6335: 6259:Women in physics 6011:Nuclear physics 5935:Perpetual motion 5869:Material science 5813:Electromagnetism 5773: 5766: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5712:Starry Messenger 5688:Lamp At Midnight 5589:And yet it moves 5547:Vincenzo Galilei 5529:Two New Sciences 5467:Sidereus Nuncius 5376: 5369: 5362: 5353: 5352: 5343: 5299: 5293:Sidereus Nuncius 5269: 5222: 5200: 5191: 5154: 5135: 5097:Speller, Jules, 5094: 5073: 5064: 5040: 5019: 4981: 4979: 4978: 4961: 4940: 4925: 4906: 4880: 4855: 4849: 4841: 4821: 4802:Koestler, Arthur 4797: 4778: 4751: 4722: 4698: 4677: 4665: 4654: 4628: 4607: 4586: 4568: 4549:Feyerabend, Paul 4544: 4507:is available at 4498: 4466: 4447: 4426: 4402: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4365:. Archived from 4353: 4334: 4320: 4301:Bowler, Peter J. 4296: 4267: 4248: 4229: 4200: 4199: 4188:Lamp at Midnight 4184: 4178: 4177: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4124: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4103: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4024: 4018: 4016: 4009: 4007: 4006: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3930: 3921: 3911: 3905: 3882: 3876: 3869: 3860: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3787: 3781: 3770: 3764: 3759: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3730: 3724: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3474: 3473: 3447:God's Undertaker 3438: 3432: 3431: 3407: 3401: 3384: 3378: 3368:The Sleepwalkers 3351:Cesare Cremonini 3323: 3314: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3279: 3256: 3250: 3245: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3217: 3179: 3167: 3152: 3116: 3110: 3092: 3086: 3070:available online 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3015: 3013:available online 3006: 3000: 2983: 2977: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2921: 2920: 2917:Retrying Galileo 2912: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2806: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2767: 2761: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2706: 2700: 2698: 2677: 2671: 2669: 2651: 2645: 2640: 2634: 2629: 2623: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2574: 2568: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2541: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2426: 2420: 2419: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2357: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2311:. Archived from 2305: 2299: 2297: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2176: 2170: 2141: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2081: 2063: 2057: 2046:Cesare Cremonini 2042: 2036: 2034: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1919: 1910: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1859: 1850: 1849: 1834: 1825: 1822: 1809: 1808: 1787: 1778: 1759: 1673:Lamp at Midnight 1654:Charles Laughton 1628:François Ponsard 1570: 1382:Redondi's theory 1371:stellar parallax 1367:William Herschel 1156:Audio 00:11:54 ( 1152: 1151: 1138: 1124: 1079:Cesare Cremonini 929: 856:Francesco Ingoli 850:Francesco Ingoli 791: 784: 780: 777: 771: 748: 740: 709: 680:Council of Trent 670: 658:Council of Trent 578:Cosimo Boscaglia 559:Ecclesiastes 1:5 465:Stellar parallax 433:Claudius Ptolemy 386:geocentric model 345:Sidereus Nuncius 330:geocentric model 298: 289: 220:in 1616, and of 188:Starry Messenger 183:Sidereus Nuncius 130: 123: 119: 116: 110: 108: 74:"Galileo affair" 67: 43: 35: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6500:Galileo Galilei 6455: 6454: 6453: 6441: 6431: 6429: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6371: 6369: 6359: 6357: 6349: 6347: 6342: 6324: 6295:Joule–von Mayer 6263: 6227: 6184: 6133: 6097: 5988:Big Bang theory 5941: 5840:Fluid mechanics 5787: 5777: 5747: 5742: 5736:Galileo's Dream 5728:Galileo Galilei 5680:Life of Galileo 5667: 5639:Galileo project 5576: 5535: 5446: 5432:Phases of Venus 5385: 5383:Galileo Galilei 5380: 5341: 5304:online library. 5297: 5283:Wayback Machine 5263: 5243:Wayback Machine 5230: 5225: 5219: 5151: 5132: 5061: 5037: 5026:Galileo Heretic 5008: 4976: 4974: 4958: 4922: 4903: 4877: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4818: 4794: 4767: 4740:10.2307/2541227 4719: 4703:Galileo Galilei 4695: 4674: 4652: 4625: 4604: 4584: 4565: 4495: 4471:Favaro, Antonio 4463: 4444: 4423: 4407:Drake, Stillman 4399: 4388:Galileo At Work 4383:Drake, Stillman 4372: 4370: 4369:on 2 March 2021 4350: 4317: 4285:10.2307/2540675 4264: 4245: 4226: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4163: 4159: 4135: 4131: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4101: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4049: 4042: 4033: 4031: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4004: 4002: 3993: 3992: 3988: 3983:. Boston Globe. 3977: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3924: 3912: 3908: 3901:Wayback Machine 3883: 3879: 3870: 3863: 3850: 3846: 3823: 3819: 3788: 3784: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3745: 3738: 3731: 3727: 3693:Westfall (1987) 3689:Gosselin (1985) 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3626: 3622: 3591: 3587: 3578: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3552: 3548: 3537: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3477: 3462: 3439: 3435: 3424: 3408: 3404: 3385: 3381: 3363:Arthur Koestler 3324: 3317: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3277: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3231: 3220:Galileo Galilei 3215: 3213:Wayback Machine 3177: 3165: 3150: 3148:Wayback Machine 3138:Wayback Machine 3117: 3113: 3093: 3089: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3022: 3018: 3007: 3003: 2984: 2980: 2969: 2965: 2950: 2946: 2937: 2924: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2875: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2842:on 2 March 2021 2828: 2824: 2807: 2800: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2731:Wayback Machine 2707: 2703: 2696: 2694:Wayback Machine 2678: 2674: 2667: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2575: 2571: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2539: 2537:Wayback Machine 2521: 2517: 2510: 2508:Wayback Machine 2492: 2488: 2481: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2450: 2443: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2400: 2396: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2358: 2351: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2294: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2206: 2202: 2195: 2193:Wayback Machine 2177: 2173: 2164:Wayback Machine 2139: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2114: 2079: 2077:Wayback Machine 2064: 2060: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2030:Wayback Machine 2010: 2006: 1999: 1983: 1979: 1969: 1953: 1946: 1936: 1920: 1913: 1908:McMullin (2008) 1906: 1902: 1895: 1893: 1883: 1860: 1853: 1836: 1835: 1828: 1823: 1812: 1802: 1788: 1781: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1738:Conflict thesis 1719: 1701:Galileo Galilei 1682:George Schaefer 1645:Life of Galileo 1634:Galileo Galilei 1596: 1571: 1565: 1554:Catholic Church 1537:Paul Feyerabend 1490:Filippo Anfossi 1472: 1440:Pope Urban VIII 1384: 1350: 1313: 1308: 1217:those opinions. 1191:Agostino Oreggi 1176: 1175: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1153: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1135: 1128: 1122: 1102:Cristiano Banti 1091: 1083:Pope Urban VIII 1045:Pope Urban VIII 1041:Pope Gregory XV 1037: 1017: 974: 930: 927: 907: 893: 873: 852: 792: 781: 775: 772: 761: 749: 738: 710: 707: 671: 668: 650: 645: 622:Tommaso Caccini 516: 510: 504: 492:Tommaso Caccini 461:Tychonic System 336: 335: 334: 333: 332:(second image). 306:Galileo Galilei 301: 300: 299: 291: 290: 263: 204:phases of Venus 151:Galileo Galilei 131: 120: 114: 111: 68: 66: 56: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6528: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6465:Galileo affair 6452: 6451: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6403: 6391: 6379: 6367: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6302: 6300:Shapley–Curtis 6297: 6292: 6290:Leibniz–Newton 6287: 6285:Galileo affair 6282: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6180:Speed of light 6177: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6124:Nanotechnology 6121: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6009: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5951: 5949: 5947:Modern physics 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5915:Thermodynamics 5912: 5911: 5910: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5866: 5865: 5864: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5847: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5797: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5776: 5775: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5732: 5724: 5716: 5708: 5700: 5692: 5684: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5617: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5584: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5559:Vincenzo Gamba 5556: 5550: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5525: 5517: 5509: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5479: 5471: 5463: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5417:Galilean moons 5414: 5409: 5404: 5402:Galileo affair 5399: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5336: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5305: 5289: 5270: 5254: 5229: 5228:External links 5226: 5224: 5223: 5217: 5205:White, Michael 5201: 5192: 5155: 5149: 5136: 5130: 5117: 5095: 5085:(1–2): 53–65. 5074: 5065: 5059: 5041: 5035: 5020: 5006: 4990: 4962: 4956: 4941: 4926: 4920: 4907: 4901: 4888: 4881: 4875: 4857: 4836: 4823: 4816: 4798: 4792: 4779: 4765: 4752: 4734:(4): 523–524. 4723: 4717: 4699: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4655: 4650: 4629: 4623: 4608: 4602: 4587: 4583:978-9048132003 4582: 4569: 4563: 4545: 4533:10.1086/243016 4527:(2): 485–524. 4516: 4493: 4467: 4461: 4448: 4442: 4427: 4421: 4403: 4397: 4379: 4354: 4348: 4335: 4321: 4315: 4297: 4279:(2): 309–310. 4268: 4262: 4249: 4243: 4230: 4224: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4179: 4157: 4129: 4108: 4086: 4059:(4): 372–395. 4040: 4019: 3986: 3971: 3957: 3939: 3922: 3906: 3877: 3861: 3844: 3817: 3804:10.1086/383771 3798:(3): 484–504. 3782: 3765: 3751: 3736: 3725: 3669: 3660: 3648: 3620: 3585: 3571: 3565:978-9401026185 3564: 3546: 3535: 3517: 3510: 3490: 3486:Redondi (1983) 3475: 3460: 3454:. p. 26. 3433: 3422: 3402: 3379: 3376:(1959, p. 483) 3315: 3304: 3251: 3240: 3229: 3111: 3087: 3054: 3029: 3027:, pp. 172–3]). 3016: 3001: 2978: 2963: 2944: 2922: 2904: 2895: 2883: 2873: 2853: 2822: 2798: 2762: 2738: 2701: 2687:(1907, 19:318) 2672: 2665:(1907, 19:320) 2646: 2635: 2624: 2613: 2601: 2589: 2569: 2553: 2544: 2515: 2486: 2460: 2448: 2441: 2421: 2414: 2394: 2379: 2372: 2349: 2337: 2325: 2300: 2292: 2272: 2263: 2251: 2227: 2220: 2200: 2171: 2124: 2112: 2110:, for example. 2101:(2003, p. 106) 2094:(2005, p. 102) 2070:(1900, 10:423) 2058: 2037: 2004: 1997: 1977: 1967: 1944: 1934: 1911: 1900: 1881: 1851: 1826: 1810: 1800: 1779: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1728:Giordano Bruno 1725: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1710:Mary Zimmerman 1697: 1694:Liliana Cavani 1685: 1669: 1650:Bertolt Brecht 1641: 1631: 1595: 1592: 1563: 1500:and Galileo's 1471: 1468: 1459: 1458: 1447: 1437: 1383: 1380: 1349: 1346: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1292:Francesco Redi 1235:Eppur si muove 1229: 1228: 1223:His offending 1221: 1218: 1166: 1155: 1154: 1144: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1090: 1087: 1071:Stillman Drake 1033:Main article: 1016: 1011: 973: 970: 925: 906: 903: 892: 889: 872: 869: 851: 848: 794: 793: 752: 750: 743: 737: 734: 705: 666: 654:Niccolò Lorini 649: 646: 506:Main article: 503: 502:Bible argument 500: 303: 302: 293: 292: 284: 283: 282: 281: 280: 271:Galilean moons 262: 259: 196:Galilean moons 139:Galileo affair 133: 132: 115:September 2024 47: 45: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6527: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6438: 6428: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6378: 6368: 6366: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6339: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6321: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6275:Bohr–Einstein 6273: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6129:String theory 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5944: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5879:Metamaterials 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5767: 5762: 5760: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5610:Museo Galileo 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5565:Maria Celeste 5563: 5560: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5365: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5296: 5294: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5150:0-86078-297-2 5146: 5142: 5137: 5133: 5131:0-521-56671-1 5127: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5060:0-226-73481-1 5056: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5036:0-691-08451-3 5032: 5028: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5007:0-89870-461-8 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4987:88-85042-11-2 4984: 4973:on 2006-02-26 4972: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4957:0-8132-1331-2 4953: 4949: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4921:0-268-03483-4 4917: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4902:0-268-03483-4 4898: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4876:0-7661-3500-4 4872: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4861:Lodge, Oliver 4858: 4853: 4847: 4839: 4837:1-890318-25-6 4833: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4817:0-14-019246-8 4813: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4793:0-268-03483-4 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4718:0-486-60099-8 4714: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4694:0-520-20548-0 4690: 4686: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4673:0-520-00449-3 4669: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4624:0-520-24261-0 4620: 4616: 4615: 4609: 4605: 4603:0-520-06662-6 4599: 4595: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4564:0-226-24531-4 4560: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4494:88-09-20881-1 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4462:0-268-03483-4 4458: 4454: 4449: 4445: 4443:1-4179-6999-7 4439: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4422:0-8020-2725-3 4418: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4398:0-226-16226-5 4394: 4390: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4368: 4364: 4363:EsMateria.com 4360: 4355: 4351: 4349:0-268-01024-2 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4316:0-226-06860-9 4312: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4263:0-268-03483-4 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4244:0-268-03483-4 4240: 4236: 4231: 4227: 4225:0-268-03483-4 4221: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4118: 4112: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4045: 4029: 4023: 4014: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3961: 3954:. 2008-01-15. 3953: 3949: 3943: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3894:(Allen, 2008) 3891: 3887: 3886:(1994, p. 98) 3881: 3874: 3873:(1994, p. 98) 3868: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3775: 3772:Finocchiaro ( 3769: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3644:(1984, p. 44) 3642: 3641:Sergio Pagano 3638: 3634: 3633:Orazio Grassi 3630: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3581: 3575: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3437: 3430: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3399: 3398:1-85702-712-4 3395: 3391: 3390: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3333:, and Seeger 3332: 3328: 3325:See Langford 3322: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3282:Sharratt,1994 3276: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3264:Sharratt,1994 3261: 3255: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3233: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3195:Galilei, 1954 3192: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3174:1905, 16:230) 3171: 3164: 3163:1905, 16:209) 3160: 3156: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130:(1905, 16:209 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3010: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2976: 2972: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2952:Sobel, Dava. 2948: 2941: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2876: 2870: 2866: 2865: 2857: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2817: 2812: 2805: 2803: 2794: 2788: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2724:(1902,12:242) 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2548: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2455: 2453: 2444: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2425: 2417: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2398: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2356: 2354: 2346: 2341: 2334: 2329: 2315:on 2011-02-06 2314: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2293:0-472-06510-6 2289: 2285: 2284: 2276: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2231: 2223: 2221:0-268-01024-2 2217: 2213: 2212: 2204: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2183:Favaro (1901) 2180: 2175: 2168: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2137:1901, 11:476) 2134: 2128: 2121: 2116: 2109: 2106: 2105:de Santillana 2102: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2087:(1830, p. 29) 2085: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2000: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1981: 1975: 1970: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1951: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1931: 1927: 1926: 1918: 1916: 1909: 1904: 1897: 1891: 1884: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1863:Jules Speller 1858: 1856: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1831: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1786: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1754: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1678:Barrie Stavis 1676:is a play by 1675: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617:Museo Galileo 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1568: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1535:, as well as 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1484:or Galileo's 1483: 1479: 1478: 1467: 1465: 1464:Michael White 1456: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1422:Orazio Grassi 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:James Bradley 1360: 1356: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1317: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1174: 1172: 1159: 1142: 1114: 1110: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1004: 999: 994: 991: 987: 983: 979: 969: 967: 966:heliocentrism 962: 959: 955: 946: 942: 941: 935: 924: 919: 916: 911: 902: 899: 885: 881: 877: 868: 866: 862: 857: 847: 843: 840: 834: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 809: 808:Copernicanism 805: 800: 790: 787: 779: 769: 765: 759: 758: 753:This section 751: 747: 742: 741: 733: 731: 726: 722: 720: 719:Copernicanism 716: 704: 699: 697: 689: 685: 681: 676: 665: 661: 659: 655: 643: 638: 634: 630: 627: 623: 619: 617: 616: 611: 607: 604: 600: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 574: 572: 568: 567:Heliocentrism 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 531: 527: 525: 521: 515: 509: 499: 497: 493: 489: 484: 479: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 393: 391: 387: 382: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 346: 341: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 297: 288: 276: 275:heliocentrism 272: 267: 258: 254: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 231: 225: 223: 219: 215: 214: 210:published in 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 184: 178: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 159:heliocentrism 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 129: 126: 118: 107: 104: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: – 75: 71: 70:Find sources: 64: 60: 54: 53: 48:This article 46: 42: 37: 36: 31: 27: 23: 19: 6284: 6244:The Martians 5908:Spectroscopy 5850:Aerodynamics 5828:Field theory 5738:(2009 novel) 5735: 5730:(2002 opera) 5727: 5719: 5711: 5703: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5660: 5571:Marina Gamba 5527: 5519: 5511: 5503: 5481: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5401: 5342:(in Italian) 5292: 5287:Bard College 5273: 5234: 5208: 5196: 5163: 5159: 5140: 5121: 5098: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5049: 5025: 4997: 4975:. Retrieved 4971:the original 4946: 4934: 4911: 4892: 4884: 4865: 4827: 4806: 4783: 4756: 4731: 4727: 4707: 4683: 4661: 4633: 4613: 4592: 4576:, Springer, 4573: 4553: 4524: 4520: 4504: 4480: 4475: 4452: 4432: 4411: 4387: 4371:. Retrieved 4367:the original 4362: 4339: 4329: 4305: 4276: 4272: 4253: 4234: 4215: 4187: 4182: 4174: 4171:The Guardian 4170: 4160: 4143: 4137: 4132: 4121:. Retrieved 4111: 4100:. Retrieved 4089: 4056: 4052: 4032:. Retrieved 4022: 4003:. Retrieved 3989: 3974: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3917: 3909: 3890:on-line copy 3880: 3847: 3833:(1): 20–23. 3830: 3826: 3820: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3768: 3733:White (2007) 3728: 3672: 3663: 3651: 3636: 3623: 3598: 3588: 3574: 3555: 3549: 3540: 3526: 3520: 3500: 3493: 3467: 3465: 3446: 3436: 3427: 3412: 3405: 3387: 3382: 3366: 3354: 3331:pp. 133–134) 3307: 3300:(in Italian) 3293:1905, 17:290 3278:(in Italian) 3275:1905, 16:507 3254: 3243: 3232: 3216:(in Italian) 3185: 3178:(in Italian) 3166:(in Italian) 3154: 3151:(in Italian) 3114: 3090: 3057: 3045:. Retrieved 3032: 3019: 3004: 2981: 2966: 2957: 2947: 2939: 2916: 2898: 2886: 2863: 2856: 2844:. Retrieved 2840:the original 2835: 2825: 2775:. Retrieved 2765: 2754: 2741: 2734:(in Italian) 2704: 2697:(in Italian) 2675: 2668:(in Italian) 2649: 2638: 2627: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2572: 2556: 2547: 2540:(in Italian) 2518: 2489: 2482:(in Italian) 2463: 2431: 2424: 2404: 2397: 2388: 2382: 2362: 2340: 2328: 2317:. Retrieved 2313:the original 2303: 2282: 2275: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2239: 2230: 2210: 2203: 2196:(in Italian) 2174: 2152:1901, 11:176 2140:(in Italian) 2127: 2115: 2108:(1976, p. 9) 2061: 2040: 2007: 1987: 1980: 1957: 1924: 1903: 1889: 1886: 1867: 1845: 1841: 1805: 1791: 1757: 1706:Philip Glass 1699: 1687: 1671: 1662:Joseph Losey 1658:The Guardian 1657: 1643: 1633: 1623: 1614: 1602: 1588:Romano Prodi 1573: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1518: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1460: 1451:The Dialogue 1450: 1444:The Dialogue 1443: 1434:The Dialogue 1433: 1429: 1417: 1413: 1399: 1390:doctrine of 1388:Aristotelian 1385: 1361:of light by 1351: 1343: 1335: 1327: 1325: 1318: 1314: 1306:Modern views 1285: 1261: 1250:View of the 1234: 1230: 1224: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1168: 1112: 1097: 1051: 1049: 1038: 1024: 1013: 1007: 1002: 997: 995: 985: 981: 975: 963: 950: 938: 921: 912: 908: 894: 891:Deliberation 853: 844: 838: 835: 826: 812: 782: 773: 762:Please help 757:verification 754: 727: 723: 712: 701: 693: 663: 651: 613: 596: 591: 575: 536: 517: 480: 469: 450: 422: 394: 366: 343: 339: 337: 255: 228: 226: 211: 187: 181: 179: 163:astronomical 138: 136: 121: 112: 102: 95: 88: 81: 69: 57:Please help 52:verification 49: 25: 18: 6515:Pope Paul V 6510:Inquisition 6437:Outer space 6389:Catholicism 6168:Higgs boson 5722:(1999 book) 5714:(1996 book) 5706:(1975 film) 5698:(1968 film) 5690:(1947 play) 5682:(1943 play) 5513:The Assayer 5462:(1589–1592) 5442:Thermoscope 5348:, Florence. 5264: [ 4810:. Penguin. 4487:: Barbera. 3637:The Assayer 3442:John Lennox 2777:October 29, 2186:11:241–242) 1761:Blackwell ( 1638:Luigi Maggi 1529:Ernst Bloch 1430:The Assayer 1418:The Assayer 1414:The Assayer 1401:The Assayer 1376:Tycho Brahe 915:Pope Paul V 880:Pope Paul V 715:Inquisition 603:Benedictine 571:geocentrism 555:Psalm 104:5 551:Psalm 96:10 476:the Chinese 457:Tycho Brahe 369:theologians 6459:Categories 6189:By periods 6007:Geophysics 5979:Cosmology 5644:spacecraft 5573:(mistress) 5567:(daughter) 5302:LiberLiber 5298:(in Latin) 5247:audio here 4977:2005-07-22 4207:References 4123:2015-10-12 4102:2015-10-12 4034:2015-10-12 4005:2008-05-02 3884:Ratzinger 3871:Ratzinger 3471:Aristotle. 3468:scientific 3452:Lion Books 3260:Poggibonsi 3223:; Dialogue 3206:1898, 8:43 3023:Sharratt ( 2319:2011-02-06 2156:11:228–229 2080:(in Latin) 2033:(in Latin) 1873:Peter Lang 1320:Dava Sobel 1294:performed 1171:media help 1067:Simplicius 1050:Galileo's 884:Caravaggio 736:Bellarmine 547:Psalm 93:1 524:Copernican 520:geocentric 483:Archimedes 441:Copernicus 437:geocentric 322:Copernicus 243:philosophy 85:newspapers 6413:Astronomy 6365:Biography 6232:By groups 6216:Astronomy 6052:Molecules 5886:Mechanics 5801:Astronomy 5555:(brother) 5245:lecture ( 5047:(1976) . 4863:(2003) . 4846:cite book 4804:(1990) . 4775:642283198 4705:(1954) . 4541:145172760 4333:. London. 4081:119981584 3827:Endeavour 3812:144374316 3615:0028-0836 3074:canon law 2816:1402.6168 1511:In 1979, 1410:Eucharist 1158:full text 1039:In 1623, 905:Judgement 823:Carmelite 813:Cardinal 802:Cardinal 776:June 2017 626:Dominican 377:Aristotle 239:astronomy 192:telescope 6338:Category 6163:timeline 6150:Graphene 6112:timeline 6081:timeline 6069:timeline 6042:timeline 5983:timeline 5968:timeline 5958:timeline 5920:timeline 5891:timeline 5874:timeline 5862:timeline 5845:timeline 5818:timeline 5806:timeline 5784:timeline 5549:(father) 5500:" (1616) 5493:" (1615) 5437:Celatone 5279:Archived 5239:Archived 5207:(2007). 5188:17837398 5091:25029819 5016:60292876 4996:(1994). 4551:(1995). 4505:Le Opere 4485:Florence 4409:(1990). 4385:(1978). 4373:18 April 4327:(1830). 4196:11689040 3999:Archived 3952:BBC News 3897:Archived 3627:Redondi 3444:(2009). 3355:Dialogue 3209:Archived 3144:Archived 3134:Archived 2846:9 August 2787:cite web 2727:Archived 2690:Archived 2533:Archived 2504:Archived 2189:Archived 2160:Archived 2073:Archived 2026:Archived 1865:(2008). 1717:See also 1564:— 1502:Dialogue 1494:Pius VII 1486:Dialogue 1281:Florence 1256:Florence 1225:Dialogue 1203:Dialogue 1199:Dialogue 1026:Dialogue 926:— 923:writing. 706:— 667:— 633:Florence 563:Job 26:7 362:sunspots 316:and not 304:In 1610 235:theology 6449:Science 6401:Society 6351:Portals 6173:Neutron 6030:Weapons 6015:Fission 5930:Entropy 5704:Galileo 5696:Galileo 5581:Related 5168:Bibcode 5160:Science 4757:Galileo 4748:2541227 4638:Bibcode 4293:2540675 4152:2294084 4138:Galileo 4061:Bibcode 3361:. Even 3347:p. 355) 3297:310–11) 3182:Elzevir 3170:(Favaro 3159:(Favaro 3101:, 291, 3047:21 June 2836:Materia 2167:11:502) 2133:(Favaro 2084:Bethune 1689:Galileo 1624:Galilée 1408:of the 1396:atomism 1272:Arcetri 1252:Arcetri 954:Sagredo 898:Beretta 593:motion. 445:Galileo 390:Ptolemy 381:Ptolemy 354:Jupiter 200:Jupiter 173:at the 153:by the 143:Italian 99:scholar 6020:Fusion 5925:Energy 5903:Optics 5605:Sector 5540:Family 5532:(1638) 5524:(1632) 5516:(1623) 5508:(1619) 5486:(1613) 5478:(1613) 5470:(1610) 5295:(1610) 5276:(1610) 5215: 5186: 5147: 5128: 5113: 5105: 5089: 5057: 5033: 5014: 5004: 4985: 4954: 4918: 4899: 4873: 4834: 4814: 4790: 4773: 4763: 4746: 4715: 4691: 4670: 4648: 4621: 4600: 4580: 4561: 4539: 4511:, and 4491: 4459: 4440: 4419: 4395: 4346: 4313: 4291: 4260: 4241: 4222: 4194: 4150: 4079: 3810: 3719:, and 3629:(1983) 3613: 3599:Nature 3562: 3533: 3508: 3458: 3420: 3396: 3372:(1959) 3339:p. 30) 3290:Favaro 3286:p. 186 3272:Favaro 3268:p. 184 3202:Favaro 3198:p.xvii 3127:Favaro 2998:p. 11) 2990:p. 82) 2975:p. 54) 2871: 2721:Favaro 2684:Favaro 2662:Favaro 2527:Favaro 2498:Favaro 2476:Favaro 2439: 2412: 2370: 2290: 2218: 2148:Favaro 2103:, and 2066:Favaro 2020:Favaro 1995: 1965: 1932: 1879: 1798: 1609:Rubens 1584:rector 1392:matter 1104:(1857) 982:Letter 958:recant 945:Kepler 686:. The 637:Joshua 417:Kepler 396:Jesuit 251:heresy 245:, the 222:comets 161:, the 101: 94: 87: 80: 72: 6425:Stars 6377:Italy 6091:tests 6047:Atoms 6025:Power 6000:tests 5561:(son) 5451:Works 5268:] 5249:) by 5109:/ US- 4744:JSTOR 4537:S2CID 4479:[ 4289:JSTOR 4077:S2CID 3808:S2CID 3343:(1978 3335:(1966 3327:(1966 3097:, pp. 2811:arXiv 2755:after 2098:Lodge 2091:Fahie 1749:Notes 1506:Index 1268:Siena 629:friar 606:abbot 358:Venus 318:Earth 218:tides 167:Earth 106:JSTOR 92:books 5213:ISBN 5184:PMID 5145:ISBN 5126:ISBN 5111:ISBN 5103:ISBN 5087:PMID 5055:ISBN 5031:ISBN 5012:OCLC 5002:ISBN 4983:ISBN 4952:ISBN 4916:ISBN 4897:ISBN 4871:ISBN 4852:link 4832:ISBN 4812:ISBN 4788:ISBN 4771:OCLC 4761:ISBN 4713:ISBN 4689:ISBN 4668:ISBN 4646:ISBN 4619:ISBN 4598:ISBN 4578:ISBN 4559:ISBN 4513:here 4489:ISBN 4457:ISBN 4438:ISBN 4417:ISBN 4393:ISBN 4375:2014 4344:ISBN 4311:ISBN 4258:ISBN 4239:ISBN 4220:ISBN 4192:OCLC 4148:OCLC 3792:Isis 3776:, p. 3774:2005 3679:and 3611:ISSN 3560:ISBN 3531:ISBN 3506:ISBN 3456:ISBN 3418:ISBN 3394:ISBN 3141:230) 3103:306) 3049:2011 3025:1994 2869:ISBN 2848:2016 2793:link 2779:2014 2437:ISBN 2410:ISBN 2368:ISBN 2288:ISBN 2216:ISBN 1993:ISBN 1963:ISBN 1930:ISBN 1894:... 1877:ISBN 1796:ISBN 1775:p. 1 1771:1989 1767:1991 1763:1991 1531:and 1193:and 1077:and 937:The 839:were 821:, a 678:The 642:Acts 624:, a 463:and 443:and 379:and 371:and 350:Moon 241:and 137:The 78:news 5259:by 5176:doi 5164:237 4736:doi 4732:XVI 4529:doi 4281:doi 4069:doi 3916:in 3904:15. 3835:doi 3800:doi 3778:198 3603:doi 2246:125 1607:by 1578:to 1266:in 1100:by 766:by 565:). 467:.) 388:of 324:'s 314:Sun 198:of 171:Sun 61:by 6461:: 5266:pt 5182:. 5174:. 5162:. 5083:48 5081:. 5010:. 4848:}} 4844:{{ 4769:. 4742:. 4730:. 4644:, 4535:. 4525:58 4523:. 4361:. 4287:. 4277:XX 4275:. 4173:. 4169:. 4075:. 4067:. 4057:12 4055:. 4043:^ 4010:; 3950:. 3925:^ 3864:^ 3831:23 3829:. 3806:. 3796:88 3794:. 3754:^ 3739:^ 3715:, 3711:, 3707:, 3703:, 3699:, 3695:, 3691:, 3687:, 3609:. 3601:. 3597:. 3539:. 3478:^ 3464:. 3450:. 3426:. 3345:, 3337:, 3329:, 3318:^ 3295:, 3288:; 3284:, 3270:; 3266:, 3204:, 3200:; 3193:; 3176:. 3172:, 3161:, 3132:, 3125:, 3121:, 3099:38 3081:; 3064:, 3040:. 2996:, 2992:; 2988:, 2973:, 2956:. 2925:^ 2907:^ 2834:. 2801:^ 2789:}} 2785:{{ 2749:; 2719:, 2715:, 2711:, 2682:, 2660:, 2656:, 2579:, 2563:, 2525:, 2496:, 2474:, 2470:, 2451:^ 2352:^ 2181:, 2158:, 2154:, 2150:, 2146:; 2135:, 2096:, 2089:, 2068:, 2052:; 2018:, 2014:, 1947:^ 1914:^ 1885:. 1871:. 1854:^ 1840:. 1829:^ 1813:^ 1804:. 1782:^ 1773:, 1466:. 1302:. 1189:, 867:. 732:. 660:: 618:. 557:, 553:, 549:, 545:, 498:. 364:. 237:, 177:. 145:: 6353:: 5786:) 5782:( 5772:e 5765:t 5758:v 5591:" 5587:" 5496:" 5489:" 5375:e 5368:t 5361:v 5221:. 5190:. 5178:: 5170:: 5153:. 5134:. 5093:. 5063:. 5039:. 5018:. 4989:. 4980:. 4960:. 4924:. 4879:. 4854:) 4840:. 4820:. 4796:. 4777:. 4750:. 4738:: 4721:. 4697:. 4676:. 4640:: 4627:. 4606:. 4567:. 4543:. 4531:: 4515:. 4497:. 4465:. 4446:. 4425:. 4401:. 4377:. 4352:. 4319:. 4295:. 4283:: 4266:. 4247:. 4228:. 4198:. 4154:. 4126:. 4105:. 4083:. 4071:: 4063:: 4037:. 4015:. 4008:. 3875:. 3859:. 3841:. 3837:: 3814:. 3802:: 3780:) 3749:. 3723:. 3658:. 3617:. 3605:: 3568:. 3488:. 3400:. 3302:. 3189:( 3109:. 3085:. 3051:. 2960:. 2893:. 2877:. 2850:. 2819:. 2813:: 2795:) 2781:. 2736:. 2699:. 2670:. 2599:. 2587:. 2542:. 2513:. 2484:. 2445:. 2418:. 2376:. 2347:. 2335:. 2322:. 2296:. 2248:. 2224:. 2198:. 2122:. 2035:. 2001:. 1971:. 1938:. 1696:. 1237:) 1173:. 1160:) 1065:( 886:) 789:) 783:( 778:) 774:( 760:. 342:( 277:. 186:( 141:( 128:) 122:( 117:) 113:( 103:· 96:· 89:· 82:· 55:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.