1393:
preparation for future satellites. The LRI allows for more accurate inter-satellite ranging due to the shorter wavelength of light, and additionally allows the angle between the two spacecraft to be measured as well as their separation via differential wavefront sensing (DWS). Using the LRI, scientists have improved the precision of the separation distance measurements by a factor of more than 20 relative to the GRACE mission. Each laser on the LRI has about the same power as four laser pointers. These lasers must be detected by a spacecraft about 220 kilometres (140 mi) away. This laser approach will generate much more accurate measurements than the previous GRACE satellite mission.
937:, is not derived from electromagnetic waves. Instead, the mission uses a microwave ranging system to accurately measure changes in the speed and distance between two identical spacecraft flying in a polar orbit about 220 kilometers (140 mi) apart, 500 kilometers (310 mi) above Earth. The ranging system is sensitive enough to detect separation changes as small as 10 micrometers (approximately one-tenth the width of a human hair) over a distance of 220 kilometers. As the twin GRACE satellites circle the globe 15 times a day, they sense minute variations in Earth's gravitational pull. When the first satellite passes over a region of slightly stronger gravity, a
883:
872:
784:
795:—the slow rise of land masses once depressed by the weight of ice sheets from the last ice age—is chief among these signals. GIA signals appear as secular trends in gravity field measurements and must be removed to accurately estimate changes in water and ice mass in a region. GRACE is also sensitive to permanent changes in the gravity field due to earthquakes. For instance, GRACE data have been used to analyze the shifts in the Earth's crust caused by the earthquake that created the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.
618:
601:
27:
767:
859:
1415:
941:, it is pulled slightly ahead of the trailing satellite. This causes the distance between the satellites to increase. The first spacecraft then passes the anomaly, and slows down again; meanwhile the following spacecraft accelerates, then decelerates over the same point. By measuring the constantly changing distance between the two satellites and combining that data with precise positioning measurements from
1028:
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775:
773:
768:
774:
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GRACE-FO will continue to monitor Earth's gravity and climate. The mission will track gravitational changes in global sea levels, glaciers, and ice sheets, as well as large lake and river water levels, and soil moisture. In addition, each of the satellites will use GPS antennas to create at least 200
970:), the vehicles use sensitive Super STAR electrostatic accelerometers located near their respective centers of mass. GPS receivers are used to establish the precise positions of each satellite along the baseline between the satellites. The satellites use star cameras and magnetometers to establish
1011:
Following an age-related battery issue on GRACE-2 in
September 2017, it became apparent that GRACE-2's remaining battery capacity would not be sufficient to operate. Therefore, it was decided in mid-October to decommission the GRACE-2 satellite and end GRACE's science mission. Atmospheric reentry of
1388:
satellites. During in-orbit checks, an anomaly was discovered in the primary system component of the microwave instrument (MWI), and the system was temporarily powered down on 19 July 2018. After a full investigation by an anomaly response team at JPL, the backup system in the MWI was powered up on
571:
upper stage) launch vehicle on 17 March 2002. The spacecraft were launched to an initial altitude of approximately 500 km at a near-polar inclination of 89°. During normal operations, the satellites were separated by 220 km along their orbit track. This system was able to gather global
1392:
The orbit and design of GRACE-FO is very similar to its predecessor. GRACE-FO employs the same two-way microwave-ranging link as GRACE, which will allow for similar inter-satellite ranging precision. In addition, GRACE-FO employs laser-ranging interferometry (LRI) as a technological experiment in
961:
microwave-ranging link between them. Fine distance measurements are made by comparing frequency shifts of the link. This is made possible due to the onboard Ultra Stable
Oscillator (USO) which produces the frequencies for the K-band ranging system. The micrometer-sensitivity of this measurement
670:
is to meteorologists. For example, measuring ocean pressure gradients allows scientists to estimate monthly changes in deep ocean currents. The limited resolution of GRACE is acceptable in this research because large ocean currents can also be estimated and verified by an ocean buoy network.
822:. This improved model has allowed for corrections in the equipotential surface which land elevations are referenced from. This more accurate reference surface allows for more accurate coordinates of latitude and longitude and for less error in the calculation of geodetic satellite orbits.
772:
753:
on 16 June 2015 used GRACE data between 2003 and 2013 to conclude that 21 of the world's 37 largest aquifers "have exceeded sustainability tipping points and are being depleted" and thirteen of them are "considered significantly distressed." The most over-stressed is the
665:
GRACE chiefly detected changes in the distribution of water across the planet. Scientists use GRACE data to estimate ocean bottom pressure (the combined weight of the ocean waters and atmosphere), which is as important to oceanographers as
1002:
height, gravity anomalies, and changes in the distribution of mass on Earth's surface. Gridded products estimating changes in mass in units of liquid water equivalent thickness are available at JPL's GRACE Tellus website.
830:
GRACE is sensitive to regional variations in the mass of the atmosphere and high-frequency variation in ocean bottom pressure. These variations are well understood and are removed from monthly gravity estimates using
506:) is a continuation of the mission on near-identical hardware, launched in May 2018. On March 19, 2024, NASA announced that the successor to GRACE-FO would be Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment-Continuity (
771:
4635:
3009:
998:
coefficients with a maximum degree of 60. Degree 90 products are also available. These products have a typical latency of 1–2 months. These geopotential coefficients may be used to compute
962:
requires accordingly precise measurements of each spacecraft's position, motion, and orientation to be useful. To remove the effect of external, non-gravitational forces (e.g.,
4103:
3438:
630:
The monthly gravity anomalies maps generated by GRACE are up to 1,000 times more accurate than previous maps, substantially improving the accuracy of many techniques used by
695:) are due to currents and variations in Earth's gravity field. GRACE enables separation of those two effects to better measure ocean currents and their effect on climate.
921:
in
Pasadena. The highly precise accelerometer that is needed to separate atmospheric and solar radiation pressure effects from the gravitation data was manufactured by
517:
anomalies, GRACE showed how mass is distributed around the planet and how it varies over time. Data from the GRACE satellites is an important tool for studying Earth's
6002:
572:
coverage every 30 days. GRACE far exceeded its 5-year design lifespan, operating for 15 years until the decommissioning of GRACE-2 on 27 October 2017. Its successor,
1440:
5831:
671:
Scientists have also detailed improved methods for using GRACE data to describe Earth's gravity field. GRACE data are critical in helping to determine the cause of
2007:; Sutterly, T.C.; van den Broeke, M.R. (2014). "Regional acceleration in ice mass loss from Greenland and Antarctica using GRACE time-variable gravity data".
3013:
4441:
4261:
4108:
3914:
541:, Potsdam. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory was responsible for the overall mission management under the NASA ESSP (Earth System Science Pathfinder) program.
779:
GRACE uses precise measurements of the motions of two spacecraft in Earth's orbit to track the movement of water through the oceans, land, and atmosphere.
5559:
5123:
3396:
1824:
1012:
GRACE-2 occurred on 24 December 2017 at approximately 00:16 UTC; atmospheric reentry of GRACE-1 took place on 10 March 2018 around 06:09 UTC.
5041:
4728:
4034:
3340:
494:
from its launch in March 2002 to the end of its science mission in
October 2017. The two satellites were sometimes called Tom and Jerry, a nod to the
4412:
2438:
982:
from ground stations using the Center of Mass Trim
Assembly (MTA) which ensures the center of mass is modified throughout the flight accordingly.
2467:
4616:
5311:
4323:
1679:
1652:
6022:
5860:
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4276:
4144:
3280:
4647:
4643:
4508:
4468:
4452:
4337:
4333:
4129:
4121:
4117:
4113:
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4934:
4608:
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798:
In 2006, a team of researchers led by Ralph von Frese and
Laramie Potts used GRACE data to discover the 480-kilometer-wide (300 mi)
5566:
5144:
5119:
4651:
4545:
4541:
2416:
1374:
549:
538:
5921:
5738:
5730:
5722:
5608:
5467:
4655:
4564:
1728:
4807:
4624:
4620:
4257:
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
4699:
are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
2531:
Ciufolini, I.; Pavlis, E.C.; Peron, R. (2006). "Determination of frame-dragging using Earth gravity models from CHAMP and GRACE".
917:. The instrument computer along with a highly precise BlackJack GPS receiver and digital signal processing system was provided by
5108:
4598:
4594:
4437:
4416:
4177:
3655:
3389:
1396:
The GRACE-FO satellites obtain electricity from gallium arsenide solar cell array panels covering the outside of each satellite.
1389:
19 October 2018 and GRACE-FO resumed its in-orbit checks. GRACE-FO entered the science phase of its mission on 28 January 2019.
1702:
5301:
4721:
4027:
2368:
1895:
5134:
3534:
2721:
1872:
6007:
2800:
1754:
735:
GRACE data have also provided insights into regional hydrology inaccessible to other forms of remote sensing: for example,
2618:"Time variability of the Earth's gravity field: Hydrological and oceanic effects and their possible detection using GRACE"
5978:
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
4694:
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
3958:
3552:
3546:
3382:
3174:
2698:
2670:
1846:
1592:
1499:
1468:
657:
inside Earth, mass measurements provided by GRACE help scientists better understand these important natural processes.
3202:
5340:
4714:
4020:
3936:
3883:
3828:
4801:
331:
4001:
3793:
2062:"Monitoring the ocean heat content change and the Earth energy imbalance from space altimetry and space gravimetry"
1982:
1587:
744:
687:. High-resolution static gravity fields estimated from GRACE data have helped improve the understanding of global
293:
5706:
5283:
4996:
4870:
3850:
1400:
profiles per day of atmospheric temperature distribution and water vapor content, a first for the GRACE mission.
1385:
914:
2134:; Swenson, S. (2009). "Dwindling groundwater resources in northern India, from satellite gravity observations".
6037:
6012:
5777:
5367:
4317:
2874:
1919:"Improved methods for observing Earth's time variable mass distribution with GRACE using spherical cap mascons"
2060:
Marti, Florence; Blazquez, Alejandro; Meyssignac, Benoit; Ablain, Michaël; Barnoud, Anne; et al. (2021).
4967:
3930:
2949:
530:
3352:
2772:
842:
GRACE data also contribute to fundamental physics. They have been used to re-analyze data obtained from the
3996:
3856:
3540:
3443:
2440:
GPS radio occultation and the role of atmospheric pressure on spaceborne gravity estimation over
Antarctica
832:
792:
236:
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5916:
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3515:
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2693:
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1494:
1463:
971:
729:
5769:
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724:
per year in the same period. These equate to a total of 0.9 mm/yr of sea level rise. Increases in
5899:
5615:
5370:
5292:
4537:
4490:
4228:
3973:
3660:
3365:
2514:
2170:
6032:
5669:
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5603:
5538:
5477:
5432:
5425:
5385:
5352:
5201:
5051:
4977:
4783:
4776:
3888:
3799:
3478:
3405:
2213:
Tapley, Byron D.; Bettadpur, Srinivas; Ries, John C.; Thompson, Paul F.; Watkins, Michael M. (2004).
1626:
942:
918:
815:
534:
2903:
6027:
6017:
5679:
5197:
4963:
3978:
3805:
3603:
3096:
1177:
1108:
1089:
990:
CSR, GFZ, and JPL process observations and ancillary data downloaded from GRACE to produce monthly
967:
749:
692:
246:
98:
79:
5193:
3963:
3811:
3522:
3449:
3287:
1082:
979:
481:
72:
5806:
2569:
4852:
3731:
3675:
3528:
3504:
3473:
882:
755:
2984:
1200:
1.943 × 3.123 × 0.78 m (6.4 × 10.2 × 2.6 ft)
185:
1.942 × 3.123 × 0.72 m (6.4 × 10.2 × 2.4 ft)
5925:
5128:
3816:
3680:
3049:
2214:
1772:
871:
5893:
3991:
3909:
3838:
3781:
3759:
3725:
3693:
3648:
3641:
3496:
3228:
3135:
2629:
2540:
2482:
2306:
2229:
2185:
2143:
2102:
2016:
1930:
1559:
1301:
934:
667:
396:
5086:
1732:
8:
4753:
4742:
4738:
4590:
4059:
4048:
4044:
3744:
3589:
3427:
3420:
3148:
3123:
2343:
2171:"Satellites measure recent rates of groundwater depletion in California's Central Valley"
1331:
995:
945:(GPS) instruments, scientists can construct a detailed map of Earth's gravity anomalies.
910:
568:
556:
548:
Center for Space
Research, and the co-principal investigator is Christoph Reigber of the
545:
488:
426:
233:
5773:
3139:
2633:
2544:
2486:
2386:
2310:
2233:
2189:
2147:
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2020:
1934:
1799:
5801:
5765:
5742:
5734:
5726:
5674:
5412:
4991:
4706:
4012:
2875:"SpaceX Launches Twin NASA Probes to Track Earth's Water (and Satellites Hitch a Ride)"
2647:
2506:
2324:
2253:
2042:
2004:
1420:
991:
799:
725:
485:
2926:
1621:
5946:
5875:
5837:
5699:
4402:
4368:
3719:
3624:
3596:
3485:
3466:
3158:
2651:
2498:
2271:
2245:
1959:
1428:
1351:
680:
446:
2468:"A confirmation of the general relativistic prediction of the Lense–Thirring effect"
2328:
2046:
529:. GRACE was a collaborative endeavor involving the Center for Space Research at the
5206:
4768:
4266:
4099:
3862:
3823:
3254:
3153:
3143:
2825:
2637:
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2510:
2490:
2372:
2314:
2257:
2237:
2193:
2151:
2110:
2069:
2032:
2024:
1938:
1284:
1237:
975:
909:
systems, and attitude determination and control system algorithms were provided by
783:
379:
4865:
4861:
5870:
5023:
4987:
4796:
3766:
3713:
3687:
3634:
3557:
2851:
2552:
1291:
938:
906:
606:
584:
491:
386:
1758:
5812:
5649:
5553:
5448:
5357:
5018:
4982:
4890:
4813:
4271:
3878:
3845:
3833:
3776:
3736:
3074:
2747:
1529:
1431:(CHAMP), an earlier single satellite mission using a similar "Flexbus" platform
1341:
1247:
963:
847:
672:
436:
5211:
3359:
791:
GRACE also detects changes in the gravity field due to geophysical processes.
617:
5996:
5866:
5307:
5188:
5177:
5171:
5078:
4885:
4463:
4407:
4347:
4182:
3754:
3706:
3699:
1164:
958:
954:
902:
862:
Diagrams illustrating the systems and instruments aboard the GRACE spacecraft
787:
Change in mass of the
Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets as measured by GRACE
688:
642:, geologists and other scientists to study phenomena that influence climate.
600:
495:
346:
333:
308:
295:
154:
3374:
2241:
913:. The star cameras used to measure the spacecraft attitude were provided by
5882:
5654:
5644:
5375:
5237:
5095:
5056:
4948:
4497:
4432:
4306:
4201:
4139:
4134:
3618:
3611:
3369:
3012:(Press release). Airbus Defence and Space. 29 November 2012. Archived from
2502:
2249:
2131:
740:
736:
675:, whether it is the result of mass being added to the ocean – from melting
631:
26:
2295:"Glacial isostatic adjustment and nonstationary signals observed by GRACE"
2074:
2061:
5759:
5548:
5527:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5482:
5454:
5362:
5296:
5277:
5139:
5030:
4788:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4514:
4458:
4240:
4217:
3332:
2319:
2294:
2198:
2155:
2115:
2090:
2028:
1943:
1918:
3010:"Airbus Defence and Space to build two new research satellites for NASA"
2494:
2344:"Before the '04 Tsunami, an Earthquake So Violent It Even Shook Gravity"
1443:(GOCE), an ESA gravity mapping mission that used only a single satellite
5825:
5579:
5417:
4826:
4678:
4586:
4187:
4125:
2037:
1251:
803:
639:
2642:
2617:
2408:
732:
of about 0.8 W/m were similarly found spanning 2002 thru 2019.
16:
Joint
American-German space mission to map Earth's gravitational field
5785:
5612:
5514:
5344:
5323:
5288:
5161:
4958:
4446:
4328:
3570:
3563:
3491:
1729:"Grace Space Twins Set to Team Up to Track Earth's Water and Gravity"
1384:
rocket from Vandenberg AFB, California, sharing the launch with five
1125:
839:. Nonetheless, errors in these models do influence GRACE solutions.
699:
646:
635:
3314:
5966:
5935:
5849:
5843:
5819:
5781:
5693:
5626:
5583:
5459:
5407:
5315:
5230:
5114:
5090:
5082:
4913:
4845:
4604:
4551:
4503:
4372:
4196:
4192:
4079:
3771:
3454:
3433:
3326:
3124:"GRACE-Follow On Laser Ranging Interferometer: German contribution"
2927:"GRACE-FO Satellite Switching to Backup Instrument Processing Unit"
2591:
1703:"US, Germany Partnering on Mission to Track Earth's Water Movement"
1381:
858:
836:
684:
4952:
555:
The two GRACE satellites, GRACE-1 and GRACE-2, were launched from
115:
5953:
5931:
5911:
5856:
5715:
5639:
5632:
5575:
5271:
5223:
5217:
5166:
5099:
5036:
5013:
4942:
4896:
4876:
4832:
4683:
4580:
4556:
4532:
4485:
4363:
4342:
4312:
4223:
4166:
4160:
4074:
3893:
3670:
3460:
3361:
For 15 Years, GRACE Tracked Freshwater Movements Around the World
2091:"Earth's Energy Imbalance From the Ocean Perspective (2005–2019)"
1181:
898:
819:
713:
of ice per year between 2003 and 2013, while Antarctica has lost
676:
650:
580:
526:
522:
514:
167:
5960:
5886:
5797:
5793:
5666:
5659:
5600:
5543:
5534:
5519:
5473:
5429:
5422:
5390:
5381:
5349:
5319:
5266:
5261:
5183:
5104:
5062:
5047:
4973:
4918:
4909:
4903:
4839:
4820:
4780:
4773:
4612:
4285:
4172:
3788:
2596:
JPL Physical Oceanography and Distributed Active Archive Center
2292:
2089:
Hakuba, M.Z.; Frederikse, T.; Landerer, F.W. (28 August 2021).
2003:
1378:
1261:
891:
Global gravity anomaly animations over land and oceans by GRACE
843:
702:
of Greenland and Antarctica. Greenland has been found to lose
560:
3320:
743:
provides an especially strong signal when viewed by GRACE. A
5905:
5789:
5684:
5620:
4938:
4880:
4792:
4630:
4234:
4095:
3629:
2059:
1434:
1321:
1311:
999:
922:
720:
709:
654:
564:
518:
416:
406:
222:
2947:
2215:"GRACE Measurements of Mass Variability in the Earth System"
3953:
3665:
3121:
2212:
1074:
1027:
758:, upon which more than 60 million people depend for water.
477:
64:
3338:
3175:"Distance between spacecraft measured at the atomic scale"
698:
GRACE data have provided a record of mass loss within the
660:
2162:
1847:"New Gravity Mission on Track to Map Earth's Shifty Mass"
1441:
Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer
1357:
806:, which was probably formed about 250 million years ago.
452:
4736:
4042:
3341:"Instrument of Grace: GPS augments gravity measurements"
2722:"Twin Spacecraft Launch to Track Earth's Water Movement"
2088:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1997:
1916:
1873:"NASA Finds New Way to Track Ocean Currents from Space"
1757:. University of Texas. 19 November 2008. Archived from
1622:"Prolific Earth Gravity Satellites End Science Mission"
1373:
The GRACE-FO mission, a collaboration between NASA and
2369:"Big Bang in Antarctica—Killer Crater Found Under Ice"
739:
in India and California. The annual hydrology of the
2795:
2793:
1608:
623:
Variations in ocean bottom pressure measured by GRACE
484:(DLR). Twin satellites took detailed measurements of
2530:
2272:"Study: Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress"
2206:
1410:
2790:
1678:
1651:
1146:Elapsed: 6 years, 3 months, 25 days
544:The principal investigator is Byron Tapley of the
539:Germany's National Research Center for Geosciences
6003:Earth observation satellites of the United States
3166:
2615:
2387:"GRACE – Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment"
2129:
1800:"Antarctic glaciers to honour 'satellite heroes'"
1554:
1552:
1550:
5994:
3203:"Lasers in Space: GRACE-FO Tests New Technology"
2983:. NASA. 2017. NP-2017-4-002-GSFC. Archived from
1983:"Gravity data sheds new light on ocean, climate"
1437:, a similar NASA probe pair that mapped the Moon
691:. The hills and valleys in the ocean's surface (
136:Final: 15 years, 7 months, 9 days
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2950:"GRACE Follow-On Science Team & Highlights"
2948:Webb, Frank; et al. (January–March 2019).
2897:
2895:
2465:
2389:. University of Texas Center for Space Research
1917:Watkins, Michael M.; et al. (April 2015).
1866:
1864:
590:
2564:
2562:
2293:Tregoning; Ramillien; McQueen; Zwartz (2009).
1547:
846:experiment to try to measure the relativistic
4722:
4028:
3404:
3390:
3335:by GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
2866:
1582:
1580:
3339:Dunn, Charles; et al. (February 2003).
2963:
2918:
2892:
2616:Wahr, John; Molenaar, M.; Bryan, F. (1998).
1974:
1923:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
1861:
1032:Illustration of the twin GRACE-FO satellites
576:, was successfully launched on 22 May 2018.
3069:
3067:
2978:"GRACE-FO: Tracking Earth's Mass in Motion"
2818:
2686:
2658:
2559:
2168:
1960:"NASA Missions Help Dissect Sea Level Rise"
1825:"Antarctic Glaciers Named After Satellites"
1817:
1791:
1489:
1487:
1458:
1456:
994:of Earth. These models are distributed as
4729:
4715:
4035:
4021:
3397:
3383:
2740:
2417:GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
2264:
1577:
818:, leading to improvements in the field of
3157:
3147:
3122:Abich, Klaus; et al. (11 May 2015).
3115:
2901:
2872:
2844:
2641:
2318:
2197:
2114:
2073:
2036:
1980:
1957:
1942:
1870:
1673:
1671:
1646:
1644:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
814:Data from GRACE has improved the current
31:Illustration of the twin GRACE satellites
3333:GRACE Information System and Data Center
3172:
3064:
2941:
1893:
1747:
1484:
1453:
928:
857:
782:
765:
2443:. Ohio State University. Archived from
2371:. Ohio State University. Archived from
1403:GRACE-FO has a design life of 5 years.
1377:, was launched on 22 May 2018 aboard a
661:Oceanography, hydrology, and ice sheets
470:Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
5995:
2584:
1981:Sullivant, Rosemary (26 August 2009).
1668:
1641:
1515:
4710:
4016:
3535:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
3378:
3197:
3195:
3128:Journal of Physics: Conference Series
2924:
2341:
6023:Spacecraft launched by Rokot rockets
3327:GRACE Real-Time Data Analysis Portal
2902:Rasmussen, Carol (1 November 2018).
2466:Ciufolini, I.; Pavlis, E.C. (2004).
1958:Sullivant, Rosemary (14 June 2006).
1871:Rasmussen, Carol (1 November 2015).
1827:. European Space Agency. 7 June 2019
1797:
1773:"Gravity Anomaly Maps and The Geoid"
1707:NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
1619:
897:The spacecraft were manufactured by
573:
510:), to be launched in or after 2028.
3028:"Spacecraft: Microwaves and Lasers"
2925:Smith, Esprit (14 September 2018).
587:was named after the GRACE mission.
13:
3547:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
3286:. NASA Facts. NASA. Archived from
3273:
3192:
2904:"GRACE-FO Resumes Data Collection"
2873:Weitering, Hanneke (22 May 2018).
2699:National Space Science Data Center
2671:National Space Science Data Center
2572:. GRACE Mission. NASA. 6 June 2013
2436:
1593:National Space Science Data Center
1500:National Space Science Data Center
1469:National Space Science Data Center
1015:
550:GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam
537:, the German Aerospace Center and
325: 00:16 UTC
287: 06:09 UTC
14:
6049:
3937:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
3884:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3308:
3173:Johnston, Hamish (23 July 2019).
1429:Challenging Minisatellite Payload
1356:29 September 2019, 15:36:45
1296:6,872.2 km (4,270.2 mi)
1006:
957:) constantly maintain a two-way,
391:6,873.5 km (4,271.0 mi)
4002:Space Flight Operations Facility
3794:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
3323:by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2342:Chang, Kenneth (8 August 2006).
1962:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1875:. NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1413:
1192:600 kg (1,300 lb) each
1026:
985:
901:of Germany, using its "Flexbus"
881:
870:
825:
745:University of California, Irvine
616:
599:
177:487 kg (1,074 lb) each
25:
3851:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
3247:
3221:
3089:
3042:
3020:
3002:
2765:
2714:
2609:
2524:
2459:
2430:
2401:
2379:
2361:
2335:
2286:
2123:
2082:
2053:
1951:
1910:
1894:Stillman, Dan (16 April 2007).
1887:
1839:
1765:
1721:
1683:. Space-Track. 24 December 2017
974:. The GRACE vehicles also have
915:Technical University of Denmark
816:Earth gravitational field model
683:of warming water or changes in
3149:10.1088/1742-6596/610/1/012010
3050:"Laser Ranging Interferometer"
2957:Science Data System Newsletter
1896:"Measuring Gravity With GRACE"
1798:Amos, Jonathan (7 June 2019).
1695:
1110:
953:The two satellites (nicknamed
948:
100:
1:
3931:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
3329:by the University of Colorado
1588:"Trajectory Details: GRACE 1"
1447:
1326:506.3 km (314.6 mi)
1316:481.7 km (299.3 mi)
853:
761:
649:to the flow of water through
531:University of Texas at Austin
5562:-S1 No. 3 / Kosmos 2528
3997:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
3857:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
3541:Soil Moisture Active Passive
3444:Atmospheric infrared sounder
3368:published on 16 May 2018 by
2553:10.1016/j.newast.2006.02.001
2136:Geophysical Research Letters
2095:Geophysical Research Letters
1656:. Space-Track. 10 March 2018
793:Glacial isostatic adjustment
591:Discoveries and applications
7:
6008:Spacecraft launched in 2002
3516:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
2801:"GRACE-FO Launch Press Kit"
2009:J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys
1406:
10:
6054:
3974:Table Mountain Observatory
3351:(2): 16–28. Archived from
3317:by the University of Texas
1731:. NASA/JPL. Archived from
809:
451:17 March 2002, 04:21
323:GRACE-2: 24 December 2017,
5976:
5751:
5593:
5507:
5441:
5400:
5333:
5254:
5154:
5071:
5006:
4927:
4761:
4692:
4573:
4524:
4477:
4425:
4395:
4356:
4299:
4250:
4210:
4153:
4088:
4067:
3987:
3946:
3923:
3902:
3889:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
3871:
3800:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
3582:
3479:Large Binocular Telescope
3412:
3406:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3159:21.11116/0000-0003-655A-7
2066:Earth System Science Data
1627:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1560:"GRACE Launch: Press Kit"
1367:
1363:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1320:
1310:
1300:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1243:
1233:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1173:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1120:
1107:
1088:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1037:
1025:
976:optical corner reflectors
943:Global Positioning System
933:GRACE's key measurement,
653:and the slow currents of
535:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
476:) was a joint mission of
462:
458:
445:
435:
425:
421:508 km (316 mi)
415:
411:483 km (300 mi)
405:
395:
385:
375:
370:
366:
362:
280:
265:
260:
256:
252:
242:
229:
218:
202:
197:
193:
189:
181:
173:
163:
153:
148:
144:
140:
130:
110:
97:
78:
60:
52:
48:
36:
24:
5944:No. 5, No. 6,
4964:Falcon Heavy test flight
4937:No. 3, No. 4,
3979:Solar System Ambassadors
3806:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
3077:. GRACE Tellus. NASA/JPL
3075:"GRACE Tellus: GRACE-FO"
1620:NASA (27 October 2017).
1178:Airbus Defence and Space
968:solar radiation pressure
750:Water Resources Research
747:-led study published in
730:Earth's Energy Imbalance
693:ocean surface topography
679:, for example – or from
3964:NASA Deep Space Network
3812:Spitzer Space Telescope
3732:Mars Exploration Rovers
3523:Mars Science Laboratory
3450:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3103:. European Space Agency
2242:10.1126/science.1099192
2169:Famiglietti, J (2011).
482:German Aerospace Center
285:GRACE-1: 10 March 2018,
5408:Telkom-4 / Merah Putih
3529:Microwave limb sounder
863:
788:
780:
756:Arabian Aquifer System
6038:Gravimetry satellites
6013:Satellites of Germany
5586:B, Stars-AO, AUTcube2
3947:Related organizations
3229:"Spacecraft Overview"
2437:Ge, Shengjie (2006).
2075:10.5194/essd-2021-220
1779:. NASA. 30 March 2004
1680:"Decay Data: GRACE-2"
1653:"Decay Data: GRACE-1"
1281:Reference system
1225:2018-05-22UTC19:47:58
1221:22 May 2018, 19:47:58
1159:Spacecraft properties
1066:Gravitational science
929:Measurement principle
861:
786:
778:
737:groundwater depletion
645:From the thinning of
376:Reference system
149:Spacecraft properties
56:Gravitational science
4745:Orbital launches in
4636:TrailBlazer-2001 STA
4051:Orbital launches in
3992:JPL Science Division
3726:Mars Global Surveyor
3694:Mars Climate Orbiter
3355:on 25 February 2012.
3321:GRACE Tellus website
3052:. GRACE-FO. NASA/JPL
3030:. GRACE-FO. NASA/JPL
2826:"GRACE-FO 1 – Orbit"
2628:(B12): 30205–30229.
2320:10.1029/2008JB006161
2274:. NASA. 16 June 2015
2199:10.1029/2010GL046442
2156:10.1029/2009GL039401
2116:10.1029/2021GL093624
2029:10.1002/2014GL061052
1944:10.1002/2014JB011547
935:satellite gravimetry
668:atmospheric pressure
328:
290:
206:17 March 2002, 09:21
40:GRACE-1 and GRACE-2
5063:Gaofen-1-02, 03, 04
3255:"Solar Cell Arrays"
3140:2015JPhCS.610a2010A
2832:. 29 September 2019
2752:Gunter's Space Page
2634:1998JGR...10330205W
2545:2006NewA...11..527C
2495:10.1038/nature03007
2487:2004Natur.431..958C
2311:2009JGRB..114.6406T
2234:2004Sci...305..503T
2190:2011GeoRL..38.3403F
2148:2009GeoRL..3618401T
2107:2021GeoRL..4893624H
2021:2014GeoRL..41.8130V
2005:Velicogna, Isabella
1935:2015JGRB..120.2648W
1534:Gunter's Space Page
1022:
992:geopotential models
911:Space Systems/Loral
557:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
546:University of Texas
343: /
305: /
44:ESSP-2A and ESSP-2B
21:
5413:Parker Solar Probe
5131:-12L / Kosmos 2526
5026:× 4 (FM13 to FM16)
4827:Landmapper BC 3 v2
3209:. NASA. 8 May 2018
2990:on 26 January 2021
2852:"GRACE-FO Mission"
2348:The New York Times
2178:Geophys. Res. Lett
2015:(119): 8130–8137.
1755:"Mission Overview"
1565:. NASA. March 2002
1421:Spaceflight portal
1276:Orbital parameters
1020:
996:spherical harmonic
864:
800:Wilkes Land crater
789:
781:
726:ocean heat content
371:Orbital parameters
210:2002-03-17UTC09:21
19:
5988:
5987:
5838:Orbital Reflector
5770:Blacksky Global 2
5689:Blacksky Global 1
4919:GovSat-1 / SES-16
4704:
4703:
4010:
4009:
3969:Goldstone Complex
3924:Canceled missions
3903:Proposed missions
3720:Mars Polar Lander
2830:Heavens-Above.com
2643:10.1029/98JB02844
2481:(7011): 958–960.
2228:(5683): 503–505.
1777:Earth Observatory
1371:
1370:
1144:Planned: 5 years
955:"Tom" and "Jerry"
776:
689:ocean circulation
681:thermal expansion
466:
465:
134:Planned: 5 years
6045:
6033:Satellite series
5963:
5957:
5950:
5908:
5902:
5896:
5878:
5853:
5846:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5809:
5719:
5712:
5703:
5696:
5636:
5629:
5233:
5227:
5220:
5214:
5207:Cygnus CRS OA-9E
5180:
5174:
4992:Tintin A & B
4900:
4893:
4873:
4866:Jilin-1 Video-08
4862:Jilin-1 Video-07
4849:
4842:
4836:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4810:
4804:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4014:
4013:
3872:Planned missions
3863:Lunar Flashlight
3474:Keck observatory
3413:Current missions
3399:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3362:
3356:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3151:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3016:on 20 July 2014.
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2806:. NASA. May 2018
2805:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2520:on 13 June 2015.
2519:
2513:. Archived from
2472:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2375:on 6 March 2016.
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2219:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1929:(4): 2648–2671.
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1617:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1530:"GRACE (ESSP 2)"
1526:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1460:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1312:Perigee altitude
1238:Falcon 9 Block 4
1228:
1226:
1213:Start of mission
1141:Mission duration
1136:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1112:
1030:
1023:
1019:
905:. The microwave
885:
874:
777:
723:
718:
712:
707:
620:
603:
407:Perigee altitude
358:
357:
355:
354:
353:
348:
344:
341:
340:
339:
336:
326:
320:
319:
317:
316:
315:
310:
306:
303:
302:
301:
298:
288:
276:
274:
213:
211:
198:Start of mission
131:Mission duration
126:
123:
121:
119:
117:
102:
29:
22:
18:
6053:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6042:
6028:Twin satellites
6018:NASA satellites
5993:
5992:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5972:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5904:
5898:
5892:
5874:
5848:
5842:
5836:
5830:
5826:Landmapper BC 4
5824:
5818:
5811:
5805:
5747:
5714:
5705:
5698:
5692:
5631:
5625:
5589:
5503:
5500:CentiSpace-1-S1
5437:
5396:
5329:
5250:
5229:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5194:Chang'e 4 Relay
5176:
5170:
5150:
5107:31A, 31B, 31C,
5067:
5002:
4923:
4895:
4889:
4869:
4844:
4838:
4831:
4825:
4819:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4688:
4569:
4520:
4473:
4421:
4413:Atlantic Bird 1
4391:
4352:
4295:
4246:
4206:
4149:
4084:
4063:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4041:
4011:
4006:
3983:
3942:
3919:
3898:
3867:
3714:Mars Pathfinder
3591:Cassini-Huygens
3578:
3558:Voyager program
3408:
3403:
3360:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3293:on 15 June 2021
3290:
3283:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3171:
3167:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2964:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2705:
2703:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2622:J. Geophys. Res
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2592:"GRACE PO.DAAC"
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2447:on 13 June 2015
2435:
2431:
2421:
2419:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2340:
2336:
2299:J. Geophys. Res
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2128:
2124:
2087:
2083:
2058:
2054:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1761:on 15 May 2009.
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1709:. 19 March 2024
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1677:
1676:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1618:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1322:Apogee altitude
1292:Semi-major axis
1224:
1222:
1145:
1124:
1116:43476 and 43477
1103:
1054:
1033:
1018:
1016:GRACE Follow-On
1009:
988:
951:
939:gravity anomaly
931:
895:
894:
893:
892:
888:
887:
886:
877:
876:
875:
856:
833:forecast models
828:
812:
766:
764:
728:resulting from
716:
714:
705:
703:
663:
628:
627:
626:
625:
624:
621:
612:
611:
610:
607:Gravity anomaly
604:
593:
585:West Antarctica
559:, Russia, on a
500:GRACE Follow-On
486:Earth's gravity
417:Apogee altitude
387:Semi-major axis
351:
349:
345:
342:
337:
334:
332:
330:
329:
327:
324:
322:
321:
313:
311:
307:
304:
299:
296:
294:
292:
291:
289:
286:
284:
272:
270:
269:27 October 2017
209:
207:
135:
114:
106:27391 and 27392
93:
43:
41:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6051:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5986:
5985:
5981:Crewed flights
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5969:(6 satellites)
5964:
5939:
5929:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5890:
5880:
5864:
5854:
5763:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5720:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5657:
5652:
5650:Progress MS-10
5647:
5642:
5637:
5623:
5618:
5606:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5573:
5570:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5532:
5523:
5517:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5485:
5480:
5471:
5457:
5452:
5445:
5443:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5435:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5388:
5379:
5373:
5365:
5360:
5358:Progress MS-09
5355:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5305:
5299:
5286:
5281:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5235:
5204:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5117:
5112:
5102:
5093:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5045:
5039:
5034:
5027:
5021:
5019:Hispasat 30W-6
5016:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5001:
5000:
4994:
4985:
4983:Progress MS-08
4980:
4971:
4968:Tesla Roadster
4961:
4956:
4946:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4916:
4907:
4906:(3 satellites)
4901:
4883:
4874:
4859:
4850:
4786:
4771:
4769:USA-280 / Zuma
4765:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4711:
4702:
4701:
4697:Crewed flights
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4663:
4658:
4633:
4628:
4602:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4554:
4549:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4494:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4375:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4220:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4163:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4111:
4106:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4058:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3912:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3879:Europa Clipper
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3843:
3836:
3834:TOPEX/Poseidon
3831:
3826:
3821:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3742:
3729:
3722:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3567:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3502:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3424:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3357:
3336:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3310:
3309:External links
3307:
3305:
3304:
3272:
3246:
3220:
3191:
3165:
3114:
3088:
3063:
3041:
3019:
3001:
2962:
2940:
2917:
2891:
2865:
2843:
2817:
2789:
2764:
2739:
2713:
2685:
2657:
2608:
2583:
2558:
2539:(8): 527–550.
2523:
2458:
2429:
2413:gfz-potsdam.de
2400:
2378:
2360:
2334:
2305:(B6): B06406.
2285:
2263:
2205:
2161:
2142:(18). L18401.
2130:Tiwari, V.M.;
2122:
2081:
2052:
1996:
1973:
1950:
1909:
1886:
1860:
1838:
1816:
1790:
1764:
1746:
1735:on 5 June 2011
1720:
1694:
1667:
1640:
1607:
1576:
1546:
1514:
1483:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1408:
1405:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1248:Vandenberg AFB
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:End of mission
1005:
987:
984:
950:
947:
930:
927:
890:
889:
880:
879:
878:
869:
868:
867:
866:
865:
855:
852:
848:frame-dragging
827:
824:
811:
808:
763:
760:
673:sea level rise
662:
659:
632:oceanographers
622:
615:
614:
613:
609:map from GRACE
605:
598:
597:
596:
595:
594:
592:
589:
496:famous cartoon
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
455:
449:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
377:
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
347:63.9°N 160.9°W
282:
278:
277:
267:
263:
262:
261:End of mission
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
231:
227:
226:
220:
216:
215:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
157:
151:
150:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
112:
108:
107:
104:
95:
94:
92:
91:
88:
84:
82:
76:
75:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
45:
42:Tom and Jerry
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6050:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5991:
5982:
5975:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5955:
5948:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5868:
5867:SpaceX CRS-16
5865:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5845:
5839:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5814:
5808:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5701:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5680:Mohammed VI-B
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5506:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5308:Dragon CRS-15
5306:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5219:
5213:
5212:EnduroSat One
5208:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5189:Bangabandhu-1
5187:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5079:Dragon CRS-14
5077:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5044:/ Kosmos 2525
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4887:
4886:Humanity Star
4884:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4871:Kepler 0 KIPP
4867:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4834:
4828:
4822:
4815:
4809:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4740:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4698:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:Progress M1-9
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4408:EchoStar VIII
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4349:
4348:Progress M-46
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4318:Leonardo MPLM
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Progress M1-8
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4046:
4038:
4033:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:Europa Lander
3908:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3707:Mars Observer
3704:
3701:
3700:Mars Cube One
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:Past missions
3581:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3315:GRACE website
3313:
3312:
3289:
3282:
3276:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3134:(1). 012010.
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3051:
3045:
3029:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3005:
2986:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2928:
2921:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2853:
2847:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2728:. 22 May 2018
2727:
2723:
2717:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2433:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2409:"GRACE AOD1B"
2404:
2388:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2273:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2209:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2184:(3). L03403.
2183:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1984:
1977:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1897:
1890:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1848:
1842:
1826:
1820:
1805:
1801:
1794:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1013:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
986:Data products
983:
981:
980:laser ranging
977:
973:
969:
965:
960:
956:
946:
944:
940:
936:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
884:
873:
860:
851:
849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
826:Other signals
823:
821:
817:
807:
805:
801:
796:
794:
785:
759:
757:
752:
751:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
722:
711:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
658:
656:
652:
648:
643:
641:
640:glaciologists
637:
633:
619:
608:
602:
588:
586:
582:
577:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:By measuring
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
457:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
418:
414:
410:
408:
404:
400:
398:
394:
390:
388:
384:
381:
378:
374:
369:
365:
361:
356:
318:
309:45.9°S 20.4°E
283:
279:
268:
264:
259:
255:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
217:
205:
201:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
133:
129:
125:
113:
109:
105:
103:
96:
89:
86:
85:
83:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
35:
28:
23:
5990:
5980:
5758:
5743:Strela-3M 18
5735:Strela-3M 17
5727:Strela-3M 16
5708:
5655:Cygnus NG-10
5565:
5526:
5525:
5376:Iridium NEXT
5312:Biarri-Squad
5276:
5245:
5241:
5238:Iridium NEXT
5096:Superbird-B3
5057:Iridium NEXT
5029:
4904:Yaogan 30-04
4891:Dove Pioneer
4696:
4585:
4531:
4513:
4498:Foton-M No.1
4496:
4484:
4451:
4433:Intelsat 906
4324:Ekspress A1R
4311:
4307:Intelsat 905
4239:
4222:
4202:Intelsat 903
4165:
4140:Intelsat 904
4135:EchoStar VII
3839:
3817:
3782:
3760:
3745:
3737:
3724:
3712:
3705:
3692:
3681:
3649:
3635:
3619:Deep Space 2
3617:
3612:Deep Space 1
3610:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3569:
3562:
3514:
3505:
3498:Perseverance
3497:
3486:Mars Odyssey
3484:
3467:
3459:
3426:
3419:
3370:NASA Goddard
3353:the original
3348:
3344:
3297:29 September
3295:. Retrieved
3288:the original
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3258:
3249:
3237:. Retrieved
3232:
3223:
3211:. Retrieved
3206:
3184:29 September
3182:. Retrieved
3179:PhysicsWorld
3178:
3168:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3100:
3091:
3079:. Retrieved
3056:29 September
3054:. Retrieved
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3022:
3014:the original
3004:
2992:. Retrieved
2985:the original
2956:
2943:
2933:14 September
2931:. Retrieved
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2882:. Retrieved
2878:
2868:
2856:. Retrieved
2846:
2836:29 September
2834:. Retrieved
2829:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2780:. Retrieved
2776:
2767:
2755:. Retrieved
2751:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2725:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2697:
2694:"GRACE-FO 2"
2688:
2676:. Retrieved
2669:
2666:"GRACE-FO 1"
2660:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2570:"Spacecraft"
2536:
2532:
2526:
2515:the original
2478:
2474:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2445:the original
2439:
2432:
2420:. Retrieved
2412:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2381:
2373:the original
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2347:
2337:
2302:
2298:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2266:
2225:
2221:
2208:
2181:
2177:
2164:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2065:
2055:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1953:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1851:. Retrieved
1841:
1831:29 September
1829:. Retrieved
1819:
1809:29 September
1807:. Retrieved
1803:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1776:
1767:
1759:the original
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1733:the original
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1658:. Retrieved
1631:. Retrieved
1625:
1598:. Retrieved
1591:
1567:. Retrieved
1537:. Retrieved
1533:
1505:. Retrieved
1498:
1474:. Retrieved
1467:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1386:Iridium NEXT
1372:
1346:94.5 minutes
1302:Eccentricity
1174:Manufacturer
1078:
1063:Mission type
1010:
989:
952:
932:
896:
841:
829:
813:
797:
790:
748:
741:Amazon basin
734:
697:
664:
644:
636:hydrologists
629:
578:
554:
543:
512:
507:
503:
499:
473:
469:
467:
441:94.5 minutes
397:Eccentricity
352:63.9; -160.9
164:Manufacturer
68:
53:Mission type
5967:Yunhai-2 01
5922:Kosmos 2533
5871:TechEdSat 8
5861:GEO-KOMPSAT
5786:FalconSAT 6
5760:Soyuz MS-11
5739:Kosmos 2532
5731:Kosmos 2531
5723:Kosmos 2530
5675:Shiyan 6-01
5609:Kosmos 2529
5549:BepiColombo
5528:Soyuz MS-10
5496:Horizons-3e
5492:Intelsat 38
5488:Azerspace-2
5483:Kounotori 7
5455:Telstar 18V
5363:Telstar 19V
5297:Kosmos 2527
5284:IGS-Radar 6
5278:Soyuz MS-09
5202:Longjiang 2
5198:Longjiang 1
5140:Sentinel-3B
5031:Soyuz MS-08
4881:SBIRS-GEO-4
4808:Carbonite-2
4797:Microsat-TD
4789:Cartosat-2F
4674:Kosmos 2396
4670:Kosmos 2395
4666:Kosmos 2394
4661:Kosmos 2393
4640:Saudisat 1C
4561:Mozhayets 3
4515:Soyuz TMA-1
4459:Hispasat 1D
4387:Kosmos 2392
4382:Kosmos 2391
4378:Kosmos 2390
4291:Kosmos 2389
4281:Hai Yang 1A
4277:Feng Yun 1D
4241:Soyuz TM-34
4218:Kosmos 2388
4145:Kosmos 2387
3746:Opportunity
3605:Deep Impact
3265:27 February
3034:11 December
2858:19 November
2038:1874/308354
1687:13 February
1569:11 December
1539:10 December
1332:Inclination
1244:Launch site
1218:Launch date
1189:Launch mass
949:Instruments
835:to prevent
579:In 2019, a
427:Inclination
350: /
314:-45.9; 20.4
312: /
230:Launch site
203:Launch date
174:Launch mass
5997:Categories
5580:KhalifaSat
5418:ADM-Aeolus
5272:Fengyun-2H
5246:GRACE-FO 2
5242:GRACE-FO 1
4999:-Optical 6
4679:Shenzhou 4
4648:LatinSat B
4644:LatinSat A
4617:µ-LabSat 1
4587:Hot Bird 7
4509:Zi Yuan 2B
4469:Nadezhda 7
4453:Tsinghua 2
4403:Hot Bird 6
4338:Iridium 98
4334:Iridium 97
4188:Shenzhou 3
4130:Iridium 96
4126:Iridium 95
4122:Iridium 94
4118:Iridium 91
4114:Iridium 90
3642:spacecraft
3508:helicopter
3281:"GRACE-FO"
3097:"GRACE-FO"
2929:. NASA/JPL
2910:2 November
2854:. NASA/JPL
2773:"GRACE-FO"
2748:"GRACE-FO"
2533:New Astron
1849:. NASA/JPL
1633:31 October
1448:References
1285:Geocentric
1258:Contractor
1252:California
1197:Dimensions
1180:(formerly
1049:GRACE-FO 2
1046:GRACE-FO 1
978:to enable
854:Spacecraft
804:Antarctica
762:Geophysics
700:ice sheets
647:ice sheets
380:Geocentric
281:Decay date
273:2017-10-28
243:Contractor
182:Dimensions
5942:Kanopus-V
5926:Blagovest
5883:Chang'e 4
5798:SkySat 15
5794:SkySat 14
5782:Eu:CROPIS
5774:Capella 1
5707:Kepler 1
5645:Es'hail 2
5613:GLONASS-M
5515:SAOCOM 1A
5442:September
5371:FOC 19–22
5345:PakTES-1A
5324:UiTMSAT-1
5289:GLONASS-M
5162:Apstar 6C
5129:Blagovest
4959:TRICOM-1R
4935:Kanopus-V
4814:Flock-3p'
4609:Kanta Kun
4426:September
4369:Stellat 5
4329:Galaxy 3C
4272:DirecTV-5
3625:Explorers
3571:Voyager 2
3564:Voyager 1
3506:Ingenuity
3492:Mars 2020
3345:GPS World
2879:Space.com
2652:140194666
1739:14 August
1507:17 August
1495:"GRACE 2"
1476:17 August
1464:"GRACE 1"
1229: UTC
1132:/grace-fo
1130:/missions
1100:2018-047B
1097:2018-047A
1090:COSPAR ID
533:, NASA's
492:anomalies
214: UTC
90:2002-012B
87:2002-012A
80:COSPAR ID
5947:Flock-3k
5936:GPS IIIA
5894:CubeSail
5850:SpaceBEE
5844:PW-Sat 2
5832:MinXSS-2
5820:IRVINE02
5813:Flock-3s
5802:STPSat 5
5790:ICEYE X2
5752:December
5700:Flock-3r
5694:FACSAT-1
5667:BeiDou-3
5660:BeiDou-3
5627:IRVINE01
5601:BeiDou-3
5594:November
5584:Diwata-2
5567:Weilai-1
5539:M15, M16
5522:32A, 32B
5478:M13, M14
5460:ICESat-2
5430:BeiDou-3
5423:BeiDou-3
5316:BHUTAN-1
5262:Gaofen-6
5231:RaInCube
5184:Gaofen 5
5145:Zhuhai-1
5120:AFSPC-11
5115:IRNSS-1I
5091:UBAKUSAT
5083:1KUNS-PF
4928:February
4914:Al Yah 3
4846:SpaceBEE
4802:Arkyd-6A
4793:ICEYE-X1
4781:BeiDou-3
4774:BeiDou-3
4652:UniSat 2
4605:ADEOS II
4574:December
4552:Astra 1K
4546:MEPSI 1B
4542:MEPSI 1A
4525:November
4504:INTEGRAL
4373:N-STAR c
4197:Astra 3A
4089:February
4080:INSAT-3C
3824:Surveyor
3818:Stardust
3772:QuikSCAT
3682:Magellan
3661:Herschel
3455:GRACE-FO
3434:ACRIMSAT
3259:GRACE-FO
3233:GRACE-FO
3207:GRACE-FO
3101:eoPortal
3081:18 April
2777:eoPortal
2576:10 March
2503:15496915
2393:21 March
2329:15724840
2250:15273390
2132:Wahr, J.
2047:53062626
1989:14 March
1966:14 March
1902:14 March
1879:14 March
1804:BBC News
1783:14 March
1713:21 March
1660:11 March
1407:See also
1382:Falcon 9
1071:Operator
1021:GRACE-FO
972:attitude
903:platform
850:effect.
837:aliasing
719:44
708:58
685:salinity
677:glaciers
651:aquifers
574:GRACE-FO
504:GRACE-FO
480:and the
338:160°54′W
266:Declared
247:Eurockot
237:LC-133/3
234:Plesetsk
223:Rokot-KM
61:Operator
5954:Lemur-2
5932:USA-289
5912:GSAT-7A
5857:GSAT-11
5716:Lemur-2
5640:GSAT-29
5633:Lemur-2
5621:MetOp-C
5576:GOSAT-2
5508:October
5468:NovaSAR
5368:Galileo
5240:51–55,
5224:Lemur-2
5218:EQUiSat
5178:MarCO B
5172:MarCO A
5167:InSight
5100:HYLAS-4
5052:M9, M10
5037:GSAT-6A
5014:GOES-17
4943:Lemur-2
4897:Lemur-2
4877:USA-282
4857:Topaz-5
4853:USA-281
4833:Lemur-2
4762:January
4684:Nimiq 2
4656:Rubin 2
4591:Stentor
4581:TDRS-10
4565:Rubin-3
4557:AlSAT-1
4533:STS-113
4486:STS-112
4478:October
4364:CONTOUR
4343:NOAA-17
4313:STS-111
4224:STS-110
4193:JCSAT-8
4167:STS-109
4161:Envisat
4096:Tsubasa
4075:USA-164
4068:January
3959:Caltech
3939:(MAX-C)
3915:FINESSE
3894:SPHEREx
3840:Ulysses
3783:Rosetta
3767:Pioneer
3761:Phoenix
3702:(MarCO)
3688:Mariner
3671:Jason-1
3650:Genesis
3636:Galileo
3461:InSight
3366:YouTube
3239:5 March
3213:5 March
3136:Bibcode
2994:7 March
2630:Bibcode
2601:11 June
2541:Bibcode
2511:4423434
2483:Bibcode
2451:11 June
2422:11 June
2307:Bibcode
2278:26 June
2258:7357519
2230:Bibcode
2222:Science
2186:Bibcode
2144:Bibcode
2103:Bibcode
2017:Bibcode
1931:Bibcode
1853:1 March
1306:0.00179
1223: (
1182:Astrium
1169:Flexbus
1121:Website
1109:SATCAT
899:Astrium
820:geodesy
810:Geodesy
581:glacier
527:climate
523:geology
515:gravity
508:GRACE-C
401:0.00182
335:63°54′N
300:20°24′E
297:45°54′S
271: (
208: (
168:Astrium
159:Flexbus
120:.utexas
111:Website
99:SATCAT
5961:Lume-1
5900:RSat-P
5887:Yutu-2
5766:SHERPA
5572:CFOSAT
5544:AEHF-4
5535:BeiDou
5520:Yaogan
5474:BeiDou
5466:S1-4,
5401:August
5391:Gaofen
5386:M5, M6
5382:BeiDou
5353:IGSO-7
5350:BeiDou
5341:PRSS-1
5320:Maya-1
5291:
5267:SES-12
5105:Yaogan
5048:BeiDou
4978:M3, M4
4974:BeiDou
4941:× 4 ,
4910:SES-14
4840:PicSat
4821:Fox-1D
4754:2019 →
4739:← 2017
4625:RITE 2
4621:RITE 1
4613:FedSat
4538:ITS P1
4491:ITS S1
4447:METSAT
4442:Kodama
4396:August
4286:Ofek-5
4262:Idefix
4258:SPOT-5
4229:ITS S0
4173:TDRS-9
4060:2003 →
4045:← 2001
3859:(WIRE)
3853:(WFPC)
3846:Viking
3796:(SRTM)
3789:Seasat
3777:Ranger
3738:Spirit
3676:Kepler
3543:(SMAP)
3537:(MISR)
3446:(AIRS)
3428:Psyche
3421:Euclid
3261:. NASA
3235:. NASA
2906:. NASA
2884:22 May
2810:23 May
2782:26 May
2757:23 May
2732:28 May
2706:23 May
2702:. NASA
2678:23 May
2674:. NASA
2650:
2509:
2501:
2475:Nature
2327:
2256:
2248:
2101:(16).
2045:
1985:. NASA
1898:. NASA
1600:23 May
1596:. NASA
1503:. NASA
1472:. NASA
1379:SpaceX
1342:Period
1262:SpaceX
1234:Rocket
1079:·
1077:
959:K-band
844:LAGEOS
561:Rockot
525:, and
498:. The
437:Period
219:Rocket
124:/grace
69:·
67:
5917:CSO-1
5906:STF-1
5876:UNITE
5807:ENOCH
5685:HySIS
5560:Lotos
5378:56–65
5314:× 3,
5124:EAGLE
5109:Weina
5087:Irazú
5072:April
5059:41–50
5007:March
4953:ÑuSat
4939:S-Net
4631:NSS-6
4599:MFD-B
4595:MFD-A
4438:USERS
4417:MSG-1
4235:NSS-7
4211:April
4178:GRACE
4154:March
4109:HESSI
4104:VEP-3
3933:(AFL)
3829:SVLBI
3808:(SIR)
3802:(SME)
3755:NSCAT
3748:rover
3740:rover
3656:GRACE
3630:GALEX
3549:(TES)
3531:(MLS)
3525:(MSL)
3519:(MRO)
3500:rover
3481:(LBT)
3439:ASTER
3291:(PDF)
3284:(PDF)
3107:7 May
2988:(PDF)
2981:(PDF)
2953:(PDF)
2804:(PDF)
2648:S2CID
2518:(PDF)
2507:S2CID
2471:(PDF)
2353:4 May
2325:S2CID
2254:S2CID
2218:(PDF)
2174:(PDF)
2043:S2CID
1563:(PDF)
1435:GRAIL
1352:Epoch
1336:89.0°
1081:
1038:Names
1000:geoid
923:ONERA
655:magma
565:SS-19
519:ocean
489:field
474:GRACE
447:Epoch
431:89.0°
71:
37:Names
20:GRACE
5949:× 12
5928:-13L
5778:ESEO
5709:CASE
5702:× 16
5464:SSTL
5334:July
5304:A, B
5302:XJSS
5255:June
5135:TESS
5042:EMKA
4955:4, 5
4949:CSES
4747:2018
4357:July
4300:June
4267:Aqua
4100:DASH
4053:2002
3954:NASA
3666:IRAS
3598:Dawn
3553:SWOT
3468:Juno
3299:2019
3267:2020
3241:2020
3215:2020
3186:2019
3109:2020
3083:2018
3058:2019
3036:2017
2996:2019
2959:(2).
2935:2018
2912:2018
2886:2018
2860:2017
2838:2019
2812:2019
2784:2019
2759:2019
2734:2019
2726:NASA
2708:2019
2680:2019
2603:2015
2578:2019
2499:PMID
2453:2015
2424:2015
2395:2018
2355:2010
2280:2015
2246:PMID
1991:2018
1968:2018
1904:2018
1881:2018
1855:2023
1833:2019
1811:2019
1785:2018
1741:2009
1715:2024
1689:2018
1662:2018
1635:2017
1602:2019
1571:2017
1541:2017
1509:2016
1478:2016
1128:.gov
1126:nasa
1075:NASA
964:drag
569:Briz
478:NASA
468:The
122:.edu
118:.csr
65:NASA
5956:× 8
5938:-01
5852:× 3
5815:× 3
5718:× 4
5670:M18
5663:M17
5635:× 2
5616:757
5604:G1Q
5537:-3
5476:-3
5451:-1C
5433:M12
5426:M11
5384:-3
5318:,
5293:756
5226:× 4
5155:May
5147:× 5
5050:-3
5024:O3b
4997:IGS
4988:Paz
4976:-3
4945:× 4
4899:× 2
4848:× 4
4835:× 4
4816:× 4
4251:May
3364:on
3154:hdl
3144:doi
3132:610
2638:doi
2626:103
2549:doi
2491:doi
2479:431
2315:doi
2303:114
2238:doi
2226:305
2194:doi
2152:doi
2111:doi
2070:doi
2033:hdl
2025:doi
1939:doi
1927:120
1375:GFZ
1358:UTC
1165:Bus
1111:no.
1083:DLR
919:JPL
802:in
704:280
583:in
453:UTC
155:Bus
116:www
101:no.
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5494:,
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