2549:
3951:
5060:
2113:
2544:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g\{\phi \}&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1+0.0053024\,\sin ^{2}\phi -0.0000058\,\sin ^{2}2\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1+0.0052792\,\sin ^{2}\phi +0.0000232\,\sin ^{4}\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1.0053024-0.0053256\,\cos ^{2}\phi +0.0000232\,\cos ^{4}\phi \right),\\&=9.780327\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}\,\,\left(1.0026454-0.0026512\,\cos 2\phi +0.0000058\,\cos ^{2}2\phi \right)\end{aligned}}}
544:
523:(itself also caused by centrifugal force from rotation) causes objects at the Equator to be further from the planet's center than objects at the poles. The force due to gravitational attraction between two masses (a piece of the Earth and the object being weighed) varies inversely with the square of the distance between them. The distribution of mass is also different below someone on the equator and below someone at a pole. The net result is that an object at the Equator experiences a weaker gravitational pull than an object on one of the poles.
1291:
5312:
3886:
500:
5951:
5324:
5072:
132:
768:
756:
35:
1395:(9.776 m/s). The effect of altitude can be seen in Mexico City (9.776 m/s; altitude 2,240 metres (7,350 ft)), and by comparing Denver (9.798 m/s; 1,616 metres (5,302 ft)) with Washington, D.C. (9.801 m/s; 30 metres (98 ft)), both of which are near 39° N. Measured values can be obtained from Physical and Mathematical Tables by T.M. Yarwood and F. Castle, Macmillan, revised edition 1970.
5336:
5084:
3769:
1351:
748:
536:
3529:
771:
Earth's gravity according to the
Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM). Two models for a spherically symmetric Earth are included for comparison. The dark green straight line is for a constant density equal to the Earth's average density. The light green curved line is for a density that decreases
568:
Gravity decreases with altitude as one rises above the Earth's surface because greater altitude means greater distance from the Earth's centre. All other things being equal, an increase in altitude from sea level to 9,000 metres (30,000 ft) causes a weight decrease of about 0.29%. (An additional
526:
In combination, the equatorial bulge and the effects of the surface centrifugal force due to rotation mean that sea-level gravity increases from about 9.780 m/s at the
Equator to about 9.832 m/s at the poles, so an object will weigh approximately 0.5% more at the poles than at the Equator.
1394:
Tools exist for calculating the strength of gravity at various cities around the world. The effect of latitude can be clearly seen with gravity in high-latitude cities: Anchorage (9.826 m/s), Helsinki (9.825 m/s), being about 0.5% greater than that in cities near the equator: Kuala Lumpur
4693:
Tapley, Byron D.; Watkins, Michael M.; Flechtner, Frank; Reigber, Christoph; Bettadpur, Srinivas; Rodell, Matthew; Sasgen, Ingo; Famiglietti, James S.; Landerer, Felix W.; Chambers, Don P.; Reager, John T.; Gardner, Alex S.; Save, Himanshu; Ivins, Erik R.; Swenson, Sean C.; Boening, Carmen; Dahle,
482:
near Paris in 1888, with a theoretical correction applied in order to convert to a latitude of 45° at sea level. This definition is thus not a value of any particular place or carefully worked out average, but an agreement for a value to use if a better actual local value is not known or not
4181:
Le nombre adopté dans le
Service international des Poids et Mesures pour la valeur de l'accĂ©lĂ©ration normale de la pesanteur est 980,665 cm/secÂČ, nombre sanctionnĂ© dĂ©jĂ par quelques lĂ©gislations. DĂ©claration relative Ă l'unitĂ© de masse et Ă la dĂ©finition du poids; valeur conventionnelle de
391:
contributes to the total gravity acceleration, but other factors, such as the rotation of Earth, also contribute, and, therefore, affect the weight of the object. Gravity does not normally include the gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun, which are accounted for in terms of
3774:
This formula only works because of the mathematical fact that the gravity of a uniform spherical body, as measured on or above its surface, is the same as if all its mass were concentrated at a point at its centre. This is what allows us to use the Earth's radius for
588:
section). A person flying at 9,100 m (30,000 ft) above sea level over mountains will feel more gravity than someone at the same elevation but over the sea. However, a person standing on the Earth's surface feels less gravity when the elevation is higher.
3764:{\displaystyle g=G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}=6.674\cdot 10^{-11}\mathrm {{m}^{3}\,{kg}^{-1}{s}^{-2}} \times {\frac {6\times 10^{24}\mathrm {kg} }{(6.4\times 10^{6}\mathrm {m} )^{2}}}=9+{\frac {795}{2^{10}}}\approx 9.77637\,\mathrm {{m}\,{s}^{-2}} }
1203:
1299:
There is a strong correlation between the gravity derivation map of earth from NASA GRACE with positions of recent volcanic activity, ridge spreading and volcanos: these regions have a stronger gravitation than theoretical predictions.
3338:
684:
2931:
572:
It is a common misconception that astronauts in orbit are weightless because they have flown high enough to escape the Earth's gravity. In fact, at an altitude of 400 kilometres (250 mi), equivalent to a typical orbit of the
515:
produced by Earth's rotation is larger than at polar latitudes. This counteracts the Earth's gravity to a small degree â up to a maximum of 0.3% at the
Equator â and reduces the apparent downward acceleration of falling objects.
2995:
3126:
1294:
A map of recent volcanic activity and ridge spreading. The areas where NASA GRACE measured gravity to be stronger than the theoretical gravity have a strong correlation with the positions of the volcanic activity and ridge
3807:
only includes true gravity. It does not include the reduction of constraint force that we perceive as a reduction of gravity due to the rotation of Earth, and some of gravity being counteracted by centrifugal
1312:
force which reduces the apparent strength of gravity (as measured by an object's weight). The magnitude of the effect depends on the air density (and hence air pressure) or the water density respectively; see
569:
factor affecting apparent weight is the decrease in air density at altitude, which lessens an object's buoyancy. This would increase a person's apparent weight at an altitude of 9,000 metres by about 0.08%)
2847:
2700:
2118:
3487:
970:
3204:
241:
864:
772:
linearly from center to surface. The density at the center is the same as in the PREM, but the surface density is chosen so that the mass of the sphere equals the mass of the real Earth.
4151:§ 2.1: "The total force acting on a body at rest on the earth's surface is the resultant of gravitational force and the centrifugal force of the earth's rotation and is called gravity."
3168:
1083:
2795:
4423:
794:
of gravitation. Another consequence is that the gravity is the same as if all the mass were concentrated at the center. Thus, the gravitational acceleration at this radius is
4253:
Hirt, Christian; Claessens, Sten; Fecher, Thomas; Kuhn, Michael; Pail, Roland; Rexer, Moritz (August 28, 2013). "New ultrahigh-resolution picture of Earth's gravity field".
786:
from the center of the Earth can be obtained by assuming that the Earth's density is spherically symmetric. The gravity depends only on the mass inside the sphere of radius
3934:(GRACE) consisted of two satellites that detected gravitational changes across the Earth. Also these changes could be presented as gravity anomaly temporal variations. The
3372:
2085:
4618:
3917:
2733:
2105:
3431:
751:
Gravity at different internal layers of Earth (1 = continental crust, 2 = oceanic crust, 3 = upper mantle, 4 = lower mantle, 5+6 = core, A = crust-mantle boundary)
3238:
598:
2854:
739:
The formula treats the Earth as a perfect sphere with a radially symmetric distribution of mass; a more accurate mathematical treatment is discussed below.
2940:
4095:
3003:
4402:
1332:) have a very small effect on the apparent strength of Earth's gravity, depending on their relative positions; typical variations are 2 ÎŒm/s (0.2
1267:, the effect of topography and other known factors is subtracted, and from the resulting data conclusions are drawn. Such techniques are now used by
4387:
4550:, revised edition, Macmillan and Co LTD, London and Basingstoke, Printed in Great Britain by The University Press, Glasgow, 1970, pp 22 & 23.
4581:
420:. The Earth is rotating and is also not spherically symmetric; rather, it is slightly flatter at the poles while bulging at the Equator: an
4161:
512:
4562:
5921:
5122:
468:
4358:
3920:. These satellite missions aim at the recovery of a detailed gravity field model of the Earth, typically presented in the form of a
4848:
4815:
4037:
1374:
is slightly flatter, there are consequently significant deviations in the direction of gravity: essentially the difference between
4820:
4642:
Meyer, Ulrich; Sosnica, Krzysztof; Arnold, Daniel; Dahle, Christoph; Thaller, Daniela; Dach, Rolf; JĂ€ggi, Adrian (22 April 2019).
577:, gravity is still nearly 90% as strong as at the Earth's surface. Weightlessness actually occurs because orbiting objects are in
4755:
SoĆnica, Krzysztof; JĂ€ggi, Adrian; Meyer, Ulrich; Thaller, Daniela; Beutler, Gerhard; Arnold, Daniel; Dach, Rolf (October 2015).
3931:
3893:
Currently, the static and time-variable Earth's gravity field parameters are determined using modern satellite missions, such as
147:. Red shows the areas where gravity is stronger than the smooth, standard value, and blue reveals areas where gravity is weaker (
136:
286:
will increase by about 9.8 metres per second (32 ft/s) every second. This quantity is sometimes referred to informally as
99:
4330:
4144:
355:
71:
5926:
2806:
2583:
2559:
732:
78:
17:
3938:(GRAIL) also consisted of two spacecraft orbiting the Moon, which orbited for three years before their deorbit in 2015.
4481:
3442:
916:
760:
118:
52:
3174:
208:
4531:
800:
85:
5656:
5374:
5115:
334:(though this sometimes means the normal gravity at the equator, 9.7803267715 m/s (32.087686258 ft/s)),
5975:
5485:
4585:
Department of
Defense World Geodetic System 1984 â Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems
3916:
Large-scale gravity anomalies can be detected from space, as a by-product of satellite gravity missions, e.g.,
3909:. The lowest-degree parameters, including the Earth's oblateness and geocenter motion are best determined from
3138:
149:
56:
4806:
4110:
3844:
are known then a reverse calculation will give an estimate of the mass of the Earth. This method was used by
2555:
1209:
247:
67:
4399:
4841:
3229:
1198:{\displaystyle g(r)={\frac {4\pi }{3}}G\rho _{0}r-\pi G\left(\rho _{0}-\rho _{1}\right){\frac {r^{2}}{R}}.}
508:
5827:
5749:
5340:
574:
4164:(1901). "Déclaration relative à l'unité de masse et à la définition du poids; valeur conventionnelle de
5754:
5186:
5108:
4013:
2798:
2740:
388:
5759:
5244:
5176:
4594:
1370:. In a spherically symmetric Earth, gravity would point directly towards the sphere's centre. As the
5561:
5475:
5239:
5088:
4982:
4977:
3209:
The difference between the WGS-84 formula and
Helmert's equation is less than 0.68 μm·s.
251:
5196:
4834:
4322:
4174:
4008:
3924:
expansion of the Earth's gravitational potential, but alternative presentations, such as maps of
3910:
3795:
3350:
1367:
519:
The second major reason for the difference in gravity at different latitudes is that the Earth's
45:
4305:
2061:
4559:
3825:
3493:
3382:
874:
294:
539:
The graph shows the variation in gravity relative to the height of an object above the surface
92:
5528:
5150:
5145:
3956:
3213:
2570:
1227:
316:
is 9.80665 m/s (32.1740 ft/s) by definition. This quantity is denoted variously as
3878:
1208:
The actual depth dependence of density and gravity, inferred from seismic travel times (see
5689:
5641:
5422:
4897:
4768:
4711:
4655:
4506:
4438:
4366:
4262:
3347:
is the distance between the centre of the Earth and the body (see below), and here we take
2711:
2090:
1363:
479:
424:. There are consequently slight deviations in the magnitude of gravity across its surface.
4497:
Watts, A. B.; Daly, S. F. (May 1981). "Long wavelength gravity and topography anomalies".
4204:
3407:
3333:{\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}=\left(G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}\right)m}
679:{\displaystyle g_{h}=g_{0}\left({\frac {R_{\mathrm {e} }}{R_{\mathrm {e} }+h}}\right)^{2}}
8:
5832:
5789:
5623:
5566:
5417:
5409:
5367:
5328:
5254:
4043:
3979:
3921:
2058:
If the terrain is at sea level, we can estimate, for the
Geodetic Reference System 1980,
2053:
1383:
1379:
1283:) cause higher than normal local gravitational fields on the Earth's surface. Less dense
555:
413:
271:
191:
140:
4772:
4715:
4659:
4518:
4510:
4442:
4266:
2926:{\displaystyle k={\frac {b\,\mathbb {G} _{p}-a\,\mathbb {G} _{e}}{a\,\mathbb {G} _{e}}}}
428:
310:
The precise strength of Earth's gravity varies with location. The agreed upon value for
5701:
5171:
4914:
4876:
4871:
4798:
4732:
4699:
4695:
4288:
4226:
4209:
3991:
3971:
3906:
3902:
3492:
So, to find the acceleration due to gravity at sea level, substitute the values of the
1345:
791:
409:
408:
of uniform mass density, or whose density varies solely with distance from the centre (
4028: â Difference between ideal and observed gravitational acceleration at a location
543:
5931:
5913:
5817:
5784:
5316:
5264:
4737:
4477:
4454:
4450:
4326:
4230:
4140:
3898:
1375:
1371:
417:
270:(N/kg or N·kg). Near Earth's surface, the acceleration due to gravity, accurate to 2
187:
179:
4292:
4176:
Comptes Rendus des Séances de la TroisiÚme Conférence· Générale des Poids et
Mesures
4065:
2990:{\displaystyle \mathbb {G} _{p}=9.8321849378\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}}
1290:
5990:
5980:
5844:
5696:
5573:
5553:
5495:
5399:
5394:
5269:
5076:
5002:
4909:
4776:
4727:
4719:
4673:
4663:
4514:
4446:
4319:
From
Artefacts to Atoms: The BIPM and the Search for Ultimate Measurement Standards
4278:
4270:
4218:
3800:
The Earth is not a perfect sphere, and an average value must be used for its radius
3121:{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}=9.7803253359\,\,\mathrm {m} \cdot \mathrm {s} ^{-2}\left}
1746:
1284:
1276:
1221:
520:
312:
195:
4063:
1244:
cause local and regional differences in the Earth's gravitational field, known as
427:
Gravity on the Earth's surface varies by around 0.7%, from 9.7639 m/s on the
5839:
5822:
5779:
5769:
5661:
5229:
5191:
4997:
4967:
4810:
4566:
4406:
4031:
4025:
4000:
3965:
3845:
2574:
1359:
1314:
1245:
1241:
551:
421:
144:
592:
The following formula approximates the Earth's gravity variation with altitude:
354:
of an object on Earth's surface is the downwards force on that object, given by
5985:
5954:
5872:
5862:
5726:
5721:
5480:
5470:
5360:
5234:
5211:
5201:
5181:
5064:
4972:
4944:
4939:
4934:
1919:
484:
275:
203:
5311:
4781:
4756:
4723:
4306:"Wolfram|Alpha Gravity in Kuala Lumpur", Wolfram Alpha, accessed November 2020
4283:
4046: â Measure of the downward gravitational force's shift due to nearby mass
3786:. The difference may be attributed to several factors, mentioned above under "
5969:
5882:
5812:
5764:
5731:
5603:
5593:
5583:
5543:
5538:
5249:
4987:
4949:
4458:
3885:
1724:
777:
263:
131:
3232:, the force on a body acted upon by Earth's gravitational force is given by
499:
471:
defined a standard gravitational acceleration for the surface of the Earth:
5936:
5887:
5877:
5867:
5807:
5588:
5442:
5432:
5274:
4741:
4535:
4476:(4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman/Worth Publishers. pp. 336â337.
3985:
2000:
1827:
717:
440:
432:
274:, is 9.8 m/s (32 ft/s). This means that, ignoring the effects of
171:
4222:
1020:. If the density decreased linearly with increasing radius from a density
5684:
5490:
5427:
5166:
5038:
4902:
4892:
4160:
2022:
1895:
1862:
1268:
584:
The effect of ground elevation depends on the density of the ground (see
488:
444:
175:
4678:
2558:
1967, the 1967 Geodetic
Reference System Formula, Helmert's equation or
1608:
1248:. Some of these anomalies can be very extensive, resulting in bulges in
790:. All the contributions from outside cancel out as a consequence of the
5774:
5741:
5716:
5598:
5518:
5437:
5206:
5131:
5033:
4929:
4668:
4643:
3864:
3857:
1711:
1540:
1505:
1481:
1333:
1264:
1260:
1233:
4346:
4274:
5706:
5651:
5636:
5608:
5578:
5505:
5447:
5023:
4919:
3219:
2011:
1954:
1873:
1781:
1619:
1573:
1516:
1494:
1448:
1249:
578:
562:
448:
283:
199:
168:
755:
34:
4803:
3782:
The value obtained agrees approximately with the measured value of
1792:
1632:
1562:
1527:
1459:
1309:
1253:
767:
478: = 9.80665 m/s. It was based on measurements at the
456:
267:
4644:"SLR, GRACE and Swarm Gravity Field Determination and Combination"
503:
The differences of Earth's gravity around the Antarctic continent.
5799:
5676:
5646:
5462:
5452:
5295:
5043:
5028:
4857:
4019:
3212:
Further reductions are applied to obtain gravity anomalies (see:
1987:
1965:
1941:
1849:
1689:
1643:
1586:
1237:
558:
4694:
Christoph; Wiese, David N.; Dobslaw, Henryk; Tamisiea, Mark E.;
4421:
747:
5666:
5533:
5513:
3512:
1976:
1930:
1908:
1838:
1803:
1770:
1757:
1735:
1678:
1665:
1654:
1551:
405:
351:
259:
2849:
is the defined gravity at the equator and poles, respectively;
1259:
The study of these anomalies forms the basis of gravitational
5854:
5631:
5613:
5383:
5100:
4692:
3935:
3925:
2033:
1884:
1816:
1597:
1017:
547:
279:
255:
183:
3994: â Theoretical description of Earth's gravimetric shape
1350:
1008:
is acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Earth,
5903:
5523:
5279:
5007:
3894:
3501:
1700:
1470:
1329:
1321:
1240:(such as the density of rocks in the vicinity), and deeper
535:
452:
393:
4826:
3982: â Size and shape used to model the Earth for geodesy
3974: â Loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space
431:
mountain in Peru to 9.8337 m/s at the surface of the
174:
that is imparted to objects due to the combined effect of
4757:"Time variable Earth's gravity field from SLR satellites"
1386:, are caused by local mass anomalies, such as mountains.
1325:
1280:
1272:
5352:
4754:
4700:"Contributions of GRACE to understanding climate change"
4064:
NASA/JPL/University of Texas Center for Space Research.
4641:
4252:
4134:
3996:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
4345:
Resolution of the 3rd CGPM (1901), page 70 (in cm/s).
4034: â Gravitational force exerted by the planet Mars
3190:
3154:
1263:. The fluctuations are measured with highly sensitive
3928:
undulations or gravity anomalies, are also produced.
3812:
There are significant uncertainties in the values of
3532:
3445:
3410:
3353:
3241:
3177:
3141:
3006:
2943:
2857:
2842:{\displaystyle \mathbb {G} _{e},\,\mathbb {G} _{p}\,}
2809:
2743:
2735:
are the equatorial and polar semi-axes, respectively;
2714:
2695:{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}=\mathbb {G} _{e}\left,\,\!}
2586:
2116:
2093:
2064:
1086:
919:
803:
759:
Earth's radial density distribution according to the
601:
211:
3946:
1354:
A plumb bob determines the local vertical direction
347:(which is also used for the variable local value).
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4241:Îłe = 9.780 326 7715 m/sÂČ normal gravity at equator
4179:(in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. p. 68.
3763:
3481:
3425:
3366:
3332:
3198:
3162:
3120:
2989:
2925:
2841:
2789:
2727:
2694:
2543:
2099:
2079:
1197:
964:
858:
678:
235:
4109:. Arlington, Texas: S.A.W.E., Inc. Archived from
2691:
1308:In air or water, objects experience a supporting
436:
5967:
4532:Gravitational Fields Widget as of Oct 25th, 2012
910:and the dependence of gravity on depth would be
4804:GRACE â Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
4388:"I feel 'lighter' when up a mountain but am I?"
4040: â Classical statement of gravity as force
3829:is also rather difficult to measure precisely.
3482:{\displaystyle g=G{\frac {M_{\oplus }}{r^{2}}}}
1389:
1215:
965:{\displaystyle g(r)={\frac {4\pi }{3}}G\rho r.}
782:An approximate value for gravity at a distance
511:. At latitudes nearer the Equator, the outward
507:The surface of the Earth is rotating, so it is
483:important. It is also used to define the units
3823:as used in this calculation, and the value of
3199:{\displaystyle b=6356752.314245\,\,{\mbox{m}}}
1399:Acceleration due to gravity in various cities
236:{\displaystyle g=\|{\mathit {\mathbf {g} }}\|}
5368:
5116:
4842:
4499:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
3862:The measurement of Earth's gravity is called
859:{\displaystyle g(r)=-{\frac {GM(r)}{r^{2}}}.}
143:of an idealized, smooth Earth, the so-called
4576:
4574:
4431:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
4299:
3436:Comparing the two formulas it is seen that:
3016:
3010:
2596:
2590:
2130:
2124:
2074:
2068:
701:is the gravitational acceleration at height
230:
218:
4588:,NIMA TR8350.2, 3rd ed., Tbl. 3.4, Eq. 4-1"
4316:
4016: â Change in speed due only to gravity
3787:
198:quantity, whose direction coincides with a
5375:
5361:
5123:
5109:
4849:
4835:
4135:Hofmann-Wellenhof, B.; Moritz, H. (2006).
4066:"PIA12146: GRACE Global Gravity Animation"
3988: â Energy related to Earth's gravity
469:General Conference on Weights and Measures
416:of uniform magnitude at all points on its
202:and strength or magnitude is given by the
4780:
4731:
4677:
4667:
4571:
4496:
4422:A. M. Dziewonski, D. L. Anderson (1981).
4282:
4162:Bureau International des Poids et Mesures
4089:
4087:
3871:
3744:
3737:
3601:
3188:
3187:
3163:{\displaystyle a=6378137.0\,\,{\mbox{m}}}
3152:
3151:
3094:
3066:
3026:
3025:
2963:
2962:
2946:
2910:
2907:
2892:
2889:
2873:
2870:
2838:
2828:
2825:
2812:
2721:
2690:
2604:
2512:
2493:
2478:
2477:
2453:
2452:
2414:
2391:
2376:
2375:
2351:
2350:
2312:
2289:
2274:
2273:
2249:
2248:
2207:
2184:
2169:
2168:
2144:
2143:
1279:. Denser rocks (often containing mineral
888:is the total mass enclosed within radius
399:
119:Learn how and when to remove this message
3936:Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory
3884:
1349:
1289:
766:
754:
746:
542:
534:
498:
130:
4525:
4417:
4415:
4093:
4022: â Attraction of masses and energy
3968: â Concept in celestial mechanics
3932:Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
14:
5968:
4471:
4202:
4084:
3132:where the semi-axes of the earth are:
2569:as a function of latitude is the WGS (
2047:
892:. If the Earth had a constant density
5356:
5104:
4830:
4038:Newton's law of universal gravitation
3224:from the law of universal gravitation
1236:(such as the presence of mountains),
462:
139:mission, showing deviations from the
5927:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
5335:
5083:
4474:Physics for scientists and engineers
4412:
3401:is acceleration, here tells us that
585:
250:, this acceleration is expressed in
57:adding citations to reliable sources
28:
4816:GGMplus high resolution data (2013)
4553:
4519:10.1146/annurev.ea.09.050181.002215
4424:"Preliminary reference Earth model"
733:standard gravitational acceleration
24:
4390:, National Physical Laboratory FAQ
3747:
3740:
3688:
3662:
3659:
3622:
3607:
3604:
3591:
3037:
3028:
2974:
2965:
2464:
2455:
2362:
2353:
2260:
2251:
2155:
2146:
1228:Gravity anomaly § Computation
651:
638:
509:not an inertial frame of reference
25:
6002:
4792:
4347:BIPM â Resolution of the 3rd CGPM
3879:Gravimetry § Satellite gravimetry
2790:{\displaystyle e^{2}=1-(b/a)^{2}}
1320:The gravitational effects of the
1212:), is shown in the graphs below.
761:Preliminary Reference Earth Model
135:Earth's gravity measured by NASA
5950:
5949:
5334:
5323:
5322:
5310:
5082:
5071:
5070:
5058:
4548:Physical and Mathematical Tables
4205:"Geodetic Reference System 1980"
4072:. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3949:
3877:This section is an excerpt from
3374:to be the mass of the Earth and
1303:
224:
33:
5657:Human impact on the environment
4748:
4686:
4635:
4611:
4540:
4490:
4465:
4393:
4381:
4351:
4003: â Type of gravity anomaly
2087:, the acceleration at latitude
1256:clocks out of synchronisation.
44:needs additional citations for
5486:Climate variability and change
5130:
4409:, NASA, see "Editor's note #2"
4339:
4310:
4246:
4196:
4154:
4128:
4057:
3889:Gravity anomaly map from GRACE
3851:
3693:
3668:
2778:
2763:
1096:
1090:
1077:, and the dependence would be
929:
923:
837:
831:
813:
807:
13:
1:
5922:Evolution of the Solar System
4560:International Gravity formula
4051:
2556:International Gravity Formula
1382:. Smaller deviations, called
356:Newton's second law of motion
5662:Evolutionary history of life
4546:T.M. Yarwood and F. Castle,
4451:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7
4255:Geophysical Research Letters
3378:to be the mass of the body.
3230:law of universal gravitation
1390:Comparative values worldwide
1339:
1336:) over the course of a day.
1216:Local topography and geology
7:
5270:Precession of the equinoxes
5003:Precession of the equinoxes
4856:
4799:Altitude gravity calculator
4098:Precise Measurement of Mass
3942:
3367:{\displaystyle M_{\oplus }}
3214:Gravity anomaly#Computation
2565:An alternative formula for
530:
494:
262:or m·s) or equivalently in
10:
6007:
5187:Geophysical fluid dynamics
4359:"Curious About Astronomy?"
4139:(2nd ed.). Springer.
4014:Gravitational acceleration
3876:
3855:
2080:{\displaystyle g\{\phi \}}
2051:
1434:
1423:
1412:
1358:Gravity acceleration is a
1343:
1225:
1219:
775:
437:In large cities, it ranges
389:Gravitational acceleration
5945:
5912:
5896:
5853:
5798:
5740:
5675:
5622:
5552:
5504:
5461:
5408:
5390:
5382:
5304:
5288:
5220:
5159:
5138:
5052:
5016:
4958:
4885:
4864:
4782:10.1007/s00190-015-0825-1
4724:10.1038/s41558-019-0456-2
4094:Boynton, Richard (2001).
3803:This calculated value of
3519:, to obtain the value of
1210:AdamsâWilliamson equation
252:metres per second squared
5932:Location in the Universe
5863:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
5562:List of sovereign states
4472:Tipler, Paul A. (1999).
4400:"The G's in the Machine"
742:
439:from 9.7806 m/s in
5197:Near-surface geophysics
4323:Oxford University Press
4203:Moritz, Helmut (2000).
4009:Gravitation of the Moon
3911:satellite laser ranging
1328:(also the cause of the
1246:gravitational anomalies
404:A non-rotating perfect
5245:Earth's magnetic field
4823:Potsdam Gravity Potato
3890:
3872:Satellite measurements
3788:Variation in magnitude
3765:
3494:gravitational constant
3483:
3427:
3368:
3334:
3200:
3164:
3122:
2991:
2927:
2843:
2791:
2729:
2696:
2545:
2101:
2081:
1355:
1296:
1199:
966:
875:gravitational constant
860:
773:
764:
752:
680:
565:
540:
504:
400:Variation in magnitude
295:gravitational constant
237:
154:
5976:Gravimetry of objects
5642:Biogeochemical cycles
5567:dependent territories
5317:Geophysics portal
5240:Earth's energy budget
4983:Earth's gravity field
4978:Earth's energy budget
4704:Nature Climate Change
4223:10.1007/s001900050278
3957:Earth sciences portal
3888:
3766:
3484:
3428:
3369:
3335:
3201:
3165:
3123:
2992:
2928:
2844:
2792:
2730:
2728:{\displaystyle a,\,b}
2697:
2571:World Geodetic System
2546:
2102:
2100:{\displaystyle \phi }
2082:
1353:
1293:
1232:Local differences in
1226:Further information:
1200:
1038:at the surface, then
1016:is the radius of the
967:
861:
770:
758:
750:
681:
546:
538:
502:
451:to 9.825 m/s in
238:
134:
5690:Computer cartography
5423:Prebiotic atmosphere
4898:Computer cartography
4317:Terry Quinn (2011).
3530:
3443:
3426:{\displaystyle F=mg}
3408:
3351:
3239:
3175:
3139:
3004:
2941:
2855:
2807:
2741:
2712:
2584:
2114:
2091:
2062:
1287:cause the opposite.
1084:
917:
896:, the mass would be
801:
599:
480:Pavillon de Breteuil
209:
53:improve this article
18:Earth's gravity
5833:Geologic time scale
5554:Culture and society
5418:Atmosphere of Earth
5289:Related disciplines
5255:Geothermal gradient
5017:Related disciplines
4773:2015JGeod..89..945S
4716:2019NatCC...9..358T
4696:Velicogna, Isabella
4660:2019RemS...11..956M
4511:1981AREPS...9..415W
4443:1981PEPI...25..297D
4267:2013GeoRL..40.4279H
4116:on 27 February 2007
4107:Sawe Paper No. 3147
4044:Vertical deflection
3980:Figure of the Earth
3383:Newton's second law
2933:(formula constant);
2054:Theoretical gravity
2048:Mathematical models
1400:
1384:vertical deflection
1380:geocentric latitude
718:Earth's mean radius
467:In 1901, the third
414:gravitational field
412:), would produce a
272:significant figures
141:theoretical gravity
5828:Geological history
5702:Geodetic astronomy
5172:Geophysical survey
5065:Geodesy portal
4915:Geodetic astronomy
4809:2009-12-01 at the
4761:Journal of Geodesy
4669:10.3390/rs11080956
4565:2008-08-20 at the
4405:2020-09-21 at the
4363:Cornell University
4284:20.500.11937/46786
4210:Journal of Geodesy
3992:Geopotential model
3972:Atmospheric escape
3922:spherical-harmonic
3907:GRACE and GRACE-FO
3891:
3761:
3511:, and the Earth's
3479:
3423:
3364:
3330:
3196:
3194:
3160:
3158:
3118:
2987:
2923:
2839:
2797:is the spheroid's
2787:
2725:
2692:
2560:Clairaut's formula
2541:
2539:
2097:
2077:
1398:
1356:
1346:Vertical direction
1297:
1242:tectonic structure
1195:
962:
856:
792:inverse-square law
774:
765:
753:
676:
566:
541:
505:
463:Conventional value
410:spherical symmetry
300:is referred to as
293:(in contrast, the
233:
155:
68:"Gravity of Earth"
5963:
5962:
5914:Planetary science
5897:Natural satellite
5818:Extremes on Earth
5785:Signal processing
5350:
5349:
5265:Mantle convection
5098:
5097:
4332:978-0-19-530786-3
4275:10.1002/grl.50838
4261:(16): 4279â4283.
4146:978-3-211-33544-4
3794:The Earth is not
3729:
3703:
3564:
3477:
3320:
3285:
3193:
3157:
3112:
3111:
2921:
2681:
2680:
2573:) 84 Ellipsoidal
2045:
2044:
1376:geodetic latitude
1285:sedimentary rocks
1190:
1115:
1029:at the center to
948:
851:
664:
513:centrifugal force
188:centrifugal force
180:mass distribution
129:
128:
121:
103:
16:(Redirected from
5998:
5953:
5952:
5845:History of Earth
5496:Paleoclimatology
5377:
5370:
5363:
5354:
5353:
5338:
5337:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5314:
5260:Gravity of Earth
5125:
5118:
5111:
5102:
5101:
5086:
5085:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5062:
5061:
4993:Gravity of Earth
4925:Gravity of Earth
4851:
4844:
4837:
4828:
4827:
4821:Geoid 2011 model
4787:
4786:
4784:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4735:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4671:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4599:
4593:. Archived from
4592:
4578:
4569:
4557:
4551:
4544:
4538:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4469:
4463:
4462:
4428:
4419:
4410:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4365:. Archived from
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4314:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4286:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4172:
4158:
4152:
4150:
4137:Physical Geodesy
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4104:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4061:
3997:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3750:
3743:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3691:
3686:
3685:
3666:
3665:
3657:
3656:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3587:
3586:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3543:
3504:(in kilograms),
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3424:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3299:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3084:
3083:
3076:
3075:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3031:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2968:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2865:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2753:
2752:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2458:
2442:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2401:
2400:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2356:
2340:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2321:
2299:
2298:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2254:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2194:
2193:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
1747:Washington, D.C.
1401:
1397:
1277:mineral deposits
1222:Physical geodesy
1204:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1156:
1155:
1129:
1128:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1076:
1037:
1028:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
984:
980:
971:
969:
968:
963:
949:
944:
936:
909:
895:
891:
887:
872:
865:
863:
862:
857:
852:
850:
849:
840:
823:
789:
785:
730:
715:
705:above sea level.
704:
700:
685:
683:
682:
677:
675:
674:
669:
665:
663:
656:
655:
654:
643:
642:
641:
631:
624:
623:
611:
610:
521:equatorial bulge
429:Nevado HuascarĂĄn
386:
372:
371:
346:
342:
333:
324:
315:
313:standard gravity
305:
299:
291:
242:
240:
239:
234:
229:
228:
227:
192:Earth's rotation
165:
159:gravity of Earth
150:Animated version
124:
117:
113:
110:
104:
102:
61:
37:
29:
21:
6006:
6005:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5995:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5941:
5908:
5892:
5849:
5840:Geologic record
5794:
5780:Plate tectonics
5770:Mineral physics
5750:Earth structure
5736:
5671:
5618:
5548:
5500:
5457:
5404:
5386:
5381:
5351:
5346:
5309:
5300:
5284:
5235:Coriolis effect
5230:Chandler wobble
5222:
5216:
5192:Mineral physics
5155:
5134:
5129:
5099:
5094:
5059:
5057:
5048:
5012:
4998:Plate tectonics
4973:Coriolis effect
4968:Chandler wobble
4960:
4954:
4881:
4860:
4855:
4811:Wayback Machine
4795:
4790:
4767:(10): 945â960.
4753:
4749:
4691:
4687:
4640:
4636:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4590:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4567:Wayback Machine
4558:
4554:
4545:
4541:
4530:
4526:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4470:
4466:
4426:
4420:
4413:
4407:Wayback Machine
4398:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4369:on 28 July 2013
4357:
4356:
4352:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4325:. p. 127.
4315:
4311:
4304:
4300:
4251:
4247:
4235:
4233:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4183:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4102:
4092:
4085:
4075:
4073:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4032:Gravity of Mars
4026:Gravity anomaly
4001:Bouguer anomaly
3995:
3966:Escape velocity
3955:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3882:
3874:
3860:
3854:
3846:Henry Cavendish
3822:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3658:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3639:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3579:
3575:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3542:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3510:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3358:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3189:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3153:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3099:
3095:
3092:0.0066943799901
3071:
3067:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3027:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2748:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2654:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2575:Gravity Formula
2538:
2537:
2517:
2513:
2483:
2479:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2454:
2440:
2439:
2419:
2415:
2396:
2392:
2381:
2377:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2338:
2337:
2317:
2313:
2294:
2290:
2279:
2275:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2212:
2208:
2189:
2185:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2133:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2050:
1392:
1366:in addition to
1360:vector quantity
1348:
1342:
1315:Apparent weight
1306:
1252:, and throwing
1230:
1224:
1218:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1164:
1160:
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4623:www.ncert.nic
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4619:"Gravitation"
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4600:on 2014-04-11
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4348:
4342:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4313:
4307:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4178:
4177:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4148:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4099:
4090:
4088:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4056:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3947:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3887:
3880:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3815:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3755:
3752:
3734:
3731:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3697:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3615:
3612:
3596:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3515:(in metres),
3514:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3327:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3032:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2982:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2915:
2904:
2897:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2851:
2833:
2822:
2817:
2803:
2800:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2469:
2459:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2367:
2357:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2094:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:New York City
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1317:for details.
1316:
1311:
1304:Other factors
1301:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1019:
1012:is depth and
1001:
997:
993:
989:
979:
959:
956:
953:
950:
945:
941:
938:
932:
926:
920:
913:
912:
911:
908:
904:
900:
885:
881:
876:
853:
846:
842:
834:
828:
825:
819:
816:
810:
804:
797:
796:
795:
793:
779:
778:Shell theorem
769:
762:
757:
749:
740:
734:
726:
722:
719:
711:
707:
699:
692:
691:
690:
671:
666:
660:
657:
646:
633:
627:
620:
616:
612:
607:
603:
595:
594:
593:
590:
587:
582:
580:
576:
570:
564:
560:
557:
553:
549:
545:
537:
528:
524:
522:
517:
514:
510:
501:
492:
490:
486:
481:
474:
470:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
397:
395:
394:tidal effects
390:
385:
381:
377:
370:
367:
363:
357:
353:
348:
338:
329:
320:
314:
308:
306:
296:
292:
285:
282:of an object
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:(in symbols,
253:
249:
244:
215:
212:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
166:
161:, denoted by
160:
152:
151:
146:
142:
138:
133:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: â
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
5937:Solar System
5888:Oceanography
5878:Indian Ocean
5868:Arctic Ocean
5808:Age of Earth
5760:Geomagnetism
5711:
5443:Thermosphere
5433:Stratosphere
5339:
5327:
5308:
5275:Seismic wave
5259:
5177:Geomagnetism
5087:
5075:
5056:
4992:
4924:
4764:
4760:
4750:
4707:
4703:
4698:(May 2019).
4688:
4679:10281/240694
4651:
4647:
4637:
4626:. Retrieved
4622:
4613:
4602:. Retrieved
4595:the original
4584:
4583:
4555:
4547:
4542:
4536:WolframAlpha
4527:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4473:
4467:
4434:
4430:
4395:
4383:
4371:. Retrieved
4367:the original
4362:
4353:
4341:
4318:
4312:
4301:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4240:
4234:. Retrieved
4214:
4208:
4198:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4166:
4156:
4136:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4111:the original
4106:
4097:
4074:. Retrieved
4070:Photojournal
4069:
4059:
3986:Geopotential
3915:
3892:
3863:
3861:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3804:
3783:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3520:
3516:
3505:
3497:
3491:
3435:
3398:
3397:is mass and
3394:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3375:
3344:
3342:
3227:
3221:
3211:
3208:
3131:
3023:9.7803253359
2960:9.8321849378
2937:then, where
2936:
2799:eccentricity
2704:
2566:
2564:
2554:This is the
2553:
2057:
2001:Kuala Lumpur
1828:Buenos Aires
1393:
1357:
1319:
1307:
1298:
1258:
1231:
1207:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1022:
999:
995:
991:
987:
985:is given by
977:
975:The gravity
974:
906:
902:
898:
883:
879:
868:
781:
738:
724:
709:
694:
688:
591:
583:
571:
567:
525:
518:
506:
472:
466:
441:Kuala Lumpur
433:Arctic Ocean
426:
403:
384:acceleration
383:
379:
375:
368:
365:
361:
349:
343:, or simply
336:
327:
318:
309:
301:
287:
245:
172:acceleration
162:
158:
156:
148:
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
5685:Cartography
5624:Environment
5491:Climatology
5428:Troposphere
5167:Geodynamics
5039:Mathematics
4903:Web mapping
4893:Cartography
4505:: 415â418.
4373:22 December
4120:22 December
4076:30 December
3852:Measurement
3796:homogeneous
3220:Estimating
2023:Mexico City
1896:Kuwait City
1863:Los Angeles
1269:prospectors
1265:gravimeters
489:pound force
445:Mexico City
194:). It is a
176:gravitation
5970:Categories
5790:Tomography
5775:Seismology
5742:Geophysics
5717:Navigation
5609:Time zones
5574:In culture
5519:Antarctica
5506:Continents
5438:Mesosphere
5410:Atmosphere
5207:Seismology
5132:Geophysics
5034:Geophysics
4930:Navigation
4877:Geodesists
4654:(8): 956.
4628:2022-01-25
4604:2015-10-15
4236:2023-07-26
4052:References
3865:gravimetry
3858:Gravimetry
2801:, squared;
1712:Wellington
1541:Birmingham
1506:Manchester
1482:Copenhagen
1295:spreading.
1261:geophysics
1234:topography
1220:See also:
776:See also:
190:(from the
186:) and the
79:newspapers
5707:Geomatics
5652:Ecosystem
5637:Biosphere
5599:Etymology
5579:Earth Day
5529:Australia
5448:Exosphere
5250:Geodynamo
5223:phenomena
5221:Physical
5160:Subfields
5024:Astronomy
4988:Geodynamo
4961:phenomena
4959:Physical
4920:Geomatics
4886:Subfields
4459:0031-9201
4231:195290884
3753:−
3732:≈
3675:×
3646:×
3637:×
3628:−
3613:−
3581:−
3573:⋅
3550:⊕
3463:⊕
3360:⊕
3306:⊕
3228:From the
3149:6378137.0
3109:ϕ
3106:
3089:−
3081:ϕ
3078:
3043:−
3033:⋅
3014:ϕ
2980:−
2970:⋅
2884:−
2761:−
2678:ϕ
2675:
2652:−
2644:ϕ
2641:
2594:ϕ
2530:ϕ
2524:
2510:0.0000058
2504:ϕ
2498:
2491:0.0026512
2488:−
2485:1.0026454
2470:−
2460:⋅
2429:ϕ
2426:
2412:0.0000232
2406:ϕ
2403:
2389:0.0053256
2386:−
2383:1.0053024
2368:−
2358:⋅
2327:ϕ
2324:
2310:0.0000232
2304:ϕ
2301:
2287:0.0052792
2266:−
2256:⋅
2225:ϕ
2219:
2205:0.0000058
2202:−
2199:ϕ
2196:
2182:0.0053024
2161:−
2151:⋅
2128:ϕ
2095:ϕ
2072:ϕ
2012:Singapore
1955:Hong Kong
1874:Cape Town
1782:Melbourne
1620:Vancouver
1574:Frankfurt
1517:Amsterdam
1495:Stockholm
1449:Anchorage
1368:magnitude
1364:direction
1340:Direction
1250:sea level
1162:ρ
1158:−
1149:ρ
1137:π
1134:−
1122:ρ
1109:π
981:at depth
954:ρ
942:π
905:) = (4/3)
820:−
579:free-fall
563:elevation
449:Singapore
231:‖
219:‖
200:plumb bob
167:, is the
5955:Category
5329:Category
5139:Overview
5077:Category
4865:Overview
4807:Archived
4742:31534490
4563:Archived
4403:Archived
4293:54867946
3943:See also
3393:, where
2450:9.780327
2348:9.780327
2246:9.780327
2141:9.780327
1793:Auckland
1633:Istanbul
1609:Montréal
1563:Brussels
1528:Kotagiri
1460:Helsinki
1437:Location
1426:Location
1415:Location
1404:Location
1324:and the
1310:buoyancy
1271:to find
1254:pendulum
531:Altitude
495:Latitude
457:Helsinki
268:kilogram
248:SI units
5991:Geodesy
5981:Gravity
5800:Geology
5712:Gravity
5677:Geodesy
5647:Ecology
5463:Climate
5453:Weather
5400:History
5395:Outline
5341:Commons
5296:Geodesy
5146:Outline
5089:Commons
5044:Physics
5029:Geology
4872:History
4858:Geodesy
4769:Bibcode
4733:6750016
4712:Bibcode
4656:Bibcode
4507:Bibcode
4439:Bibcode
4263:Bibcode
4020:Gravity
3735:9.77637
2705:where,
1988:Jakarta
1966:Bangkok
1942:Kolkata
1850:Nicosia
1690:Chicago
1644:Toronto
1587:Seattle
1362:, with
1238:geology
873:is the
763:(PREM).
731:is the
716:is the
559:gravity
418:surface
288:little
264:newtons
182:within
93:scholar
5855:Oceans
5823:Future
5667:Nature
5589:Symbol
5534:Europe
5514:Africa
4740:
4730:
4480:
4457:
4329:
4291:
4229:
4143:
3808:force.
3513:radius
3343:where
2041:32.07
2038:9.775
2030:32.07
2027:9.776
2019:32.07
2016:9.776
2008:32.07
2005:9.776
1995:32.08
1992:9.777
1984:32.09
1981:9.780
1977:Manila
1973:32.09
1970:9.780
1962:32.10
1959:9.785
1949:32.10
1946:9.785
1938:32.11
1935:9.786
1931:Havana
1927:32.11
1924:9.788
1916:32.12
1913:9.790
1909:Taipei
1903:32.13
1900:9.792
1892:32.13
1889:9.794
1881:32.14
1878:9.796
1870:32.14
1867:9.796
1857:32.14
1854:9.797
1846:32.14
1843:9.797
1839:Sydney
1835:32.14
1832:9.797
1824:32.15
1821:9.798
1811:32.15
1808:9.798
1804:Denver
1800:32.15
1797:9.799
1789:32.15
1786:9.800
1778:32.15
1775:9.800
1771:Madrid
1765:32.15
1762:9.800
1758:Athens
1754:32.16
1751:9.801
1743:32.16
1740:9.801
1736:Lisbon
1732:32.16
1729:9.802
1719:32.16
1716:9.803
1708:32.16
1705:9.803
1697:32.17
1694:9.804
1686:32.17
1683:9.804
1679:Skopje
1673:32.17
1670:9.806
1666:Ottawa
1662:32.18
1659:9.807
1655:Zurich
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