550:, under the French company, began to rival those of Venice. The French company was capable of producing mirrors that were 40 to 45 inches long (1.0 to 1.1 m), which at the time, was considered impressive. Competition between France and the Venetians became so fierce that Venice considered it a crime for any glass artisan to leave and practice their trade elsewhere, especially in foreign territory. Nicolas du Noyer complained in writing that the Venetians were unwilling to impart the secrets of glassmaking to the French workers and that the company was hard-pressed to pay its expenses. Life in Paris proved distracting to the workers, and supplies of firewood to stoke the furnaces were dearer in the capital than elsewhere. In 1667, the glass-making was transferred to a small glass furnace already working at Tourlaville, near Cherbourg in Normandy, and the premises in Faubourg Saint-Antoine were devoted to glass-grinding and polishing the crude product.
983:
1143:, employing 35,800 people. Overall, the division's sales are made up of at least 30% new products. In 2006, total sales revenue was 4.9 billion euros. Innovative Materials also manufactures glass products, including self-cleaning, electrochromic, low-emissivity and sun-shielding glass. It is active in 39 countries, targeting emerging economies, a market that now accounts for more than one-third of the division's sales. It employs a global workforce of 37,100 and in 2006 had sales revenues of 5.1 billion euros. This division is divided in two parts:
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659:, France, and in 1837, several Belgian glass manufacturers were also founded. While Saint-Gobain continued to dominate the luxury high-quality mirror and glass markets, its newly created competitors focused their attention on making medium and low-quality products. The manufacture of products of such quality made mirrors and glass affordable for the masses. In response, the company extended its product line to include lower-quality glass and mirrors.
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1305:. Pollution has been occurring for over 20 years. Saint-Gobain deliberately and intentionally constructed a bypass stack to thwart environmental inspections and avoid PFAS removal. Despite this flagrant violation of their permit they were allowed to continue to operate. Former state representative and environmental scientist
1190:, an innovative manufacturer of glass that tints on command.In the same year its BPB subsidiary purchased Celotex. In 2018 Saint Gobain acquired UK-based Farécla Products, one of the largest polishing compound manufacturers in the world. In 2024, Saint-Gobain agreed to acquire Australian building materials maker
1309:
has claimed links between exposure to Saint-Gobain’s PFAS emissions and kidney and renal pelvis cancer, testicular cancer, female breast cancer, prostate cancer, ulcerative colitis, thyroid disease, high cholesterol, cardiovascular impacts. As of 2022, Saint Gobain is involved in multimillion-dollar
557:
was reduced at times to importing
Venetian glass and finishing it in France, by September 1672 the royal French manufacturer was on a sufficiently sound footing for the importation of glass to be forbidden to any of Louis' subjects, under any conditions. In 1678, the company produced the glass for
768:
During this period, the company developed three new glassmaking techniques and processes; first, a dipping technique used to coat car windows, which prevented the glass from shattering in the event of an accident. As a result of that technique, 10% of Saint-Gobain's 1920 sales came from the car
891:
took the helm of Supply Chain
Operations, quickly modernising the company's lengthy and dated processes. In October 2022, Saint-Gobain Films & Fabrics was renamed Saint-Gobain Composite Solutions. In 2023, the company's India-arm acquired Twiga Fiberglass, a manufacturer of glass wool with
1165:
Saint-Gobain also has a division that focuses on connecting entrepreneurs, startups, and innovators to the 50+ bin Saint-Gobain called: NOVA External
Venturing. The External Venturing unit has staff in Boston, Paris, and Shanghai interested in connecting with entrepreneurs working in advanced
1156:
In 2006, Saint Gobain announced a JV, Avancis, with Shell to produce PV modules based on CIS film technology. After the company had entirely owned
Avancis and its two plants in Germany manufacturing thin CIS film modules for some time, it was sold to China National Building Materials Group
703:
Saint-Gobain merged with another French glass and mirror manufacturer, Saint-Quirin, in the mid-19th century. After the merger, the company was able to gain control of 25% of
European glass and mirror production (before, it had only controlled 10–15%). In response to growing international
785:
Glass and fibreglass sales benefited from the booming construction industry and the rise in mass consumption after the Second World War. Saint-Gobain's yearly glass production went from 3.5 million square metres (38 million square feet) in 1950 to 45 million square metres
1011:
and Graham, in
Germany, the Netherlands and Eastern Europe with Raab Karcher and in the Nordic Countries with Dahl). The division has 3,500 stores in 23 countries and employs 52,000 people worldwide. Its 2006 sales amounted to 17.6 billion euros. The divisions current subsidiaries are:
1258:
Saint-Gobain started its venture in India in 1996 by acquiring a majority stake of
Grindwell Norton. Later in 2000, it started its own glass manufacturing unit at Sriperumbudur. In June 2011, Saint Gobain Glass India acquired Sezal Glass float-line business, based in the state of
1233:
Gyproc products have been used on some of the largest projects in the region, including the stations and main depot for Dubai Metro; Atlantis Hotel – Palm
Jumeirah, Capital Gate – Abu Dhabi, Ferrari Experience – Abu Dhabi and Masdar Institute – Abu Dhabi.
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The next fifteen years were a time of change and reorganization for the newly merged companies. In the 1970s, Western economies were suffering a sharp downturn. Saint-Gobain's financial performance was adversely affected by the economic and petrol crises.
1242:
Saint-Gobain India
Private Limited – Glass Business (formerly Saint-Gobain Glass India Limited) is a subsidiary of Saint Gobain that manufactures and markets solar control glass, fire-resistant glass and other various types of float glasses in
680:, roofs, and room dividers, thick mirrors, semi-thick glass for windows, laminated mirrors and glass, and finally embossed mirrors and windowpanes. Some of the more famous buildings that Saint-Gobain contributed to during that period were the
1280:
Saint-Gobain comprises several brands, including Saint-Gobain Glass, Saint-Gobain
Performance Plastics, RIW, GCP Applied Technologies, Weber, British Gypsum, Decoustics, Glassolutions, Gyproc, Artex, Isover, CTD, Ecophon, Pasquill and PAM.
1468:. Nicolas du Noyer had other financial irons in the fire. In 1666, a plea was brought against him and a partner requesting the dismantling of a tile factory they were constructing at Popincourt, Étampes. (Corpus Bibliographique Étampois:
545:
To compete with the Italian mirror industry, Colbert commissioned several Venetian glassworkers he had enticed to Paris to work for the company. The first unblemished mirrors were produced in 1666. Soon the mirrors created in the
588:
The two companies competed for seven years, until 1695 when the economy slowed down and their technical and commercial rivalry became counterproductive. Under an order from the French government, the two companies were forced to
781:
Between 1950 and 1969, Saint-Gobain's sales rose at a rate of 10% per year. Its workforce grew from 35,000 in 1950 to 100,000 in 1969. By the end of the 1960s, Saint-Gobain had more than 150 subsidiaries under its control.
1271:
in 2014, which adds another 950 tons of glass per day. And recently in 2018, Saint-Gobain again invested in Sriperumbudur with 950-ton capacity, which results in the production of 3850 tons of glass per day from India.
769:
industry, and 28% in 1930. Second, a few years later, another technique was developed that allowed glass to be shaped and bent. Finally, a process was developed to coat glass with aluminum, allowing it to be used as a
887:(the French building and construction distribution group) and its subsidiaries, such as Point P. and Lapeyre. This expanded Saint-Gobain's product line into construction materials and their distribution. In 2005,
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Saint-Gobain's Building Distribution (building supplies) division was created in 1996. Since then it has grown both internally and through acquisitions (in France with Point P. and Lapeyre, the UK with
1650:
526:) in October 1665. The company was created for a period of twenty years and would be financed in part by the state. The beneficiary and first director was the French financier Nicolas du Noyer, a
998:
Saint-Gobain is organized into three major Sectors (% by 2014 Net Sales restated excluding Verallia): Building Distribution (49%), Construction Products (27.5%), Innovative Materials (23.5%).
852:
of France. By February 1982, Saint-Gobain was officially controlled by the state. However, the company did not last long as a government-owned corporation; it was re-privatized in 1987.
2304:
List of fines, monetary settlements and costs such as supplementary environmental projects or consumer relief that Saint-Gobain has been compelled to undertake as part of settlements.
1913:
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of the early 20th century, including the ground-breaking 60-inch (1.5 m) Hale telescope (online in 1908), the 61-inch (1.54 m) Bosque Alegre telescope built in 1912, for the
773:, and allowed the company to create products such as the ‘radiavers’ (French for “radiating glass”), a unique type of electric heater with the heating element encased in glass.
648:
were abolished. The company had to depend on the participation and capital of private investors, although it continued to remain partly under the control of the French state.
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Saint-Gobain experienced significant success in the early 20th century. In 1918, the company expanded its manufacturing to bottles, jars, tableware, and domestic glassware.
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class-action lawsuits. Its former company lawyer was terminated after he repeatedly urged "the company to do more to address contamination from their plants in Merrimack;
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828:
suggested that Saint-Gobain and Pont-à-Mousson (another French industrial group) should merge, to maintain independence from Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel. After the merger,
1263:, India. The acquisition adds about 550 tons per day additional capacity, and the deal was inked at around US$ 150 million. In addition, Saint-Gobain Glass invested in
1226:
Saint-Gobain Gyproc Middle East began trading as Gyproc in 2005. In April 2010, the company's first plasterboard manufacturing plant opened on a seven-hectare site in
883:
Under Beffa, the company continued to expand internationally, setting up foreign factories, and acquiring many of its foreign competitors. In 1996 the company bought
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1507:
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1651:"Él es el vitralista que decoró los edificios más bellos de México (He is the stained glass artist who decorated the most beautiful buildings in Mexico)"
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were decorated with these expensive and luxurious products. At the time, however, the French were not known for mirror technology; instead, the
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786:(480 million square feet) in 1969. In 1950, fibreglass only represented 4% of the company's turnover, but by 1969, this had grown to 20%.
166:
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655:, manufacturing high-quality mirrors and glass for the luxury market. However, although in 1824, a new glass manufacturer was established in
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1911:
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Les espaces forestiers laonnois : début XVIIe-début XIXe siècle : hommes, environnement et paysages à l'époque pré-industrielle
68:
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The company has also sold off various assets. Recently the company sold its cosmetic glass manufacturing business, including a plant in
2345:
1034:
2040:
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2200:"Thousands of people in New Hampshire may still be drinking polluted water, years after the largest contamination in state history"
884:
432:, high-performance, and other materials. Saint-Gobain is present in 76 countries and as of 2022 employs more than 170,000 people.
17:
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competition, the company began to establish up new manufacturing facilities in countries without any domestic manufacturers.
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While mirrors remained their primary business, Saint-Gobain began to diversify their product line to include glass panes for
1880:
1673:
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In 1683, the company's financial arrangement with the State was renewed for another two decades. However, in 1688 the rival
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mirrors measuring at least 60 by 40 inches wide (1.5 by 1.0 m), much bigger than the 40 inches (1.0 m) that the
3202:
1475:). Du Noyer married Marie Le Normand. Their son, Nicolas du Noyer, was treasurer to the Marechal of Flanders and Hainaut.
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1073:
The Construction Products division employs 45,000 people worldwide and in 2006 had sales revenues of 10.9 billion euros.
1182:, the company acquired Maxit Group, doubling the size of its Industrial Mortars business and adding the manufacture of
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530:, who was granted a monopoly of making glass and mirror-glass for twenty years. The company had the informal name
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2006:
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Saint-Gobain Abrasives, Saint-Gobain Crystals, Saint-Gobain Norton, Saint-Gobain Quartz and Saint-Gobain Norpro
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were in high demand. In the 1660s, mirrors had become very popular among the upper classes of society: Italian
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860:
When Saint-Gobain once again became a private enterprise, control of the company quickly changed hands.
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as the Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs, and today headquartered on the outskirts of Paris, at
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1439:
Abbott Payson Usher, "Colbert and Governmental Control of Industry in Seventeenth Century France" in
832:, later known simply by the name "Saint-Gobain", produced pipes in addition to glass and fibreglass.
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406:
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1301:, USA. Elevated levels of perfluorooctanoic acid were found in 2016, near the Saint-Gobain plant in
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which allowed it to maintain a legal monopoly in the glass-manufacturing industry up until the
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1146:- Flat Glass subsidiaries : Saint-Gobain Glass, Glassolutions and Saint-Gobain Sekurit
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2967:
2128:"Saint-Gobain Announces the Acquisition of Sezal Glass Ltd's Float Glass Business in India"
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and pushed strongly for the company to produce engineered materials, such as abrasives and
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2041:"SAGE Electrochromics to become a wholly-owned subsidiary of Saint-Gobain | SageGlass"
1962:
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2075:
1762:"Saint-Gobain finalise aux Etats-Unis l'acquisition de Phoenix Coating Resources Inc"
1609:
1532:
1508:"1692 : une manufacture s'installe dans le village de Saint-Gobain, en Picardie"
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723:(United States), and the 72-inch (1.8 m) Plaskett telescope (online in 1918) at
641:
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183:
2721:
948:. The 97-metre (318 ft) building served as the company head office since 1981.
844:
In 1981 and 1982, ten of France's top-performing companies were nationalized by the
738:“its sole representative and exclusive depositary throughout the Mexican Republic."
632:(1789), despite fierce, sometimes violent, protests from free enterprise partisans.
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1060:- Insulation, which manufactures acoustic and thermal fibreglass and PIR insulation
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The Construction Products division is organized into the following business areas:
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2010:
1917:
1881:"STARK Group Completes Major Acquisition in the UK in Great Time | STARK UK"
1791:"Saint-Gobain Films & Fabrics Rebranding as Saint-Gobain Composite Solutions"
1472:
757:, industrial textiles, and building reinforcements. In 1937, the company founded
735:
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2226:"Leaders, advocates call on state to close Saint-Gobain operations in Merrimack"
1984:
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2171:"Saint-Gobain agrees to permanently provide drinking water to parts of 5 towns"
1062:- Exterior Products, which manufactures roofing, interior and exterior products
663:
504:
220:
140:
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1820:
1416:"History of Murano Glass | History of Venetian Glass-making | Glass of Venice"
789:
Domestic sales in France accounted for only a fifth of the company's revenue.
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1178:, the world's largest manufacturer of plasterboard, for US$ 6.7 billion. In
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1771:. Communiqué de presse du groupe Saint-Gobain. 17 June 2014. Archived from
1675:
Le marché boursier et le financement des entreprises françaises (1890-1939)
1113:
1064:- Pipes, which manufactures cast-iron pipes for water transfer applications
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The Innovative Materials division conducts research into various areas of
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of the glass and mirror business. As a result, French Minister of Finance
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Moore-Bick, Martin; Akbor, Ali; Istephan, Thouria (4 September 2024).
2004:
1955:"CIS photovoltaics, CIGS, manufacturer of CIS solar modules – AVANCIS"
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In the 1820s, Saint-Gobain continued to function as it had under the
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materials, construction products, and environmental sustainability.
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Saint-Gobain cast the glass blanks of some of the largest optical
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3002:
2866:
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1576:"The Sixty-Inch Reflector for the Argentine National Observatory"
1297:– a highly persistent contaminant) in multiple towns in southern
1264:
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for luxury products, thereby strengthening the national economy.
449:
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2096:"France's Saint-Gobain strikes agreement to buy Australia's CSR"
1806:"Saint-Gobain completes ₹400-cr acquisition of Twiga Fiberglass"
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In December 2005, Saint-Gobain purchased the British company
719:, and 100 inch (2.5 m) Hooker telescope (online 1917) at
3604:
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3187:
3062:
2992:
2816:
2701:
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2074:. Vol. 2. His Majesty’s Stationery Office. p. 120.
1894:
1742:
1488:(University of California Publications in Economics) 2006:28.
1244:
798:
790:
644:, the state financial and competitive privileges accorded to
620:
bankers rescued the collapsing company, changing the name to
410:
339:
2259:
Reuters article – Heidelberg Cement, Maxit Group Acquisition
2801:
2736:
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453:
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On 1 March 2023, the UK business was divested and sold to
673:
and became independent from the state for the first time.
2856:
2741:
2706:
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to its business portfolio. In 2012, the company acquired
869:
2110:"Saint-Gobain seeks land to set up solar glass facility"
741:
2064:
1672:
Pierre-Cyrille Hautcœur; Christian de Boissieu (1994).
1580:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1466:
Receveur général des tailles en la Généralité d'Orléans
1289:
Saint-Gobain had contaminated ground water supply with
734:
By the end of the 19th century, Saint-Gobain named the
2274:
From Sun to Earth 1665-1999: A History of Saint-Gobain
824:" to help fend off the bid. Multinational corporation
892:
production facilities located near Delhi and Mumbai.
1730:
1325:
445:
Since the mid-17th century, luxury products such as
71:, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a
1895:"Celotex - UK PIR Thermal Insulation Manufacturers"
1573:
776:
753:manufacturing. Fibreglass was being used to create
635:
577:used a new pouring process that allowed it to make
27:
French glass and construction material manufacturer
1221:
940:The company has its head office in Les Miroirs in
666:became King of the newly restored French Monarchy,
1531:(Thesis) (in French). Université Paris-Sorbonne.
749:In 1920, Saint-Gobain extended its businesses to
573:was created, also financed in part by the state.
3632:
820:bid for Saint-Gobain. The company looked for a "
440:
3666:Multinational companies headquartered in France
1930:"Saint-Gobain buys Shell's stake in Avancis JV"
2918:
2602:
2339:
1524:
835:
624:. At the same time, the company was provided
1837:Saint-Gobain : les miroirs des verriers
1525:Buridant, Jérôme; Bercé, Yves-Marie (1999).
1486:Capitalism and French Glassmaking, 1640-1789
1131:or particle filters. It operates centres in
2932:
1985:"AVANCIS, the avant-garde of photovoltaics"
1622:
2925:
2911:
2609:
2595:
2346:
2332:
2281:
2068:The Grenfell Tower Inquiry: Phase 2 Report
1823:." Saint-Gobain. Retrieved on 7 July 2010.
1748:
855:
111:
3198:Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano
2285:Saint-Gobain 1665-2015: Le Passé du futur
1599:
1169:
480:, controlling a technical and commercial
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
1854:"Saint-Gobain prend le contrôle de Sika"
1623:Paolantonio, Santiago (16 August 2017).
1393:
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1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1237:
1104:
1047:
1001:
981:
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950:
536:
519:[manyfaktyʁʁwajaldəɡlasdəmiʁwaʁ]
2058:
1831:
1829:
1713:"Cellulose du pin Facture (33) Gironde"
1284:
1100:
510:Manufacture royale de glaces de miroirs
14:
3681:Building materials companies of France
3633:
1441:The Review of Economics and Statistics
1112:built with SG glass, looking over the
605:gave its name to the present company.
52:contains content that is written like
3321:List of defunct glassmaking companies
2906:
2590:
2327:
2270:
2194:
2192:
1736:
1380:
1216:Newton County, Georgia, United States
1160:
742:1910–1950: Post Industrial Revolution
597:. A mirror factory in the village of
517:
400:
1826:
1247:. It has its manufacturing plant at
1149:- High Performance Materials :
899:
895:
816:, a French industrial group, made a
765:fibreglass insulation manufacturer.
669:Saint-Gobain was transformed into a
36:
2254:Compagnie de Saint-Gobain – History
1399:"Consolidated Financial Statements"
993:
986:Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics,
975:Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics,
24:
3701:Companies listed on Euronext Paris
2264:
2189:
2023:"BPB accepts bid from French firm"
1717:andrenavarre-industrielpapetier.fr
1251:, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from
864:, an engineer and graduate of the
725:Dominion Astrophysical Observatory
25:
3722:
2308:
1793:(Press release). 17 October 2022.
1404:. Saint-Gobain. 31 December 2022.
640:In 1789, as a consequence of the
476:was known as the world leader in
3661:Companies based in Île-de-France
2618:
2355:
2282:de Laubier, Marie (April 2015).
1961:. 29 August 2014. Archived from
1358:Saint-Louis (glass manufacturer)
1342:
1328:
903:
777:1950–1970: Pont-à-Mousson merger
636:1789–1910: Industrial Revolution
428:, it also produces a variety of
363:
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346:
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3676:Glassmaking companies of France
2637:Last updated: 18 September 2023
2371:Last updated: 30 September 2023
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2015:
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1222:Saint-Gobain Gyproc Middle-East
1123:, energy, the environment, and
3706:Privatized companies of France
3696:Companies in the Euro Stoxx 50
1555:(in French). 1858. p. 104
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1500:
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1066:- Mortars, which manufactures
935:
713:Argentine National Observatory
394:Compagnie de Saint-Gobain S.A.
272:production and retail, glass,
106:Compagnie de Saint-Gobain S.A.
13:
1:
3656:Companies established in 1665
3651:1665 establishments in France
3258:Sterlite Optical Technologies
3108:Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works
1373:
1055:- Gypsum, which manufactures
1037:, with the 'Monter' DIY chain
809:were also important markets.
698:Milan Central railway station
441:1665–1789: Manufacture royale
32:Saint Gobain (disambiguation)
2098:. Reuters. 26 February 2024.
1574:Warner & Swasey (1923).
1446:.11 (November 1934:237-240).
1157:Corporation (CNBM) in 2014.
872:. Beffa invested heavily in
541:An Early Saint-Gobain Emblem
528:receiver of taxes of Orléans
195:; 359 years ago
7:
1843:. Retrieved on 7 July 2010.
1321:
1137:Northborough, Massachusetts
830:Saint-Gobain-Pont-à-Mousson
10:
3727:
2247:
1653:(in Spanish). Saint-Gobain
836:1971–1986: Nationalisation
616:. A group of Franco-Swiss
524:Royal Mirror-Glass Factory
468:, ornate side tables, and
435:
29:
3460:
3329:
3311:
2938:
2642:
2635:
2561:Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield
2376:
2369:
1629:Historia de al Astronomia
1275:
814:Boussois-Souchon-Neuvesel
407:multinational corporation
381:
371:
354:
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287:
265:
249:Pierre-André de Chalendar
242:
232:
207:
189:
179:
165:
129:
119:
110:
3691:Price fixing convictions
3048:Firozabad glass industry
3043:Fenton Art Glass Company
1916:17 February 2012 at the
1368:List of oldest companies
1184:expanded clay aggregates
1070:lightweight aggregates.
1028:Brødrene (Brothers) Dahl
988:Garden Grove, California
977:Merrimack, New Hampshire
874:research and development
721:Mount Wilson Observatory
507:, the public enterprise
503:Colbert established, by
18:GCP Applied Technologies
3352:Irving Wightman Colburn
2933:Glass makers and brands
2271:Hamon, Maurice (1999).
1470:Arrests d'Ancien Régime
856:1986–present: Expansion
1295:perfluorooctanoic acid
1170:Acquisitions and sales
1116:
990:
979:
968:
671:Public Limited Company
548:Faubourg Saint-Antoine
542:
270:Construction materials
3417:Henry William Stiegel
3148:Mats Jonasson Målerås
3088:Holmegaard Glassworks
2777:Infineon Technologies
2757:Flutter Entertainment
1625:"History of a Mirror"
1512:SAINT-GOBAIN ARCHIVES
1420:www.glassofvenice.com
1238:Saint-Gobain in India
1108:
1048:Construction products
1031:Norandex Distribution
1002:Building distribution
985:
974:
954:
709:reflecting telescopes
540:
515:French pronunciation:
492:to become completely
486:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
409:, founded in 1665 in
398:French pronunciation:
367:€23.15 billion (2022)
350:€55.38 billion (2022)
73:neutral point of view
3392:Michael Joseph Owens
2968:Aurora Glass Foundry
2677:Anheuser-Busch InBev
1484:Warren C. Scoville,
1285:Environmental record
1188:SAGE Electrochromics
1101:Innovative materials
646:Compagnie Dagincourt
622:Compagnie Dagincourt
564:Palace of Versailles
386:www.saint-gobain.com
316:€5.38 billion (2022)
282:gypsum plasterboards
30:For other uses, see
3480:Bomex/Duran/Endural
3397:Alastair Pilkington
3073:Guardian Industries
2978:Barovier & Toso
2456:Eurofins Scientific
2364:companies of France
2029:. 17 November 2005.
1592:1923PASP...35...50W
1312:Bennington, Vermont
1151:Saint-Gobain SEFPRO
866:École Polytechnique
478:glass manufacturing
373:Number of employees
333:€3.1 billion (2022)
299:51.2 billion (2022)
107:
65:promotional content
3342:Richard M. Atwater
3163:Nippon Sheet Glass
3103:Kingdom of Crystal
3023:Dartington Crystal
2862:Schneider Electric
2541:STMicroelectronics
2526:Schneider Electric
2009:7 May 2012 at the
1751:, p. 198-201.
1161:External venturing
1117:
1093:Celotex, based at
991:
980:
969:
959:bottle factory at
915:. You can help by
717:Charles D. Perrine
696:in Paris, and the
686:Jardin des Plantes
610:Compagnie Plastier
595:Compagnie Plastier
583:Compagnie du Noyer
555:Compagnie du Noyer
543:
532:Compagnie du Noyer
474:Republic of Venice
402:[sɛ̃ɡɔbɛ̃]
184:Building materials
105:
67:and inappropriate
3628:
3627:
3437:Tomasz Urbanowicz
3427:Lino Tagliapietra
3422:S. Donald Stookey
3273:Val Saint Lambert
3168:Nižbor glassworks
3083:Hardman & Co.
2900:
2899:
2627:companies of the
2584:
2583:
2436:Dassault Systèmes
2295:978-2-226-18477-1
2081:978-1-5286-5080-9
2045:www.sageglass.com
1899:www.celotex.co.uk
1860:. 8 December 2014
1841:Le Journal du Net
1552:Annales Des Mines
1121:materials science
1095:Hadleigh, Suffolk
933:
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896:Company structure
662:In 1830, just as
642:French Revolution
630:French Revolution
575:Compagnie Thévart
571:Compagnie Thévart
391:
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16:(Redirected from
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3686:History of glass
3377:Edward D. Libbey
3347:Frederick Carder
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2747:EssilorLuxottica
2727:Deutsche Telekom
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3452:Caspar Wistar
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3382:Dante Marioni
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:Deming Jarves
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:Henry Crimmel
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:World Kitchen
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Owens Corning
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2937:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:TotalEnergies
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2827:Pernod Ricard
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Mercedes-Benz
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:EURO STOXX 50
2621:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:TotalEnergies
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2496:Pernod Ricard
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:ArcelorMittal
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2231:
2227:
2221:
2206:. 5 June 2022
2205:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2061:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1965:on 2 May 2015
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1883:. March 2023.
1882:
1876:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1700:
1688:
1681:. p. 50.
1677:
1676:
1668:
1652:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1436:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:Albert Merlin
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1340:
1337:
1336:France portal
1326:
1319:
1317:
1316:Hoosick Falls
1313:
1308:
1307:Mindi Messmer
1304:
1300:
1299:New Hampshire
1296:
1292:
1282:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1249:Sriperumbudur
1246:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:expanded clay
1058:
1053:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
999:
989:
984:
978:
973:
966:
962:
958:
955:Saint-Gobain
953:
949:
947:
943:
927:
918:
914:
911:This section
909:
906:
902:
901:
893:
890:
886:
881:
879:
875:
871:
868:, became the
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
842:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
783:
774:
772:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
747:
739:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
701:
699:
695:
692:and adjacent
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
665:
660:
658:
654:
653:Ancien Régime
649:
647:
643:
633:
631:
627:
626:royal patents
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
556:
551:
549:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
520:
512:
511:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
433:
431:
427:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
395:
387:
384:
380:
376:
370:
361:
358:
353:
344:
341:
336:
327:
324:
319:
310:
307:
302:
298:
290:
286:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
264:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
241:
237:
231:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
192:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
168:
164:
157:
156:Euro Stoxx 50
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
139:
138:
136:
133:
128:
125:
122:
118:
114:
109:
103:
95:
92:
84:
81:February 2023
74:
70:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3646:Saint-Gobain
3490:Chevron bead
3442:Paolo Venini
3387:Antonio Neri
3367:A. H. Heisey
3278:Vallérysthal
3238:Saint-Gobain
3237:
3158:Mosser Glass
2988:Blenko Glass
2958:Ardagh Group
2953:Arc Holdings
2842:Saint-Gobain
2841:
2516:Saint-Gobain
2515:
2302:
2284:
2277:. JC Lattès.
2273:
2233:. Retrieved
2229:
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2204:Boston Globe
2203:
2179:. Retrieved
2174:
2165:
2153:. Retrieved
2150:Saint-Gobain
2149:
2146:"Our brands"
2140:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2090:
2067:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1979:
1967:. Retrieved
1963:the original
1958:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1875:
1864:22 September
1862:. Retrieved
1857:
1848:
1840:
1821:Legal notice
1815:
1800:
1785:
1773:the original
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:. Retrieved
1716:
1707:
1674:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1628:
1618:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1551:
1545:
1527:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1485:
1480:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1288:
1279:
1257:
1241:
1232:
1225:
1213:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1118:
1114:Grand Canyon
1075:
1072:
1054:
1051:
1040:
1019:Raab Karcher
1005:
997:
939:
924:October 2010
921:
917:adding to it
912:
882:
859:
848:-controlled
843:
839:
829:
822:white knight
811:
788:
784:
780:
767:
758:
748:
745:
733:
706:
702:
694:Petit Palais
690:Grand Palais
675:
661:
650:
645:
639:
621:
609:
607:
599:Saint-Gobain
594:
587:
582:
574:
570:
568:
554:
552:
544:
531:
523:
509:
508:
502:
444:
430:construction
426:manufacturer
393:
392:
357:Total equity
340:Total assets
276:, plastics,
257:Benoît Bazin
208:Headquarters
173:FR0000125007
120:Company type
102:
87:
78:
63:by removing
59:Please help
51:
3515:Dragontrail
3500:CorningWare
3412:Otto Schott
3402:Flavio Poli
3330:Glassmakers
3298:Xinyi Glass
3243:Saint-Louis
3153:Moser Glass
3053:Franz Mayer
2712:BNP Paribas
2662:Air Liquide
2406:BNP Paribas
2381:Air Liquide
1695:|work=
1635:11 November
1559:15 December
1192:CSR Limited
1180:August 2007
1081:CertainTeed
1076:Companies:
1043:Stark Group
936:Head office
803:Switzerland
684:in London,
579:plate glass
553:Though the
496:in meeting
470:pier-tables
234:Area served
3635:Categories
3545:Millefiori
3463:and brands
3461:Trademarks
3337:John Adams
3208:Pilkington
3113:Kosta Boda
2892:Volkswagen
2872:Stellantis
2536:Stellantis
2155:6 November
1990:4 February
1959:avancis.de
1737:Hamon 1999
1374:References
1211:billion).
1129:fuel cells
1127:, such as
946:Courbevoie
942:La Défense
763:subsidiary
755:insulation
751:fibreglass
618:Protestant
614:bankruptcy
419:Courbevoie
415:La Défense
323:Net income
244:Key people
217:Courbevoie
213:La Défense
61:improve it
3610:Waterford
3600:Vitrolite
3575:Ravenhead
3525:Fire-King
3510:Cristallo
3505:Cranberry
3362:Friedrich
3314:companies
3283:Waterford
3268:Swarovski
3203:Phu Phong
3173:O-I Glass
3093:Holophane
3068:Glaverbel
3018:Crystalex
2941:companies
2887:UniCredit
2852:Santander
2812:Munich Re
2782:ING Group
2767:Iberdrola
2732:DHL Group
2629:Euro Area
2576:Worldline
2421:Carrefour
2416:Capgemini
2132:Bloomberg
2114:The Hindu
1722:23 August
1697:ignored (
1687:cite book
1610:120051872
1537:496165004
1303:Merrimack
1269:Rajasthan
1228:Abu Dhabi
1204:billion (
1133:Cavaillon
965:Andalusia
812:In 1968,
771:conductor
678:skylights
657:Commentry
612:declared
608:In 1702,
278:abrasives
238:Worldwide
158:component
152:component
132:Traded as
3475:Bohemian
3407:Salviati
3218:Preciosa
3183:Orrefors
3078:Hadeland
2973:Baccarat
2501:Publicis
2486:Michelin
2411:Bouygues
2027:BBC News
2007:Archived
1969:21 March
1939:21 March
1914:Archived
1858:le Monde
1425:31 March
1322:See also
1318:, N.Y".
1206:US$ 2.95
1141:Shanghai
1125:medicine
1035:Optimera
1022:Point P.
878:ceramics
603:Picardie
482:monopoly
466:châteaux
462:cabinets
450:textiles
274:ceramics
266:Products
253:chairman
180:Industry
3620:Zerodur
3595:Vitrite
3590:Visions
3585:Tiffany
3555:Opaline
3535:Gorilla
3520:Favrile
3495:Corelle
3485:Burmese
3312:Defunct
3303:Zwiesel
3263:Steuben
3133:Luoyang
3128:Iittala
3038:Fanavid
3033:Duralex
3013:Corning
3003:Borosil
2939:Current
2867:Siemens
2797:L'Oréal
2772:Inditex
2752:Ferrari
2672:Allianz
2506:Renault
2476:Legrand
2471:L'Oréal
2441:Edenred
2248:Sources
2210:28 June
2050:21 July
1934:EETimes
1588:Bibcode
1473:on-line
1265:Bhiwadi
1261:Gujarat
1253:Chennai
1176:BPB plc
1110:Skywalk
1057:drywall
1025:Lapeyre
1016:SGBD UK
967:(Spain)
944:and in
807:Belgium
795:Germany
688:, the
562:at the
488:wanted
458:mirrors
436:History
417:and in
382:Website
288:Revenue
198: (
190:Founded
143::
3641:CAC 40
3615:Wood's
3560:Peking
3550:Murano
3530:Forest
3253:Schott
3248:Seguso
3223:Riedel
3143:Mannok
3118:Libbey
2847:Sanofi
2837:Safran
2832:Prosus
2822:Nordea
2792:Kering
2762:Hermès
2717:Danone
2667:Airbus
2647:Adidas
2566:Veolia
2551:Thales
2521:Sanofi
2511:Safran
2491:Orange
2466:Kering
2461:Hermès
2431:Danone
2391:Alstom
2386:Airbus
2362:CAC 40
2292:
2235:11 May
2181:11 May
2078:
1657:8 July
1608:
1535:
1314:; and
1276:Brands
1209:
1202:
1086:Gyproc
1009:Jewson
957:sherry
885:Poliet
805:, and
759:Isover
729:Canada
490:France
456:, and
423:mirror
227:France
150:CAC 40
3605:Vycor
3565:Pyrex
3540:Macor
3470:Activ
3188:Osram
3178:Ohara
3063:Glava
3058:Fuyao
2993:Bodum
2963:Asahi
2882:Vinci
2817:Nokia
2702:Bayer
2652:Adyen
2571:Vinci
2446:Engie
2072:(PDF)
1776:(PDF)
1765:(PDF)
1679:(PDF)
1606:S2CID
1402:(PDF)
1245:India
1090:Weber
961:Jerez
799:Italy
791:Spain
591:merge
411:Paris
3570:Rona
3228:Rona
3098:Hoya
3028:Daum
2802:LVMH
2737:Enel
2697:BASF
2692:BBVA
2682:ASML
2481:LVMH
2290:ISBN
2237:2022
2212:2022
2183:2022
2175:WMUR
2157:2019
2076:ISBN
2052:2016
1992:2017
1971:2015
1941:2015
1866:2021
1724:2016
1699:help
1659:2024
1637:2021
1561:2017
1533:OCLC
1427:2023
1291:PFAS
1194:for
1139:and
826:Suez
761:, a
558:the
454:lace
447:silk
255:and
200:1665
193:1665
167:ISIN
2857:SAP
2742:Eni
2707:BMW
2687:Axa
2401:Axa
1839:."
1596:doi
1199:4.5
1197:A$
919:.
870:CEO
731:).
601:in
260:CEO
145:SGO
3637::
2228:.
2202:.
2191:^
2173:.
2148:.
2130:.
2112:.
2043:.
2025:.
1957:.
1932:.
1897:.
1856:.
1828:^
1767:.
1715:.
1691::
1689:}}
1685:{{
1627:.
1604:.
1594:.
1584:35
1582:.
1578:.
1510:.
1444:16
1418:.
1382:^
1267:,
1255:.
1230:.
1218:.
1135:,
963:,
880:.
801:,
797:,
793:,
700:.
566:.
534:.
522:,
464:,
452:,
280:,
251:,
225:,
215:,
2926:e
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