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593:, at the Brookings Institution, and in different branches of the Federal Reserve System. When President Carter looked for a successor to Miller as Federal Reserve Chairman in 1979, MacLaury was on the short list again (the CEOs Jones and Shapiro were not). As the president decided between Miller and MacLaury in 1978, the people he consulted (including Jones and Shapiro) unanimously favored Miller given his potential to provide leadership while learning technical details on-the-job. When the president spoke with Miller about the position, Miller expressed concern that he lacked the necessary background but agreed to serve in the role if the president wished it.
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challenged his qualifications, and the questions covered a host of issues like Miller's views of the
Federal Reserve's independence. Miller voiced support for and belief in the Fed's independence, which (based on Miller's different Senate testimonies) is a position he held before and after his time as the Federal Reserve Chair. Allegations against both Textron and Miller's actions as its leader spurred the committee to investigate the company. Following what one senator called the "most detailed nomination hearings" he had ever seen, Miller was vindicated and unanimously approved by the Senate.
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poured gasoline on it during the administration of
President Jimmy Carter. Without question the most partisan and least respected chairman in the Fed's history, this former Textron executive worked in tandem with fellow Carter appointee, Treasury Secretary W. Michael Blumenthal, in pursuit of monetary policies that were expansionist domestically and devaluationist internationally. The goals were to spur employment and exports, with little thought to the dollar's value. By early 1980, inflation was running at 14 percent per year.
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retained that role following his 1974 election as chairman of
Textron's board of directors. He held these posts until he joined to the Federal Reserve Board. Despite the economy's weakening state during his time as CEO, Textron's sales grew 65% to $ 2.8bn as the company operated 180 plants worldwide. This allowed the company's sales and net income to keep pace with the decade's accelerating inflation (albeit with a temporary dip in inflation-adjusted net income during the 1973-75 recession).
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630:) supported more aggressive action (e.g. targeting a growth rate of monetary aggregates instead of a range for the federal funds rate, which allowed for larger and more rapid changes to the federal funds rate). In fact, Miller repeatedly argued during his first year in office that a recession and higher unemployment would accelerate inflation further. Miller also described the economy as being in "great shape" despite the headwinds caused by inflation and other factors.
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disregarded Miller's ban. To some extent Miller's outsider status was intentional. Miller tried to "run the Fed as if he were still in charge of a corporation," and he was "much less inclined to act on his own initiative." It is rare for the influential chair's opinion to not carry the vote at Board of
Governors and FOMC meetings, but Miller was outvoted by the Board of Governors at a meeting in 1979 where he opposed an increase in the
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589:) were successful CEOs of large corporations. These men were connected to Washington and the Carter Administration and in their own ways bridged policy and business. Within four days of receiving the short list, President Carter had narrowed it to Miller and the fourth suggestion: Bruce MacLaury, a trained economist with experience at the Treasury under
569:. President Carter recognized Burns's understanding of the business community, but Burns openly criticized the administration, acted against White House objectives, and (contrary to the administration's goals) prioritized fighting the era's accelerating inflation over unemployment. Consequently, the president asked Vice President
663:, was used increasingly during this time to describe the high rate of inflation, which failed to spur the economy. Even as the situation worsened, Miller insisted that contractionary policies like an overly aggressive interest rate increase would not fight inflation but rather encourage it while hurting the economy's growth.
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as an assistant secretary. He became a vice president of the company in 1957, CFO in 1958, and both the COO and company president in 1960. In the following years, Textron's sales boomed across a range of consumer goods, industrial equipment, and aerospace products. He became
Textron's CEO in 1968 and
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In anticipation of the end of Burns's term as Fed chairman in March 1978, President Carter announced in
December 1977 that Miller was his nominee to replace Burns. The announcement received lukewarm reception as US markets slightly worsened, media coverage expressed uncertainty about the relatively
702:
Under Arthur Burns, who chaired the Fed from 1970 to 1978, and under G. William Miller, who was chairman from
January 1978 to August 1979, the Fed provided the monetary fuel for an inflation that began as a flicker and grew into a fearsome blaze... If Nixon appointee Burns lit the fire, Miller
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was 4.9% in 1976 and 6.7% in 1977. In at least one speech, Miller identified inflation as the nation's primary domestic challenge since (in his view) it was the chief obstacle preventing full employment. Even so, he did not favor aggressive interest rate action that would jeopardize growth. For
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After Carter's administration ended, Miller founded G. William Miller & Co., a
Washington private investment company that he likened to a discreet, Swiss-style merchant bank. He also served positions on a number of charitable and nonprofit organizations. These included treasurer of the
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said that "America's central bankers have all made their weight felt across the political sphere, with the possible exception of
William Miller, whose brief tenure in 1978-79 was notable for his attempts to ban smoking at the board.". FOMC members who had historically smoked during meetings
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for the first-ever confirmation hearings for a
Federal Reserve chairman. Up until this time, the Senate had questioned and voted on the president's nominees to the Board of Governors while the US president selected the chairman and vice chairman. Some senators were reserved about Miller and
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Nomination of G. William Miller : hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, second session, on the nomination of G. William Miller to be Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board, January 24,
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example, he supported the FOMC's continued policy of placing a tight target range around the federal funds rate that underpins much of the financial system. The modest increases in this target range during Miller's tenure did little to rein in inflation. In contrast, Miller's successor (
441:, and he graduated from there in 1945 with a B.S. degree in marine engineering. From 1945 to 1949, Miller served as a Coast Guard officer in Asia and on the U.S. West Coast. During his time with the Coast Guard, he met Ariadna Rogojarsky, a Russian emigre; they married in 1946.
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to replace Miller. He thus became the first person in history to serve as both Treasury Secretary and Chairman of the Federal Reserve. As Treasury Secretary, Miller is best known for his role on the Chrysler Loan Guarantee Board, which oversaw management of a
750:. Miller agreed that "The administration does not favor, as a general proposition, government aid to private corporations," but thought an exception should be made in Chrysler's case. Chrysler recovered in the early 1980s and paid off the loan early.
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Miller's manner of running the Fed did not endear him to his peers or outside observers. Miller was not perceived as having great prestige; not coming from an economics or Wall Street background, he was seen as an "outsider." A 2003 article in
429:, Texas, where Miller spent his childhood and picked up the accent he would use into adulthood. The nascent town experienced an oil boom up until the Great Depression, during which it underwent extensive development under the
1413:
Nomination of G. William Miller : hearing before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session on the nomination of G. William Miller to be Secretary of the Treasury, July 27,
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Continuation of the nomination of G. William Miller : hearings before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-fifth Congress, second session ... February 27 and 28,
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Miller's economic policies failed to contain inflation and had little impact on rising unemployment rates. The poor state of the economy was a major factor in Carter's 1980 defeat by Ronald Reagan.
649:, and auctions of Treasury securities denominated in foreign currencies. This proved only a short-term fix; although temporarily steadying the dollar, it soon resumed its fall. The portmanteau
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698:, to bring inflation under control. That action sent the U.S. economy into recession from 1980 to 1982. Steven Beckner, a Federal Reserve analyst, offered a particularly harsh assessment:
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Economic historians have generally considered Miller's short tenure unsuccessful. The high inflation that Miller did not rein in required harsh "shock therapy" treatment by his successor,
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and the National Alliance of Businessmen. He also served on two bilateral international economic councils: the US-USSR Trade and Economic Council and the Polish-US Economic Council.
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for about eight years (Textron's headquarters is in the Boston Fed's district), and he was on the board of several corporations. He was also a member of the Business Council and the
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397:, an unusual background for a central bank chairman. However, shortly after his appointment, Miller left the Board of Governors to take position of treasury secretary in the
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502:'s 1976 presidential campaign. After Carter's election, Miller chaired the President's Committee on HIRE, which tried to explore the issues surrounding veteran employment.
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all advocated for increasing the interest rate prior to the April FOMC 1979 meeting, where Miller opposed such measures. Carter had to admonish his own staff over the
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Department of the Treasury Resignation of W. Michael Blumenthal and Nomination of G. William Miller To Be Secretary. July 19, 1979, American Reference Library
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Miller's restraint in fighting inflation caused distress among members of the Carter Administration itself. Treasury Secretary Blumenthal, Inflation Adviser
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Miller also forayed into politics and public service. From 1963 to 1965, Miller was Chairman of the Industry Advisory Council of the President's Committee on
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to create a list of candidates to replace Burns when his term as chairman expired. The vice president presented a list of four names. Three (Miller,
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Scott-Stokes, Henry (1977-12-30). "Reactions Vary for Economists on Fed Change: Economists Express Pleasure and Regret at Dismissal of Burns".
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Miller is also known for managing the freezing and partial unfreezing of $ 12 billion in Iranian funds held in the United States during the
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637:'s value decreased substantially. In November 1978, only 11 months into his term, the dollar had fallen nearly 34% against the
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Miller was Fed chairman for just over a year when Carter appointed him Secretary of the Treasury in August 1979, replacing
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Rowen, Hobart (1978-11-26). "Miller Resisting Overkill Policy: Miller Presumes Ability to Fine-Tune Economy".
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498:'s presidential campaign as chairman of a Democratic-leaning business group. He also played a minor role in
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Santow, Leonard J. (2009). "Do They Walk on Water?: Federal Reserve Chairmen and the Fed". ABC-CLIO: 89–90.
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362:(March 9, 1925 – March 17, 2006) was an American businessman and investment banker who served as the 65th
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Farnsworth, Clyde H. (1977-12-29). "Burns in Out as Chief of Fed; Carter Names Miller, Textron Head".
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1293:"Interview with Bruce K MacLaury, President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 1971-1976"
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Farnsworth, Clyde (1977-12-29). "Burns Is Out as Chief of Fed; Carter Names Miller, Textron Head".
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unknown nominee's views, and economists' reactions varied. In this context, Miller sat before the
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1048:"G. William Miller: A Guide to His Papers at the Jimmy Carter Library, Collection Summary"
433:. Miller's father, previously a cab driver, became the town's fire chief. After attending
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1547:. Statements and Speeches of G. William Miller, 1978-1979. St. Louis Fed. p. 13.
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970:"William Who?: Textron Chief to Head Federal Reserve Board In a Surprise Selection".
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1672:. Statements and Speeches of G. William Miller, 1978-1979. St. Louis Fed. p. 3.
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816:"William Who? Textron Chief to Head Federal Reserve Board in a Surprise Selection".
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1295:(Interview). Interviewed by James E. Fogerty. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis
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and graduated the top of the class of 1952. From there he joined the law firm of
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from 1978 to 1979. Miller was the first person to hold both of those posts.
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Minutes and Policy Actions of the Federal Open Market Committee, Historical
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In 1956, Miller joined the rapidly growing Rhode Island–based conglomerate
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1226:. Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from
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United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
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H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment
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Policy preferences of FOMC members as revealed by dissenting votes
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for the 1941–1942 school year, he received an appointment to the
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1670:"New Directions: Strategy for Economic Progress - July 19, 1979"
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Secrets of the Temple: How the Federal Reserve Runs the Country
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as chairman of the Federal Reserve in 1978. Miller came from a
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A History of the Federal Reserve – Volume 2, Book 2: 1970–1986
1400:. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1978. pp. 65, 188, 219–20.
1053:. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from
1998:
1342:. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum. 1977-12-27.
888:"Amarillo College Foundation - Amarillo College Foundation"
618:
1676:
1495:"Choosing the Federal Reserve Chair: Lessons from History"
1150:(Report). Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
1250:"Irving S. Shapiro, 85, Lawyer and Ex-Chairman of DePont"
744:$ 1.5 billion loan to rescue the carmaker from bankruptcy
748:
fair trade relations between the United States and Japan
691:, the rate at which the Federal Reserve lends to banks.
1745:
The order of the sentence is reversed for clarity here.
1417:. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1979. pp. 6–7, 39.
444:
After leaving the Coast Guard, Miller enrolled in the
16:
American businessman and investment banker (1925–2006)
1337:"Jimmy Carter Presidential Daily Diary, Year of 1977"
1220:"125 Influential People and Ideas: Reginald H. Jones"
553:(left), and Ariadna R. Miller (center) in March 1978.
1179:(1st ed.). Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. p.
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1164:
609:
as Fed Chairman in March 1978. He inherited a high
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Public–Private Investment Program for Legacy Assets
1501:(1). National Bureau of Economic Research: 129–62.
1493:Romer, Christina D.; Romer, David H. (2003-12-01).
1372:"Factbox: History of Senate Votes for Fed Chairman"
788:George William Miller died on March 17, 2006, from
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1605:
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1612:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp.
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733:as part of a major cabinet shuffle in which five
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725:Miller's signature, as used on American currency
2831:Director of the Office of Management and Budget
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3865:Respiratory disease deaths in Washington, D.C.
1858:Secretaries of the Treasury, G. William Miller
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942:"Obituary: Fed Chairman G. William Miller, 81"
3789:Personal consumption expenditures price index
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1984:
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1574:"Record of Policy Actions: November 21, 1978"
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1869:Statements and Speeches of G. William Miller
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877:1930 and 1940 United States Federal Censuses
537:G. William Miller's swearing in ceremony as
3388:2009 Supervisory Capital Assessment Program
3305:Federal Reserve v. Investment Co. Institute
2678:Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
1382:
528:
505:At the time he joined the Washington-based
486:. In 1966 and 1967, he was a member of the
3393:Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility
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2722:Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
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1991:
1977:
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56:August 6, 1979 – January 20, 1981
29:
3885:United States secretaries of the treasury
2925:Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers
2000:United States Secretaries of the Treasury
1783:
1753:
1751:
1506:
939:
737:members were replaced. Carter appointed
3875:United States Coast Guard Academy alumni
1608:Back from the Brink: The Greenspan Years
1545:"New Directions in U.S. Economic Policy"
1290:
1004:"Digest of Corporate Earnings Reports".
852:
720:
710:Back from the Brink: The Greenspan Years
532:
412:
409:was chosen as his successor at the Fed.
1951:United States Secretary of the Treasury
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1603:
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777:, and chairman of the Washington-based
490:. Miller also served in the think tank
364:United States secretary of the treasury
174:March 8, 1978 – August 6, 1979
109:March 8, 1978 – August 6, 1979
44:United States Secretary of the Treasury
3807:
3069:Monetary Policy Report to the Congress
2703:Secretary of Health and Human Services
1757:
1748:
1667:
1542:
1468:Inside the Fed: Making Monetary Policy
1463:
1439:
1170:
1031:
792:, a lung condition, at the age of 81.
3830:Carter administration cabinet members
3362:Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices
2952:
2822:
2465:
2419:
1972:
1557:
1486:
716:
3825:20th-century American businesspeople
3777:Monetary policy of the United States
3356:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act
3313:Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve
3286:Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act
1276:"Volcker and Roosa Praise Nominee".
1113:
1034:Ministry Recalled: The Central Years
922:. Hathi Trust Digital Library. 1978.
421:, in 1925. His family soon moved to
3064:Federal Reserve Statistical Release
670:, and Chief Presidential Economist
366:from 1979 to 1981. A member of the
13:
3880:United States Coast Guard officers
3845:Cravath, Swaine & Moore people
3350:Subprime mortgage crisis responses
1900:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
1818:
1443:Remarks at the National Press Club
1248:Deutsch, Claudia H. (2001-09-15).
853:McFadden, Robert D. (2006-03-19).
521:, and he was Chairman of both the
507:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
488:National Council on the Humanities
450:University of California, Berkeley
417:George William Miller was born in
294:University of California, Berkeley
162:Federal Reserve Board of Governors
14:
3896:
3415:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
3368:Commercial Paper Funding Facility
2823:
1851:
1668:Miller, G. William (1978-07-19).
1543:Miller, G. William (1978-12-12).
1440:Miller, G. William (1978-06-07).
1291:MacLaury, Bruce K. (1992-11-05).
830:1930 United States Federal Census
405:resigned. New York Fed President
285:United States Coast Guard Academy
3870:UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
3752:Criticism of the Federal Reserve
3326:Expedited Funds Availability Act
3042:
2881:Ambassador to the United Nations
2491:
2404:
1091:A History of the Federal Reserve
773:, a trustee and director of the
332:
314:
3835:Carter administration personnel
3220:U.S. Treasury Department Accord
1927:Chairman of the Federal Reserve
1722:
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1457:
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1321:. Simon and Schuster. pp.
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1124:"G. William Miller (1979-1981)"
1040:
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1014:
997:
567:Chairman of the Federal Reserve
372:chairman of the Federal Reserve
97:Chairman of the Federal Reserve
3850:Deaths from pulmonary fibrosis
3422:Corner Post v. Federal Reserve
3374:Primary Dealer Credit Facility
1430:, from the Department of Labor
987:"Digest of Earnings Reports".
980:
940:Bernstein, Adam (2006-03-20).
880:
871:
824:
809:
763:
678:used to carry on the dispute.
613:economy, still suffering from
515:Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
1:
3860:People from Sapulpa, Oklahoma
3840:Chairs of the Federal Reserve
3011:Federal Open Market Committee
1581:Federal Open Market Committee
855:"Obituary: G. William Miller"
795:
790:idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
561:took office, Nixon-appointee
477:Central Congregational Church
370:, he also served as the 11th
3381:Bloomberg v. Federal Reserve
3280:Electronic Fund Transfer Act
3262:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
3256:Equal Credit Opportunity Act
3144:National Monetary Commission
1799:. 1979-07-30. Archived from
1692:. 1979-04-30. Archived from
1646:. 1979-10-22. Archived from
484:Equal Employment Opportunity
431:Work Projects Administration
7:
2747:Secretary of Transportation
2466:
1834:University of Chicago Press
1684:"The Fed vs. Jimmy's Aides"
1604:Beckner, Steven K. (1996).
1464:Melton, William C. (1985).
1097:University of Chicago Press
647:International Monetary Fund
641:and almost 42% against the
509:in 1978, Miller had been a
475:, Miller was active in the
454:Cravath, Swaine & Moore
10:
3901:
3577:Vice Chair for Supervision
3274:Federal Reserve Reform Act
3268:Community Reinvestment Act
2489:
615:the increase in oil prices
3855:People from Borger, Texas
3739:
3606:
3541:
3432:
3292:International Banking Act
3122:
3077:
3051:
3040:
3034:Federal Reserve Bank Note
3019:
2986:
2923:
2906:National Security Advisor
2904:
2879:
2854:
2829:
2818:
2795:
2770:
2745:
2720:
2701:
2676:
2657:
2632:
2613:
2596:Secretary of the Interior
2594:
2569:
2550:
2527:Secretary of the Treasury
2525:
2500:
2472:
2461:
2402:
2006:
1957:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1924:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1313:Greider, William (1987).
381:nominated him to succeed
353:
345:
340:United States Coast Guard
327:
309:
304:
276:
268:
258:
241:
217:
212:
208:
198:
186:
178:
167:
159:
147:
135:
121:
113:
102:
94:
82:
70:
60:
49:
41:
37:
28:
21:
3226:Bank Holding Company Act
2615:Secretary of Agriculture
1032:Gibson, Raymond (1992).
545:(right), Vice-President
539:Federal Reserve Chairman
529:Federal Reserve Chairman
439:U.S. Coast Guard Academy
389:world, rather than from
2730:Patricia Roberts Harris
2711:Patricia Roberts Harris
2692:Patricia Roberts Harris
1446:(Speech). St. Louis Fed
1224:Wharton Alumni Magazine
1087:Meltzer, Allan (2003).
1036:. Monadnock Publishers.
1007:The Wall Street Journal
990:The Wall Street Journal
973:The Wall Street Journal
3344:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
3215:Employment Act of 1946
2980:Federal Reserve System
2797:Secretary of Education
2686:Joseph A. Califano Jr.
1791:"Carter's Great Purge"
1771:Cite journal requires
1524:Cite journal requires
1171:Carter, Jimmy (2010).
1144:Annual Report, 61st ed
755:Iranian hostage crisis
726:
714:
554:
425:, the largest city in
3772:Lender of last resort
3448:William P. G. Harding
3250:Smithsonian Agreement
3180:Emergency Banking Act
3006:Federal Reserve Banks
2634:Secretary of Commerce
2535:W. Michael Blumenthal
1836:. pp. 844–1010.
1428:Consumer Prince Index
785:) from 1990 to 1992.
724:
700:
655:, the combination of
621:. The change in the
541:, with Chief Justice
536:
494:. In 1968, he aided
448:School of Law at the
413:Early life and career
403:W. Michael Blumenthal
399:Carter administration
360:George William Miller
346:Years of service
222:George William Miller
77:W. Michael Blumenthal
3454:Daniel R. Crissinger
3338:FDIC Improvement Act
3238:Truth in Lending Act
3209:Bretton Woods system
3138:Aldrich–Vreeland Act
3029:Federal Reserve Note
2856:Trade Representative
2780:James R. Schlesinger
2552:Secretary of Defense
1638:"The Squeeze of '79"
623:Consumer Price Index
130:Frederick H. Schultz
3204:Banking Act of 1935
3150:Federal Reserve Act
2914:Zbigniew Brzezinski
2772:Secretary of Energy
1886:Government offices
1696:on October 15, 2010
1472:. Dow Jones-Irwin.
947:The Washington Post
818:Wall Street Journal
549:(right), President
519:Business Roundtable
3607:Current presidents
3588:Christopher Waller
3478:Marriner S. Eccles
3192:Glass–Steagall Act
3102:Federal funds rate
2805:Shirley Hufstedler
2786:Charles Duncan Jr.
2659:Secretary of Labor
2585:Benjamin Civiletti
2502:Secretary of State
1944:Michael Blumenthal
1936:Political offices
1803:on August 22, 2009
859:The New York Times
771:American Red Cross
731:Michael Blumenthal
727:
717:Treasury Secretary
555:
272:Ariadna Rogojarsky
3802:
3801:
3646:Loretta J. Mester
3636:Patrick T. Harker
3502:G. William Miller
3490:William M. Martin
3442:Charles S. Hamlin
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2864:Robert S. Strauss
2845:James T. McIntyre
2814:
2813:
2541:G. William Miller
2413:
2412:
1967:
1966:
1958:Succeeded by
1907:Succeeded by
1860:—Official profile
1826:Meltzer, Allan H.
1175:White House Diary
605:Miller succeeded
587:Irving S. Shapiro
579:Reginald H. Jones
547:Walter F. Mondale
427:Hutchinson County
419:Sapulpa, Oklahoma
357:
356:
235:Sapulpa, Oklahoma
23:G. William Miller
3892:
3563:Philip Jefferson
3484:Thomas B. McCabe
3409:Durbin amendment
3198:Gold Reserve Act
3046:
3045:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2933:Charles Schultze
2820:
2819:
2761:Neil Goldschmidt
2648:Philip Klutznick
2642:Juanita M. Kreps
2571:Attorney General
2495:
2494:
2463:
2462:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2408:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1941:Preceded by
1917:Preceded by
1891:Preceded by
1883:
1882:
1847:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1726:
1720:
1716:Belden, Susan.
1714:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:on June 11, 2010
1634:
1628:
1627:
1611:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1471:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1178:
1168:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1094:
1084:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1001:
995:
994:
984:
978:
977:
967:
958:
957:
955:
954:
937:
924:
923:
913:
892:
891:
884:
878:
875:
869:
868:
866:
865:
850:
831:
828:
822:
821:
813:
775:Washington Opera
712:
708:Steven Beckner,
672:Charles Schultze
575:General Electric
543:Warren E. Burger
523:Conference Board
513:director of the
435:Amarillo College
368:Democratic Party
338:
336:
335:
320:
318:
317:
305:Military service
281:Amarillo College
252:Washington, D.C.
248:
231:
229:
213:Personal details
201:
189:
172:
150:
138:
107:
85:
73:
54:
33:
19:
18:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3735:
3686:Alberto Musalem
3676:Austan Goolsbee
3608:
3602:
3583:Michelle Bowman
3544:
3537:
3496:Arthur F. Burns
3472:Eugene R. Black
3428:
3126:
3118:
3085:Discount window
3073:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3015:
2982:
2977:
2947:
2938:
2919:
2900:
2875:
2850:
2825:
2810:
2791:
2766:
2741:
2716:
2697:
2672:
2653:
2628:
2623:Robert Bergland
2609:
2590:
2565:
2546:
2521:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2468:
2457:
2444:
2414:
2409:
2400:
2002:
1997:
1963:
1954:
1946:
1930:
1922:
1920:Arthur F. Burns
1912:
1903:
1894:
1854:
1844:
1821:
1819:Further reading
1816:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1560:Washington Post
1556:
1552:
1541:
1537:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1169:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1085:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1003:
1002:
998:
986:
985:
981:
969:
968:
961:
952:
950:
938:
927:
915:
914:
895:
886:
885:
881:
876:
872:
863:
861:
851:
834:
829:
825:
815:
814:
810:
805:
798:
766:
719:
713:
707:
557:When President
531:
496:Hubert Humphrey
415:
383:Arthur F. Burns
333:
331:
315:
313:
292:
283:
259:Political party
250:
246:
233:
227:
225:
224:
223:
199:
187:
173:
168:
148:
142:Arthur F. Burns
136:
128:
126:Stephen Gardner
108:
103:
83:
71:
55:
50:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3898:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3713:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3666:Raphael Bostic
3663:
3653:
3643:
3633:
3623:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3598:Adriana Kugler
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3570:
3560:
3549:
3547:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3534:(2018–present)
3529:
3523:
3517:
3514:Alan Greenspan
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3405:Dodd–Frank Act
3402:
3396:
3390:
3385:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3234:(1961–present)
3229:
3223:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3114:Primary dealer
3111:
3110:
3109:
3107:Overnight rate
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2895:Donald McHenry
2892:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2482:Walter Mondale
2478:
2476:
2474:Vice President
2470:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1898:Member of the
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1853:
1852:External links
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:978-0226213514
1842:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1782:
1773:|journal=
1747:
1721:
1706:
1675:
1660:
1629:
1622:
1593:
1565:
1550:
1535:
1526:|journal=
1508:10.3386/w10161
1485:
1478:
1456:
1432:
1420:
1403:
1381:
1360:
1355:New York Times
1345:
1328:
1305:
1283:
1278:New York Times
1265:
1254:New York Times
1240:
1211:
1206:New York Times
1196:
1189:
1160:
1135:
1112:
1105:
1070:
1039:
1024:
1013:
996:
979:
959:
925:
893:
879:
870:
832:
823:
807:
806:
804:
803:
799:
797:
794:
765:
762:
718:
715:
705:
571:Walter Mondale
530:
527:
414:
411:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
343:
342:
329:
328:Branch/service
325:
324:
311:
307:
306:
302:
301:
278:
274:
273:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
249:(aged 81)
245:March 17, 2006
243:
239:
238:
221:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
206:
205:
202:
196:
195:
190:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
165:
164:
160:Member of the
157:
156:
151:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
100:
99:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
74:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
47:
46:
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3897:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3730:San Francisco
3727:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:Neel Kashkari
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3656:Thomas Barkin
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3626:John Williams
3624:
3621:
3617:
3616:Susan Collins
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:(by district)
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3553:Jerome Powell
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3533:
3532:Jerome Powell
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3320:Greenspan put
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Federal funds
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:Federal funds
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2824:Cabinet-level
2821:
2817:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2736:Moon Landrieu
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2693:
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2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
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2649:
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2601:
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2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
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2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2516:Edmund Muskie
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2455:
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2448:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
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2269:
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2264:
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2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
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2229:
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2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
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2187:
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2179:
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2172:
2169:
2167:
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2162:
2159:
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2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
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2139:
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2134:
2132:
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2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
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2102:
2099:
2097:
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2089:
2087:
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2079:
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2069:
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2064:
2062:
2059:
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2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1765:
1754:
1752:
1735:
1734:The Economist
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1671:
1664:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1623:0-471-16127-6
1619:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1561:
1554:
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1539:
1531:
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1500:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1479:9780870945441
1475:
1470:
1469:
1460:
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1444:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1378:. 2010-01-25.
1377:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1349:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1294:
1287:
1280:. 1977-12-29.
1279:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1230:on 2011-06-10
1229:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1190:9780374280994
1186:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1149:
1148:St. Louis Fed
1145:
1139:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1106:9780226519999
1102:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1060:on 2018-03-25
1056:
1049:
1043:
1035:
1028:
1017:
1010:. 1978-02-16.
1009:
1008:
1000:
993:. 1969-01-29.
992:
991:
983:
976:. 1977-12-29.
975:
974:
966:
964:
949:
948:
943:
936:
934:
932:
930:
921:
920:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
889:
883:
874:
860:
856:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
827:
820:. 1977-12-29.
819:
812:
808:
801:
800:
793:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
761:
758:
756:
751:
749:
745:
740:
736:
732:
723:
711:
704:
699:
697:
692:
690:
689:discount rate
685:
684:The Economist
679:
677:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
600:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
469:
466:
461:
459:
458:New York City
455:
451:
447:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
352:
348:
344:
341:
330:
326:
323:
322:United States
312:
308:
303:
299:
295:
290:
286:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:
261:
257:
253:
244:
240:
236:
232:March 9, 1925
220:
216:
211:
207:
203:
197:
194:
191:
185:
181:
177:
171:
166:
163:
158:
155:
152:
146:
143:
140:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
106:
101:
98:
93:
90:
87:
81:
78:
75:
69:
66:
63:
59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
3747:Central bank
3726:Mary C. Daly
3640:Philadelphia
3593:Lisa D. Cook
3573:Michael Barr
3526:Janet Yellen
3520:Ben Bernanke
3508:Paul Volcker
3501:
3466:Eugene Meyer
3460:Roy A. Young
3420:
3379:
3311:
3303:
3232:FOMC actions
3186:Regulation Q
3174:Regulation D
2889:Andrew Young
2870:Reubin Askew
2667:Ray Marshall
2604:Cecil Andrus
2579:Griffin Bell
2560:Harold Brown
2540:
2454:Jimmy Carter
2330:
1949:
1925:
1910:Paul Volcker
1897:
1829:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:the original
1794:
1785:
1764:cite journal
1738:. Retrieved
1736:. 2005-08-13
1733:
1730:"After Alan"
1724:
1698:. Retrieved
1694:the original
1687:
1678:
1663:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:the original
1641:
1632:
1607:
1585:. Retrieved
1583:. 1978-11-21
1568:
1559:
1553:
1538:
1517:cite journal
1498:
1488:
1467:
1459:
1448:. Retrieved
1442:
1435:
1423:
1412:
1406:
1395:
1375:
1354:
1348:
1331:
1316:
1308:
1297:. Retrieved
1286:
1277:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1228:the original
1223:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1174:
1152:. Retrieved
1147:
1138:
1127:. Retrieved
1090:
1062:. Retrieved
1055:the original
1042:
1033:
1027:
1016:
1005:
999:
988:
982:
971:
951:. Retrieved
945:
917:
882:
873:
862:. Retrieved
858:
826:
817:
811:
787:
783:Macy's, Inc.
767:
759:
752:
739:Paul Volcker
728:
709:
701:
696:Paul Volcker
693:
683:
680:
665:
660:
656:
650:
643:Japanese yen
632:
628:Paul Volcker
607:Arthur Burns
604:
595:
591:Paul Volcker
563:Arthur Burns
559:Jimmy Carter
556:
551:Jimmy Carter
504:
500:Jimmy Carter
492:Club of Rome
481:
470:
465:Textron, Inc
462:
443:
416:
407:Paul Volcker
379:Jimmy Carter
376:
359:
358:
247:(2006-03-17)
204:Paul Volcker
200:Succeeded by
182:Jimmy Carter
169:
154:Paul Volcker
149:Succeeded by
117:Jimmy Carter
104:
89:Donald Regan
84:Succeeded by
65:Jimmy Carter
51:
3820:2006 deaths
3815:1925 births
3716:Lorie Logan
3710:Kansas City
3706:Jeff Schmid
3700:Minneapolis
3528:(2014–2018)
3522:(2006–2014)
3516:(1987–2006)
3510:(1979–1987)
3504:(1978–1979)
3498:(1970–1978)
3492:(1951–1970)
3486:(1948–1951)
3480:(1934–1948)
3474:(1933–1934)
3468:(1930–1933)
3462:(1927–1930)
3456:(1923–1927)
3450:(1916–1922)
3444:(1914–1916)
3417:(2020–2021)
3395:(2009–2010)
3376:(2008–2010)
3370:(2008–2010)
3352:(2007–2010)
3244:Nixon shock
3211:(1944–1971)
3156:Pittman Act
3146:(1909–1912)
3129:Antecedents
2935:(1977–1981)
2916:(1977–1981)
2897:(1979–1981)
2891:(1977–1979)
2872:(1979–1980)
2866:(1977–1979)
2847:(1977–1981)
2807:(1979–1981)
2788:(1979–1981)
2782:(1977–1979)
2763:(1979–1981)
2757:(1977–1979)
2755:Brock Adams
2738:(1979–1981)
2732:(1977–1979)
2713:(1980–1981)
2694:(1979–1980)
2688:(1977–1979)
2669:(1977–1981)
2650:(1980–1981)
2644:(1977–1979)
2625:(1977–1981)
2606:(1977–1981)
2587:(1979–1981)
2581:(1977–1979)
2562:(1977–1981)
2543:(1979–1981)
2537:(1977–1979)
2518:(1980–1981)
2512:(1977–1980)
2510:Cyrus Vance
2484:(1977–1981)
2456:(1977–1981)
1893:David Lilly
1874:Appearances
1832:. Chicago:
1095:. Chicago:
764:Later years
676:press leaks
668:Alfred Kahn
652:stagflation
639:German mark
193:David Lilly
188:Preceded by
137:Preceded by
72:Preceded by
3809:Categories
3567:Vice Chair
3168:Phelan Act
3059:Beige Book
2996:Vice Chair
2839:Bert Lance
2326:Blumenthal
2266:Morgenthau
2151:Richardson
1955:1979–1981
1931:1978–1979
1904:1978–1979
1807:2007-12-06
1740:2007-11-16
1700:2007-12-06
1654:2007-11-27
1587:2007-11-29
1450:2018-06-27
1299:2018-06-28
1259:2014-03-06
1234:2014-03-06
1154:2018-09-13
1129:2014-03-01
1064:2018-06-28
953:2007-11-21
864:2014-04-01
796:References
657:stagnation
473:Providence
446:Boalt Hall
377:President
310:Allegiance
263:Democratic
228:1925-03-09
3794:Sahm rule
3757:Fed model
3690:St. Louis
3650:Cleveland
3545:governors
3332:FIRRE Act
3298:DIDMC Act
3176:(c. 1930)
3090:Bank rate
3021:Banknotes
3001:Governors
2451:President
2226:Cortelyou
2196:Fairchild
2186:McCulloch
2141:McCulloch
2136:Fessenden
1961:Don Regan
661:inflation
611:inflation
391:economics
387:corporate
349:1945–1949
277:Education
179:President
170:In office
114:President
105:In office
61:President
52:In office
3762:Fedspeak
3660:Richmond
3630:New York
3162:Edge Act
2381:Geithner
2311:Connally
2286:Anderson
2281:Humphrey
2231:MacVeagh
2211:Carlisle
2146:Boutwell
2101:Meredith
2071:Woodbury
2041:Crawford
2031:Campbell
2026:Gallatin
2011:Hamilton
1828:(2009).
706:—
565:was the
3782:History
3767:Fed put
3740:Related
3680:Chicago
3670:Atlanta
3543:Current
3407:(2010;
3401:(2009–)
3124:History
3052:Reports
2467:Cabinet
2447:Cabinet
2391:Mnuchin
2376:Paulson
2366:O'Neill
2361:Summers
2351:Bentsen
2306:Kennedy
2246:Houston
2191:Manning
2181:Gresham
2166:Sherman
2161:Morrill
2156:Bristow
2111:Guthrie
2086:Spencer
2081:Forward
2016:Wolcott
1376:Reuters
735:Cabinet
511:Class B
401:, when
395:finance
3720:Dallas
3620:Boston
3434:Chairs
3425:(2024)
3384:(2009)
3364:(2008)
3358:(2008)
3346:(1999)
3340:(1991)
3334:(1989)
3328:(1987)
3322:(1987)
3316:(1985)
3308:(1981)
3300:(1980)
3294:(1978)
3288:(1978)
3282:(1978)
3276:(1977)
3270:(1977)
3264:(1975)
3258:(1974)
3252:(1971)
3246:(1971)
3240:(1968)
3228:(1956)
3222:(1951)
3200:(1934)
3194:(1933)
3188:(1933)
3182:(1933)
3170:(1920)
3164:(1919)
3158:(1918)
3152:(1913)
3140:(1908)
2841:(1977)
2396:Yellen
2331:Miller
2316:Shultz
2296:Fowler
2291:Dillon
2276:Snyder
2271:Vinson
2261:Woodin
2251:Mellon
2236:McAdoo
2206:Foster
2201:Windom
2176:Folger
2171:Windom
2121:Thomas
2106:Corwin
2096:Walker
2056:McLane
2051:Ingham
2036:Dallas
2021:Dexter
1878:C-SPAN
1840:
1620:
1476:
1187:
1103:
635:dollar
583:DuPont
581:, and
423:Borger
337:
319:
269:Spouse
254:, U.S.
237:, U.S.
122:Deputy
3557:Chair
2991:Chair
2356:Rubin
2346:Brady
2341:Baker
2336:Regan
2321:Simon
2256:Mills
2241:Glass
2131:Chase
2076:Ewing
2066:Taney
2061:Duane
1577:(PDF)
1340:(PDF)
1325:, 45.
1058:(PDF)
1051:(PDF)
617:from
95:11th
42:65th
2371:Snow
2301:Barr
2221:Shaw
2216:Gage
2116:Cobb
2091:Bibb
2046:Rush
1838:ISBN
1796:Time
1777:help
1689:Time
1643:Time
1618:ISBN
1530:help
1474:ISBN
1414:1979
1397:1978
1185:ISBN
1101:ISBN
919:1978
659:and
619:OPEC
242:Died
218:Born
2449:of
2386:Lew
2126:Dix
1876:on
1503:doi
1181:135
585:'s
577:'s
471:In
456:in
393:or
298:LLB
3811::
1793:.
1768::
1766:}}
1762:{{
1750:^
1732:.
1709:^
1686:.
1640:.
1616:.
1596:^
1579:.
1521::
1519:}}
1515:{{
1499:18
1497:.
1384:^
1374:.
1363:^
1323:34
1268:^
1252:.
1222:.
1183:.
1163:^
1146:.
1115:^
1099:.
1073:^
962:^
944:.
928:^
896:^
857:.
835:^
479:.
460:.
289:BS
3732:)
3728:(
3722:)
3718:(
3712:)
3708:(
3702:)
3698:(
3692:)
3688:(
3682:)
3678:(
3672:)
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