296:. A major distinctive feature of the purine biosynthetic pathways in Bacteria is the prevalence of gene fusions where two or more purine biosynthetic enzymes are encoded by a single gene. Such gene fusions are almost exclusively between genes that encode enzymes that perform sequential steps in the biosynthetic pathway. Eukaryotic species generally exhibit the most common gene fusions seen in the Bacteria, but in addition have new fusions that potentially increase metabolic flux.
55:
321:
to the regulatory elements of genes of interest allows researches to study gene expression. Reporter gene fusions can be used to measure activity levels of gene regulators, identify the regulatory sites of genes (including the signals required), identify various genes that are regulated in response
255:
Gene fusion plays a key role in the evolution of gene architecture. We can observe its effect if gene fusion occurs in coding sequences. Duplication, sequence divergence, and recombination are the major contributors at work in gene evolution. These events can probably produce new genes from already
260:
sequence of another gene. If it happens in coding sequences, gene fusion cause the assembly of a new gene, then it allows the appearance of new functions by adding peptide modules into a multi-domain protein. The detecting methods to inventory gene fusion events on a large biological scale can
123:
It has been known for 30 years that the corresponding gene fusion plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Fusion genes can contribute to tumor formation because fusion genes can produce much more active abnormal protein than non-fusion genes. Often, fusion genes are
210:
Since chromosomal translocations play such a significant role in neoplasia, a specialized database of chromosomal aberrations and gene fusions in cancer has been created. This database is called
Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations and Gene Fusions in Cancer.
156:, often occurring in prostate cancer. In the case of TMPRSS2-ERG, by disrupting androgen receptor (AR) signaling and inhibiting AR expression by oncogenic ETS transcription factor, the fusion product regulates the prostate cancer. Most fusion genes are found from
304:
In recent years, next generation sequencing technology has already become available to screen known and novel gene fusion events on a genome wide scale. However, the precondition for large scale detection is a paired-end sequencing of the cell's
309:. The direction of fusion gene detection is mainly towards data analysis and visualization. Some researchers already developed a new tool called Transcriptome Viewer (TViewer) to directly visualize detected gene fusions on the transcript level.
656:
Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Perner S, Dhanasekaran SM, Mehra R, Sun XW, et al. (October 2005). "Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer".
322:
to the same stimulus, and artificially control the expression of desired genes in particular cells. For example, by creating a fusion gene of a protein of interest and
219:
Presence of certain chromosomal aberrations and their resulting fusion genes is commonly used within cancer diagnostics in order to set a precise diagnosis. Chromosome
179:
Oncogenic fusion genes may lead to a gene product with a new or different function from the two fusion partners. Alternatively, a proto-oncogene is fused to a strong
256:
existing parts. When gene fusion happens in non-coding sequence region, it can lead to the misregulation of the expression of a gene now under the control of the
235:(RT-PCR) are common methods employed at diagnostic laboratories. These methods all have their distinct shortcomings due to the very complex nature of cancer
1393:
Prendergast FG, Mann KG (August 1978). "Chemical and physical properties of aequorin and the green fluorescent protein isolated from
Aequorea forskĂĄlea".
99:, and not through a simple deletion of chromosome 22 as was previously thought. Several investigators in the early 1980s showed that the Philadelphia
1459:: a new, comprehensive database of human CR events and associated diseases (both tumor and non-tumor) with detailed documentation of the CR events.
1497:
232:
1644:
169:
284:. Biosynthesis of these purines occurs by similar, but not identical, pathways in different species of the three domains of life, the
111:
in the breakpoint in chromosome 22. In 1985 it was clearly established that the fusion gene on chromosome 22 produced an abnormal
1450:
1180:"Genes linked by fusion events are generally of the same functional category: a systematic analysis of 30 microbial genomes"
387:
1465:
897:
67:
The first fusion gene was described in cancer cells in the early 1980s. The finding was based on the discovery in 1960 by
1490:
1472:: a database relates chromosomal aberrations to tumor characteristics, based either on individual cases or associations.
1377:
224:
417:
Mitelman F, Johansson B, Mertens F (April 2007). "The impact of translocations and gene fusions on cancer causation".
798:
709:"An integrated network of androgen receptor, polycomb, and TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions in prostate cancer progression"
1092:
Eichler EE (November 2001). "Recent duplication, domain accretion and the dynamic mutation of the human genome".
847:"Deep RNA sequencing analysis of readthrough gene fusions in human prostate adenocarcinoma and reference samples"
184:
1483:
1475:
91:
in
Chicago showed that the Philadelphia chromosome had originated through a translocation between chromosomes
137:
1440:
1456:
1129:"Functional associations of proteins in entire genomes by means of exhaustive detection of gene fusions"
1280:"Surveying purine biosynthesis across the domains of life unveils promising drug targets in pathogens"
810:
Vega F, Medeiros LJ (September 2003). "Chromosomal translocations involved in non-Hodgkin lymphomas".
47:. The identification of these fusion genes play a prominent role in being a diagnostic and prognostic
1585:
1541:
607:
509:
323:
32:
1580:
1510:
1369:
382:
157:
100:
80:
83:—the first consistent chromosome abnormality detected in a human malignancy, later designated the
1536:
1514:
392:
133:
84:
367:
257:
981:"A universal assay for detection of oncogenic fusion transcripts by oligo microarray analysis"
1565:
1531:
979:
Skotheim RI, Thomassen GO, Eken M, Lind GE, Micci F, Ribeiro FR, et al. (January 2009).
922:
Maher CA, Kumar-Sinha C, Cao X, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Jing X, et al. (March 2009).
173:
153:
96:
40:
1361:
1239:"Gene fusion/fission is a major contributor to evolution of multi-domain bacterial proteins"
1590:
1191:
1046:
935:
665:
622:
524:
92:
317:
Biologists may also deliberately create fusion genes for research purposes. The fusion of
8:
1362:
1319:
Supper J, Gugenmus C, Wollnik J, Drueke T, Scherf M, Hahn A, et al. (January 2013).
180:
36:
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1050:
939:
669:
626:
528:
1069:
1034:
1007:
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956:
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873:
846:
781:
733:
708:
689:
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1105:
187:
caused by the strong promoter of the upstream fusion partner. The latter is common in
1639:
1410:
1373:
1342:
1301:
1260:
1219:
1214:
1179:
1160:
1155:
1145:
1128:
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581:
540:
491:
434:
331:
196:
1255:
1238:
785:
693:
593:
446:
103:
led to the formation of a new BCR::ABL1 fusion gene, composed of the 3' part of the
1402:
1332:
1291:
1250:
1209:
1199:
1150:
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1064:
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1002:
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571:
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481:
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426:
377:
72:
845:
Nacu S, Yuan W, Kan Z, Bhatt D, Rivers CS, Stinson J, et al. (January 2011).
634:
536:
1608:
1570:
1469:
1444:
1059:
823:
339:
165:
1505:
1337:
1320:
1462:
1184:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
901:
372:
344:
327:
244:
240:
204:
200:
192:
112:
48:
724:
477:
1633:
560:"Fusion genes and chromosome translocations in the common epithelial cancers"
357:
318:
306:
677:
1613:
1560:
1346:
1305:
1264:
1223:
1204:
1164:
1113:
1078:
1016:
965:
882:
863:
831:
777:
742:
685:
642:
585:
544:
495:
438:
281:
220:
88:
68:
58:
A schematic showing the ways a fusion gene can occur at a chromosomal level
997:
43:. Fusion genes have been found to be prevalent in all main types of human
31:
formed from two previously independent genes. It can occur as a result of
1618:
756:
Teixeira MR (December 2006). "Recurrent fusion oncogenes in carcinomas".
1414:
1406:
947:
898:"Mitelman Database of Chromosome Aberrations and Gene Fusions in Cancer"
115:
BCR::ABL1 protein with the capacity to induce chronic myeloid leukemia.
107:
gene in the breakpoint on chromosome 9 and the 5' part of a gene called
1523:
1296:
1279:
707:
Yu J, Yu J, Mani RS, Cao Q, Brenner CJ, Cao X, et al. (May 2010).
335:
149:
76:
576:
559:
1552:
293:
44:
1035:"Fusion and fission of genes define a metric between fungal genomes"
430:
54:
1506:
921:
289:
261:
provide insights about the multi modular architecture of proteins.
188:
125:
20:
1434:: The Improved Database of Chimeric Ttanscripts and RNA-seq Data.
285:
277:
273:
161:
145:
280:
are two of the four information encoding bases of the universal
1431:
655:
270:
236:
141:
129:
1447:: The Server Protein-Protein Interaction of Chimeric Proteins.
1437:
183:, and thereby the oncogenic function is set to function by an
1600:
1318:
924:"Transcriptome sequencing to detect gene fusions in cancer"
172:
is a fusion gene that is specific and unique to high-grade
28:
895:
978:
191:, where oncogenes are juxtaposed to the promoters of the
416:
247:
bear promise of introduction of more efficient methods.
16:
Gene formed by the combination of two independent genes
1032:
1236:
459:
1033:Durrens P, Nikolski M, Sherman D (October 2008).
462:"Oncogenic gene fusions in epithelial carcinomas"
1631:
1368:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
1177:
844:
338:. The protein synthesized when a fusion gene is
1392:
1126:
812:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
233:reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
1028:
1026:
412:
410:
408:
1491:
1237:Pasek S, Risler JL, Brézellec P (June 2006).
466:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
326:, the protein of interest may be observed in
809:
460:Prensner JR, Chinnaiyan AM (February 2009).
1453:: a knowledgebase for fusion genes updated.
1023:
706:
405:
75:in Philadelphia of a small abnormal marker
1498:
1484:
1277:
799:Deciphering the Cancer Transcriptome. 2016
1360:Hartwell, Leland H.; et al. (2011).
1336:
1295:
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1144:
1068:
1058:
1006:
996:
955:
872:
862:
732:
575:
485:
1359:
1321:"Detecting and visualizing gene fusions"
1178:Yanai I, Derti A, DeLisi C (July 2001).
755:
312:
53:
1091:
557:
1632:
264:
1479:
1364:Genetics : from genes to genomes
1278:Chua SM, Fraser JA (November 2020).
896:Mitelman F; Johansson B; Mertens F.
388:List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools
1645:Modification of genetic information
13:
14:
1656:
1425:
621:(3438): 1488–501. November 1960.
523:(3438): 1488–501. November 1960.
152:with an interstitial deletion on
140:with t(12 ; 21)), AML1-ETO (
1146:10.1186/gb-2001-2-9-research0034
1127:Enright AJ, Ouzounis CA (2001).
770:10.1615/critrevoncog.v12.i3-4.40
1386:
1353:
1312:
1271:
1230:
1171:
1120:
1085:
972:
915:
889:
838:
803:
758:Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis
792:
749:
700:
649:
608:"National Academy of Sciences"
600:
551:
510:"National Academy of Sciences"
502:
453:
239:. Recent developments such as
214:
1:
1284:Immunology & Cell Biology
1256:10.1093/bioinformatics/btl135
1106:10.1016/s0168-9525(01)02492-1
635:10.1126/science.132.3438.1488
537:10.1126/science.132.3438.1488
398:
1060:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000200
824:10.5858/2003-127-1148-CTIINL
299:
250:
118:
7:
1338:10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.09.013
558:Edwards PA (January 2010).
351:
10:
1661:
1039:PLOS Computational Biology
241:high-throughput sequencing
144:with t(8 ; 21)), and
62:
1599:
1586:Sister chromatid exchange
1550:
1521:
725:10.1016/j.ccr.2010.03.018
478:10.1016/j.gde.2008.11.008
324:green fluorescent protein
1581:Horizontal gene transfer
1511:homologous recombination
564:The Journal of Pathology
383:Horizontal gene transfer
101:chromosome translocation
81:chronic myeloid leukemia
1515:mobile genetic elements
678:10.1126/science.1117679
393:Mobile genetic elements
85:Philadelphia chromosome
1205:10.1073/pnas.141236298
864:10.1186/1755-8794-4-11
368:ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion
199:may also be caused by
59:
1566:Chromosomal crossover
998:10.1186/1476-4598-8-5
419:Nature Reviews Cancer
313:Research applications
174:serous ovarian cancer
158:hematological cancers
57:
41:chromosomal inversion
37:interstitial deletion
851:BMC Medical Genomics
1407:10.1021/bi00610a004
1196:2001PNAS...98.7940Y
1139:(9): RESEARCH0034.
1051:2008PLSCB...4E0200D
948:10.1038/nature07638
940:2009Natur.458...97M
670:2005Sci...310..644T
627:1960Sci...132.1488.
529:1960Sci...132.1488.
334:using fluorescence
265:Purine biosynthesis
1468:2016-05-25 at the
1443:2021-11-10 at the
1297:10.1111/imcb.12389
1094:Trends in Genetics
363:De novo gene birth
197:fusion transcripts
154:chromosome 21
60:
1627:
1626:
1463:Mitelman Database
577:10.1002/path.2632
195:genes. Oncogenic
79:in patients with
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1500:
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1476:
1419:
1418:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1367:
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1310:
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1299:
1275:
1269:
1268:
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1234:
1228:
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1217:
1207:
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1169:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1089:
1083:
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1072:
1062:
1045:(10): e1000200.
1030:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1000:
985:Molecular Cancer
976:
970:
969:
959:
934:(7234): 97–101.
919:
913:
912:
910:
909:
900:. Archived from
893:
887:
886:
876:
866:
842:
836:
835:
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753:
747:
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579:
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514:
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500:
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489:
457:
451:
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378:Gene duplication
221:banding analysis
132:; these include
73:David Hungerford
1660:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1630:
1629:
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1609:Antigenic shift
1595:
1571:Gene conversion
1546:
1517:
1504:
1470:Wayback Machine
1445:Wayback Machine
1428:
1423:
1422:
1401:(17): 3448–53.
1391:
1387:
1380:
1358:
1354:
1317:
1313:
1290:(10): 819–831.
1276:
1272:
1249:(12): 1418–23.
1235:
1231:
1176:
1172:
1125:
1121:
1090:
1086:
1031:
1024:
977:
973:
920:
916:
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905:
894:
890:
843:
839:
808:
804:
797:
793:
764:(3–4): 257–71.
754:
750:
705:
701:
664:(5748): 644–8.
654:
650:
610:
606:
605:
601:
556:
552:
512:
508:
507:
503:
458:
454:
431:10.1038/nrc2091
415:
406:
401:
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315:
302:
267:
253:
245:DNA microarrays
217:
166:prostate cancer
121:
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1557:
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1542:Transformation
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1426:External links
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1379:978-0073525266
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1243:Bioinformatics
1229:
1190:(14): 7940–5.
1170:
1133:Genome Biology
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818:(9): 1148–60.
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33:translocation
30:
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22:
1614:Reassortment
1575:
1561:Transfection
1537:Transduction
1451:ChimerDB 2.0
1398:
1395:Biochemistry
1394:
1388:
1363:
1355:
1331:(1): S24-8.
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1038:
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469:
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343:
342:is called a
316:
303:
282:genetic code
268:
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226:
218:
209:
205:read-through
185:upregulation
178:
136:, TEL-AML1 (
122:
108:
104:
89:Janet Rowley
69:Peter Nowell
66:
27:is a hybrid
24:
18:
1619:Viral shift
1576:Fusion gene
1532:Conjugation
1524:prokaryotic
1432:ChiTaRS 5.0
713:Cancer Cell
243:and custom
215:Diagnostics
128:that cause
87:. In 1973,
25:fusion gene
1634:Categories
1591:Transposon
1553:eukaryotes
1551:Occurs in
1522:Primarily
908:2014-09-13
399:References
336:microscopy
294:Eukaryotes
77:chromosome
857:(1): 11.
340:expressed
300:Detection
251:Evolution
189:lymphomas
170:BCAM-AKT2
126:oncogenes
119:Oncogenes
45:neoplasia
1640:Mutation
1507:Genetics
1466:Archived
1441:Archived
1347:23036331
1306:32748425
1265:16601004
1224:11438739
1165:11820254
1114:11672867
1079:18949021
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966:19136943
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643:17739576
594:46435450
586:19921709
545:17739576
496:19233641
447:26093482
439:17361217
352:See also
290:Bacteria
207:events.
181:promoter
162:sarcomas
113:chimeric
21:genetics
1325:Methods
1192:Bibcode
1070:2557144
1047:Bibcode
1008:2633275
957:2725402
936:Bibcode
874:3041646
734:2874722
666:Bibcode
658:Science
623:Bibcode
615:Science
525:Bibcode
517:Science
487:2676581
286:Archaea
278:guanine
274:adenine
271:purines
237:genomes
227:in situ
146:TMPRSS2
134:BCR-ABL
63:History
1457:dbCRID
1438:ChiPPI
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332:tissue
164:, and
142:M2 AML
130:cancer
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1601:Viral
1415:28749
1215:35447
1156:65099
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782:S2CID
690:S2CID
611:(PDF)
590:S2CID
513:(PDF)
443:S2CID
328:cells
39:, or
1411:PMID
1374:ISBN
1343:PMID
1302:PMID
1261:PMID
1220:PMID
1161:PMID
1110:PMID
1075:PMID
1013:PMID
962:PMID
879:PMID
828:PMID
774:PMID
739:PMID
682:PMID
639:PMID
582:PMID
541:PMID
492:PMID
435:PMID
292:and
276:and
269:The
105:ABL1
95:and
71:and
29:gene
23:, a
1403:doi
1370:533
1333:doi
1292:doi
1251:doi
1210:PMC
1200:doi
1151:PMC
1141:doi
1102:doi
1065:PMC
1055:doi
1003:PMC
993:doi
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944:doi
932:458
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859:doi
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721:doi
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