476:
444:
129:
27:
119:
1848:
1111:
pathway. When this pathway functions appropriately it restores a DNA double-strand break by reconnecting the originally broken ends, but when it acts inappropriately it may join ends incorrectly resulting in genomic rearrangements including translocations. In order for the illegitimate joining of
343:
and is seen in about 0.97 / 1000 newborns. Carriers of
Robertsonian translocations are not associated with any phenotypic abnormalities, but there is a risk of unbalanced gametes that lead to miscarriages or abnormal offspring. For example, carriers of Robertsonian translocations involving
331:
in humans leaves only 45 chromosomes, since two chromosomes have fused together. This has no direct effect on the phenotype, since the only genes on the short arms of acrocentrics are common to all of them and are present in variable copy number (nucleolar organiser genes).
172:. Two detached fragments of two different chromosomes are switched. Robertsonian translocation occurs when two non-homologous chromosomes get attached, meaning that given two healthy pairs of chromosomes, one of each pair "sticks" and blends together homogeneously.
278:. The former results in a chromosomal abnormality featured in all cells of the offspring, as in translocation carriers. Somatic translocations, on the other hand, result in abnormalities featured only in the affected cell and its progenitors, as in
219:
of material between non-homologous chromosomes and occur in about 1 in 491 live births. Such translocations are usually harmless, as they do not result in a gain or loss of genetic material, though they may be detected in
1095:
changes by affecting chromosomal translocations. The paper is thought to mark the beginning of the field of radiation cytology, and led him to be called "the father of radiation cytology".
447:
Overview of some chromosomal translocations involved in different cancers, as well as implicated in some other conditions, e.g. schizophrenia, with chromosomes arranged in standard
356:) during gametogenesis. The mother has a higher (10%) risk of transmission than the father (1%). Robertsonian translocations involving chromosome 14 also carry a slight risk of
808:
Acute myeloid leukemia, congenital fibrosarcoma, secretory breast carcinoma, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of salivary glands, cellular variant of mesoblastic nephroma
1270:
529:
A and chromosome B. The information in the second set of parentheses, when given, gives the precise location within the chromosome for chromosomes A and B respectively—with
2454:
2379:
335:
Robertsonian translocations have been seen involving all combinations of acrocentric chromosomes. The most common translocation in humans involves chromosomes
3198:
1624:
Kurzrock R, Kantarjian HM, Druker BJ, Talpaz M (May 2003). "Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias: from basic mechanisms to molecular therapeutics".
3178:
3174:
2412:
37:
1403:
Semple CA, Devon RS, Le
Hellard S, Porteous DJ (April 2001). "Identification of genes from a schizophrenia-linked translocation breakpoint region".
379:: Several forms of cancer are caused by acquired translocations (as opposed to those present from conception); this has been described mainly in
327:
chromosome and one extremely small chromosome that may be lost from the organism with little effect because it contains few genes. The resulting
707:
1880:
255:
are often offered to families that may carry a translocation. Most balanced translocation carriers are healthy and do not have any symptoms.
3427:
1370:
2981:
1852:
900:
718:
483:
with annotated bands and sub-bands as used for the nomenclature of chromosomal abnormalities. It shows dark and white regions as seen on
98:
537:
indicating the long arm, and the numbers after p or q refers to regions, bands and sub-bands seen when staining the chromosome with a
70:
1062:
2277:
1274:
2405:
2332:
2327:
77:
2369:
2010:
1750:
1679:
1605:
1562:
1446:
1305:
1247:
2374:
84:
3094:
1180:
2132:
1087:
Biological
Laboratories, published a paper entitled "Chromosome Aberrations Induced by X-rays", which demonstrated that
3417:
3237:
2398:
66:
3084:
1873:
1596:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard (2007). "Chapter 20: The Endocrine System".
960:
56:
2667:
2149:
1104:
423:
Chromosomal translocations between the sex chromosomes can also result in a number of genetic conditions, such as
195:(in an even exchange of material with no genetic information extra or missing, and ideally full functionality) or
3066:
3009:
2599:
970:
469:
3060:
2999:
2937:
930:
1698:
Agarwal, S.; Tafel, A. A.; Kanaar, R. (2006). "DNA double-strand break repair and chromosome translocations".
2554:
1995:
1052:
517:
The
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) is used to denote a translocation between
1493:"Detection of translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) in mantle cell lymphoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization"
3003:
2995:
2951:
2643:
2583:
2518:
2496:
1866:
1038:
876:
832:
828:
795:
784:
753:
749:
464:
454:
388:
279:
3194:
3182:
2562:
2449:
1210:
3396:
2941:
2639:
2635:
1108:
992:
935:
384:
316:
311:
91:
3108:
3070:
2704:
1112:
broken ends to occur, the exchange partners DNAs need to be physically close to each other in the 3D
694:
45:
1780:
548:
The translocation is the mechanism that can cause a gene to move from one linkage group to another.
2558:
2196:
1980:
1135:
671:
52:
3391:
3124:
3116:
3102:
3088:
3046:
2967:
2679:
744:
283:
236:
41:
1378:
3230:
2570:
2421:
2102:
2075:
459:
165:
1107:. A type of DNA repair that has a major role in generating chromosomal translocations is the
734:
found in ~7% of new cases of AML, carries a favorable prognosis and predicts good response to
3422:
3351:
3315:
3278:
2137:
2035:
1637:
588:
492:
416:
412:
345:
340:
336:
179:
may be created when the translocation joins two otherwise-separated genes. It is detected on
3260:
2925:
2850:
2789:
2595:
2357:
2282:
2267:
2097:
2045:
2020:
1960:
1323:"Sperm FISH studies in seven male carriers of Robertsonian translocation t(13;14)(q10;q10)"
735:
618:
557:
475:
800:
persistent laboratory detection of the PML-RARA transcript is strong predictor of relapse
8:
3325:
3265:
3098:
2911:
2545:
2025:
644:
3386:
3376:
3371:
3202:
3190:
3186:
3150:
3145:
3080:
2694:
2474:
1820:
1795:
1768:
1649:
1517:
1492:
1084:
950:
854:
676:
392:
357:
248:
221:
1733:
Bohlander, S. K.; Kakadia, P. M. (2015). "DNA Repair and
Chromosomal Translocations".
1508:
3310:
3305:
3223:
3164:
2781:
2700:
2655:
2623:
2611:
2087:
1999:
1825:
1756:
1746:
1715:
1675:
1641:
1601:
1558:
1522:
1442:
1420:
1352:
1344:
1301:
1243:
1156:
1020:
700:
411:
is caused in a minority (5% or less) of cases by a
Robertsonian translocation of the
1653:
148:
is a phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. This includes
3381:
3330:
3159:
3155:
3052:
2929:
2897:
2528:
2176:
2055:
1815:
1807:
1738:
1707:
1633:
1512:
1504:
1458:
1412:
1334:
1024:
1006:
542:
498:
chromosome pairs as well as both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two
427:
324:
320:
3320:
3169:
2758:
2169:
1990:
1938:
1711:
1670:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard (2007).
1550:
1237:
252:
1742:
556:
For an explanation of the symbols and abbreviations used in these examples, see
258:
It is important to distinguish between chromosomal translocations that occur in
3297:
2843:
2809:
2804:
2479:
2060:
1984:
837:
599:
499:
361:
353:
188:
1188:
352:. This is known as a 'translocation Downs'. This is due to a mis-segregation (
319:
is a type of translocation caused by breaks at or near the centromeres of two
3411:
3038:
2838:
2799:
2794:
2722:
2708:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2628:
2533:
2511:
2506:
2484:
2040:
1348:
1150:
916:
895:
817:
774:
443:
408:
349:
267:
1858:
1811:
1339:
1322:
1211:"Can changes in the structure of chromosomes affect health and development?"
3273:
2833:
2740:
2736:
2616:
2604:
2588:
2576:
2566:
2469:
2390:
2015:
1889:
1829:
1760:
1719:
1645:
1526:
1424:
1416:
1356:
1125:
538:
271:
180:
1549:
Burtis, Carl A.; Ashwood, Edward R.; Bruns, David E. (December 16, 2011).
2855:
2826:
2821:
2718:
2234:
2229:
2092:
2070:
2065:
1933:
1145:
906:
789:
398:
391:). Translocations have also been described in solid malignancies such as
240:
176:
169:
1103:
The initiating event in the formation of a translocation is generally a
405:, where the parent is asymptomatic but conceived fetuses are not viable.
2975:
2971:
2777:
2523:
2501:
2491:
2254:
2244:
2239:
2224:
2164:
2154:
2030:
2004:
1955:
1945:
1893:
1130:
1057:
865:
526:
518:
488:
299:
200:
133:
55:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
323:
chromosomes. The reciprocal exchange of parts gives rise to one large
2816:
2772:
2464:
2459:
2206:
1950:
1928:
1909:
1239:
Genetic
Disorders and the Fetus: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment
1088:
623:
505:
495:
484:
480:
448:
328:
259:
224:. However, carriers of balanced reciprocal translocations may create
184:
128:
3246:
2932:
2882:
2878:
2750:
2429:
2192:
1976:
1737:. Recent Results in Cancer Research. Vol. 200. pp. 1–37.
1320:
1092:
1080:
769:
759:
380:
244:
141:
551:
2985:
2768:
2441:
2362:
2216:
2127:
2122:
1066:
723:
275:
263:
233:
2272:
2159:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1847:
1140:
1113:
975:
376:
225:
16:
Phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes
1623:
1555:
Tietz
Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
3074:
3013:
2989:
2919:
2337:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2262:
2200:
1796:"Molecular biology. Finding the right partner in a 3D genome"
1402:
1242:(7th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 179.
981:
884:
859:
729:
658:
593:
295:
294:
Nonreciprocal translocation involves the one-way transfer of
1321:
E. Anton; J. Blanco; J. Egozcue; F. Vidal (April 29, 2004).
3215:
3120:
3112:
3056:
3042:
3017:
2945:
2915:
2905:
955:
940:
843:
811:
650:
631:
605:
204:
2901:
431:
132:
Chromosomal reciprocal translocation of the 4th and 20th
1669:
1595:
686:) – Placeholder for any of several other genes/proteins
2380:
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature
1439:
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature
1674:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 626.
1491:
Li JY, Gaillard F, Moreau A, et al. (May 1999).
1459:"Characteristics of chromosome groups: Karyotyping"
168:caused by exchange of parts between non-homologous
1697:
1548:
372:Some human diseases caused by translocations are:
203:material is unequal resulting in extra or missing
1793:
1098:
3409:
1794:Rocha, P. P.; Chaumeil, J.; Skok, J. A. (2013).
1732:
1557:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1371–1396.
1490:
1235:
636:induces massive transcription of fusion protein
610:induces massive transcription of fusion protein
1619:
1617:
655:induces massive transcription of fusion protein
628:gives fusion protein cell-proliferative ability
552:Examples of translocations on human chromosomes
1693:
1691:
663:gives fusion protein anti-apoptotic abilities
653:(immunoglobulin heavy locus) on chromosome 14,
634:(immunoglobulin heavy locus) on chromosome 14,
608:(immunoglobulin heavy locus) on chromosome 14,
305:
289:
51:Please review the contents of the article and
3231:
3160:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development
2406:
1888:
1874:
1665:
1663:
1175:
1173:
164:translocation. Reciprocal translocation is a
2420:
1614:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1236:Milunsky, Aubrey; Milunsky, Jeff M. (2015).
708:peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Îł
533:indicating the short arm of the chromosome,
210:
2982:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
1688:
719:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
3238:
3224:
2413:
2399:
1881:
1867:
1660:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1170:
1049:t(7,16) (q32-34;p11) or t(11,16) (p11;p11)
525:is used to denote a translocation between
348:have a higher risk of having a child with
1819:
1533:
1516:
1338:
215:Reciprocal translocations are usually an
3365:Mutation with respect to overall fitness
1638:10.7326/0003-4819-138-10-200305200-00010
1600:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
1398:
1396:
1295:
1181:"EuroGentest: Chromosome Translocations"
474:
442:
401:: One of the would-be parents carries a
127:
1735:Chromosomal Instability in Cancer Cells
1578:
1465:. Radiation Effects Research Foundation
3410:
1300:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 443.
1105:double-strand break in chromosomal DNA
3219:
2394:
2370:List of organisms by chromosome count
1862:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1393:
1273:. Carmel Clay Schools. Archived from
302:to another nonhomologous chromosome.
487:. Each row is vertically aligned at
156:translocation, with two main types:
20:
3428:Modification of genetic information
3095:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor
434:gene from the Y to the X chromosome
430:: caused by a translocation of the
13:
3290:Mutation with respect to structure
1477:
367:
14:
3439:
1840:
232:chromosome translocations during
2668:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
1846:
1551:"44. Hematopoeitic malignancies"
982:Platelet derived growth factor B
862:(formerly CHOP) on chromosome 12
773:("breakpoint cluster region" on
602:lymphocyte-proliferative ability
438:
239:. This can lead to infertility,
117:
25:
3067:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
3010:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
2938:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
2600:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
1991:Macrochromosome/Microchromosome
1787:
1726:
1451:
1298:Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
541:. See also the definition of a
470:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
1431:
1363:
1314:
1289:
1263:
1229:
1217:. National Library of Medicine
1203:
1099:DNA double-strand break repair
931:Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
668:t(10;(various))(q11;(various))
415:long arm onto the long arm of
53:add the appropriate references
1:
2790:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)
2555:1q21.1 copy number variations
1509:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65399-0
1163:
1053:Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma
512:
3245:
2996:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
2952:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
2644:17q12 microdeletion syndrome
2519:22q11.2 duplication syndrome
2497:16p11.2 duplication syndrome
1712:10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.029
1296:Hartwell, Leland H. (2011).
785:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
754:acute lymphoblastic leukemia
750:Chronic myelogenous leukemia
465:Chronic myelogenous leukemia
455:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
389:chronic myelogenous leukemia
280:chronic myelogenous leukemia
7:
2563:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
2450:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
1743:10.1007/978-3-319-20291-4_1
1119:
306:Robertsonian translocations
290:Nonreciprocal translocation
270:), and those that occur in
67:"Chromosomal translocation"
38:reliable medical references
10:
3446:
3347:Chromosomal translocations
2031:Dinoflagellate chromosomes
1853:Chromosomal translocations
1109:non-homologous end joining
1074:
993:Acute myelogenous leukemia
555:
503:
385:acute myelogenous leukemia
317:Robertsonian translocation
312:Robertsonian translocation
309:
3418:Chromosomal abnormalities
3364:
3339:
3296:
3289:
3253:
3138:
3109:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
3031:
2960:
2890:
2877:
2868:
2844:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY)
2810:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY)
2805:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY)
2767:
2749:
2735:
2544:
2437:
2428:
2375:List of sequenced genomes
2350:
2253:
2215:
2185:
2143:Chromosomal translocation
2113:
2016:A chromosome/B chromosome
2007:(or accessory chromosome)
1969:
1900:
695:Follicular thyroid cancer
571:
568:
565:
211:Reciprocal translocations
191:. Translocations can be
44:or relies too heavily on
2584:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
2559:1q21.1 deletion syndrome
2422:Chromosome abnormalities
2197:Telomere-binding protein
2011:Supernumerary chromosome
1136:Chromosome abnormalities
684:Papillary Thyroid Cancer
672:Papillary thyroid cancer
146:chromosome translocation
3387:Nearly neutral mutation
2968:Philadelphia chromosome
2839:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY)
2800:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY)
2795:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY)
2680:22q13 deletion syndrome
2455:2q31.1 microduplication
1812:10.1126/science.1246106
1672:Robbins Basic Pathology
1598:Robbins Basic Pathology
1437:Schaffer, Lisa. (2005)
1215:Genetics Home Reference
745:Philadelphia chromosome
284:Philadelphia chromosome
237:chromosomal segregation
199:(where the exchange of
3397:Nonsynonymous mutation
3352:Chromosomal inversions
3254:Mechanisms of mutation
2827:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX)
2759:Turner syndrome (45,X)
2640:Smith–Magenis syndrome
2636:Miller–Dieker syndrome
2571:1p36 deletion syndrome
2133:Structural alterations
1417:10.1006/geno.2001.6516
947:t(11;22)(q24;q11.2-12)
868:gene on chromosome 16
509:
472:
460:Acute myeloid leukemia
451:order. Abbreviations:
403:balanced translocation
166:chromosome abnormality
137:
3377:Advantageous mutation
3316:Conservative mutation
2834:XYY syndrome (47,XYY)
2822:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX)
2705:Prader–Willi syndrome
2150:Numerical alterations
2138:Chromosomal inversion
2036:Homologous chromosome
1340:10.1093/humrep/deh232
572:Fused genes/proteins
504:Further information:
478:
446:
131:
3372:Deleterious mutation
3340:Large-scale mutation
2926:Mantle cell lymphoma
2596:Cri du chat syndrome
2358:Extrachromosomal DNA
2046:Satellite chromosome
2021:Lampbrush chromosome
1961:Nuclear organization
1855:at Wikimedia Commons
1003:t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2)
913:t(1;11)(q42.1;q14.3)
881:TEL on chromosome 12
736:cytosine arabinoside
619:Mantle cell lymphoma
558:Cytogenetic notation
247:with abnormalities.
3392:Synonymous mutation
3326:Frameshift mutation
2912:Follicular lymphoma
2051:Centromere position
2026:Polytene chromosome
1996:Circular chromosome
1806:(6164): 1333–1334.
1706:(9–10): 1075–1081.
1277:on December 1, 2017
1191:on January 24, 2018
1185:www.eurogentest.org
1091:could induce major
710:1) on chromosome 3
645:Follicular lymphoma
569:Associated diseases
521:. The designation
491:level. It shows 22
274:, due to errors in
262:, due to errors in
3151:Uniparental disomy
3146:Fragile X syndrome
3081:Myxoid liposarcoma
2933:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH)
2817:Trisomy X (47,XXX)
2695:genomic imprinting
2475:Distal trisomy 10q
1327:Human Reproduction
1085:Harvard University
855:Myxoid liposarcoma
677:RET proto-oncogene
589:Burkitt's lymphoma
510:
473:
358:uniparental disomy
249:Genetic counseling
222:prenatal diagnosis
138:
3405:
3404:
3360:
3359:
3311:Missense mutation
3306:Nonsense mutation
3213:
3212:
3165:Marker chromosome
3134:
3133:
3027:
3026:
2864:
2863:
2731:
2730:
2701:Angelman syndrome
2656:DiGeorge syndrome
2624:Jacobsen syndrome
2612:Williams syndrome
2388:
2387:
2346:
2345:
2083:Centromere number
2000:Linear chromosome
1851:Media related to
1752:978-3-319-20290-7
1681:978-1-4160-2973-1
1607:978-1-4160-2973-1
1564:978-1-4557-5942-2
1447:978-3-8055-8019-9
1307:978-0-07-352526-6
1249:978-1-118-98152-8
1157:Takifugu rubripes
1072:
1071:
1035:t(17;19)(q22;p13)
1021:Oligodendroglioma
984:on chromosome 22
892:t(11;18)(q21;q21)
887:on chromosome 21
873:t(12;21)(p12;q22)
851:t(12;16)(q13;p11)
846:on chromosome 12
820:on chromosome 15
805:t(12;15)(p13;q25)
781:t(15;17)(q22;q21)
743:t(9;22)(q34;q11)
701:paired box gene 8
661:on chromosome 18,
641:t(14;18)(q32;q21)
626:on chromosome 11,
615:t(11;14)(q13;q32)
126:
125:
102:
3435:
3382:Neutral mutation
3331:Dynamic mutation
3294:
3293:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3156:XX male syndrome
3053:Synovial sarcoma
2930:Multiple myeloma
2898:Burkitt lymphoma
2888:
2887:
2875:
2874:
2778:other karyotypes
2747:
2746:
2529:Cat-eye syndrome
2435:
2434:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2213:
2212:
2177:Polyploidization
2005:Extra chromosome
1920:Genetic material
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1850:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1695:
1686:
1685:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1626:Ann. Intern. Med
1621:
1612:
1611:
1593:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1546:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1488:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1455:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1377:. Archived from
1367:
1361:
1360:
1342:
1333:(6): 1345–1351.
1318:
1312:
1311:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1187:. Archived from
1177:
1025:oligoastrocytoma
1017:t(1;19)(q10;p10)
1007:Synovial sarcoma
989:t(1;12)(q21;p13)
978:on chromosome 17
825:t(9;12)(p24;p13)
814:on chromosome 12
798:on chromosome 17
792:on chromosome 15
732:on chromosome 21
715:t(8;21)(q22;q22)
679:on chromosome 10
596:on chromosome 8,
585:t(8;14)(q24;q32)
563:
562:
428:XX male syndrome
121:
120:
112:
109:
103:
101:
60:
29:
28:
21:
3445:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3356:
3335:
3321:Silent mutation
3285:
3249:
3244:
3214:
3209:
3170:Ring chromosome
3130:
3023:
2956:
2860:
2776:
2763:
2727:
2540:
2439:
2424:
2419:
2389:
2384:
2342:
2249:
2211:
2181:
2170:Paleopolyploidy
2115:
2109:
1965:
1939:Heterochromatin
1902:
1896:
1887:
1843:
1838:
1837:
1792:
1788:
1776:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1753:
1731:
1727:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1668:
1661:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1594:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1547:
1534:
1489:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1401:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1381:on June 4, 2017
1369:
1368:
1364:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1271:"Translocation"
1269:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1122:
1101:
1077:
951:Ewing's sarcoma
927:t(2;5)(p23;q35)
840:on chromosome 9
799:
765:on chromosome 9
733:
726:on chromosome 8
703:on chromosome 2
691:t(2;3)(q13;p25)
662:
654:
647:(~90% of cases)
635:
627:
609:
597:
561:
554:
515:
508:
500:sex chromosomes
467:
462:
457:
452:
441:
393:Ewing's sarcoma
370:
368:Role in disease
314:
308:
292:
286:translocation.
253:genetic testing
213:
122:
118:
113:
107:
104:
61:
50:
46:primary sources
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3443:
3442:
3431:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3298:Point mutation
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3268:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3167:
3162:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3106:
3092:
3078:
3064:
3050:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3007:
2993:
2979:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2935:
2923:
2909:
2894:
2892:
2885:
2872:
2870:Translocations
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2550:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2480:Patau syndrome
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2061:Submetacentric
2058:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
1993:
1988:
1987:or heterosome)
1981:Sex chromosome
1973:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1926:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1842:
1841:External links
1839:
1836:
1835:
1786:
1777:|journal=
1751:
1725:
1687:
1680:
1659:
1632:(10): 819–30.
1613:
1606:
1577:
1563:
1532:
1503:(5): 1449–52.
1476:
1450:
1430:
1392:
1362:
1313:
1306:
1288:
1262:
1248:
1228:
1202:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1100:
1097:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1000:
999:
997:
995:
990:
986:
985:
979:
973:
968:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
944:
943:
938:
933:
928:
924:
923:
921:
919:
914:
910:
909:
904:
898:
893:
889:
888:
882:
879:
874:
870:
869:
863:
857:
852:
848:
847:
841:
835:
826:
822:
821:
815:
809:
806:
802:
801:
793:
787:
782:
778:
777:
766:
757:
747:
740:
739:
727:
721:
716:
712:
711:
704:
697:
692:
688:
687:
680:
674:
669:
665:
664:
656:
648:
642:
638:
637:
629:
621:
616:
612:
611:
603:
600:fusion protein
591:
586:
582:
581:
578:
574:
573:
570:
567:
553:
550:
514:
511:
440:
437:
436:
435:
421:
420:
406:
396:
369:
366:
362:trisomy rescue
354:nondisjunction
310:Main article:
307:
304:
291:
288:
212:
209:
124:
123:
116:
114:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3441:
3440:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:Substitution
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:Ewing sarcoma
3037:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2723:Proximal 18q-
2720:
2717:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2507:Down syndrome
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2438:Duplications,
2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:and evolution
2112:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Isochromosome
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:Am. J. Pathol
1494:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1441:S. Karger AG
1440:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1385:September 16,
1380:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:Pseudodiploid
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
994:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
977:
974:
972:
969:
966:
965:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
946:
945:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
926:
925:
922:
920:
918:
917:Schizophrenia
915:
912:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
897:
896:MALT lymphoma
894:
891:
890:
886:
883:
880:
878:
875:
872:
871:
867:
864:
861:
858:
856:
853:
850:
849:
845:
842:
839:
836:
834:
830:
827:
824:
823:
819:
818:TrkC receptor
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
803:
797:
794:
791:
788:
786:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:chromosome 22
772:
771:
767:
764:
762:
758:
755:
751:
748:
746:
742:
741:
737:
731:
728:
725:
722:
720:
717:
714:
713:
709:
705:
702:
698:
696:
693:
690:
689:
685:
681:
678:
675:
673:
670:
667:
666:
660:
657:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
639:
633:
630:
625:
622:
620:
617:
614:
613:
607:
604:
601:
595:
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587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
575:
566:Translocation
564:
559:
549:
546:
544:
543:genetic locus
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:t(A;B)(p1;q2)
520:
507:
501:
497:
494:
490:
486:
482:
477:
471:
466:
461:
456:
450:
445:
439:By chromosome
433:
429:
426:
425:
424:
418:
417:chromosome 14
414:
413:chromosome 21
410:
409:Down syndrome
407:
404:
400:
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390:
386:
382:
378:
375:
374:
373:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:Down syndrome
347:
346:chromosome 21
342:
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330:
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322:
318:
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303:
301:
297:
287:
285:
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277:
273:
272:somatic cells
269:
268:gametogenesis
266:(i.e. during
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111:
108:December 2011
100:
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83:
79:
76:
72:
69: –
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
43:
39:
34:This article
32:
23:
22:
19:
3423:Cytogenetics
3346:
3274:Transversion
2869:
2693:
2567:TAR syndrome
2470:Tetrasomy 9p
2142:
2082:
2050:
1890:Cytogenetics
1803:
1799:
1789:
1734:
1728:
1703:
1699:
1671:
1629:
1625:
1597:
1568:. Retrieved
1554:
1500:
1496:
1467:. Retrieved
1462:
1453:
1438:
1433:
1411:(1): 123–6.
1408:
1404:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:the original
1374:
1365:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1297:
1291:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:the original
1265:
1253:. Retrieved
1238:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1214:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:the original
1184:
1155:
1126:Accipitridae
1102:
1078:
768:
760:
683:
547:
539:staining dye
534:
530:
522:
516:
422:
402:
371:
334:
315:
293:
257:
241:miscarriages
229:
216:
214:
196:
192:
187:of affected
181:cytogenetics
174:
162:Robertsonian
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
42:verification
35:
18:
2856:46,XX/46,XY
2773:tetrasomies
2719:Distal 18q-
2103:Polycentric
2093:Monocentric
2076:Holocentric
2071:Acrocentric
2066:Telocentric
2056:Metacentric
1934:Euchromatin
1894:chromosomes
1570:November 5,
1146:Fusion gene
790:PML protein
519:chromosomes
399:Infertility
325:metacentric
321:acrocentric
177:gene fusion
170:chromosomes
36:needs more
3412:Categories
3279:Transition
2851:45,X/46,XY
2751:Monosomies
2524:Trisomy 22
2502:Trisomy 18
2492:Trisomy 16
2440:including
2255:Centromere
2186:Structures
2165:Polyploidy
2155:Aneuploidy
1956:Nucleosome
1946:Chromosome
1700:DNA Repair
1164:References
1131:Aneuploidy
976:Collagen I
598:gives the
527:chromosome
513:Denotation
493:homologous
489:centromere
360:14 due to
300:chromosome
260:germ cells
230:unbalanced
201:chromosome
197:unbalanced
158:reciprocal
154:unbalanced
134:chromosome
78:newspapers
3261:Insertion
2769:Trisomies
2546:Deletions
2465:Trisomy 9
2460:Trisomy 8
2442:trisomies
2430:Autosomal
2207:Protamine
2114:Processes
2098:Dicentric
1951:Chromatid
1929:Chromatin
1910:Karyotype
1779:ignored (
1769:cite book
1349:1460-2350
1195:March 29,
1089:radiation
1083:, at the
1079:In 1938,
624:cyclin D1
506:Karyotype
496:autosomal
485:G banding
481:karyotype
449:karyogram
329:karyotype
298:from one
282:with the
185:karyotype
3266:Deletion
3247:Mutation
2891:Lymphoid
2883:lymphoma
2879:Leukemia
2351:See also
2193:Telomere
2160:Euploidy
2088:Acentric
1985:allosome
1977:Autosome
1903:concepts
1830:24337287
1761:26376870
1720:16798112
1654:25865321
1646:12755554
1527:10329598
1469:June 30,
1425:11352574
1405:Genomics
1371:"Causes"
1357:15117905
1281:March 2,
1255:July 15,
1221:July 15,
1120:See also
1081:Karl Sax
967:t(17;22)
738:therapy
706:PPARÎł1 (
381:leukemia
245:children
217:exchange
193:balanced
150:balanced
142:genetics
3119:) t (1
2986:RUNX1T1
2961:Myeloid
2782:mosaics
2363:Plasmid
2217:Histone
2128:Meiosis
2123:Mitosis
1821:3961821
1800:Science
1518:1866594
1463:rerf.jp
1093:genetic
1075:History
1067:CREB3L1
1063:CREB3L2
903:(API-2)
752:(CML),
699:PAX8 –
580:Second
468:DFSP –
276:mitosis
264:meiosis
234:meiotic
226:gametes
92:scholar
57:removed
3071:COL1A1
2743:linked
1924:Genome
1915:Ploidy
1828:
1818:
1759:
1749:
1718:
1678:
1652:
1644:
1604:
1561:
1525:
1515:
1445:
1423:
1375:nhs.uk
1355:
1347:
1304:
1246:
1141:DbCRID
1114:genome
479:Human
463:CML –
458:AML –
453:ALL –
377:Cancer
160:, and
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
3139:Other
3125:FOXO1
3123:; 13
3117:FOXO1
3115:; 13
3101:; 22
3097:t(11
3087:; 16
3085:DDIT3
3083:t(12
3075:PDGFB
3069:t(17
3045:; 22
3041:t(11
3032:Other
3014:RBM15
2998:t(15
2990:RUNX1
2974:; 22
2914:t(14
2201:TINF2
1970:Types
1901:Basic
1650:S2CID
901:BIRC3
860:DDIT3
796:RAR-α
756:(ALL)
682:PTC (
659:Bcl-2
594:c-myc
577:First
296:genes
228:with
205:genes
189:cells
183:or a
99:JSTOR
85:books
3121:PAX7
3113:PAX3
3111:t(2
3073:;22
3059:;18
3055:t(x
3043:FLI1
3018:MKL1
3016:;22
3012:t(1
3004:RARA
3002:,17
2988:;21
2984:t(8
2970:t(9
2946:NPM1
2940:t(2
2920:BCL2
2918:;18
2904:;14
2900:t(8
1983:(or
1826:PMID
1781:help
1757:PMID
1747:ISBN
1716:PMID
1676:ISBN
1642:PMID
1602:ISBN
1572:2012
1559:ISBN
1523:PMID
1471:2014
1443:ISBN
1421:PMID
1387:2023
1353:PMID
1345:ISSN
1302:ISBN
1283:2009
1257:2020
1244:ISBN
1223:2020
1197:2019
1023:and
971:DFSP
956:FLI1
941:NPM1
885:AML1
763:gene
761:Abl1
730:AML1
651:IGH@
632:IGH@
606:IGH@
387:and
339:and
251:and
152:and
71:news
40:for
3103:EWS
3099:WT1
3089:FUS
3061:SSX
3057:SYT
3047:EWS
3000:PML
2976:BCR
2972:ABL
2944:;5
2942:ALK
2916:IGH
2906:IGH
2902:MYC
2235:H2B
2230:H2A
1816:PMC
1808:doi
1804:342
1739:doi
1708:doi
1634:doi
1630:138
1513:PMC
1505:doi
1501:154
1413:doi
1335:doi
1065:or
1058:FUS
1039:ALL
961:EWS
936:ALK
907:MLT
877:ALL
866:FUS
844:TEL
838:JAK
833:ALL
829:CML
812:TEL
770:BCR
724:ETO
432:SRY
243:or
207:).
140:In
3414::
3203:22
3201:,
3199:21
3197:;
3195:20
3193:;
3191:18
3189:;
3187:15
3185:;
3183:14
3181:;
3177:;
2709:15
2685:22
2673:22
2661:22
2649:17
2629:11
2573:)
2534:22
2512:21
2485:13
2278:C2
2273:C1
2245:H4
2240:H3
2225:H1
2195::
1892::
1824:.
1814:.
1802:.
1798:.
1773::
1771:}}
1767:{{
1755:.
1745:.
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1461:.
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