Fur trade - Knowledge

1473: 1312: 172: 734: 1456:. The trade boomed around the turn of the 19th century. A long period of decline began in the 1810s. As the sea otter population was depleted, the maritime fur trade diversified and was transformed, tapping new markets and commodities while continuing to focus on the Northwest Coast and China. It lasted until the middle to late 19th century. Russians controlled most of the coast of what is now Alaska during the entire era. The coast south of Alaska saw fierce competition between, and among, British and American trading vessels. The British were the first to operate in the southern sector, but were unable to compete against the Americans who dominated from the 1790s to the 1830s. The British 1368:‘administered trade', or ‘market trade', since it embodies elements of all these forms." Indians engaged in trade for a variety of reasons. Reducing them to simple economic or cultural dichotomies, as the formalists and substantivists had done, was a fruitless simplification that obscured more than it revealed. Moreover, Ray used trade accounts and account books in the Hudson's Bay Company's archives for masterful qualitative analyses and pushed the boundaries of the field's methodology. Following Ray's position, Bruce M. White also helped to create a more nuanced picture of the complex ways in which native populations fit new economic relationships into existing cultural patterns. 1152: 160: 1356: 1077:, which became a significant source of furs also during that period. The fur trade began to significantly decline starting in the 1830s, following changing attitudes and fashions in Europe and America which no longer centered around certain articles of clothing as much such as beaver skin hats, which had fueled the growing demand for furs, driving the creation and expansion of the fur trade in the 17th and 18th centuries, although new trends as well as occasional revivals of prior fashions would cause the fur trade to ebb and flow right up to the present. 1421: 1328: 966: 1230: 776:, have assumed that coat beaver was rich in human oils from having been worn so long (much of the top-hair was worn away through usage, exposing the valuable under-wool), and that this is what made it attractive to the hatters. This seems unlikely, since grease interferes with the felting of wool, rather than enhancing it. By the 1580s, beaver "wool" was the major starting material of the French felt-hatters. Hat makers began to use it in England soon after, particularly after 144: 464:", the Muscovite state began to rival the Novgorodians in the north for the Russian fur trade; ultimately, Novgorod would lose its autonomy and be absorbed by the authorities in Moscow along with its vast hinterland. At the same time, Moscow began subjugating many native tribes. One strategy involved exploiting antagonisms between tribes, notably the Komi and Yugra, by recruiting men of one tribe to fight in an army against the other tribe. Campaigns against native tribes in 1352:

accept European notions or the basic values of the European approach" and that "English economic rules did not apply to the Indian trade." Indians were savvy traders, but they had a fundamentally different conception of property, which confounded their European trade partners. Abraham Rotstein subsequently fit these arguments explicitly into Polanyi's theoretical framework, claiming that "administered trade was in operation at the Bay and market trade in London."

11861: 9001: 7059: 572: 614:(or iasak) tax on natives and the 10% "Sovereign Tithing Tax" imposed on both the catch and sale of fur pelts. Fur was in great demand in Western Europe, especially sable and marten, since European forest resources had been over-hunted and furs had become extremely scarce. Fur trading allowed Russia to purchase from Europe goods that it lacked, like lead, tin, precious metals, textiles, firearms, and sulphur. Russia also traded furs with 7083: 1091: 45: 888: 1599: 1372:

business, and such simplifications only distort the past." White argued instead that the fur trade occupied part of a "middle ground" in which Europeans and Indians sought to accommodate their cultural differences. In the case of the fur trade, this meant that the French were forced to learn from the political and cultural meanings with which Indians imbued the fur trade. Cooperation, not domination, prevailed.

7071: 388: 623: 1588: 789: 990:. Their treatment in Canada suggested that they would not find support from France for their scheme. The pair went to New England, where they found local financial support for at least two attempts to reach Hudson Bay, both unsuccessful. Their ideas had reached the ears of English authorities, however, and in 1665 Radisson and Groseilliers were persuaded to go to 690:

tithing tax. On the other hand, a trading company provided hired fur-trappers with the money needed for transportation, food, and supplies, and once the hunt was finished, the employer received two-thirds of the pelts and the remaining ones were sold and the proceeds divided evenly among the hired laborers. During the summer,

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and other countries in the Middle East in exchange for silk, textiles, spices, and dried fruit. The high prices that sable, black fox, and marten furs could generate in international markets spurred a "fur fever" in which many Russians moved to Siberia as independent trappers. From 1585 to 1680, tens

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John C. Phillips and J.W. Smurr tied the fur trade to an imperial struggle for power, positing that the fur trade served both as an incentive for expanding and as a method for maintaining dominance. Dismissing the experience of individuals, the authors searched for connections on a global stage that

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through coercion and by taking hostages, usually the tribe chiefs or members of the chief's family. At first, Russians were content to trade with the natives, exchanging goods like pots, axes, and beads for the prized sables that the natives did not value, but greater demand for furs led to violence

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The papers from the North American Fur Trade conferences, which are held approximately every five years, not only provide a wealth of articles on disparate aspects of the fur trade, but also can be taken together as a historiographical overview since 1965. They are listed chronologically below. The

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Often, the political benefits of the fur trade became more important than the economic aspects. Trade was a way to forge alliances and maintain good relations between different cultures. The fur traders were men with capital and social standing. Often younger men were single when they went to North

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with Groseilliers, did penetrate the bay. There she was able to trade with the indigenes, collecting a fine cargo of beaver skins before the expedition returned to London in October 1669. The delighted investors sought a royal charter, which they obtained the next year. This charter established the

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The hunting season began around the time of the first snow in October or November and continued until early spring. Hunting expeditions lasted two to three years on average but occasionally longer. Because of the long hunting season and the fact that passage back to Russia was difficult and costly,

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and granted it a monopoly to trade into all the rivers that emptied into Hudson Bay. From 1670 onwards, the Hudson's Bay Company sent two or three trading ships into the bay every year. They brought back furs (mainly beaver) and sold them, sometimes by private treaty but usually by public auction.

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cooperated and shared all necessary work associated with fur trapping, including making and setting traps, building forts and camps, stockpiling firewood and grain, and fishing. All fur pelts went into a common pool that the band divided equally among themselves after Russian officials exacted the

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challenged these ideas, arguing instead that primitive societies could engage in alternatives to traditional Western market trade; namely, gift trade and administered trade. Rich picked up these arguments in an influential article in which he contended that Indians had "a persistent reluctance to

1221:, withdrew from the fur trade. He could see the decline in fur animals and realized the market was changing, as beaver hats went out of style. Expanding European settlement displaced native communities from the best hunting grounds. European demand for furs subsided as fashion trends shifted. The 710:

employed both passive and active hunting-strategies. The passive approach involved setting traps, while the active approach involved the use of hunting-dogs and of bows-and-arrows. Occasionally, hunters also followed sable tracks to their burrows, around which they placed nets, and waited for the

685:. The first was an independent band of blood relatives or unrelated people who contributed an equal share of the hunting-expedition expenses; the second was a band of hired hunters who participated in expeditions fully funded by the trading companies which employed them. Members of an independent 1209:

sometimes based decisions of which side to support in times of war in relation to which people had provided them with the best trade goods in an honest manner. Because trade was so politically important, the Europeans tried to regulate it in hopes (often futile) of preventing abuse. Unscrupulous

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America to enter the fur trade; they made marriages or cohabited with high-ranking Indian women of similar status in their own cultures. Fur trappers and other workers usually had relationships with lower-ranking women. Many of their mixed-race descendants developed their own culture, now called

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Furs would become Russia's largest source of wealth during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Keeping up with the advances of Western Europe required significant capital and Russia did not have sources of gold and silver, but it did have furs, which became known as "soft gold" and provided

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Richard White, while admitting that the formalist/substantivist debate was "old, and now tired," attempted to reinvigorate the substantivist position. Echoing Ray's moderate position that cautioned against easy simplifications, White advanced a simple argument against formalism: "Life was not a

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and continued to expand the trade of fur pelts for items considered 'common' by the Europeans. Mammal winter pelts were prized for warmth, particularly animal pelts for beaver wool felt hats, which were an expensive status symbol in Europe. The demand for beaver wool felt hats was such that the

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society was similarly affected by the sudden influx of Western wealth and technology, as well as epidemic diseases. The trade's effect on China and Europe was minimal. For New England, the maritime fur trade and the significant profits it made helped revitalize the region, contributing to the

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revealed its "high political and economic importance." E.E. Rich brought the economic purview down a level, focusing on the role of trading companies and their men as the ones who "opened up" much of Canada's territories, instead of on the role of the nation-state in opening up the continent.

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Arthur J. Ray permanently changed the direction of economic studies of the fur trade with two influential works that presented a modified formalist position in between the extremes of Innis and Rotstein. "This trading system," Ray explained, "is impossible to label neatly as ‘gift trade', or

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hat and fur trimming and garment trades of Europe. Fur was relied on to make warm clothing, a critical consideration prior to the organization of coal distribution for heating. Portugal and Spain played major roles in fur trading after the 15th century with their business in fur hats.

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classification, although the Native mother and tribe might care for them. The Europeans tended to classify children of Native women as Native, regardless of the father, similar to the hypodescent of their classification of the children of slaves. The Métis in the Canadian

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axe heads to replace stone axe heads which they had made by hand in a labor-intensive process, so they derived substantial benefits from the trade as well. The colonists began to see the ill effects of alcohol on Natives, and the chiefs objected to its sale and trade. The

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ethnic group. The interracial relationships resulted in a two-tier mixed-race class, in which descendants of fur traders and chiefs achieved prominence in some Canadian social, political, and economic circles. Lower-class descendants formed the majority of the separate

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lifestyles were altered by the trade. To continue obtaining European goods on which they had become dependent and to pay off their debts, they often resorted to selling land to the European settlers. Their resentment of the forced sales contributed to future wars.

513: 1492:. Historically, the maritime fur trade was not known by that name, rather it was usually called the "North West Coast trade" or "North West Trade". The term "North West" was rarely spelled as the single word "Northwest", as is common today. 985:

in 1659–60, but upon their return to Canada, most of their furs were seized by the authorities. Their trading voyage had convinced them that the best fur country was far to the north and west, and could best be reached by ships sailing into

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In 2000 there were 351 Mink farms in the U.S. As of 2015 there were 176,573 trappers in the U.S. with most being in the midwest. California was the first (and only) state to ban trapping for commercial and recreation purposes in 2015.

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was sending substantial amounts of beaver to its London agents through the 1620s and 1630s. London merchants tried to take over France's fur trade in the St Lawrence River valley. Taking advantage of one of England's wars with France,

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had long taken the formalist position, especially in Canadian history, believing that neoclassical economic principles affect non-Western societies just as they do Western ones. Starting in the 1950s, however, substantivists such as

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system was that Russian governors were prone to corruption because they received no salary. They resorted to illegal means of getting furs for themselves, including bribing customs officials to allow them to personally collect

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Colonial trading posts in the southern colonies also introduced many types of alcohol (especially brandy and rum) for trade. European traders flocked to the North American continent and made huge profits from the exchange. A

1949: 1444:. The furs were mostly traded in China for tea, silks, porcelain, and other Chinese goods, which were then sold in Europe and the United States. The maritime fur trade was pioneered by the Russians, working east from 906:, but as soon as English colonies were established, development companies learned that furs provided the best way for the colonists to remit value back to the mother country. Furs were being dispatched from 765:. Sailors began to trade metal implements (particularly knives) for the natives' well-worn pelts. The first pelts in demand were beaver and sea otter, as well as occasionally deer, bear, ermine and skunk. 1460:

entered the coast trade in the 1820s with the intention of driving the Americans away. This was accomplished by about 1840. In its late period the maritime fur trade was largely conducted by the British

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Much of the fur trade in North America during the 17th and 18th centuries was dominated by the Canadian fur shipping network that developed in New France under the fur monopoly held first by the

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in French and "coat beaver" in English, and were soon recognized by the newly developed felt-hat making industry as particularly useful for felting. Some historians, seeking to explain the term

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According to the Northeast Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies, at present approximately 270,000 families in the United States and Canada derive some of their income from fur trapping.

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Russian conquerors treated the natives of Siberia as easily exploited subjects who were inferior to them. As they penetrated deeper into Siberia, traders built outposts or winter lodges called

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This volume present the discovery and exploration of the northeast coast of North America and of the great transverse valley of the St. Lawrence which searches the continent to its very heart.

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The American Fur Trade of the Far West: A History of the Pioneer Trading Posts and Early Fur Companies of the Missouri Valley and the Rocky Mountains and the Overland Commerce with Santa Fe.

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European contact with North America, with its vast forests and wildlife, particularly the beaver, led to the continent becoming a major supplier in the 17th century of fur pelts for the fur

1634:, maritime fur traders shifted to California until the southern sea otter was likewise nearly extinct. The British and American maritime fur traders took their furs to the Chinese port of 958:'s access to high-quality furs was greatly increased with the takeover of New Amsterdam, whereupon the fur trade of that colony (now called New York) fell into English hands with the 1667 1277:

Early exploration parties were often fur-trading expeditions, many of which marked the first recorded instances of Europeans' reaching particular regions of North America. For example,

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have studied the fur trade's important role in early North American economies, but they have been unable to agree on a theoretical framework to describe native economic patterns.

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Following the British take over of Canada from France, the control of the fur trade in North America became consolidated under the British government for a time, until the

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transformation of New England from an agrarian to an industrial society. The wealth generated by the maritime fur trade was invested in industrial development, especially

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The term "maritime fur trade" was coined by historians to distinguish the coastal, ship-based fur trade from the continental, land-based fur trade of, for example, the

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and traditional nobility crests. The indigenous culture was not however overwhelmed, it rather flourished, while simultaneously undergoing rapid change. The use of

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was usually a fixed number of sable pelts which every male tribe member who was at least fifteen years old had to supply to Russian officials. Officials enforced

2246: 884:. Much of the fur is believed to have originated in Canada, smuggled south by entrepreneurs who wished to avoid the colony's government-imposed monopoly there. 1342:

Rich's other work gets to the heart of the formalist/substantivist debate that dominated the field or, as some came to believe, muddied it. Historians such as

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traders sometimes cheated natives by plying them with alcohol during the transaction, which subsequently aroused resentment and often resulted in violence.

3374:– An album of color sketches, from the UBC Library Digital Collections, documenting social life and customs in Canadian fur trade posts in the 19th century 247:

Before the European colonization of the Americas, Russia was a major supplier of fur pelts to Western Europe and parts of Asia. Its trade developed in the

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prohibited sale by European settlers of alcohol to the Indians in Canada, following the British takeover of the territory after it defeated France in the

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was created and became a major source for furs being shipped to Europe as well in the nineteenth century, along with the largely unsettled territory of

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fought many battles that eventually culminated in a Tartar victory in 1584 and the temporary end to Russian occupation in the area. In 1584, Ivan's son

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General map of the "Beaver Hunting Grounds" described in "Deed from the Five Nations to the King, of their Beaver Hunting Ground", also known as the

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with its neighbouring basins. Though these were all once canoe routes, not all were trade routes. In 1578 there were 350 European fishing vessels at

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third conference, held in 1978, is of particular note; the ninth conference, which was held in St. Louis in 2006, has not yet published its papers.

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would set up a summer camp to stockpile grain and fish, and many engaged in agricultural work for extra money. During late summer or early fall the

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In some cases both Native American and European-American cultures excluded the mixed-race descendants. If the Native Americans were a tribe with a

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organizations oppose the fur trade, citing that animals are brutally killed and sometimes skinned alive. Fur has been replaced in some clothing by

2905: 757:. Dr. S. E. Dawson's admirable "The Saint Lawrence Its Basin & Border-Lands" covers in detail the twenty-or-so main "gateways" connecting the 11412: 2477: 8692: 3402: 934:, steadily expanding fur trapping and shipping across a network of frontier forts further west that eventually went all the way to modern day 199:, polar and cold temperate mammalian animals have been the most valued. Historically the trade stimulated the exploration and colonization of 8712: 6742: 1205:

Because of the wealth at stake, different European-American governments competed with various native societies for control of the fur trade.

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axe head, for example, was exchanged for one beaver pelt (also called a 'beaver blanket'). The same pelt could fetch enough to buy dozens of

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which in 2012 generated revenues of nearly $ 150 million and accounted for one quarter of all agricultural production in the Province.

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captured Quebec in 1629 and brought the year's produce of furs back to London. Other English merchants also traded for furs around the

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Faragher, John Mack. "Americans, Mexicans, Métis: A Community Approach to the Comparative Study of North American Frontiers." In

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left their hunting grounds, surveyed the area, and set up a winter camp. Each member of the group set at least 10 traps and the

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where they lived and collected fur tribute from native tribes. By 1620 Russia dominated the land from the Urals eastward to the

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region in the 1630s, but these were officially discouraged. Such efforts ceased as France strengthened its presence in Canada.

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in Western Canada by the mid-1700s, coming into direct contact and opposition with the English fur trappers stationed out of

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were sending vessels to secure large economic returns from fur trading. The fur trade of New Netherland, through the port of

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White, Bruce M. "Give Us a Little Milk: The Social and Cultural Meanings of Gift Giving in the Lake Superior Fur Trade". In

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The Fur Trade Revisited: Selected Papers of the Sixth North American Fur Trade Conference, Mackinac Island, Michigan, 1991.

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Podruchny, Carolyn. "Werewolves and Windigos: Narratives of Cannibal Monsters in French-Canadian Voyageur Oral Tradition."

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New Faces of the Fur Trade: Selected Papers of the Seventh North American Fur Trade Conference, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1995

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Today the importance of the fur trade has diminished; it is based on pelts produced at fur farms and regulated fur-bearer

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Indians in the Fur Trade: Their Role as Trappers, Hunters, and Middlemen in the Lands Southwest of Hudson Bay, 1660–1870.

1233: 2123: 109: 11708: 11051: 10961: 6747: 5527: 3249: 2967:"Give Us Good Measure": An Economic Analysis of Relations between the Indians and the Hudson's Bay Company Before 1763. 2897: 2773: 1206: 637:

The primary way for the Russian state to obtain furs was by exacting a fur tribute from the Siberian natives, called a

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Give Us Good Measure: An Economic Analysis of Relations between the Indians and the Hudson's Bay Company Before 1763

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Canadian history has been the struggle of nameless Canadians to improve their lives in our often hostile environment

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Souvenirs of the Fur Trade: Northwest Coast Indian Art and Artifacts Collected by American Mariners, 1788–1844

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The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change Among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos.

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to the southern coast of Alaska. British and Americans entered during the 1780s, focusing on what is now the

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Russia with hard currency. The Russian government received income from the fur trade through two taxes, the

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sent fur-trading parties on exploring expeditions into the southern Appalachian Mountains, discovering the

742: 457: 410: 346:. As recognition of the importance of the trade to the Siberian economy, the sable is a regional symbol of 95: 3354:

Aboriginal People and the Fur Trade: Proceedings of the 8th North American Fur Trade Conference, Akwesasne

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Reviewed work: A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony, 1581–1990., James Forsyth

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The North American Fur Auction (NAFA) occurs four times a year and attracts buyers from around the world.

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arose during the maritime fur trading era and remains a distinctive aspect of Pacific Northwest culture.

1392:. The fur farming industry is present in many parts of Canada. The largest producer of mink and foxes is 576: 1970: 1547:. There was a rapid increase of wealth among the Northwest Coast natives, along with increased warfare, 1527:). The trade had a major effect on the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest coast, especially the 994:. After some setbacks, a number of English investors were found to back another attempt for Hudson Bay. 719:

chose to stay and settle in Siberia. From 1620 to 1680, a total of 15,983 trappers operated in Siberia.

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Rich, E.E. (February 1960). "Trade Habits and Economic Motivation Among the Indians of North America".

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in the 16th and 17th centuries, Russia gained access to the world's richest source of high quality fur.

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Besides the Novgorodians and the indigenes, the Muscovites also had to contend with the various Muslim

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Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785–1841.

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Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and China Goods: The Maritime Fur Trade of the Northwest Coast, 1785–1841.

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heads in England, making the fur trade extremely profitable for the Europeans. The Natives used the

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The North American fur trade began as early as the 1500s between Europeans and First Nations (see:

728: 679: 441:. Novgorodians expanded farther east and north, coming into contact with the Pechora people of the 11687: 3427: 11899: 11836: 11607: 11511: 11324: 11300: 11177: 11056: 11011: 10906: 10793: 10602: 9278: 9196: 9004: 8940: 8916: 8910: 8873: 8707: 8682: 8577: 8492: 8212: 8182: 8172: 8077: 7992: 7715: 7665: 7660: 7108: 6710: 6402: 5633: 5517: 5137: 5021: 4547: 3759: 3109:. Edited by Carol M. Judd and Arthur J. Ray, 102–126. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980. 2366: 2072: 1462: 1457: 1381: 1316: 1286: 1194: 1105: 1006: 997:

Two ships were sent out in 1668. One, with Radisson aboard, had to turn back, but the other, the

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that represents the door to the entire northwestern part of Eurasia. They began by establishing

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The beaver was bought mainly for the English hat-making trade, while the fine furs went to the

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Historic Forts and Trading Posts of the French Regime and of the English Fur Trading Companies

1630:, was less highly prized and thus less profitable. After the northern sea otter was hunted to 401:. Novgorod created a vast territorial empire and controlled much of the fur trade with Europe. 11615: 11436: 11396: 11308: 11268: 11189: 11183: 10996: 10280: 10180: 10145: 9731: 9630: 9539: 9378: 9268: 9233: 8597: 8466: 8027: 7786: 7495: 7379: 7286: 7220: 7185: 6869: 6784: 6518: 6395: 6114: 6092: 6043: 5593: 5351: 5215: 3989: 3812: 3626: 2890:

Pelleteries, manchons et chapeaux de castor: les fourrures nord-américaines à Paris 1500–1632

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Fur robes were blankets of sewn-together, native-tanned, beaver pelts. The pelts were called

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Le Castor Fait Tout: Selected Papers of the Fifth North American Fur Trade Conference, 1985.

833: 568:. Similar skirmishes with Tartars took place across Siberia as Russian expansion continued. 11639: 11444: 11372: 11123: 11066: 10936: 10788: 10773: 10647: 10547: 10502: 10355: 9577: 9418: 9186: 9166: 8868: 8587: 8502: 8272: 8187: 8107: 7977: 7856: 7806: 7420: 7410: 7296: 7240: 6944: 6376: 6232: 5945: 5440: 5334: 4950: 4650: 4645: 4026: 3472: 2451: 2409: 1489: 1432:

The maritime fur trade was a ship-based fur trade system that focused on acquiring furs of

1218: 920: 10507: 4744: 3794: 3288:

Aspects of the Fur Trade: Selected Papers of the 1965 North American Fur Trade Conference.

702:

divided into smaller groups of two to three men who cooperated to maintain certain traps.

8: 11733: 11680: 11097: 10708: 10320: 10315: 10195: 10170: 9889: 9746: 9635: 9529: 9524: 8793: 8627: 8582: 8542: 8537: 8287: 8222: 8037: 8032: 7962: 7816: 7670: 7575: 7455: 7369: 7364: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7086: 7028: 7003: 6886: 6660: 6617: 6577: 6543: 6277: 6244: 6102: 5916: 5896: 5628: 5456: 5435: 5237: 5191: 4923: 4346: 3877: 3448: 2913: 1669: 1500: 1151: 1059: 999: 821: 650:

and force becoming the primary means of obtaining the furs. The largest problem with the

553: 192: 159: 4291: 2988:

The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815.

1753:

Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia

1476:

The Russian fur traders from Alaska established their largest settlement in California,

1193:

and culture. Since the late 20th century, the Métis have been recognized in Canada as a

564:) and soldiers to reclaim Yermak conquests and officially to annex the land held by the 11889: 11694: 11631: 11452: 11284: 11276: 11153: 11129: 11041: 10667: 10074: 9567: 9519: 9509: 9320: 9228: 8858: 8727: 8642: 8262: 8232: 8207: 8062: 7776: 7610: 7359: 7306: 6981: 6976: 6789: 6622: 6149: 6127: 6122: 6080: 6053: 6013: 5467: 5361: 5315: 5227: 5186: 5169: 5052: 5047: 4768: 4749: 4562: 4486: 4250: 4051: 4046: 3740: 3302:

Old Trails and New Directions: Papers of the Third North American Fur Trade Conference.

3255: 3229:

The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650–1815

2926: 2787: 2779: 2267: 2210: 2124:"Is Trapping in America on the Brink of Extinction, or at the Beginning of a Comeback?" 1485: 1425: 1415: 1301: 809: 758: 557: 484: 382: 351: 102: 11747: 6287: 5522: 3769: 3128:

Indian Women and French Men: Rethinking Cultural Encounter in the Western Great Lakes.

3107:

Old Trails and New Directions: Papers of the Third North American Fur Trade Conference

2906:"Russian Hunters in Eastern Siberia in the Seventeenth Century: Lifestyle and Economy" 1355: 11817: 11591: 11551: 11503: 11495: 11380: 11147: 11046: 11021: 10986: 10743: 10733: 10642: 10582: 10497: 10084: 9949: 9924: 9914: 9894: 9620: 9504: 9413: 9248: 8843: 8818: 8607: 8602: 8532: 8391: 8326: 8242: 8087: 7957: 7570: 7235: 7160: 6849: 6665: 6639: 6627: 6612: 6523: 6371: 6198: 6097: 6028: 5710: 5705: 5645: 5638: 5603: 5366: 5181: 5089: 4837: 4790: 4667: 4527: 4517: 4482: 4472: 4440: 4383: 4378: 4281: 3569: 3527: 3335: 3245: 2893: 2806: 2791: 2769: 2721: 2668: 2629: 2602: 2574: 2413: 2400: 2224: 2192: 2182: 2168: 1991: 1796: 1651: 1577: 1496: 1389: 1263: 1022: 480: 406: 392: 347: 323: 248: 176: 3784: 3653: 3604: 3065:

Trader’s Tales: Narratives of Cultural Encounters in the Columbia Plateau, 1807–1846

1420: 1156: 950:

fur trade expanded as well, not only inland, but northward along the coast into the

11761: 11487: 11036: 10703: 10607: 10567: 10557: 10487: 10350: 10290: 10245: 10210: 10069: 10009: 9783: 9741: 9701: 9671: 9661: 9656: 9595: 9398: 9161: 9130: 8958: 8883: 8808: 8737: 8612: 8436: 8336: 8277: 8132: 8082: 8067: 8007: 7931: 7906: 7781: 7736: 7225: 6951: 6879: 6874: 6442: 6420: 6380: 6356: 6320: 6292: 6272: 6220: 6065: 6005: 5800: 5583: 5551: 5539: 5420: 5305: 5222: 5164: 4800: 4795: 4759: 4598: 4341: 4326: 4303: 4276: 3847: 3819: 3643: 3614: 3589: 3564: 3547: 3310:

Rendezvous: Selected Papers of the Fourth North American Fur Trade Conference, 1981

3237: 3023:

Soft Gold: The Fur Trade & Cultural Exchange on the Northwest Coast of America.

2761: 2259: 1679: 1631: 1516: 1512: 1449: 1259: 1214: 891: 853:

beaver in Europe and European Russia had largely disappeared through exploitation.

829: 619:

of thousands of sable and other valuable pelts were obtained in Siberia each year.

565: 538: 534: 488: 438: 339: 196: 31: 10114: 9959: 4928: 4126: 3994: 3774: 1180:

system, they considered children born to a white father to be white, in a type of

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Making the Voyageur World: Travelers and Traders in the North American Fur Trade.

2800: 2751: 2736: 2711: 2662: 2623: 2596: 2568: 2214: 2213:(1930). Oliver Baty Cunningham Memorial Publication Fund; Ray, Arthur J. (eds.). 2172: 2148: 1790: 1564: 1190: 1074: 916: 911: 601: 469: 327: 227: 5283: 3917: 3779: 3159:, edited by John L. Allen, 132–189. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. 2838:

A Majority of Scoundrels: An Informal History of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company.

2648: 1327: 11519: 11316: 10916: 10818: 10748: 10738: 10662: 10592: 10577: 10517: 10442: 10417: 10365: 10310: 10270: 10175: 10165: 10140: 10054: 9984: 9909: 9849: 9721: 9651: 9496: 9471: 9428: 9403: 9393: 9368: 9328: 9283: 9191: 8798: 8657: 8622: 8471: 8461: 8446: 8366: 8351: 8292: 8192: 8177: 8162: 8097: 8092: 7982: 7952: 7886: 7881: 7861: 7811: 7791: 7475: 7271: 7145: 7131: 6986: 6909: 6675: 6565: 6560: 6538: 6325: 6312: 6255: 6188: 6176: 6070: 5911: 5879: 5780: 5534: 5506: 5471: 5412: 4970: 4965: 4933: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4763: 4606: 4522: 4298: 4237: 4111: 3964: 3959: 3912: 3902: 3892: 3663: 3554: 3542: 3512: 2843: 2707: 1962: 1941: 1619: 1560: 1544: 1532: 1441: 1305: 1026: 903: 813: 668: 615: 492: 460:

increased in power over the course of the 15th century and proceeded with the "

450: 422: 359: 270:

Originally, Russia exported raw furs, consisting in most cases of the pelts of

264: 148: 4096: 3703: 3199:"Boston Men" on the Northwest Coast: The American Maritime Fur Trade 1788–1844 706:

checked traps daily, resetting them or replacing bait whenever necessary. The

11883: 11793: 10911: 10778: 10753: 10688: 10657: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10597: 10477: 10452: 10422: 10325: 10295: 10150: 10104: 10099: 10064: 10059: 10014: 9999: 9979: 9954: 9919: 9899: 9864: 9767: 9600: 9343: 9303: 9201: 9171: 9046: 8878: 8853: 8828: 8823: 8803: 8647: 8617: 8562: 8517: 8512: 8441: 8416: 8331: 8321: 8052: 8022: 7972: 7916: 7901: 7891: 7876: 7866: 7851: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7708: 7520: 7515: 7440: 7384: 7311: 7281: 7195: 7155: 7023: 6533: 6168: 5978: 5795: 5790: 5655: 5492: 5476: 5344: 5330: 5211: 5174: 5105: 5037: 5031: 5016: 4911: 4896: 4804: 4455: 4308: 4271: 4245: 4086: 4031: 3882: 3867: 3693: 3537: 3241: 3100:

The Bourgeois Frontier: French Towns, French Traders & American Expansion

3016:

Partners in Furs: A History of the Fur Trade in Eastern James Bay, 1600–1870.

2417: 2285:

Abraham Rotstein (March 1970). "Karl Polanyi's Concept of Non-Market Trade".

1639: 1520: 1247: 1070: 982: 965: 873: 861: 857: 848:, while seeking routes through the continent, established relationships with 800:

Captain Chauvin made the first organized attempt to control the fur trade in

793: 597: 442: 405:

From as early as the 10th century, merchants and boyars of the city-state of

355: 223: 204: 10562: 5665: 4101: 3897: 3422: 2570:

Trading Beyond the Mountains: The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793–1843

1710: 1503:

network, centered on the north Pacific Ocean, global in scope, and based on

1170:

in Canada, based then on fur trapping and other activities on the frontier.

11904: 10971: 10813: 10803: 10652: 10627: 10532: 10527: 10512: 10472: 10462: 10335: 10255: 10250: 10230: 10220: 10215: 10155: 10094: 10089: 10039: 10029: 10019: 9929: 9854: 9711: 9666: 9625: 9587: 9572: 9534: 9353: 9333: 9253: 8547: 8431: 8371: 8361: 8346: 8252: 8247: 8217: 8117: 8112: 8102: 8072: 8057: 8002: 7921: 7896: 7821: 7645: 7585: 7435: 7374: 7326: 6966: 6901: 6854: 6550: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6415: 6410: 6075: 5933: 5660: 5615: 5485: 5481: 5449: 5339: 5261: 5232: 5157: 5152: 5142: 5042: 4960: 4891: 4846: 4577: 4557: 4542: 4506: 4501: 4477: 4393: 4286: 4163: 3984: 3954: 3872: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3824: 3735: 3636: 3204:

Panagopoulos, Janie Lynn. "Traders in Time". River Road Publications, 1993.

3164:

Deerskins and Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685–1815

3095:

Translated by George Woodcock. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1986.

1536: 1528: 1348: 1343: 1290: 1278: 1267: 1229: 951: 939: 881: 869: 530: 526: 426: 414: 143: 5670: 4193: 4188: 4178: 4141: 4131: 4071: 4004: 3517: 2371: 2196: 11535: 10981: 10808: 10798: 10783: 10723: 10552: 10457: 10427: 10402: 10340: 10330: 10119: 10004: 9989: 9974: 9939: 9934: 9904: 9874: 9869: 9681: 9615: 9486: 9461: 9358: 9263: 9258: 8813: 8632: 8522: 8456: 8451: 8356: 8341: 8257: 8237: 8142: 8042: 7967: 7926: 7801: 7796: 7210: 7150: 7018: 6998: 6971: 6797: 6555: 6455: 6153: 6142: 6137: 6085: 5963: 5953: 5822: 5278: 5247: 5242: 5201: 5110: 4886: 4861: 4856: 4825: 4582: 4537: 4445: 4425: 4158: 4081: 4041: 3949: 3929: 3673: 3658: 3648: 3584: 3504: 1684: 1664: 1592: 1524: 1508: 1393: 1181: 1174: 1011: 947: 877: 849: 418: 409:

had exploited the fur resources "beyond the portage", a watershed at the

3270:

The Fur Trade of the American West, 1807–1840: A Geographical Synthesis.

3192:

The Fur Trade Gamble: North West Company on the Pacific Slope, 1800–1820

2946:

Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England.

2930: 2625:

Complicity: How the North Promoted, Prolonged, and Profited from Slavery

973:

In 1668 the English fur trade entered a new phase. Two French citizens,

11647: 11165: 10876: 10768: 10713: 10693: 10542: 10537: 10522: 10492: 10467: 10407: 10285: 10200: 10160: 9994: 9964: 9298: 9288: 9181: 8765: 8652: 8567: 8381: 8376: 8202: 8167: 8127: 8122: 7846: 7480: 7205: 6961: 6891: 6861: 6844: 6822: 6632: 6502: 6497: 6210: 6158: 5983: 5906: 5805: 5700: 5378: 5288: 5273: 5256: 5252: 5009: 4778: 4512: 4408: 4388: 4319: 4153: 3934: 3803: 3799: 3688: 3532: 3387: 3259: 3037:

Indians, Animals, and the Fur Trade: A Critique of Keepers of the Game.

2783: 1623: 1581: 1504: 987: 943: 902:

England was slower to enter the American fur trade than France and the

801: 604:

in the south, comprising about 1.25 million square miles of land.

299: 252: 188: 4173: 4136: 3678: 3046:. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press, 1978. 2981:

Russian America: an overseas colony of a continental empire, 1804–1867

2713:

Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America

2573:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia (UBC) Press. p. 123. 2271: 1250:

became independent, it regulated trading with Native Americans by the

11740: 11599: 11195: 10966: 10572: 10437: 10412: 10300: 10079: 10024: 9676: 9476: 9383: 9338: 9273: 7505: 7245: 6993: 6939: 6839: 6817: 6802: 6604: 6335: 6227: 6163: 6060: 5973: 5928: 5864: 5849: 5695: 5566: 5356: 5147: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4783: 4572: 4552: 4435: 4398: 4091: 4056: 3887: 3807: 3668: 3276: 2216:

The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History

1947: 1635: 1611: 1603: 1445: 1433: 825: 817: 663:

multiple times over, or requiring tribute from independent trappers.

319: 311: 256: 3599: 3522: 2876:

A Life Wild and Perilous: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific.

2765: 1262:. In 1834 this was defined as most of the United States west of the 1090: 433:. Novgorod, the chief fur-trade center prospered as the easternmost 44: 27:

Worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur

10375: 9293: 9243: 8838: 8770: 8755: 6934: 6644: 6572: 6260: 5988: 5968: 5889: 5725: 5623: 5556: 5325: 5084: 4955: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4625: 4496: 4420: 4168: 4121: 3752: 3727: 3715: 3440: 2538: 2263: 2094:

Fur Facts & Figures: A Survey of the United States Fur Industry

1643: 1552: 1548: 935: 907: 805: 777: 626: 571: 542: 294:. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, Russians began to settle in 287: 219: 3201:. Kingston, Ontario; Fairbanks, Alaska: The Limestone Press, 1998. 3044:

Keepers of the Game: Indian-Animal Relationships and the Fur Trade

1199: 1166: 9605: 9559: 9218: 7600: 7100: 6829: 6812: 6592: 6460: 6390: 6366: 6265: 5901: 5827: 5462: 5402: 5395: 5310: 5268: 5115: 5094: 5075: 5057: 4999: 4938: 4906: 4851: 4567: 4491: 4351: 4331: 4260: 3922: 3829: 3747: 3710: 3698: 3216:

The Taos Trappers: The Fur Trade in the Far Southwest, 1540–1846.

3079:

Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country.

3011:

Peterborough, Ontario; Orchard Park, N.Y.: Broadview Press, 1996.

2972:

Rotstein, Abraham. "Karl Polanyi’s Concept of Non-Market Trade."

1647: 1572:. The New England textile industry in turn had a large effect on 1177: 1015: 865: 860:

headed expeditions to establish fur trade relationships with the

561: 507:

in Moscow. Even so, problems ensued after 1558 when Ivan IV sent

496: 465: 430: 335: 295: 260: 259:

seas. The main trading market destination was the German city of

200: 164: 9015: 3194:(Pullman: Washington State University Press, 2016). xiv, 336 pp. 2051:. Vol. 2. Toronto: University Associates of Canada. p. 366. 1598: 1515:

network emerged linking the Pacific Northwest coast, China, the

780:

refugees brought their skills and tastes with them from France.

545:

mercenaries to protect the new settlement from the Tatars. From

541:

whose land they encroached on. Ivan told the Stroganovs to hire

9156: 9058: 8760: 6914: 6300: 6183: 6023: 5832: 5775: 5685: 5125: 4754: 4413: 4403: 4366: 4356: 4336: 4148: 3999: 3345:

Fiske, Jo-Anne, Sleeper-Smith, Susan, and William Wicken, eds.

1385: 1360: 1271: 1034: 991: 955: 887: 500: 476: 434: 387: 362: 331: 275: 271: 187:

is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of

3081:

Vancouver; London: University of British Columbia Press, 1980.

1917: 1905: 1642:. Furs from Russian America were mostly sold to China via the 622: 251:(500–1000 AD/CE), first through exchanges at posts around the 11234: 9820: 7625: 7490: 6834: 6807: 6361: 6132: 5995: 5859: 5767: 5373: 4990: 3619: 3609: 3574: 3327:

Trigger, Bruce G., Morantz, Toby Elaine, and Louise Dechêne.

2819: 2621: 1626:

to the north. The fur of the Californian southern sea otter,

1556: 1042: 610: 446: 315: 307: 231: 3367:

The Canadian Museum of Civilization – Great Fur Trade Canoes

3071: 3060:

Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press, 1974.

2593:

For more on the use of crests on the North West Coast, see:

2109:

Kodiak Kreol: Communities of Empire in Early Russian America

1587: 749:

between Europeans and the native peoples of what is now the

11006: 6513: 6330: 6018: 5921: 5874: 5293: 5004: 4371: 4361: 4036: 3559: 3312:. St. Paul, Minnesota: North American Fur Trade Conference. 3086:

The New Peoples: Being and Becoming Métis in North America.

2111:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. XII. 1968: 1929: 1869: 1714: 1050: 1037:, ammunition and powder to exchange on a 'per pelt' basis. 672:, hunted in one of two types of bands of 10–15 men, called 504: 491:

and ended up obtaining the territory from the Volga to the

369: 303: 291: 279: 3435:

The Papers of Hector Pitchforth on Fur Trade in the Arctic

3411: 3018:

Kingston; Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1983.

969:

Fur traders in Canada, trading with Native Americans, 1777

503:, and all Siberian lands" became part of the title of the 5675: 4994: 4916: 3764: 3222:

White, Richard (27 September 1991). Hoxie, Frederick E.;

2598:

Native Americans: The Indigenous Peoples of North America

1046: 788: 283: 9737:

University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid

7191:

Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals

3151:

Allen, John L. "The Invention of the American West." In

3139:

Many Tender Ties: Women in Fur-Trade Society, 1670–1870.

3025:

Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press, 1990.

1893: 1881: 1845: 1029:

was established around 1670, based at the export hub of

3053:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum Press, 2000. 2850:

10 vols. Glendale, California: A.H. Clark Co., 1965–72.

2315:, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978), p. 236. 2247:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

1388:(based on trapping licenses), of whom about 25,000 are 191:. Since the establishment of a world fur market in the 3349:. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998. 2997:

Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1983.

2990:

Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

2869:

Manuel Lisa and the Opening of the Missouri Fur Trade.

1821: 812:

and tried to establish a colony near the mouth of the

11261:

Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

3429:

The Fur Trade Revisited – Manitoba Historical Society

3383:

Map of trading posts, forts, trails and Indian tribes

3001: 2871:

Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.

1857: 1833: 1770: 1650:, which had been opened to Russian trade by the 1727 3342:

East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1994.

3211:

Lincoln; London: University of Nebraska Press, 1990.

3171:

Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America’s Western Past

2534:"California becomes first state to ban fur trapping" 2028: 1948:

Samuel Edward Dawson LITT.D., F.R.S.C (April 1905).

1809: 1721: 298:, a region rich in many mammal fur species, such as 3417:

The Economic History of the Fur Trade: 1670 to 1870

3105:Nicks, John. "Orkneymen in the HBC, 1780–1821." In 3084:Brown, Jennifer S.H. and Jacqueline Peterson, eds. 2848:

The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West.

2342: 2330: 2016: 2004: 1758: 1711:"Feature: A Shocking Look Inside Chinese Fur Farms" 1690:

List of fur trading post and forts in North America

1638:(Canton), where they worked within the established 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3277:Papers of the North American Fur Trade Conferences 3187:Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1993. 3032:New York; London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999. 3009:Reading Beyond Words: Contexts for Native History. 2667:. University of Washington Press. pp. 53–58. 1733: 2892:, Québec, Éditions du Septentrion, 1999, 295 p. ( 2318: 1971:"Fur Trade Canoe Routes of Canada / Then and Now" 1950:"The Saint Lawrence Its Basin & Border-Lands" 1618:, which inhabited the coastal waters between the 1438:indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast 267:was the first supplier of the Russian fur trade. 230:imitations, for example, as in ruffs on hoods of 11881: 9116:List of international animal welfare conventions 8965:List of international animal welfare conventions 8723:Dishes involving the consumption of live animals 3356:. Cornwall, Ontario: Akwesasne Notes Pub., 2001. 3185:Yankees in Paradise: The Pacific Basin Frontier. 3007:Brown, Jennifer S.H. and Elizabeth Vibert, eds. 2622:Farrow, Anne; Joel Lang; Jennifer Frank (2006). 2554:"The Fur Trade: The Journey from Trap to Market" 2284: 1296: 1202:culture based on hunting, trapping and farming. 11413:An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory 2299:Fur Trade and Empire: An Institutional Analysis 2063:"Introduction of alcohol through the fur trade" 10844: 3180:Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992. 3166:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008. 2955:Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1992. 2447:"Fur farms may not all survive new N.S. rules" 1189:region were so numerous that they developed a 322:pelts, first used in China, and later for the 30:"Fur Trade" redirects here. For the band, see 9031: 7116: 3456: 3412:Museum of the Fur Trade, Chadron, Nebraska US 3290:St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1967. 3088:Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1985. 3067:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. 2903: 2147:Phillips, Paul Chrisler; Smurr, J.W. (1961). 2146: 1976:. parkscanadahistory.com. pp. 71 of 121 1935: 1923: 1911: 1875: 1523:), Europe, and the United States (especially 9121:Moral status of animals in the ancient world 3272:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979. 3116:Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006. 2960:The Canadian fur trade in the industrial age 2651:, Northwest Power & Conservation Council 2628:. Random House. pp. xiv, 25–26, 35–37. 1996:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1969:Eric W. Morse, M.A.;F.R.G.S (8 March 2015). 1955:. Frederick A. Stokes Company. p. 584. 1384:, there are about 60,000 active trappers in 11088:Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society 11032:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 9059:Topics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases) 3304:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980. 3218:Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971. 2969:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1978. 1217:, who had created the huge monopoly of the 1119:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 876:, depended largely on the trading depot at 722: 468:remained insignificant until they began on 9038: 9024: 7551:International Society for Applied Ethology 7123: 7109: 3463: 3449: 3423:Fur trade in the Snake River Valley, Idaho 3039:Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981. 2904:Bychkov, Oleg V.; Jacobs, Mina A. (1994). 2594: 1289:was a fur trader who explored much of the 894:, granted as a commercial monopoly to the 11235:Media (books, films, periodicals, albums) 11172:Human Environment Animal Protection Party 7730:Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 3419:(EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic History) 3072:Social histories: women, Métis, voyageurs 2642: 2362:"Canada's Fur Trade: Facts & Figures" 1139:Learn how and when to remove this message 537:soon came into conflict in 1573 with the 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 11293:Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology 9545:Pain and suffering in laboratory animals 8905:Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 3030:The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. 2296: 2121: 1597: 1586: 1471: 1419: 1354: 1326: 1310: 1228: 1150: 981:, had traded with great success west of 964: 886: 787: 732: 621: 570: 386: 237: 170: 158: 142: 9136:Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare 3318: 3307: 3300:Judd, Carol M. and Arthur J. Ray, eds. 2965:Ray, Arthur J., and Donald B. Freeman. 2878:New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997. 2749: 2444: 2174:The Fur Trade and the Northwest to 1857 2046: 1899: 1887: 1863: 1851: 1839: 1815: 1776: 1610:The most profitable furs were those of 1591:A sea otter, drawing by S. Smith after 1331:Two Sleighs on a Country Road, Canada, 715:beginning around the 1650s–1660s, many 14: 11882: 9213:Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness 6484: 2798: 2734: 2660: 2654: 2615: 2566: 2455:. Halifax, Nova Scotia. Archived from 2106: 1827: 1764: 1739: 1727: 1675:The Coalition to Abolish the Fur Trade 745:) and was a central part of the early 495:. At this point the phrase, "ruler of 11429:Political Animals and Animal Politics 11233: 11017:Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition 10942:Centre for Animals and Social Justice 10843: 9819: 9349:Concentrated animal feeding operation 9126:Timeline of animal welfare and rights 9081:Animal rights by country or territory 9057: 9019: 8733:People associated with animal welfare 8693:Animal welfare and rights legislation 7581:Lord Dowding Fund for Humane Research 7104: 6698: 6483: 5753: 4217: 4216: 3483: 3444: 3400:History of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin 3316: 3221: 3155:, edited by John L. Allen. Vol. 3 of 3145: 2706: 2348: 2336: 2324: 2311:Arthur J. Ray and Donald B. Freeman, 2209: 2034: 2022: 2010: 1792:A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917 1614:, especially the northern sea otter, 1409: 1254:, first passed on July 22, 1790. The 1080: 783: 376: 330:expanded into North America, notably 11160:Animalist Party with the Environment 9442:Animal testing on non-human primates 8713:Animal welfare and rights by country 7616:People's Dispensary for Sick Animals 7561:List of animal welfare organizations 7070: 3470: 3141:Winnipeg: Watson & Dwywer, 1999. 3021:Holm, Bill and Thomas Vaughan, eds. 2799:Naumov, Igor V. (22 November 2006). 2243: 2167: 1788: 1555:disease, and enhanced importance of 1117:adding citations to reliable sources 1084: 344:Russian colonization of the Americas 242: 67:adding citations to reliable sources 38: 11584:Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home 9789:World Day for the End of Speciesism 8929:Animal Welfare (Sentience) Act 2022 3190:Keith, Lloyd, and John C. Jackson. 2882: 2857:Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1954. 2301:(PhD diss.). University of Toronto. 1782: 1495:The maritime fur trade brought the 1234:Fur Traders Descending the Missouri 24: 11709:Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism 11052:United Activists for Animal Rights 10962:Doctors Against Animal Experiments 9096:Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies 8970:Philippine Animal Welfare Act 1998 7130: 5754: 3484: 3388:History of the Fur Trade in Russia 3297:Winnipeg: Peguis Publishers, 1972. 3295:People and Pelts: Selected Papers. 3014:Francis, Daniel and Toby Morantz. 3002:Social histories: Native Americans 2690: 2445:Bundale, Brett (16 January 2013). 25: 11921: 11253:On Abstinence from Eating Animals 11213:Animal Rights National Conference 11136:Animal Protection Party of Canada 11093:Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society 10947:Chinese Animal Protection Network 10872:American Anti-Vivisection Society 10346:Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann 9101:Animal rights in Indian religions 9091:Animal rights and punk subculture 9045: 7596:National Anti-Vivisection Society 3360: 3132:University of Massachusetts Press 2864:Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964. 2567:Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). 2153:. Vol. 2. Norman, Oklahoma: 2122:Delhomme, PJ (28 November 2021). 1519:(only recently discovered by the 928:Company of One Hundred Associates 425:river networks and requiring the 391:Possessions of the city-state of 179:manufacturer's 1949 advertisement 11860: 11859: 11421:Animal Rights Without Liberation 11072:Voice for Animals Humane Society 9799:World Day for the End of Fishing 9794:World Day for Laboratory Animals 9224:Equal consideration of interests 9000: 8999: 7322:Intrinsic value in animal ethics 7081: 7069: 7058: 7057: 3378:A Brief History of the Fur Trade 3308:Buckley, Thomas C., ed. (1984). 2738:The Russian Fur Trade, 1550–1700 1602:Modern and historical ranges of 1424:The North West Coast during the 1258:issued licenses to trade in the 1089: 659:, extorting natives by exacting 529:and to subjugate and enserf the 222:, but has become controversial. 43: 11142:Animal Justice Party of Finland 11027:Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics 10236:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause 9824:(academics, writers, activists) 9717:Monkey selfie copyright dispute 8987:List of animal rights advocates 7082: 4617:Outdoors & sports equipment 3093:The Métis in the Canadian West. 2974:The Journal of Economic History 2685: 2587: 2560: 2546: 2526: 2498: 2470: 2438: 2385: 2354: 2305: 2287:The Journal of Economic History 2278: 2237: 2203: 2161: 2140: 2115: 2100: 2086: 2055: 2040: 1789:Moss, Walter G. (1 July 2003). 1551:, slaving, depopulation due to 1507:but not, for the most part, on 930:, then followed in 1664 by the 54:needs additional citations for 11365:Animals, Property, and the Law 9437:Alternatives to animal testing 9106:Christianity and animal rights 7406:Animal Defenders International 7262:Abnormal behaviours in animals 2948:New York: Hill and Wang, 1983. 2830: 2743:University of California Press 2735:Fisher, Raymond Henry (1943). 2256:Canadian Economics Association 1745: 1703: 575:Map of Asia in 1636. With the 462:gathering of the Russian lands 318:). In a search for the prized 13: 1: 11002:Korea Animal Rights Advocates 9707:Cambridge University primates 9239:Ethics of uncertain sentience 7591:National Animal Welfare Trust 7501:Farm Animal Welfare Committee 7426:Animal Welfare Board of India 7302:Ethics of uncertain sentience 4621:Personal protective equipment 3102:, Yale University Press, 2010 2939:Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867 2923:University of Wisconsin Press 1696: 1332: 1297:Role in economic anthropology 1237: 666:Russian fur trappers, called 546: 519: 395: 11895:History of the American West 11062:UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics 9207:Argument from marginal cases 8953:Horse Protection Act of 1970 7536:Humane Slaughter Association 7531:Humane Society International 3437:at Dartmouth College Library 3331:Montreal: The Society, 1987. 3162:Braund, Kathryn E. Holland. 2412:. October 2011. p. 20. 2155:University of Oklahoma Press 2047:Wallace, Stewart W. (1948). 1795:. Anthem Press. p. 90. 1574:slavery in the United States 552:the band of Cossacks led by 458:Grand Principality of Moscow 429:people to give them furs as 7: 11349:Morals, Reason, and Animals 10977:Farm Animal Rights Movement 10927:Anonymous for the Voiceless 9611:International primate trade 9086:Anarchism and animal rights 8935:Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 8864:Rapa das Bestas of Sabucedo 7566:League Against Cruel Sports 7541:International Animal Rescue 7466:Compassion in World Farming 6699: 3232:. Vol. 49. Cambridge: 3224:William L. Clements Library 2976:30:1 (Mar., 1970): 117–126. 2862:The Fist in the Wilderness. 2756:. Vol. 53. Cambridge: 2661:Haycox, Stephen W. (2002). 1657: 1436:and other animals from the 820:. French explorers, like 10: 11926: 11469:Making a Stand for Animals 11341:The Case for Animal Rights 10992:Hunt Saboteurs Association 10952:Cruelty Free International 10922:Anti-Vivisection Coalition 9447:Animal testing regulations 8923:Animal Welfare Act of 1966 8900:Animal testing regulations 7292:Compassionate conservation 3234:Cambridge University Press 3226:; Salisbury, Neal (eds.). 3157:North American Exploration 2758:Cambridge University Press 2716:(1st ed.). New York: 2696:Chittenden, Hiram Martin. 2664:Alaska: An American Colony 2595:Reynoldson, Fiona (2000). 2049:The Encyclopedia of Canada 1413: 1375: 1056:Royal Proclamation of 1763 1031:Charleston, South Carolina 880:(now Albany) on the upper 856:In 1613 Dallas Carite and 726: 525:) to colonize land on the 380: 29: 11855: 11828: 11775: 11725: 11665: 11658: 11624:The Ghosts in Our Machine 11479: 11461:Animal Ethics in the Wild 11244: 11240: 11229: 11205: 11116: 11080: 10897:Animal Legal Defense Fund 10864: 10857: 10853: 10839: 10676: 10395: 10388: 10191:William Hamilton Drummond 10133: 9842: 9833: 9829: 9815: 9776: 9755: 9694: 9644: 9586: 9558: 9550:Welfare of farmed insects 9495: 9427: 9319: 9312: 9177:Animal–industrial complex 9144: 9068: 9064: 9053: 8995: 8979: 8892: 8834:International Primate Day 8784: 8746: 8670: 8485: 8427:Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell 8314: 8305: 7940: 7769: 7760: 7679: 7393: 7345: 7254: 7216:Welfare of farmed insects 7138: 7052: 6900: 6783: 6709: 6705: 6694: 6653: 6603: 6496: 6492: 6479: 6346: 6286: 6243: 6113: 6004: 5944: 5848: 5766: 5762: 5749: 5614: 5505: 5411: 5068: 4836: 4636: 4236: 4229: 4225: 4212: 4019: 3840: 3726: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3479: 3338:, and Donald P. Heldman. 3286:Morgan, Dale Lowell, ed. 2718:W.W. Norton & Company 2601:. Heinemann. p. 34. 1936:Bychkov & Jacobs 1994 1924:Bychkov & Jacobs 1994 1912:Bychkov & Jacobs 1994 1876:Bychkov & Jacobs 1994 1454:coast of British Columbia 932:French West India Company 910:soon after 1610, and the 560:sent military governors ( 449:people residing near the 11702:Journal of Animal Ethics 11568:Your Mommy Kills Animals 10957:Direct Action Everywhere 10361:Johann Heinrich Winckler 10306:Nathaniel Peabody Rogers 9763:Direct Action Everywhere 9467:Huntingdon Life Sciences 9452:Labcorp Drug Development 9409:Feedback (pork industry) 9374:Intensive animal farming 9111:History of animal rights 8138:Alasdair Alpin MacGregor 7688:American Humane Magazine 7606:Party for Animal Welfare 7431:Animal Welfare Institute 7231:Feedback (pork industry) 7181:Intensive animal farming 6930:Mergers and acquisitions 6671:Research and development 5036:Chemical & hormonal 4691:Communications equipment 3372:H. Bullock-Webster fonds 3242:10.1017/CBO9780511976957 3153:A Continent Comprehended 3035:Krech, Shepard III, ed. 2107:Miller, Gwen A. (2010). 1467:Russian-American Company 1315:Sketches of life in the 1256:Bureau of Indian Affairs 804:. In 1599 he acquired a 743:Early French Fur Trading 729:North American fur trade 723:North American fur trade 479:to their east. In 1552, 11837:Holocaust on your Plate 11608:An Apology to Elephants 11389:Do Animals Have Rights? 11325:Animals, Men and Morals 11301:Better-World Philosophy 11178:Italian Animalist Party 11057:United Poultry Concerns 11012:Last Chance for Animals 10907:Animal Liberation Front 10794:Maud Ingersoll Probasco 9279:Replaceability argument 9197:Animal-free agriculture 8947:EU Directive 1999/74/EC 8941:EU Directive 2010/63/EU 8917:Animal Welfare Act 2006 8911:Animal Welfare Act 1999 8874:Surin Elephant Round-up 8678:Animal advocacy parties 8213:Thomas Bywater Smithies 8183:Maude Gillette Phillips 8173:Catherine Louisa Pirkis 8078:Catherine Victoria Hall 7666:World Animal Protection 7661:Wildlife Aid Foundation 5721:Painting and decorating 4745:Medical imaging systems 4678:Parts & peripherals 3334:Brown, Jennifer S. H., 3183:Gibson, Morgan Arrell. 2840:New York: Harper, 1961. 2750:Forsyth, James (1994). 2367:Fur Institute of Canada 1499:coast into a vast, new 1428:era, about 1790 to 1840 1382:Fur Institute of Canada 979:Médard des Groseilliers 472:in 1483 and 1499–1500. 11910:Industries (economics) 11810:Salvation of Innocents 11357:Zoos and Animal Rights 10932:Beauty Without Cruelty 10892:Animal Justice Project 10226:John Zephaniah Holwell 9880:Stephen St. C. Bostock 9457:Great ape research ban 9076:Animal rights movement 8849:Monkey Buffet Festival 7998:Gerard Lysley Derriman 7651:Toronto Humane Society 7317:Humane law enforcement 7277:Animal welfare science 7267:Animal psychopathology 7034:State-owned enterprise 7014:Nonprofit organization 6925:Horizontal integration 4738:Scientific instruments 4701:Network infrastructure 3352:Johnston, Louise, ed. 3126:Sleeper-Smith, Susan. 2802:The History of Siberia 2393:"Fur Statistics, 2010" 2181:Limited. p. 296. 2179:McClelland and Stewart 1628:E. l. nereis 1616:Enhydra lutris kenyoni 1607: 1595: 1481: 1429: 1364: 1339: 1320: 1252:Indian Intercourse Act 1243: 1160: 975:Pierre-Esprit Radisson 970: 899: 797: 738: 634: 580: 402: 213:South Sandwich Islands 180: 168: 156: 11829:Fairs and exhibitions 11716:The Animals' Defender 11688:Cahiers antispécistes 11616:Speciesism: The Movie 11437:Animal (De)liberation 11397:Striking at the Roots 11309:The Universal Kinship 11269:The Rights of Animals 11190:People Animals Nature 11184:Party for the Animals 10997:In Defense of Animals 10759:Nina Douglas-Hamilton 10146:David Renaud Boullier 9732:Silver Spring monkeys 9631:Wild animal suffering 9540:Pain in invertebrates 9379:Intensive pig farming 9269:Opposition to hunting 9234:Ethics of eating meat 8776:Tza'ar ba'alei chayim 8028:Agnes Estcourt-Oswald 7787:Matthew E. Bershadker 7744:The Animals' Guardian 7496:Eurogroup for Animals 7380:Pain in invertebrates 7287:Behavioral enrichment 7221:Wild animal suffering 7186:Intensive pig farming 6377:Private investigation 3209:Astoria & Empire. 3123:51:4 (2004): 677–700. 3077:Brown, Jennifer S.H. 2826:(e-book – with maps.) 2221:Yale University Press 2068:University of Montana 1601: 1590: 1570:textile manufacturing 1475: 1423: 1358: 1330: 1314: 1293:in British Columbia. 1232: 1154: 1064:French and Indian War 968: 890: 791: 736: 625: 574: 390: 238:Continental fur trade 174: 162: 153:Northwest Territories 146: 11445:Sentientist Politics 11373:The Lives of Animals 11124:Animal Justice Party 10937:Born Free Foundation 10774:Lizzy Lind af Hageby 10648:Wendy Turner-Webster 10356:Adam Gottlieb Weigen 9578:Recreational fishing 9419:Ventilation shutdown 9187:Animal protectionism 9167:Animal consciousness 8869:Running of the bulls 8588:Francis Orpen Morris 8273:Caroline Earle White 8188:Samuel Jackson Pratt 8108:Velma Bronn Johnston 7978:Victoria Braithwaite 7857:Emily Patterson-Kane 7807:Judy MacArthur Clark 7421:Animal Aid Unlimited 7411:Animal Welfare Party 7297:Conservation welfare 7241:Ventilation shutdown 6945:Vertical integration 4951:Speciality chemicals 4791:Electrical equipment 4708:Consumer electronics 3236:. pp. 283–286. 3112:Podruchny, Carolyn. 3028:Krech, Shepard III. 2760:. pp. 905–906. 2452:The Chronicle Herald 2410:Government of Canada 2406:Minister of Industry 1490:American Fur Company 1463:Hudson's Bay Company 1458:Hudson's Bay Company 1317:Hudson's Bay Company 1219:American Fur Company 1113:improve this section 1007:Hudson's Bay Company 921:Saint Lawrence River 896:Hudson's Bay Company 63:improve this article 11869:( 139 ) 11695:Etica & Animali 11681:Between the Species 11405:An American Trilogy 11098:Humanitarian League 10709:Frances Power Cobbe 10321:Arthur Schopenhauer 10316:Henry Stephens Salt 10196:Edward Payson Evans 9890:Stephen R. L. Clark 9747:War of the currents 9636:Wildlife management 9530:Pain in crustaceans 9525:Pain in cephalopods 8794:Blessing of animals 8628:William O. Stillman 8583:Basheer Ahmad Masri 8543:J. Morewood Dowsett 8538:Christian Adam Dann 8288:Alice Morgan Wright 8223:Ellin Prince Speyer 8038:Aida McAnn Flemming 8033:Edward G. Fairholme 7963:Madeleine Bemelmans 7817:Peter Ronald Davies 7671:World Horse Welfare 7576:Network for Animals 7456:Blue Cross of India 7370:Pain in crustaceans 7365:Pain in cephalopods 7332:Three Rs principles 7176:Eating live seafood 7171:Eating live animals 7166:Livestock dehorning 7029:Sole proprietorship 7004:Joint-stock company 6278:Veterinary medicine 6103:Property management 5897:Passenger transport 4924:Commodity chemicals 4750:Optical instruments 4718:Video game consoles 4611:Musical instruments 4452:Media reproduction 3321:, pp. 185–197. 3063:Vibert, Elizabeth. 2979:Vinkovetsky, Ilya. 2914:Arctic Anthropology 2542:. 6 September 2019. 2211:Innis, Harold Adams 1670:California Fur Rush 1501:international trade 1359:Trapper's cabin in 1302:Economic historians 1066:in North America). 822:Samuel de Champlain 577:conquest of Siberia 554:Yermak Timofeyevich 470:a much larger scale 193:early modern period 11632:Unlocking the Cage 11453:Wild Animal Ethics 11277:The Ethics of Diet 11154:Animalist Movement 11130:Animal Politics EU 11042:Sentience Politics 10668:That Vegan Teacher 10281:Siobhan O'Sullivan 10266:José Ferrater Mora 10075:Steve F. Sapontzis 9568:Commercial fishing 9520:Pain in amphibians 9510:Cruelty to animals 9482:Operation Backfire 9321:Animal agriculture 9229:Emotion in animals 8859:Pushkar Camel Fair 8718:Cruelty to animals 8703:Animal sanctuaries 8643:D. G. M. Wood-Gush 8598:Siobhan O'Sullivan 8263:Christopher Wathes 8233:Elisabeth Svendsen 8208:Catherine Smithies 8063:Colesworthey Grant 7777:Michael C. Appleby 7611:People for Animals 7360:Pain in amphibians 7307:Ethical omnivorism 6977:Putting-out system 6486:Information sector 6407:Personal services 6014:Financial services 5486:offshore platforms 5335:advanced materials 5316:Ready-mix concrete 4769:Laser construction 4729:Clocks and watches 4563:Injection moulding 4534:Other fabrication 4487:household hardware 3405:2016-03-04 at the 3393:2007-12-28 at the 3146:Regional histories 3137:Van Kirk, Sylvia. 2888:Allaire, Bernard. 2867:Oglesby, Richard. 2556:. 9 February 2016. 2485:Cornell University 2169:Rich, Edwin Ernest 1608: 1596: 1486:North West Company 1482: 1430: 1426:maritime fur trade 1416:Maritime fur trade 1410:Maritime fur trade 1390:indigenous peoples 1365: 1340: 1321: 1244: 1161: 1081:Socioeconomic ties 1021:Meanwhile, in the 971: 900: 798: 784:Early organization 759:St. Lawrence River 747:history of contact 739: 635: 600:valley and to the 581: 533:living there. The 485:tsar of all Russia 403: 383:Siberian fur trade 377:Siberian fur trade 181: 169: 167:, Estonia, in 2019 157: 11877: 11876: 11870: 11851: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11818:Onward to Freedom 11786:Animal Liberation 11771: 11770: 11592:Forks Over Knives 11544:Peaceable Kingdom 11504:Shores of Silence 11496:A Cow at My Table 11381:Eternal Treblinka 11333:Animal Liberation 11225: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11112: 11111: 11047:Uncaged Campaigns 11022:Mercy for Animals 10987:Great Ape Project 10902:Animal Liberation 10848:(groups, parties) 10835: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10734:Elizabeth Farians 10643:Christine Townend 10583:Heather Nicholson 10508:Brigitte Gothière 10498:Antoine Goetschel 10384: 10383: 10045:Charles Patterson 9950:Gary L. Francione 9925:Josephine Donovan 9915:Daniel Dombrowski 9895:Alasdair Cochrane 9811: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9690: 9689: 9621:Predation problem 9505:Animal euthanasia 9414:Foam depopulation 9249:Insects in ethics 9013: 9012: 8844:Dog Meat Festival 8819:Gadhimai festival 8666: 8665: 8608:Francis H. Rowley 8603:Charles Reinhardt 8533:Stephen Coleridge 8392:Alistair Lawrence 8327:Jonathan Balcombe 8301: 8300: 8243:Ralph Waldo Trine 8228:Christine Stevens 8158:Lady Mount Temple 8088:Rachel Hirschfeld 7958:H. Baillie-Weaver 7695:Animal Protection 7571:Marine Connection 7236:Foam depopulation 7161:Cormorant culling 7098: 7097: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7043: 6875:Natural resources 6720:Production-based 6690: 6689: 6686: 6685: 6628:Vocational school 6475: 6474: 6471: 6470: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5706:Electrical wiring 5692:Specialty trades 5646:Civil engineering 5501: 5500: 5175:Vulcanized rubber 4971:Cleaning products 4811:Electric lighting 4528:Surface finishing 4518:Powder metallurgy 4473:Metal fabrication 4219:Industrial sector 4208: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4107:Rare-earth metals 4015: 4014: 3267:Wishart, David J. 3176:Gibson, James R. 2951:Gibson, James R. 2944:Cronon, William. 2860:Lavender, David. 2853:Lavender, David. 2820:Voorhis, Ernest, 2812:978-1-134-20703-9 2727:978-0-393-06710-1 2674:978-0-295-98249-6 2635:978-0-345-46783-6 2608:978-0-435-31015-8 2506:"Trap use report" 2401:Statistics Canada 2297:Rotstein (1967). 1830:, pp. 53–54. 1802:978-0-85728-752-6 1652:Treaty of Kyakhta 1622:to the south and 1578:plantation system 1497:Pacific Northwest 1442:natives of Alaska 1380:According to the 1274:freely operated. 1270:and traders from 1264:Mississippi River 1223:Native Americans' 1149: 1148: 1141: 1023:Southern colonies 946:. Meanwhile, the 711:sable to emerge. 509:Grigory Stroganov 350:in the Urals and 348:Sverdlovsk Oblast 324:northern fur seal 249:Early Middle Ages 243:Russian fur trade 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 11917: 11868: 11863: 11862: 11674:Animal Sentience 11663: 11662: 11528:Legally Blonde 2 11488:The Animals Film 11242: 11241: 11231: 11230: 11037:Rise for Animals 10862: 10861: 10855: 10854: 10841: 10840: 10704:Edith Carrington 10608:Craig Rosebraugh 10568:Virginia McKenna 10558:Jo-Anne McArthur 10488:Juliet Gellatley 10393: 10392: 10351:Mary Anne Warren 10291:Humphrey Primatt 10276:Edward Nicholson 10246:Charles R. Magel 10211:Thomas G. Gentry 10070:Richard D. Ryder 10010:Thomas Lepeltier 9840: 9839: 9831: 9830: 9817: 9816: 9784:World Animal Day 9742:Unnecessary Fuss 9702:Brown Dog affair 9672:Animals in sport 9662:Animal slaughter 9657:Animal sacrifice 9596:Culling wildlife 9399:Wildlife farming 9317: 9316: 9162:Animal cognition 9131:Total liberation 9066: 9065: 9055: 9054: 9040: 9033: 9026: 9017: 9016: 9003: 9002: 8959:Hunting Act 2004 8884:World Animal Day 8809:Combat de Reines 8698:Animal sacrifice 8613:W. M. S. Russell 8593:George Nicholson 8493:George T. Angell 8437:Susan J. Pearson 8337:Geoffrey Barstow 8312: 8311: 8278:Emily Williamson 8133:Victoria Lidiard 8083:Edward Hemingway 8068:George Greenwood 8008:Marjorie Doggett 7932:Tina M. Widowski 7907:Adolfo Sansolini 7782:Cynthia Bathurst 7767: 7766: 7737:Our Dumb Animals 7348:nonhuman animals 7226:Wildlife farming 7125: 7118: 7111: 7102: 7101: 7085: 7084: 7073: 7072: 7061: 7060: 6957:Enforced breakup 6952:Decentralization 6880:Physical capital 6707: 6706: 6696: 6695: 6494: 6493: 6481: 6480: 6357:Customer service 6273:Residential care 6221:Public relations 6029:Financial advice 6006:Asset management 5801:Department store 5764: 5763: 5751: 5750: 5731:Site preparation 5579:Telecom networks 5547:Waste management 5523:Gas distribution 5207:Synthetic fibers 4934:Industrial gases 4673:Computer systems 4607:Medical supplies 4234: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4214: 4213: 3644:Animal husbandry 3615:Medicinal plants 3501: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3481: 3480: 3465: 3458: 3451: 3442: 3441: 3322: 3313: 3293:Bolus, Malvina. 3263: 3207:Ronda, James P. 3091:Giraud, Marcel. 3042:Martin, Calvin. 2993:White, Richard. 2986:White, Richard. 2934: 2910: 2883:Economic studies 2816: 2795: 2746: 2731: 2702:full text online 2700:2 vols. (1902). 2679: 2678: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2520: 2513:fishwildlife.org 2510: 2502: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2492: 2482: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2432: 2426: 2420:. Archived from 2397: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2370:. Archived from 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2134: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2071:. Archived from 2059: 2053: 2052: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1926:, p. 80-81. 1921: 1915: 1914:, p. 75-80. 1909: 1903: 1902:, p. 41-42. 1897: 1891: 1890:, p. 38-40. 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1854:, p. 29-33. 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1707: 1680:Coureur des bois 1646:trading town of 1632:local extinction 1517:Hawaiian Islands 1513:triangular trade 1450:Aleutian Islands 1337: 1336: 1835–1848 1334: 1285:in the process. 1260:Indian Territory 1242: 1239: 1215:John Jacob Astor 1207:Native Americans 1144: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1093: 1085: 1060:Seven Years' War 830:Coureur des bois 737:Fur-hat industry 683: 594: 566:Khanate of Sibir 551: 548: 535:Stroganov family 524: 523: 1533–1577 521: 517: 489:Khanate of Kazan 439:Hanseatic League 400: 397: 340:Russian Far East 147:A fur trader in 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 32:Fur Trade (band) 21: 11925: 11924: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11916: 11915: 11914: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11873: 11843: 11824: 11767: 11748:Muutoksen kevät 11721: 11654: 11560:Behind the Mask 11475: 11285:Animals' Rights 11236: 11217: 11201: 11108: 11076: 10849: 10823: 10684:Cleveland Amory 10672: 10638:Darren Thurston 10633:Marianne Thieme 10483:Bruce Friedrich 10448:Joey Carbstrong 10433:Brigitte Bardot 10380: 10371:Jon Wynne-Tyson 10261:J. Howard Moore 10206:John Galsworthy 10186:Wilhelm Dietler 10129: 10125:Corey Lee Wrenn 10035:Martha Nussbaum 9945:Lawrence Finsen 9885:Paola Cavalieri 9860:Kristin Andrews 9835: 9825: 9803: 9772: 9751: 9686: 9640: 9582: 9554: 9515:Pain in animals 9491: 9423: 9389:Poultry farming 9308: 9140: 9060: 9049: 9044: 9014: 9009: 8991: 8975: 8888: 8786: 8780: 8748: 8742: 8662: 8638:Ernst von Weber 8573:E. Douglas Hume 8498:Patrick Bateson 8481: 8477:Peter Wohlleben 8422:Virginia Morell 8402:Jeremy Marchant 8397:David Macdonald 8387:Barbara J. King 8307: 8297: 8283:H. Fergie Woods 8153:Shirley McGreal 8048:Basil Goldstone 8018:Alice Drakoules 7948:Gertrude Ansell 7936: 7872:Christine Nicol 7762: 7756: 7675: 7631:RSPCA Australia 7461:Cats Protection 7416:American Humane 7389: 7355:Pain in animals 7347: 7341: 7337:Welfare biology 7250: 7201:Poultry farming 7134: 7129: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7040: 7009:Nationalization 6896: 6866:Primary inputs 6787: 6779: 6712: 6711:Classification 6701: 6682: 6649: 6599: 6583:Social networks 6500: 6488: 6467: 6451:Business travel 6353:Administrative 6342: 6326:Amusement parks 6290: 6282: 6256:Dentist offices 6239: 6109: 6076:Pension funding 6049:Risk management 6034:Holding company 6000: 5940: 5852: 5844: 5816:Specialty store 5811:Online shopping 5758: 5737: 5610: 5497: 5407: 5064: 5022:Pharmaceuticals 4966:Aroma compounds 4902:Petroleum jelly 4832: 4821:Home appliances 4816:Electric motors 4764:spotting scopes 4725:Instrumentation 4638: 4632: 4614:Office supplies 4221: 4200: 4184:Dimension stone 4118:Other minerals 4063:Mining of ores 4011: 3836: 3722: 3669:Other livestock 3555:Permanent crops 3488: 3475: 3469: 3407:Wayback Machine 3395:Wayback Machine 3363: 3279: 3252: 3148: 3074: 3056:Ray, Arthur J. 3004: 2958:Ray, Arthur J. 2908: 2885: 2874:Utley, Robert. 2833: 2813: 2776: 2766:10.2307/2501564 2728: 2708:Dolin, Eric Jay 2693: 2691:General surveys 2688: 2683: 2682: 2675: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2565: 2561: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2518: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2443: 2439: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2375: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2283: 2279: 2242: 2238: 2231: 2223:. p. 463. 2208: 2204: 2189: 2166: 2162: 2145: 2141: 2132: 2130: 2120: 2116: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2078: 2076: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1989: 1988: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1963: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1763: 1759: 1750: 1746: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1722: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1660: 1565:Native Hawaiian 1545:Chinook peoples 1418: 1412: 1378: 1335: 1319:territory, 1875 1306:anthropologists 1299: 1240: 1191:creole language 1155:Fur trading at 1145: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1110: 1094: 1083: 1075:Russian America 960:Treaty of Breda 917:Sir David Kirke 912:Plymouth Colony 786: 731: 725: 677: 602:Altai Mountains 588: 549: 522: 511: 445:valley and the 398: 385: 379: 245: 240: 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11923: 11913: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11900:Animal welfare 11897: 11892: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11871: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11849: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11832: 11830: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11814: 11806: 11798: 11790: 11781: 11779: 11773: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11765: 11758: 11751: 11744: 11737: 11729: 11727: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11719: 11712: 11705: 11698: 11691: 11684: 11677: 11669: 11667: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11652: 11644: 11636: 11628: 11620: 11612: 11604: 11596: 11588: 11580: 11572: 11564: 11556: 11548: 11540: 11532: 11524: 11520:Meet Your Meat 11516: 11508: 11500: 11492: 11483: 11481: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11473: 11465: 11457: 11449: 11441: 11433: 11425: 11417: 11409: 11401: 11393: 11385: 11377: 11369: 11361: 11353: 11345: 11337: 11329: 11321: 11317:The New Ethics 11313: 11305: 11297: 11289: 11281: 11273: 11265: 11257: 11248: 11246: 11238: 11237: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11219: 11218: 11216: 11215: 11209: 11207: 11203: 11202: 11200: 11199: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11163: 11157: 11151: 11148:Animals' Party 11145: 11139: 11133: 11127: 11120: 11118: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11106: 11101: 11095: 11090: 11084: 11082: 11078: 11077: 11075: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10917:AnimaNaturalis 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10887:Animal Justice 10884: 10879: 10874: 10868: 10866: 10859: 10851: 10850: 10837: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10822: 10821: 10819:Gretchen Wyler 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10749:Lewis Gompertz 10746: 10741: 10739:Emarel Freshel 10736: 10731: 10729:Muriel Dowding 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10680: 10678: 10674: 10673: 10671: 10670: 10665: 10663:Gary Yourofsky 10660: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10640: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10578:Ingrid Newkirk 10575: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10518:Charlotte Laws 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10443:Yves Bonnardel 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10418:Martin Balluch 10415: 10410: 10405: 10399: 10397: 10390: 10386: 10385: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10366:Steven M. Wise 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10311:Bernard Rollin 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10273: 10271:Leonard Nelson 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10176:Herman Daggett 10173: 10168: 10166:Priscilla Cohn 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10143: 10141:Jeremy Bentham 10137: 10135: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10055:Jessica Pierce 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9985:Kyle Johannsen 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9910:David DeGrazia 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9850:Carol J. Adams 9846: 9844: 9837: 9827: 9826: 9813: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9780: 9778: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9759: 9757: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9722:Pit of despair 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9698: 9696: 9692: 9691: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9652:Abandoned pets 9648: 9646: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9592: 9590: 9584: 9583: 9581: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9564: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9497:Animal welfare 9493: 9492: 9490: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9472:Model organism 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9433: 9431: 9429:Animal testing 9425: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9404:Working animal 9401: 9396: 9394:Slaughterhouse 9391: 9386: 9381: 9376: 9371: 9369:Insect farming 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9329:Animal product 9325: 9323: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9284:Sentiocentrism 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9192:Animal welfare 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9072: 9070: 9062: 9061: 9051: 9050: 9043: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9020: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9007: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8967: 8962: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8932: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8908: 8902: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8799:Bous al carrer 8796: 8790: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8752: 8750: 8749:considerations 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8708:Animal testing 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8683:Animal killing 8680: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8658:William Youatt 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8623:Colin Spedding 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8578:James Macaulay 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8558:Ralph Fletcher 8555: 8553:George Fleming 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8489: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8472:Jennifer Skiff 8469: 8464: 8462:Matthew Scully 8459: 8454: 8449: 8447:Jessica Pierce 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8367:Temple Grandin 8364: 8359: 8354: 8352:Marian Dawkins 8349: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8318: 8316: 8309: 8303: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8295: 8293:Gretchen Wyler 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8193:Wilfred Risdon 8190: 8185: 8180: 8178:Eliza Phillips 8175: 8170: 8165: 8163:Harriet Nevins 8160: 8155: 8150: 8148:Richard Martin 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8098:Clive Hollands 8095: 8093:Sjoerd Hofstra 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8013:Muriel Dowding 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7983:Roger A. Caras 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7953:Emily Appleton 7950: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7887:Ilka Reinhardt 7884: 7882:Sharon Pincott 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7862:Philip Lymbery 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7812:Kendra Coulter 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7792:Christa Blanke 7789: 7784: 7779: 7773: 7771: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7754: 7751:The Zoophilist 7747: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7723:Human Advocate 7719: 7712: 7705: 7702:Animal Welfare 7698: 7691: 7683: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7476:Cinnamon Trust 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7351: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7272:Animal shelter 7269: 7264: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7146:Abandoned pets 7142: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7132:Animal welfare 7128: 7127: 7120: 7113: 7105: 7096: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7079: 7067: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6987:Temporary work 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6910:Centralization 6906: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6864: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6832: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6794: 6792: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6757: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6726: 6717: 6715: 6703: 6702: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6676:Basic research 6668: 6663: 6657: 6655: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6620: 6615: 6609: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6507: 6505: 6490: 6489: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6445: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6405: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6315: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6297: 6295: 6284: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6249: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6208: 6206:Legal services 6203: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6177:system testing 6166: 6161: 6147: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6119: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6039:Money transfer 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6010: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5950: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5912:Passenger rail 5909: 5904: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5880:Moving company 5877: 5872: 5867: 5856: 5854: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5786:Consumer goods 5783: 5781:Car dealership 5772: 5770: 5760: 5759: 5756:Service sector 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5620: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5576: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5511: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5479: 5474: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5417: 5415: 5413:Heavy industry 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5352:Metal refining 5349: 5348: 5347: 5345:Synthetic gems 5342: 5337: 5328: 5322:Other mineral 5320: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5212:Thermoplastics 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5179: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5092: 5087: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5038:contraceptives 5034: 5032:Blood products 5029: 5019: 5017:Fine chemicals 5014: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4897:Petrochemicals 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4842: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4798: 4788: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4757: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4688: 4687: 4686: 4680: 4675: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4661:Semiconductors 4658: 4656:Circuit boards 4653: 4642: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4604: 4601: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4523:Prefabrication 4520: 4515: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4480: 4470: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4456:Cassette tapes 4450: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4292:Vegetable oils 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4265:Dairy products 4263: 4258: 4253: 4242: 4240: 4238:Light industry 4231: 4223: 4222: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4146: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3820:Wild mushrooms 3817: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3797: 3795:Natural rubber 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3762: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3732: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3719: 3718: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3580:Tropical fruit 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3552: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3513:Arable farming 3509: 3507: 3498: 3490: 3489: 3486:Natural sector 3477: 3476: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3414: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3361:External links 3359: 3358: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3332: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3319:Buckley (1984) 3305: 3298: 3291: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3264: 3251:978-0521371049 3250: 3219: 3214:Weber, David. 3212: 3205: 3202: 3197:Malloy, Mary. 3195: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3135: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3049:Malloy, Mary. 3047: 3040: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3012: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2984: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2949: 2942: 2937:Black, Lydia. 2935: 2901: 2898:978-2840501619 2884: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2872: 2865: 2858: 2851: 2841: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2817: 2811: 2796: 2775:978-0521477710 2774: 2747: 2745:. p. 275. 2732: 2726: 2704: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2673: 2653: 2641: 2634: 2614: 2607: 2586: 2579: 2559: 2545: 2525: 2497: 2487:. 19 July 2001 2469: 2437: 2384: 2353: 2341: 2329: 2317: 2304: 2277: 2264:10.2307/138817 2236: 2229: 2202: 2187: 2160: 2139: 2114: 2099: 2085: 2054: 2039: 2037:, p. 105. 2027: 2015: 2003: 1961: 1940: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1892: 1880: 1868: 1856: 1844: 1832: 1820: 1808: 1801: 1781: 1779:, p. 2–3. 1769: 1757: 1751:Janet Martin, 1744: 1732: 1730:, p. 197. 1720: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1620:Columbia River 1561:Chinook Jargon 1541:Nuu-chah-nulth 1414:Main article: 1411: 1408: 1377: 1374: 1298: 1295: 1157:Fort Nez Percé 1147: 1146: 1097: 1095: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1062:(known as the 1027:deerskin trade 904:Dutch Republic 868:. By 1614 the 814:Saguenay River 785: 782: 727:Main article: 724: 721: 717:promyshlenniki 708:promyshlenniki 704:Promyshlenniki 692:promyshlenniki 669:promyshlenniki 616:Ottoman Turkey 493:Ural Mountains 477:Tatar khanates 381:Main article: 378: 375: 328:Russian Empire 244: 241: 239: 236: 209:South Shetland 163:A fur shop in 155:, in the 1890s 149:Fort Chipewyan 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11922: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11866: 11858: 11857: 11854: 11839: 11838: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11827: 11820: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11799: 11796: 11795: 11794:Tame Yourself 11791: 11788: 11787: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11778: 11774: 11764: 11763: 11759: 11757: 11756: 11755:No Compromise 11752: 11750: 11749: 11745: 11743: 11742: 11738: 11736: 11735: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11724: 11718: 11717: 11713: 11711: 11710: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11697: 11696: 11692: 11690: 11689: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11678: 11676: 11675: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11657: 11650: 11649: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11637: 11634: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11621: 11618: 11617: 11613: 11610: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11569: 11565: 11562: 11561: 11557: 11554: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11533: 11530: 11529: 11525: 11522: 11521: 11517: 11514: 11513: 11509: 11506: 11505: 11501: 11498: 11497: 11493: 11490: 11489: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11471: 11470: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11458: 11455: 11454: 11450: 11447: 11446: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11426: 11423: 11422: 11418: 11415: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11402: 11399: 11398: 11394: 11391: 11390: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11378: 11375: 11374: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11322: 11319: 11318: 11314: 11311: 11310: 11306: 11303: 11302: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11274: 11271: 11270: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11256:(3rd century) 11255: 11254: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11239: 11232: 11228: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11204: 11197: 11194: 11191: 11188: 11186:(Netherlands) 11185: 11182: 11179: 11176: 11173: 11170: 11167: 11164: 11161: 11158: 11155: 11152: 11149: 11146: 11143: 11140: 11137: 11134: 11131: 11128: 11125: 11122: 11121: 11119: 11115: 11105: 11102: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11079: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10912:Animal Rising 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10882:Animal Ethics 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10838: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10779:Jessie Mackay 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10754:James Granger 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10689:Henry B. Amos 10687: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10666: 10664: 10661: 10659: 10658:Louise Wallis 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10641: 10639: 10636: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10623:Kim Stallwood 10621: 10619: 10618:Jasmin Singer 10616: 10614: 10613:Nathan Runkle 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10598:David Olivier 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10478:John Feldmann 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10453:Aymeric Caron 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10423:Carole Baskin 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10326:Laurids Smith 10324: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10296:James Rachels 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10241:John Lawrence 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10151:Brigid Brophy 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10115:Tatjana Višak 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10105:David Sztybel 10103: 10101: 10100:Cass Sunstein 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10065:Mark Rowlands 10063: 10061: 10060:Evelyn Pluhar 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10015:Andrew Linzey 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 10000:Will Kymlicka 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9980:Dale Jamieson 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9960:Valéry Giroux 9958: 9956: 9955:Robert Garner 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9920:Sue Donaldson 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9900:J. M. Coetzee 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9865:Tom Beauchamp 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9832: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9814: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9769: 9768:Hunt sabotage 9766: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9758: 9756:Methodologies 9754: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9643: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9601:Hare coursing 9599: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9585: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9548: 9546: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9344:Chick culling 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9315: 9311: 9305: 9304:Vegetarianism 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9202:Anthrozoology 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9172:Animal ethics 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9047:Animal rights 9041: 9036: 9034: 9029: 9027: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9006: 8998: 8997: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8978: 8972:(Philippines) 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8960: 8957: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8942: 8939: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8895: 8891: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8879:Toro embolado 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8854:October Horse 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8829:Goose pulling 8827: 8825: 8824:Goat throwing 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8804:Cock throwing 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8688:Animal rights 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8648:Frans de Waal 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8618:Chris Sherwin 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8563:Ruth Harrison 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8528:Gerald Carson 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8518:Arthur Broome 8516: 8514: 8513:Edward Berdoe 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8442:Dale Peterson 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8417:Sy Montgomery 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8332:Michael Balls 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8322:Arnold Arluke 8320: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8310: 8304: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8198:Peter Roberts 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8053:Julia Goddard 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8023:Sarah J. Eddy 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7973:Mary Brancker 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7917:Karen Stockin 7915: 7913: 7912:Rakesh Shukla 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7902:Sepehr Salimi 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7892:Jill Robinson 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7877:Wayne Pacelle 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7867:Damien Mander 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7852:Kathrin Glock 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7842:Alison Hanlon 7840: 7838: 7837:Celia Hammond 7835: 7833: 7832:Robin Ganzert 7830: 7828: 7827:Alanna Devine 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7746: 7745: 7741: 7739: 7738: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7709:AWI Quarterly 7706: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7521:Humane Canada 7519: 7517: 7516:Hedgehog Care 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7441:Band of Mercy 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394:Organisations 7392: 7386: 7385:Grimace scale 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7312:Five freedoms 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7282:Anthrozoology 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7196:Dairy farming 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7156:Chick culling 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7090: 7089: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7056: 7055: 7051: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7024:Privatization 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6798:Externalities 6796: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6759:Market-based 6758: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6697: 6693: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530:Audio-visual 6529: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6289: 6288:Entertainment 6285: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6044:Payment cards 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5979:Food delivery 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5959:Drink service 5957: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5853:& Storage 5851: 5847: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:Grocery store 5794: 5792: 5791:General store 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5477:Rail vehicles 5475: 5473: 5469: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5450:wind turbines 5447: 5444: 5442: 5441:Machine tools 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5331:Carbon fibers 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5048:Illegal drugs 5046: 5044: 5043:Generic drugs 5041: 5039: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4961:Agrochemicals 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4945: 4944:Pure elements 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4912:Synthetic oil 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4774:Lens grinding 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Mobile phones 4694: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4684:storage media 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639:& optical 4635: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4466:Optical discs 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4309:Bottled water 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4230:Manufacturing 4228: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4211: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3990:Sea cucumbers 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3654:Dairy farming 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3628: 3625: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3560:Apples et al. 3558: 3557: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3454: 3452: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3336:Eccles, W. J. 3333: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3098:Gitlin, Jay. 3097: 3094: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3045: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3005: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2915: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2886: 2877: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2805:. Routledge. 2804: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2676: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2618: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2590: 2582: 2580:0-7748-0613-3 2576: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2549: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2529: 2514: 2507: 2501: 2486: 2479: 2473: 2459:on 2013-01-18 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2441: 2427:on 2013-05-14 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2388: 2374:on 2012-11-03 2373: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2357: 2351:, p. 95. 2350: 2345: 2339:, p. 94. 2338: 2333: 2326: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2248: 2240: 2232: 2230:9780802081964 2226: 2222: 2219:. New Haven: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2188:9780771074561 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2164: 2157:. p. 20. 2156: 2152: 2151: 2150:The Fur Trade 2143: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2110: 2103: 2095: 2089: 2075:on 2009-02-26 2074: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2058: 2050: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2025:, p. 46. 2024: 2019: 2013:, p. 16. 2012: 2007: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1972: 1965: 1958: 1951: 1944: 1938:, p. 74. 1937: 1932: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1908: 1901: 1896: 1889: 1884: 1878:, p. 73. 1877: 1872: 1866:, p. 38. 1865: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1842:, p. 10. 1841: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1818:, p. 28. 1817: 1812: 1804: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1785: 1778: 1773: 1767:, p. 17. 1766: 1761: 1755:(2004) p. 204 1754: 1748: 1741: 1736: 1729: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1702: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1640:Canton System 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1521:Western world 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1329: 1325: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:United States 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1196: 1195:First Nations 1192: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1153: 1143: 1140: 1132: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1098:This section 1096: 1092: 1087: 1086: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1071:United States 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1001: 995: 993: 989: 984: 983:Lake Superior 980: 976: 967: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 922: 918: 913: 909: 905: 897: 893: 892:Rupert's Land 889: 885: 883: 879: 875: 874:New Amsterdam 871: 867: 863: 859: 858:Adriaen Block 854: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 834:Étienne Brûlé 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 795: 794:Nanfan Treaty 790: 781: 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751:United States 748: 744: 735: 730: 720: 718: 712: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 684: 681: 676: 671: 670: 664: 662: 658: 653: 648: 644: 640: 632: 628: 624: 620: 617: 613: 612: 605: 603: 599: 595: 592: 587: 578: 573: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 544: 540: 539:khan of Sibir 536: 532: 528: 515: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 443:Pechora River 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 415:trading posts 412: 408: 394: 389: 384: 374: 371: 366: 364: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 235: 233: 229: 225: 224:Animal rights 221: 216: 214: 210: 206: 205:North America 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 178: 173: 166: 161: 154: 150: 145: 141: 133: 130: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 11835: 11816: 11808: 11800: 11792: 11784: 11760: 11753: 11746: 11739: 11732: 11714: 11707: 11700: 11693: 11686: 11679: 11672: 11646: 11638: 11630: 11622: 11614: 11606: 11598: 11590: 11582: 11574: 11566: 11558: 11550: 11542: 11534: 11526: 11518: 11510: 11502: 11494: 11486: 11467: 11459: 11451: 11443: 11435: 11427: 11419: 11411: 11403: 11395: 11387: 11379: 11371: 11363: 11355: 11347: 11339: 11331: 11323: 11315: 11307: 11299: 11291: 11283: 11275: 11267: 11259: 11251: 11104:Oxford Group 10972:Every Animal 10865:Contemporary 10814:Andrew Tyler 10804:Nell Shipman 10744:André Géraud 10653:Jerry Vlasak 10628:Lynda Stoner 10603:Alex Pacheco 10533:Evanna Lynch 10528:Howard Lyman 10513:Wayne Hsiung 10473:Chris DeRose 10463:Rod Coronado 10396:Contemporary 10336:Thomas Tryon 10256:Mary Midgley 10251:Jean Meslier 10231:Soame Jenyns 10221:John Hildrop 10216:Arthur Helps 10181:Richard Dean 10156:Peter Buchan 10095:Gary Steiner 10090:Peter Singer 10085:Jérôme Segal 10050:David Pearce 10040:Clare Palmer 10030:David Nibert 10020:Clair Linzey 9930:Joan Dunayer 9855:Aysha Akhtar 9843:Contemporary 9712:McLibel case 9667:Animal trial 9626:Seal hunting 9588:Wild animals 9573:Fishing bait 9535:Pain in fish 9363: 9354:Fish farming 9334:Battery cage 9254:Meat paradox 9211: 9152:Abolitionism 8548:Audrey Eyton 8503:Beddow Bayly 8467:Paul Shapiro 8432:Clare Palmer 8412:Daniel Mills 8407:Jeff McMahan 8372:Celia Haddon 8362:Jane Goodall 8347:Donald Broom 8315:Contemporary 8253:Ethel Venton 8248:Sidney Trist 8218:Herbert Snow 8118:Titus Lander 8113:Albert Knapp 8103:John A. Hoyt 8073:Peter Gurney 8058:Robert Gower 8003:Maria Dickin 7993:Brian Davies 7922:Patti Strand 7897:Naomi Sagara 7822:Petra Deimer 7770:Contemporary 7749: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7721: 7716:Cruel Sports 7714: 7707: 7700: 7693: 7686: 7680:Publications 7646:Tiggywinkles 7586:MSPCA-Angell 7436:Badger Trust 7375:Pain in fish 7327:Rescue group 7151:Blood sports 7087: 7075: 7063: 6982:Spinning-off 6967:Homesteading 6920:Conglomerate 6902:Organization 6855:Raw material 6850:Intermediate 6729: 6728: 6551:Broadcasting 6456:Cruise lines 6426:Maid service 6416:Dry cleaning 6387:Maintenance 6150:Architecture 6115:Professional 5934:Self storage 5838:Distribution 5616:Construction 5461:Other heavy 5386:Formed metal 5340:Mineral wool 5262:Safety glass 5233:Fused quartz 5228:Borosilicate 4892:Paraffin wax 4847:oil refining 4826:Transformers 4592:Other goods 4578:Stonemasonry 4558:Glassblowing 4543:Blow molding 4502:Locksmithing 4478:Boilermaking 4027:Fossil fuels 3825:Fungiculture 3780:Gutta-percha 3770:Frankincense 3765:Tree tapping 3736:Silviculture 3716:Fur trapping 3627:Horticulture 3575:Stone fruits 3428: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3328: 3309: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3269: 3228: 3215: 3208: 3198: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3156: 3152: 3138: 3127: 3121:Ethnohistory 3120: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3078: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3036: 3029: 3022: 3015: 3008: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2973: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2945: 2938: 2918: 2912: 2889: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2855:Bent’s Fort. 2854: 2847: 2844:Hafen, LeRoy 2837: 2836:Berry, Don. 2821: 2801: 2752: 2737: 2712: 2697: 2686:Bibliography 2663: 2656: 2644: 2624: 2617: 2597: 2589: 2569: 2562: 2548: 2537: 2528: 2517:. 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Toronto: 1828:Naumov 2006 1765:Fisher 1943 1740:Fisher 1943 1728:Fisher 1943 1685:Fur brigade 1665:Beaver Wars 1593:John Webber 1580:across the 1549:potlatching 1525:New England 1509:colonialism 1394:Nova Scotia 1241: 1845 1182:hypodescent 1175:patrilineal 1012:Netherlands 948:New England 878:Fort Orange 850:Amerindians 774:castor gras 770:castor gras 678: [ 629:collecting 589: [ 550: 1581 512: [ 399: 1400 352:Novosibirsk 314:and stoat ( 265:Kievan Rus' 203:, northern 78:"Fur trade" 11884:Categories 11648:Seaspiracy 11552:Earthlings 11192:(Portugal) 11166:DierAnimal 11081:Historical 10877:Animal Aid 10769:Marie Huot 10714:Joan Court 10694:Bob Barker 10677:Historical 10563:Luísa Mell 10543:Keith Mann 10538:Bill Maher 10523:Ronnie Lee 10493:Tal Gilboa 10468:Karen Dawn 10408:Greg Avery 10286:Rod Preece 10201:T. Forster 10161:Mona Caird 10134:Historical 9995:Hilda Kean 9965:Lori Gruen 9299:Vegaphobia 9289:Speciesism 9182:Animal law 8671:Categories 8653:Hugh Wirth 8568:C. W. Hume 8486:Historical 8382:Erich Hoyt 8377:Jane Hurst 8203:Jan Salter 8168:Felix Ortt 8128:Etta Lemon 8123:Carla Lane 7988:Jim Cronin 7941:Historical 7847:Brian Hare 7481:Dogs Trust 7451:Blue Cross 7206:Puppy mill 6892:Technology 6862:Innovation 6823:Well-being 6633:University 6566:Television 6503:Mass media 6498:Publishing 6336:Nightclubs 6245:Healthcare 6216:Consulting 6211:Management 6159:Inspection 6143:Tax advice 6123:Accounting 6054:Securities 5870:Intermodal 5806:Mail order 5701:Demolition 5634:Industrial 5629:Commercial 5552:Collection 5403:Cast metal 5289:Refractory 5257:fiberglass 5253:Glass wool 5216:thermosets 5192:Engineered 5121:Engineered 5116:Sawmilling 5010:Toiletries 4981:Explosives 4801:Electrical 4784:Telescopes 4651:Components 4409:Shoemaking 4127:Phosphorus 4020:Geological 3970:Microalgae 3813:Pine resin 3800:Palm sugar 3775:Gum arabic 3689:Beekeeping 3528:Vegetables 3473:industries 2519:2023-04-07 2491:2023-04-07 2463:2013-03-12 2431:2019-07-22 2378:2019-07-22 2349:White 1991 2337:White 1991 2325:White 1984 2258:: 46, 47. 2133:2021-11-29 2079:2019-07-22 2035:Dolin 2010 2023:Dolin 2010 2011:Dolin 2010 1980:2024-06-09 1697:References 1624:Cook Inlet 1612:sea otters 1606:subspecies 1582:Deep South 1505:capitalism 1480:, in 1812. 1448:along the 1434:sea otters 1246:After the 988:Hudson Bay 944:Hudson Bay 832:, such as 802:New France 633:in Siberia 417:along the 411:White Lake 300:Arctic fox 207:, and the 195:, furs of 189:animal fur 89:newspapers 18:Fur Trader 11890:Fur trade 11802:Manifesto 11741:Bite Back 11726:Magazines 11600:Vegucated 11198:(Germany) 11196:V-Partei³ 11174:(Germany) 11168:(Belgium) 11144:(Finland) 10967:Equanimal 10573:Morrissey 10548:Jim Mason 10503:Mark Gold 10438:Gene Baur 10413:Matt Ball 10389:Activists 10301:Tom Regan 10080:Jeff Sebo 10025:Dan Lyons 9834:Academics 9822:Advocates 9677:Live food 9477:Nafovanny 9384:Livestock 9364:Fur trade 9339:Bile bear 9274:Personism 9069:Overviews 8787:festivals 8747:Religious 8728:Fur trade 7761:Activists 7506:Four Paws 7446:Battersea 7246:Barn fire 6994:Ownership 6940:Monopsony 6818:Pollution 6803:Community 6713:standards 6618:Secondary 6605:Education 6588:Streaming 6261:Hospitals 6252:Medicine 6228:Marketing 6164:Surveying 6128:Assurance 6098:Brokerage 6061:Insurance 5989:Teahouses 5974:Fast food 5865:Air cargo 5850:Transport 5833:Brokerage 5823:Wholesale 5711:Elevators 5696:Cabinetry 5624:Buildings 5604:Telephone 5599:Satellite 5567:Recycling 5562:Hazardous 5528:Renewable 5507:Utilities 5468:Aerospace 5436:Hydraulic 5426:Conveyors 5421:Machinery 5326:Abrasives 5284:Porcelain 5238:Soda-lime 5197:Specialty 5187:Commodity 5148:Cardboard 5131:Composite 5069:Materials 4986:Fireworks 4976:Cosmetics 4956:Adhesives 4838:Chemicals 4796:Batteries 4668:Computers 4603:Jewellery 4589:Furniture 4573:Sintering 4553:Extrusion 4507:Machining 4483:Builders' 4436:Engraving 4431:Embossing 4414:Tailoring 4399:Hatmaking 4299:Beverages 4282:Preserved 4179:Limestone 4149:Quarrying 4122:Gemstones 4092:Palladium 4057:Tar sands 4052:Petroleum 4047:Oil shale 3893:Swordfish 3853:Anchovies 3694:Cochineal 3130:Amherst: 2925:: 72–85. 2792:164630981 2649:Fur trade 2418:1705-4273 2295:See also 2293:(1): 123. 1644:Mongolian 1636:Guangzhou 1604:sea otter 1478:Fort Ross 1446:Kamchatka 1283:New River 1187:Red River 1129:June 2016 1100:does not 826:voyageurs 818:Tadoussac 320:sea otter 312:sea otter 288:squirrels 228:synthetic 185:fur trade 119:June 2016 11865:Category 11734:Arkangel 11666:Journals 11640:Dominion 11576:The Cove 11206:Activism 11150:(Sweden) 11138:(Canada) 11132:(Europe) 10846:Movement 10376:Voltaire 9294:Veganism 9244:Ethology 9145:Concepts 9005:Category 8839:Kapparot 8771:Shechita 8756:Dhabihah 8306:Scholars 7255:Concepts 7064:Category 6935:Monopoly 6887:Services 6666:Language 6661:Creative 6645:Tutoring 6623:Tertiary 6593:Websites 6573:Internet 6524:Software 6510:Written 6431:Pet care 6391:Janitors 6381:security 6372:Staffing 6301:Gambling 6194:Interior 6175:, & 6169:Physical 6081:Property 5969:Catering 5902:Airlines 5890:Trucking 5726:Plumbing 5681:Dredging 5656:Railways 5589:Internet 5584:Cable TV 5518:Electric 5463:vehicles 5362:Aluminum 5269:Ceramics 5182:Plastics 5095:Currying 5085:deliming 5058:Vaccines 5000:Perfumes 4939:Pigments 4882:Kerosene 4877:Jet fuel 4872:Gasoline 4867:Fuel oil 4599:Bicycles 4513:smithing 4421:Printing 4379:Clothing 4347:Spinning 4327:Textiles 4277:Prepared 4097:Platinum 4067:Aluminum 3995:Scallops 3908:Lobsters 3883:Mackerel 3863:Sardines 3830:Truffles 3806:, & 3753:Firewood 3728:Forestry 3538:Oilseeds 3403:Archived 3391:Archived 2931:40316350 2710:(2010). 2539:Fox News 2171:(1967). 1992:cite web 1658:See also 1553:epidemic 1488:and the 1465:and the 1266:, where 1213:In 1834 954:region. 936:Winnipeg 908:Virginia 846:Le Sueur 842:La Salle 838:Radisson 810:Henry IV 806:monopoly 778:Huguenot 627:Cossacks 562:voivodas 423:Vychegda 407:Novgorod 393:Novgorod 342:and the 220:trapping 11180:(Italy) 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