635:
20:
523:
190:
333:) added to every sample. The difference in measurements between the two assays is indicative of peroxidase activity. Enzyme assays typically apply proxies that reveal exo-acting activities of enzymes. Exo-acting enzymes hydrolyze substrates from the terminal position. While activity of endo-acting enzymes which break down polymers midchain need to be represented by other substrate proxies. New enzyme assays aim to capture the diversity of enzymes and assess the potential activity of them in a more clear way.
502:
291:
257:, expression of manganese-peroxidase is induced by the presence of manganese, hydrogen peroxide and lignin, while laccase is induced by availability of phenolic compounds. Production of lignin-peroxidase and manganese-peroxidase is the hallmark of basidiomycetes and is often used to assess basidiomycete activity, especially in biotechnology applications. Most white-rot species also produce laccase, a copper-containing enzyme that degrades polymeric lignin and
168:, soil temperature, moisture content, and plant litter type and quality have the potential to alter exoenzyme expression and activity. Variations in seasonal temperatures can shift metabolic needs of microorganisms in synchrony with shifts in plant nutrient requirements. Agricultural practices such as fertilizer amendments and tillage can change the spatial distribution of resources, resulting in altered exoenzyme activity in the
235:(Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), white rot (Basidiomycota) and soft rot (Ascomycota) based on the appearance of the decaying material. Brown rot fungi preferentially attack cellulose and hemicellulose; while white rot fungi degrade cellulose and lignin. To degrade cellulose, basidiomycetes employ hydrolytic enzymes, such as
161:. In addition, the expression of genes that encode for enzymes is typically regulated by the availability of a given substrate. For example, presence of a low-molecular weight soluble substrate such as glucose will inhibit enzyme production by repressing the transcription of associated cellulose-degrading enzymes.
148:
when the substrate is abundant. This sensitivity to the presence of varying concentrations of substrate allows fungi to respond dynamically to the changing availability of specific resources. Benefits of exoenzyme production can also be lost after secretion because the enzymes are liable to denature,
127:
soil microorganisms is essential for nutrient turnover and energy transfer in terrestrial ecosystems. Exoenzymes also aid digestion in the guts of ruminants, termites, humans and herbivores. By hydrolyzing plant cell wall polymers, microbes release energy that has the potential to be used by humans
152:
Enzyme production and secretion is an energy intensive process and, because it consumes resources otherwise available for reproduction, there is evolutionary pressure to conserve those resources by limiting production. Thus, while most microorganisms can assimilate simple monomers, degradation of
264:
Brown-rot basidiomycetes are most commonly found in coniferous forests, and are so named because they degrade wood to leave a brown residue that crumbles easily. Preferentially attacking hemicellulose in wood, followed by cellulose, these fungi leave lignin largely untouched. The decayed wood of
144:. Microorganisms differ in their ability to break down these different substrates and few organisms have the potential to degrade all the available plant cell wall materials. To detect the presence of complex polymers, some exoenzymes are produced constitutively at low levels, and expression is
197:
Most of the extracellular enzymes involved in polymer degradation in leaf litter and soil have been ascribed to fungi. By adapting their metabolism to the availability of varying amounts of carbon and nitrogen in the environment, fungi produce a mixture of oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes to
3391:
Ravalason, Holy; Jan, Gwénaël; Mollé, Daniel; Pasco, Maryvonne; Coutinho, Pedro M.; Lapierre, Catherine; Pollet, Brigitte; Bertaud, Frédérique; Petit-Conil, Michel; Grisel, Sacha; Sigoillot, Jean-Claude; Asther, Marcel; Herpoël-Gimbert, Isabelle (2008). "Secretome analysis of
Phanerochaete
243:
and β-glucosidase. Production of endoglucanases is widely distributed among fungi and cellobiohydrolases have been isolated in multiple white-rot fungi and in plant pathogens. β-glucosidases are secreted by many wood-rotting fungi, both white and brown rot fungi,
198:
efficiently break down lignocelluloses like wood. During plant litter degradation, cellulose and other labile substrates are degraded first followed by lignin depolymerization with increased oxidative enzyme activity and shifts in microbial community composition.
3018:
Hassett, John E.; Zak, Donald R.; Blackwood, Christopher B.; Pregitzer, Kurt S. (2008). "Are
Basidiomycete Laccase Gene Abundance and Composition Related to Reduced Lignolytic Activity Under Elevated Atmospheric NO3 − Deposition in a Northern Hardwood Forest?".
336:
With newer technologies available, molecular methods to quantify abundance of enzyme-coding genes are used to link enzymes with their producers in soil environments. Transcriptome analyses are now employed to examine genetic controls of enzyme expression, while
2208:
Kusuda, Mizuho; Ueda, Mitsuhiro; Konishi, Yasuhito; Araki, Yoshihito; Yamanaka, Katsuji; Nakazawa, Masami; Miyatake, Kazutaka; Terashita, Takao (2006). "Detection of β-glucosidase as saprotrophic ability from an ectomycorrhizal mushroom, Tricholoma matsutake".
1572:
Wallenstein, Matthew D.; Haddix, Michelle L.; Lee, Daniel D.; Conant, Richard T.; Paul, Eldor A. (2012). "A litter-slurry technique elucidates the key role of enzyme production and microbial dynamics in temperature sensitivity of organic matter decomposition".
802:
Burns, Richard G.; DeForest, Jared L.; Marxsen, Jürgen; Sinsabaugh, Robert L.; Stromberger, Mary E.; Wallenstein, Matthew D.; Weintraub, Michael N.; Zoppini, Annamaria (2013). "Soil enzymes in a changing environment: Current knowledge and future directions".
2075:
Courty, P. E.; Hoegger, P. J.; Kilaru, S.; Kohler, A.; Buée, M.; Garbaye, J.; Martin, F.; Kües, U. (2009). "Phylogenetic analysis, genomic organization, and expression analysis of multi-copper oxidases in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomyceteLaccaria bicolor".
298:
Methods for estimating soil enzyme activities involve sample harvesting prior to analysis, mixing of samples with buffers and the use of substrate. Results can be influenced by: sample transport from field-site, storage methods, pH conditions for
176:
to enzyme catalysis and also increases loss of soluble monomers via diffusion. Additionally, osmotic shock resulting from water potential changes can impact enzyme activities as microbes redirect energy from enzyme production to synthesizing
3576:"Quantification of the Influence of Extracellular Laccase and Intracellular Reactions on the Isomer-Specific Biotransformation of the Xenoestrogen Technical Nonylphenol by the Aquatic Hyphomycete Clavariopsis aquatica"
634:
1177:
Crecchio, Carmine; Curci, Magda; Pizzigallo, Maria D.R.; Ricciuti, Patrizia; Ruggiero, Pacifico (2004). "Effects of municipal solid waste compost amendments on soil enzyme activities and bacterial genetic diversity".
4183:
Zak, Donald R.; Pregitzer, Kurt S.; Burton, Andrew J.; Edwards, Ivan P.; Kellner, Harald (2011). "Microbial responses to a changing environment: implications for the future functioning of terrestrial ecosystems".
2699:
German, Donovan P.; Weintraub, Michael N.; Grandy, A. Stuart; Lauber, Christian L.; Rinkes, Zachary L.; Allison, Steven D. (2011). "Optimization of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme methods for ecosystem studies".
3910:
Powlson, D.S.; Gregory, P.J.; Whalley, W.R.; Quinton, J.N.; Hopkins, D.W.; Whitmore, A.P.; Hirsch, P.R.; Goulding, K.W.T. (2011). "Soil management in relation to sustainable agriculture and ecosystem services".
3725:
M., Kissi; M., Mountadar; O., Assobhei; E., Gargiulo; G., Palmieri; P., Giardina; G., Sannia (2001). "Roles of two white-rot basidiomycete fungi in decolorisation and detoxification of olive mill waste water".
3871:
Udawatta, Ranjith P.; Kremer, Robert J.; Garrett, Harold E.; Anderson, Stephen H. (2009). "Soil enzyme activities and physical properties in a watershed managed under agroforestry and row-crop systems".
115:
Biopolymers are structurally complex and require the combined actions of a community of diverse microorganisms and their secreted exoenzymes to depolymerize the polysaccharides into easily assimilable
325:(2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid). Peroxidase activity is measured by running the phenol oxidase assay concurrently with another assay with L-DOPA and hydrogen peroxide (H
1429:
Baldrian, Petr; Kolařík, Miroslav; Štursová, Martina; Kopecký, Jan; Valášková, Vendula; Větrovský, Tomáš; Žifčáková, Lucia; Šnajdr, Jaroslav; Rídl, Jakub; Vlček, Čestmír; Voříšková, Jana (2011).
136:
Extracellular enzyme production supplements the direct uptake of nutrients by microorganisms and is linked to nutrient availability and environmental conditions. The varied chemical structure of
317:
Oxidative enzymes such as phenol oxidase and peroxidase mediate lignin degradation and humification. Phenol oxidase activity is quantified by oxidation of L-3, 4-dihydoxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA),
4085:
Gillabel, Jeroen; Cebrian-Lopez, Beatriz; Six, Johan; Merckx, Roel (2010). "Experimental evidence for the attenuating effect of SOM protection on temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition".
1743:
Poll, C.; Thiede, A.; Wermbter, N.; Sessitsch, A.; Kandeler, E. (2003). "Micro-scale distribution of microorganisms and microbial enzyme activities in a soil with long-term organic amendment".
1529:
DeForest, Jared L.; Smemo, Kurt A.; Burke, David J.; Elliott, Homer L.; Becker, Jane C. (2011). "Soil microbial responses to elevated phosphorus and pH in acidic temperate deciduous forests".
3070:
Lauber, Christian L.; Sinsabaugh, Robert L.; Zak, Donald R. (2008). "Laccase Gene
Composition and Relative Abundance in Oak Forest Soil is not Affected by Short-Term Nitrogen Fertilization".
1259:
Allison, Steven D.; LeBauer, David S.; Ofrecio, M. Rosario; Reyes, Randy; Ta, Anh-Minh; Tran, Tri M. (2009). "Low levels of nitrogen addition stimulate decomposition by boreal forest fungi".
209:
to weaken the plant cell wall and uncover hemicellulose and cellulose to further enzymatic degradation. Degradation of lignin is catalyzed by enzymes that oxidase aromatic compounds, such as
2840:
DeForest, Jared L. (2009). "The influence of time, storage temperature, and substrate age on potential soil enzyme activity in acidic forest soils using MUB-linked substrates and l-DOPA".
889:
Allison, S.D.; et al. (2007). "Soil enzymes: linking proteomics and ecological processes". In Hurst, CJ.; Crawford, RL.; Garland, JL.; Lipson DA.; Mills, AL; Stetzenbach, LD (eds.).
1378:
Allison, Steven D.; Weintraub, Michael N.; Gartner, Tracy B.; Waldrop, Mark P. (2010). "Evolutionary-Economic
Principles as Regulators of Soil Enzyme Production and Ecosystem Function".
3777:
Whiteley, C.G.; Burgess, J.E.; Melamane, X.; Pletschke, B.; Rose, P.D. (2003). "The enzymology of sludge solubilisation utilising sulphate-reducing systems: the properties of lipases".
3946:
Trasar-Cepeda, C.; Leirós, M.C.; Gil-Sotres, F. (2008). "Hydrolytic enzyme activities in agricultural and forest soils. Some implications for their use as indicators of soil quality".
1608:
Fioretto, A.; Papa, S.; Curcio, E.; Sorrentino, G.; Fuggi, A. (2000). "Enzyme dynamics on decomposing leaf litter of Cistus incanus and Myrtus communis in a
Mediterranean ecosystem".
914:
Gessner, Mark O.; Swan, Christopher M.; Dang, Christian K.; McKie, Brendan G.; Bardgett, Richard D.; Wall, Diana H.; Hättenschwiler, Stephan (2010). "Diversity meets decomposition".
3991:
Jones, Chris D.; Cox, Peter; Huntingford, Chris (2003). "Uncertainty in climate-carbon-cycle projections associated with the sensitivity of soil respiration to temperature".
2254:"Degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses by the brown rot fungus Piptoporus betulinus - production of extracellular enzymes and characterization of the major cellulases"
1690:; Houlton, Benjamin Z; Wallenstein, Matthew D (2011). "Responses and feedbacks of coupled biogeochemical cycles to climate change: examples from terrestrial ecosystems".
522:
1643:
Waldrop, Mark P.; Zak, Donald R. (2006). "Response of
Oxidative Enzyme Activities to Nitrogen Deposition Affects Soil Concentrations of Dissolved Organic Carbon".
3690:
Durán, Nelson; Esposito, Elisa (2000). "Potential applications of oxidative enzymes and phenoloxidase-like compounds in wastewater and soil treatment: a review".
1786:
Fierer, N; Schimel, JP (2003). "A proposed mechanism for the pulse of carbon dioxide production commonly observed following the rapid rewetting of a dry soil".
153:
polymers is specialized, and few organisms can degrade recalcitrant polymers like cellulose and lignin. Each microbial species carries specific combinations of
3172:
Wallenstein, Matthew D.; Weintraub, Michael N. (2008). "Emerging tools for measuring and modeling the in situ activity of soil extracellular enzymes".
2491:
Hammel, Kenneth E.; Kapich, Alexander N.; Jensen, Kenneth A.; Ryan, Zachary C. (2002). "Reactive oxygen species as agents of wood decay by fungi".
2127:
Martinez, AT; et al. (2005). "Biodegradation of lignocellulosics: microbial, chemical, and enzymatic aspects of the fungal attack of lignin".
4226:
4034:
Kirschbaum, Miko U. F. (2004). "Soil respiration under prolonged soil warming: are rate reductions caused by acclimation or substrate loss?".
2875:
Arnosti, C.; Bell, C.; Moorhead, D. L.; Sinsabaugh, R. L.; Steen, A. D.; Stromberger, M.; Wallenstein, M.; Weintraub, M. N. (January 2014).
2877:"Extracellular enzymes in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments: perspectives on system variability and common research needs"
1981:
Ridley, Brent L; O'Neill, Malcolm A; Mohnen, Debra (2001). "Pectins: structure, biosynthesis, and oligogalacturonide-related signaling".
2032:
Lagaert, Stijn; Beliën, Tim; Volckaert, Guido (2009). "Plant cell walls: Protecting the barrier from degradation by microbial enzymes".
271:, is used extensively in industrial applications as a source for cellulases and hemicellulases. Laccase activity has been documented in
1123:
Shackle, V.; Freeman, C.; Reynolds, B. (2006). "Exogenous enzyme supplements to promote treatment efficiency in constructed wetlands".
957:
Krause, Denis O; Denman, Stuart E; Mackie, Roderick I; Morrison, Mark; Rae, Ann L; Attwood, Graeme T; McSweeney, Christopher S (2003).
1343:
Schimel, J (2003). "The implications of exoenzyme activity on microbial carbon and nitrogen limitation in soil: a theoretical model".
2735:
Sinsabaugh, Robert L.; Linkins, Arthur E. (1990). "Enzymic and chemical analysis of particulate organic matter from a boreal river".
1878:
Hättenschwiler, Stephan; Tiunov, Alexei V.; Scheu, Stefan (2005). "Biodiversity and Litter
Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems".
3828:
Kikot, G.E.; et al. (2009). "Contributions of cell wall degrading enzymes to pathogenesis of
Fusarium graminearum: a review".
3443:
Witayakran, Suteera; Ragauskas, Arthur J. (2009). "Modification of high-lignin softwood kraft pulp with laccase and amino acids".
3356:
Seidl, Verena (2008). "Chitinases of filamentous fungi: a large group of diverse proteins with multiple physiological functions".
3121:
Morozova, Olena; Hirst, Martin; Marra, Marco A. (2009). "Applications of New
Sequencing Technologies for Transcriptome Analysis".
2371:
201:
In plant cell walls, cellulose and hemicellulose is embedded in a pectin scaffold that requires pectin degrading enzymes, such as
4240:
1405:
1294:
Klonowska, Agnieszka; Gaudin, Christian; Fournel, André; Asso, Marcel; Le Petit, Jean; Giorgi, Michel; Tron, Thierry (2002).
898:
112:) and break them down into soluble sugars that are subsequently transported into cells to support heterotrophic metabolism.
1486:
Hanif, A (2004). "Induction, production, repression, and de-repression of exoglucanase synthesis in
Aspergillus niger".
1431:"Active and total microbial communities in forest soil are largely different and highly stratified during decomposition"
285:
2770:
Marx, M.-C; Wood, M; Jarvis, S.C (2001). "A microplate fluorimetric assay for the study of enzyme diversity in soils".
3538:
19:
2303:"Regulation of manganese peroxidase gene transcription by hydrogen peroxide, chemical stress, and molecular oxygen"
80:
pool upon senescence and become a source of nutrients and energy for other organisms. Extracellular enzymes target
248:
fungi and in plant pathogens. In addition to cellulose, β-glucosidases can cleave xylose, mannose and galactose.
189:
53:
into simple sugars that enzyme-producing organisms use as a source of carbon, energy, and nutrients. Grouped as
501:
690:
Understanding the implication of microbial responses and its impact on terrestrial ecosystem functioning
253:
41:
into smaller units to be taken up by the cell for growth and assimilation. These enzymes degrade complex
2923:
341:
methods can reveal the presence of enzymes in the environment and link to the organisms producing them.
4296:
286:
Measuring fungal extracellular enzyme activity in soil, plant litter, and other environmental samples
3560:
1388:
3639:
Strong, P. J.; Claus, H. (2011). "Laccase: A Review of Its Past and Its Future in Bioremediation".
2979:"Occurrence of exo- and endopeptidases in dissolved and particulate fractions of coastal seawater"
651:
Impact of temperature and soil respiration on enzymatic activity and its effect on soil fertility
303:, substrate concentrations, temperature at which the assay is run, sample mixing and preparation.
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128:
as biofuel. Other human uses include waste water treatment, composting and bioethanol production.
1946:
Berg, Björn (2000). "Litter decomposition and organic matter turnover in northern forest soils".
1007:
3313:
Biely, Peter; Puchart, Vladimír (2006). "Recent progress in the assays of xylanolytic enzymes".
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Sinsabaugh, Robert L. (2010). "Phenol oxidase, peroxidase and organic matter dynamics of soil".
119:. These microbial communities are ubiquitous in nature, inhabiting both terrestrial and aquatic
1383:
959:"Opportunities to improve fiber degradation in the rumen: microbiology, ecology, and genomics"
483:– part of β-glucosidase family of enzymes and can break down lactose to glucose and galactose
4137:
1891:
3574:
Martin, C.; Corvini, P. F. X.; Vinken, R.; Junghanns, C.; Krauss, G.; Schlosser, D. (2009).
1008:"Metagenomic and functional analysis of hindgut microbiota of a wood-feeding higher termite"
69:, these extracellular enzymes control soil enzyme activity through efficient degradation of
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requires a suite of extracellular enzymes to access the carbon and nutrients embedded in
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Leonowicz, A; et al. (2001). "Fungal laccases: properties and activity on lignin".
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Hofrichter, Martin (2002). "Review: lignin conversion by manganese peroxidase (MnP)".
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Predictions based on soil organic matter decomposition and strategies for mitigation
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2593:"Biocatalytic potential of laccase-like multicopper oxidases from Aspergillus niger"
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and laccases. Many fungi have multiple genes encoding lignin-degrading exoenzymes.
4264:
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2818:
2713:
2536:"Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass: biochemical and molecular perspectives"
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1829:
Boer, Wietse de; Folman, Larissa B.; Summerbell, Richard C.; Boddy, Lynne (2005).
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and then secreted outside the cell, where their function is to break down complex
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2652:"Degradation of the xenoestrogen nonylphenol by aquatic fungi and their laccases"
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1847:
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838:
Cebrian, Just (1999). "Patterns in the Fate of Production in Plant Communities".
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62:
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Sinsabaugh, R. S. (1994). "Enzymic analysis of microbial pattern and process".
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1296:"Characterization of a low redox potential laccase from the basidiomycete C30"
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Wackett, Lawrence P (2008). "Biomass to fuels via microbial transformations".
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Tamayo-Ramos, Juan Antonio; van Berkel, Willem JH; de Graaff, Leo H (2012).
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Ragauskas, A. J. (2006). "The Path Forward for Biofuels and Biomaterials".
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Potential increase in enzymatic activity leading to elevated CO2 emissions
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4255:- searchable enzyme database to access the IUBMB Enzyme Nomenclature List
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597:, pathogen on cereal grains resulting in economic losses in agriculture
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10.1002/1521-4028(200107)41:3/4<185::aid-jobm185>3.0.co;2-t
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Impacts of composting municipal solid waste on soil microbial activity
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245:
120:
89:
54:
4140:(2010). "Soil carbon sequestration in a changing global environment".
3334:
3207:
Lynd, L. R.; Weimer, P. J.; van Zyl, W. H.; Pretorius, I. S. (2002).
2995:
338:
240:
109:
101:
46:
306:
For hydrolytic enzymes, colorimetric assays are required that use a
131:
1703:
851:
178:
141:
116:
105:
93:
1915:"Microbial enzyme-catalyzed processes in soils and their analysis"
4252:
3209:"Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology"
702:
628:
612:
Soil aggregates and water infiltration influence enzyme activity
265:
soft-rot Ascomycetes is brown and soft. One soft-rot Ascomycete,
185:
Extracellular enzyme activity in fungi during plant decomposition
165:
29:
23:
Birch polypore (Piptoporus betulinus) - geograph.org.uk - 1553987
4258:
3776:
314:
assays that use a 4-methylumbelliferone (MUF)-linked substrate.
2590:
1176:
576:
489:
427:
58:
4084:
1428:
1377:
801:
3945:
3870:
2924:"Microbial Extracellular Enzymes and the Marine Carbon Cycle"
2874:
686:
Impact of elevated CO2 on enzyme activity & decomposition
300:
279:
258:
193:
Plant cell showing primary and secondary wall by CarolineDahl
157:
for extracellular enzymes and is adapted to degrade specific
154:
4275:
3909:
3573:
3017:
1607:
4269:
2698:
1742:
322:
3266:"Xylanases, xylanase families and extremophilic xylanases"
3206:
2584:
1571:
1293:
1258:
956:
76:
Plant residues, animals and microorganisms enter the dead
16:
Enzymes produced by fungi and secreted outside their cells
4293:
4182:
4129:
4078:
2074:
1877:
1828:
1528:
4231:
Richard P. Dick (ed.) 2011. Methods in Soil Enzymology.
3641:
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
3264:
Collins, Tony; Gerday, Charles; Feller, Georges (2005).
3165:
2154:
2152:
2150:
1871:
3939:
3436:
1980:
893:(3rd ed.). Washington, DC: ASM. pp. 704–711.
4142:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
3390:
2540:
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology
2490:
2207:
2031:
1685:
1122:
123:. The cycling of elements from dead organic matter by
4287:
4135:
3905:
3903:
3392:
chrysosporium strain CIRM-BRFM41 grown on softwood".
2728:
2245:
2147:
1974:
1565:
1254:
1252:
3171:
3063:
1880:
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
1371:
1172:
1170:
913:
622:
Use of enzyme activity as indicator of soil quality
580:- used in degradation of particulate organic matter
4303:
database for pectinase enzymes and their inhibitors
3990:
3770:
3478:Wilson, David B (2009). "Cellulases and biofuels".
3442:
3263:
3069:
2692:
2161:"Degradation of cellulose by basidiomycetous fungi"
1422:
1287:
797:
795:
4261:– database and related literature of known enzymes
3900:
3864:
3120:
1249:
3683:
3567:
3257:
3114:
2734:
2399:
2397:
2251:
2158:
2068:
2025:
1785:
1686:Finzi, Adrien C; Austin, Amy T; Cleland, Elsa E;
1522:
1167:
1116:
132:Factors influencing extracellular enzyme activity
4308:
4176:
3384:
3306:
2534:Kumar, Raj; Singh, Sompal; Singh, Om V. (2008).
2484:
2301:Li D, Alic M, Brown JA, Gold MH (January 1995).
1601:
1382:. Soil Biology. Vol. 22. pp. 229–243.
792:
751:
749:
747:
149:degrade or diffuse away from the producer cell.
3632:
2533:
2437:
2435:
2300:
1679:
950:
231:. Traditionally, these fungi are classified as
4027:
3514:
3315:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
3200:
3011:
2976:
2798:
2769:
2527:
2394:
2201:
1822:
1736:
1636:
907:
4276:KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
3689:
2643:
2444:"Fungal laccases – occurrence and properties"
888:
744:
3984:
3312:
3123:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
2833:
2763:
2432:
2034:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
1057:
428:Applications of fungal extracellular enzymes
3638:
2159:Baldrian, Petr; Valášková, Vendula (2008).
1336:
1206:
470:– for production of renewable liquid fuels
4284:searchable database of fungal enzyme genes
4033:
3520:
3471:
3213:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
2804:
2403:
1642:
831:
755:
451:– improve paper quality and smooth fibers
4290:metabolic pathways of different organisms
4278:biochemical pathways and enzymes database
3967:
3874:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
3615:
3349:
3281:
3240:
2994:
2667:
2649:
2626:
2608:
2551:
2459:
2357:
2334:
2269:
2176:
1930:
1846:
1711:
1479:
1462:
1387:
1311:
1063:
974:
565:- removal of pollutants by precipitation
33:or exoenzymes are synthesized inside the
3724:
3718:
2839:
2441:
2126:
1939:
1912:
1892:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.112904.151932
1692:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
1005:
549:– as biotransformers to remove nonionic
536:– to clarify fruit juices and form jams
188:
18:
2921:
1788:Soil Science Society of America Journal
1342:
1212:
837:
456:– soften paper and improving bleaching
4309:
3728:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
3580:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3477:
3394:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
3827:
3355:
2977:Obayashi, Y; Suzuki, S (2008-03-26).
1485:
2948:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142731
2252:Valaskova, V.; Baldrian, P. (2006).
1945:
891:Manual of environmental microbiology
3521:Lalor, Eoin; Goode, Declan (2009).
3135:10.1146/annurev-genom-082908-145957
1215:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
618:Soil fertility and plant production
172:. Introduction of moisture exposes
13:
4215:
3692:Applied Catalysis B: Environmental
2749:10.1111/j.1365-2427.1990.tb00273.x
500:
289:
220:Most efficient wood degraders are
14:
4328:
4246:
1006:Warnecke, F; et al. (2007).
916:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
181:to maintain cellular structures.
164:Environmental conditions such as
4107:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02132.x
4056:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00852.x
4013:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.01440.x
3480:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
2461:10.1111/j.1574-4976.2005.00010.x
2178:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00106.x
2090:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02774.x
1745:European Journal of Soil Science
1313:10.1046/j.1432-1033.2002.03324.x
1300:European Journal of Biochemistry
1125:Science of the Total Environment
633:
521:
321:(1, 2, 3-trihydroxybenzene), or
4233:Soil Science Society of America
3821:
3457:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.10.011
3445:Enzyme and Microbial Technology
2970:
2928:Annual Review of Marine Science
2915:
2868:
2493:Enzyme and Microbial Technology
2406:Enzyme and Microbial Technology
2351:
2294:
2120:
1906:
1779:
1757:10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0569.x
1145:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.09.032
282:and in freshwater ascomycetes.
3225:10.1128/MMBR.66.3.506-577.2002
1500:10.1016/j.biortech.2003.12.013
999:
882:
758:Biology and Fertility of Soils
1:
3960:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.03.015
3948:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
3925:10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.025
3830:Journal of Basic Microbiology
3799:10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00281-6
3704:10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00168-5
3186:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.01.024
3174:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2922:Arnosti, Carol (2011-01-15).
2854:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.02.029
2842:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2819:10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.10.014
2807:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2784:10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00079-7
2772:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2714:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.03.017
2702:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
2505:10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00011-X
2418:10.1016/S0141-0229(01)00528-2
2360:Journal of Basic Microbiology
2327:10.1128/AEM.61.1.341-345.1995
2003:10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00113-3
1960:10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00294-7
1948:Forest Ecology and Management
1622:10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00158-9
1610:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
1587:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.12.009
1575:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
1357:10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00015-4
1345:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
1273:10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.10.032
1261:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
1192:10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.07.016
1180:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
976:10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00072-X
817:10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.11.009
805:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
738:
647:Soil organic matter stability
411:Laccase (polyphenol oxidase)
4198:10.1016/j.funeco.2011.04.001
3492:10.1016/j.copbio.2009.05.007
3283:10.1016/j.femsre.2004.06.005
2046:10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.05.008
1848:10.1016/j.femsre.2004.11.005
1398:10.1007/978-3-642-14225-3_12
310:(p-NP)-linked substrate, or
7:
1919:Plant, Soil and Environment
696:
518:Fruit and jam manufacturing
511:Beer production and malting
254:Phanerochaete chrysosporium
251:In white-rot fungi such as
10:
4333:
4272:database for sequence data
3886:10.1016/j.agee.2008.06.001
2129:International Microbiology
1227:10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.01.025
928:10.1016/j.tree.2010.01.010
392:Polysaccharide-degradation
4154:10.1007/s11027-010-9231-4
3661:10.1080/10643380902945706
3531:10.1002/9781444309935.ch8
3406:10.1007/s00253-008-1596-x
3370:10.1016/j.fbr.2008.03.002
3270:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
3084:10.1007/s00248-008-9437-0
3033:10.1007/s00248-008-9440-5
2983:Aquatic Microbial Ecology
2893:10.1007/s10533-013-9906-5
2553:10.1007/s10295-008-0327-8
2448:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
2223:10.1007/s10267-005-0289-x
2165:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1835:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1657:10.1007/s10021-004-0149-0
1543:10.1007/s10533-011-9619-6
963:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
657:Climate change indicators
438:Enzymes & their uses
418:Pyrogallol, L-DOPA, ABTS
378:Hemicellulose-degradation
275:, in some species in the
100:), amino sugar polymers (
2610:10.1186/1475-2859-11-165
2597:Microbial Cell Factories
2307:Appl. Environ. Microbiol
661:Impact on soil processes
593:produced by fungi, e.g.
586:Phytopathogen management
505:Black Sheep Brewery Tour
488:– in the manufacture of
397:N-acetylglucosaminidase
2442:Baldrian, Petr (2006).
1086:10.1126/science.1114736
840:The American Naturalist
96:), organic phosphates (
4138:Camps Arbestain, Marta
3842:10.1002/jobm.200800231
3358:Fungal Biology Reviews
2650:Junghanns, C. (2005).
1808:10.2136/sssaj2003.0798
1488:Bioresource Technology
506:
295:
194:
24:
4227:Reactions and enzymes
4087:Global Change Biology
4036:Global Change Biology
3740:10.1007/s002530100712
2669:10.1099/mic.0.27431-0
2271:10.1099/mic.0.29149-0
1932:10.17221/134/2009-PSE
1447:10.1038/ismej.2011.95
558:Waste water treatment
504:
364:Cellulose-degradation
293:
192:
22:
3600:10.1128/AEM.00139-09
3525:. pp. 163–194.
3523:Brewing with Enzymes
2778:(12–13): 1633–1640.
1913:Baldrian, P (2009).
595:Fusarium graminearum
4222:Enzyme nomenclature
4099:2010GCBio..16.2789G
4048:2004GCBio..10.1870K
4005:2003TellB..55..642J
3791:2003WatRe..37..289W
3653:2011CREST..41..373S
3592:2009ApEnM..75.4398M
3327:2006JSFA...86.1636B
2940:2011ARMS....3..401A
2319:1995ApEnM..61..341L
1995:2001PChem..57..929R
1800:2003SSASJ..67..798F
1137:2006ScTEn.361...18S
1078:2006Sci...311..484R
1035:10.1038/nature06269
1027:2007Natur.450..560W
603:Resource management
294:Electronic PH meter
174:soil organic matter
4299:2019-09-15 at the
2737:Freshwater Biology
770:10.1007/BF00418675
591:Hydrolytic enzymes
507:
463:Biofuel generation
406:Lignin-degradation
367:Cellobiohydrolase
296:
268:Trichoderma reesei
203:polygalacturonases
195:
25:
4265:Enzyme structures
4241:978-0-89118-854-4
4235:, Wisconsin, USA
4093:(10): 2789–2798.
4042:(11): 1870–1877.
3586:(13): 4398–4409.
3335:10.1002/jsfa.2519
3321:(11): 1636–1647.
3072:Microbial Ecology
3021:Microbial Ecology
2264:(12): 3613–3622.
1616:(13): 1847–1855.
1407:978-3-642-14224-6
1306:(24): 6119–6125.
1186:(10): 1595–1605.
1072:(5760): 484–489.
1021:(7169): 560–565.
900:978-1-55581-379-6
694:
693:
425:
424:
241:cellobiohydrolase
4324:
4210:
4209:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4136:Macías, Felipe;
4133:
4127:
4126:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4031:
4025:
4024:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3954:(9): 2146–2155.
3943:
3937:
3936:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3734:(1–2): 221–226.
3722:
3716:
3715:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3571:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3285:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3180:(9): 2098–2106.
3169:
3163:
3162:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2996:10.3354/ame01169
2974:
2968:
2967:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2848:(6): 1180–1186.
2837:
2831:
2830:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2708:(7): 1387–1397.
2696:
2690:
2689:
2671:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2612:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2555:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2463:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2366:(3–4): 185–227.
2355:
2349:
2348:
2338:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2273:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2180:
2156:
2145:
2144:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2040:(9): 1064–1073.
2029:
2023:
2022:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1850:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1715:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1537:(1–3): 189–202.
1526:
1520:
1519:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1435:The ISME Journal
1426:
1420:
1419:
1391:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1340:
1334:
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1315:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1256:
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1174:
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1164:
1120:
1114:
1113:
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1055:
1054:
1012:
1003:
997:
996:
978:
954:
948:
947:
911:
905:
904:
886:
880:
879:
835:
829:
828:
799:
790:
789:
753:
637:
571:Sludge treatment
525:
498:Brewing industry
444:Paper production
432:
431:
344:
343:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4307:
4306:
4301:Wayback Machine
4249:
4218:
4216:Further reading
4213:
4181:
4177:
4134:
4130:
4083:
4079:
4032:
4028:
3989:
3985:
3944:
3940:
3908:
3901:
3880:(1–2): 98–104.
3869:
3865:
3826:
3822:
3775:
3771:
3723:
3719:
3688:
3684:
3637:
3633:
3572:
3568:
3556:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3519:
3515:
3476:
3472:
3441:
3437:
3389:
3385:
3354:
3350:
3311:
3307:
3262:
3258:
3205:
3201:
3170:
3166:
3119:
3115:
3068:
3064:
3016:
3012:
2975:
2971:
2920:
2916:
2881:Biogeochemistry
2873:
2869:
2838:
2834:
2803:
2799:
2768:
2764:
2733:
2729:
2697:
2693:
2648:
2644:
2589:
2585:
2532:
2528:
2489:
2485:
2440:
2433:
2402:
2395:
2356:
2352:
2299:
2295:
2250:
2246:
2206:
2202:
2157:
2148:
2125:
2121:
2078:New Phytologist
2073:
2069:
2030:
2026:
1979:
1975:
1944:
1940:
1911:
1907:
1876:
1872:
1827:
1823:
1784:
1780:
1741:
1737:
1684:
1680:
1641:
1637:
1606:
1602:
1570:
1566:
1531:Biogeochemistry
1527:
1523:
1484:
1480:
1427:
1423:
1408:
1389:10.1.1.689.2292
1380:Soil Enzymology
1376:
1372:
1341:
1337:
1292:
1288:
1257:
1250:
1211:
1207:
1175:
1168:
1121:
1117:
1062:
1058:
1010:
1004:
1000:
955:
951:
912:
908:
901:
887:
883:
836:
832:
800:
793:
754:
745:
741:
718:List of enzymes
708:Enzyme kinetics
699:
607:Water retention
430:
395:α-glucosidases
381:β-glucosidases
332:
328:
288:
211:phenol oxidases
187:
134:
63:oxidoreductases
17:
12:
11:
5:
4330:
4320:
4319:
4305:
4304:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4248:
4247:External links
4245:
4244:
4243:
4229:
4224:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4192:(6): 386–395.
4186:Fungal Ecology
4175:
4148:(6): 511–529.
4128:
4077:
4026:
3999:(2): 642–648.
3983:
3938:
3899:
3863:
3836:(3): 231–241.
3820:
3785:(2): 289–296.
3779:Water Research
3769:
3717:
3682:
3647:(4): 373–434.
3631:
3566:
3557:|journal=
3539:
3513:
3486:(3): 295–299.
3470:
3451:(3): 176–181.
3435:
3400:(4): 719–733.
3383:
3348:
3305:
3256:
3219:(3): 506–577.
3199:
3164:
3129:(1): 135–151.
3113:
3062:
3027:(4): 728–739.
3010:
2969:
2934:(1): 401–425.
2914:
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2832:
2813:(3): 391–404.
2797:
2762:
2743:(2): 301–309.
2727:
2691:
2642:
2583:
2546:(5): 377–391.
2526:
2499:(4): 445–453.
2483:
2454:(2): 215–242.
2431:
2412:(4): 454–466.
2393:
2350:
2293:
2244:
2217:(4): 184–189.
2200:
2171:(3): 501–521.
2146:
2135:(3): 195–204.
2119:
2084:(3): 736–750.
2067:
2024:
1989:(6): 929–967.
1983:Phytochemistry
1973:
1954:(1–2): 13–22.
1938:
1925:(9): 370–378.
1905:
1886:(1): 191–218.
1870:
1841:(4): 795–811.
1821:
1794:(3): 798–805.
1778:
1751:(4): 715–724.
1735:
1704:10.1890/100001
1688:Frey, Serita D
1678:
1651:(6): 921–933.
1635:
1600:
1564:
1521:
1494:(3): 311–319.
1478:
1441:(2): 248–258.
1421:
1406:
1370:
1351:(4): 549–563.
1335:
1286:
1267:(2): 293–302.
1248:
1221:(2): 187–193.
1205:
1166:
1131:(1–3): 18–24.
1115:
1056:
998:
969:(5): 663–693.
949:
922:(6): 372–380.
906:
899:
881:
852:10.1086/303244
846:(4): 449–468.
830:
791:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
733:Nutrient cycle
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
698:
695:
692:
691:
688:
682:
681:
678:
674:global warming
668:
667:
664:
653:
652:
649:
643:
642:
639:
624:
623:
620:
614:
613:
610:
599:
598:
588:
582:
581:
573:
567:
566:
560:
554:
553:
544:
542:Bioremediation
538:
537:
527:
514:
513:
508:
494:
493:
478:
476:Dairy industry
472:
471:
465:
459:
458:
446:
440:
439:
436:
429:
426:
423:
422:
416:
409:Mn-peroxidase
407:
403:
402:
399:
393:
389:
388:
385:
379:
375:
374:
371:
369:β-glucosidase
365:
361:
360:
355:
350:
330:
326:
287:
284:
237:endoglucanases
229:basidiomycetes
186:
183:
138:organic matter
133:
130:
82:macromolecules
78:organic matter
43:organic matter
39:macromolecules
28:Extracellular
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4329:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3906:
3904:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3562:
3550:
3542:
3540:9781444309935
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2871:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
953:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
902:
896:
892:
885:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
834:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
798:
796:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
750:
748:
743:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:Decomposition
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
689:
687:
684:
683:
679:
677:
675:
670:
669:
665:
663:
662:
658:
655:
654:
650:
648:
645:
644:
640:
638:
636:
631:
630:
626:
625:
621:
619:
616:
615:
611:
609:
608:
604:
601:
600:
596:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
579:
578:
574:
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
552:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
535:
531:
528:
526:
524:
519:
516:
515:
512:
509:
503:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
487:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
457:
455:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
437:
434:
433:
421:
420:L-DOPA, ABTS
417:
415:
412:
408:
405:
404:
400:
398:
394:
391:
390:
386:
384:
380:
377:
376:
372:
370:
366:
363:
362:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
340:
334:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
308:p-nitrophenol
304:
302:
292:
283:
281:
278:
274:
270:
269:
262:
260:
256:
255:
249:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
207:pectin lyases
204:
199:
191:
182:
180:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
150:
147:
143:
139:
129:
126:
125:heterotrophic
122:
118:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
86:carbohydrates
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:hemicellulose
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
21:
4232:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4145:
4141:
4131:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4039:
4035:
4029:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3916:
3912:
3877:
3873:
3866:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3698:(2): 83–99.
3695:
3691:
3685:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3522:
3516:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3397:
3393:
3386:
3364:(1): 36–42.
3361:
3357:
3351:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3273:
3269:
3259:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3078:(1): 50–57.
3075:
3071:
3065:
3024:
3020:
3013:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2662:(1): 45–57.
2659:
2656:Microbiology
2655:
2645:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2496:
2492:
2486:
2451:
2447:
2409:
2405:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2313:(1): 341–5.
2310:
2306:
2296:
2261:
2258:Microbiology
2257:
2247:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2168:
2164:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2037:
2033:
2027:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1698:(1): 61–67.
1695:
1691:
1681:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1379:
1373:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1264:
1260:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1183:
1179:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1069:
1065:
1059:
1018:
1014:
1001:
966:
962:
952:
919:
915:
909:
890:
884:
843:
839:
833:
808:
804:
764:(1): 69–74.
761:
757:
728:Plant litter
713:Enzyme assay
685:
672:Quantifying
671:
660:
659:
656:
646:
632:
627:
617:
606:
605:
602:
594:
590:
585:
575:
570:
562:
557:
546:
533:
529:
520:
517:
510:
497:
485:
484:
480:
475:
467:
462:
453:
452:
448:
443:
419:
414:Peroxidase
413:
410:
396:
382:
368:
357:
352:
347:
335:
316:
312:fluorometric
305:
297:
272:
266:
263:
261:substances.
252:
250:
222:saprotrophic
219:
200:
196:
170:soil profile
163:
151:
135:
114:
98:phosphatases
75:
67:transferases
27:
26:
3969:10261/49118
3919:: S72–S87.
3913:Food Policy
3276:(1): 3–23.
2989:: 231–237.
2887:(1): 5–21.
2211:Mycoscience
1713:11336/84335
811:: 216–234.
563:Peroxidases
551:surfactants
435:Application
383:Esterases
277:Aspergillus
246:mycorrhizal
225:ascomycetes
215:peroxidases
146:upregulated
92:), lignin (
71:biopolymers
2603:(1): 165.
1645:Ecosystems
739:References
629:Composting
534:cellulases
530:Pectinases
486:Pectinases
468:Cellulases
449:Cellulases
319:pyrogallol
159:substrates
121:ecosystems
102:chitinases
90:cellulases
55:hydrolases
4294:Pectinase
4253:ExplorEnz
4206:1754-5048
4170:153406514
4162:1381-2386
4115:1354-1013
4064:1354-1013
4021:0280-6509
3978:0038-0717
3933:0306-9192
3894:0167-8809
3807:0043-1354
3748:0175-7598
3712:0926-3373
3669:1064-3389
3608:0099-2240
3559:ignored (
3549:cite book
3500:0958-1669
3465:0141-0229
3414:0175-7598
3378:1749-4613
3343:0022-5142
3292:0168-6445
3233:1092-2172
3194:0038-0717
3143:1527-8204
3092:0095-3628
3041:0095-3628
3005:0948-3055
2956:1941-1405
2901:0168-2563
2862:0038-0717
2827:0038-0717
2792:0038-0717
2757:0046-5070
2722:0038-0717
2678:1350-0872
2619:1475-2859
2562:1367-5435
2513:0141-0229
2470:0168-6445
2426:0141-0229
2280:1350-0872
2231:1340-3540
2187:0168-6445
2098:0028-646X
2054:1084-9521
2011:0031-9422
1968:0378-1127
1900:1543-592X
1857:0168-6445
1765:1351-0754
1722:1540-9295
1665:1432-9840
1630:0038-0717
1595:0038-0717
1581:: 18–26.
1551:0168-2563
1508:0960-8524
1455:1751-7362
1416:1613-3382
1384:CiteSeerX
1365:0038-0717
1322:0014-2956
1281:0038-0717
1235:1367-5931
1200:0038-0717
1153:0048-9697
1094:0036-8075
985:0168-6445
936:0169-5347
860:0003-0147
825:0038-0717
778:0178-2762
401:pNP, MUF
387:pNP, MUF
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