948:
independent Indian state. The development of constitutional rights in India was inspired by historical documents such as
England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man. The demand for civil liberties formed an important part of the Indian independence movement, with one of the objectives of the Indian National Congress (INC) being to end discrimination between the British rulers and their Indian subjects. This demand was explicitly mentioned in resolutions adopted by the INC between 1917 and 1919. The demands articulated in these resolutions included granting to Indians the rights to equality before the law, free speech, trial by juries composed at least half of Indian members, political power, and equal terms for bearing arms as British citizens. standard of conduct for the legislatures, government and the courts".
1455:
also local administrative authorities and other agencies and institutions which discharge public functions or are of a governmental character. However, there are certain rights – such as those in
Articles 15, 17, 18, 23, 24 – that are also available against private individuals. Further, certain Fundamental Rights – including those under Articles 14, 20, 21, 25 – apply to persons of any nationality upon Indian soil, while others – such as those under Articles 15, 16, 19, 30 – are applicable only to
943:, the resolution, which later formed the basis for some of the Directive Principles, placed the primary responsibility of carrying out social reform on the State, and marked the increasing influence of socialism and Gandhian philosophy on the independence movement. The final phase of the Independence movement saw a reiteration of the socialist principles of the 1930s, along with an increased focus on minority rights – which had become an issue of major political concern by then – which were published in the
1973:
they derogated from the
Fundamental Rights conferred by Articles 14, 19 and 21. The application of this article was sought to be extended to all the Directive Principles by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, but the Supreme Court struck down the extension as void on the ground that it violated the basic structure of the Constitution. The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles have also been used together in forming the basis of legislation for
3570:
3558:
3546:
108:
1984:
to uphold the
Constitutional validity of statutes which seeks to promote the objects laid out in the Fundamental Duties. These Duties have also been held to be obligatory for all citizens, subject to the State enforcing the same by means of a valid law. The Supreme Court has also issued directions to the State in this regard, with a view towards making the provisions effective and enabling citizens to properly perform their duties.
1031:
1783:
1659:
1613:
after the 86th
Amendment in 2002, this has been converted into a Fundamental Right and replaced by an obligation upon the State to secure childhood care to all children below the age of six. Article 47 commits the State to raise the standard of living and improve public health, and prohibit the consumption of
24:
926:, non-discrimination on the ground of sex, free elementary education and free use of public spaces. In 1927, the INC resolved to set up a committee to draft a "Swaraj Constitution" for India based on a declaration of rights that would provide safeguards against oppression. The 11-member committee, led by
1972:
have been used to uphold the
Constitutional validity of legislations in case of a conflict with the Fundamental Rights. Article 31C, added by the 25th Amendment in 1971, provided that any law made to give effect to the Directive Principles in Article 39(b)–(c) would not be invalid on the grounds that
1454:
have the power to declare such legislative or executive action as unconstitutional and void. These rights are largely enforceable against the State, which as per the wide definition provided in
Article 12, includes not only the legislative and executive wings of the federal and state governments, but
1983:
case, has adopted the view of the
Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles being complementary to each other, each supplementing the other's role in aiming at the same goal of establishing a welfare state by means of social revolution. Similarly, the Supreme Court has used the Fundamental Duties
1940:
and in response the
Parliament passed the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 overturning the Supreme Court's verdict. This act provoked further outrage, as jurists, critics and politicians alleged that the fundamental right of equality for all citizens irrespective of religion
1844:
is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians. The year 1990–1991 was declared as the "Year of Social
Justice" in the memory of B.R. Ambedkar. The government provides free textbooks to students belonging to scheduled castes and tribes pursuing medicine and engineering courses. During
1484:
may lead to a temporary suspension any of the Fundamental Rights, excluding Articles 20 and 21, by order of the President. The President may, by order, suspend the right to constitutional remedies as well, thereby barring citizens from approaching the Supreme Court for the enforcement of any of the
1437:
Seven main fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution – the right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and right to constitutional remedies. However, the right to property was removed from
83:
are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. These duties set out in Part IV–A of the Constitution, concern individuals and the nation. Like the Directive Principles, they are not enforceable by courts unless otherwise
75:
are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing any policies and
1637:
and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country, while Article 49 places an obligation upon the State to ensure the preservation of monuments and objects of national importance. Article 50 requires the State to ensure the separation of judiciary from executive in public services, in order to
976:
in February 1947. The sub-committee drafted the Fundamental Rights and submitted its report to the committee by April 1947, and later that month the Committee placed it before the Assembly, which debated and discussed the rights over the course of the following year, adopting the drafts of most of
934:
and those adopted by post-war European countries, and several of them were adopted from the 1925 Bill. Several of these provisions were later replicated in various parts of the Indian Constitution, including the Fundamental Right itself to the defence of civil rights and economic freedom, with the
1839:
Children are now unemployed in hazardous environments, but their employment in hazardous jobs, prevalently as domestic help, violates the spirit of the constitution in the eyes of many critics and human rights advocates. 16.5 million children are in employment. India was ranked 88 out of 159
1612:
currently in force in the country. However, this has remained a "dead letter" despite numerous reminders from the Supreme Court to implement the provision. Article 45 originally mandated the State to provide free and compulsory education to children between the ages of six and fourteen years, but
947:
in 1945. The report, apart from stressing on protecting the rights of minorities, also sought to prescribe a "The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles had their origins in the Indian independence movement, which strove to achieve the values of liberty and social welfare as the goals of an
1678:
Committee that was constituted by the government earlier that year. Originally ten in number, the fundamental duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002, which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education
1442:
in 1978. The purpose of the Fundamental Rights is to preserve individual liberty and democratic principles based on equality of all members of society. Dr Ambedkar said that the responsibility of the legislature is not just to provide fundamental rights but also and rather, more importantly, to
901:
rulers and their Indian subjects. This demand was explicitly mentioned in resolutions adopted by the INC between 1917 and 1919. The demands articulated in these resolutions included granting to Indians the rights to equality before the law, free speech, trial by juries composed at least half of
1596:
to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are available to all citizens irrespective of economic or other disabilities. Article 43A mandates the State to work towards securing the participation of workers in the management of industries. The State, under Article 46, is also mandated to
1524:
Despite being non-justiciable, the Directive Principles act as a check on the state; theorised as a yardstick in the hands of the electorate and the opposition to measure the performance of a government at the time of an election. Article 37, while stating that the Directive Principles are not
913:
in the Indian independence movement marked a change in the attitude of its leaders towards articulating demands for civil rights. The focus shifted from demanding equality of status between Indians and the British to assuring liberty for all Indians. The Commonwealth of India Bill, drafted by
1959:
Most of the fundamental rights are violated in courtrooms in either criminal cases or civil cases. Before they get into the court with their matters everyone should be aware of these 5 writs which are 1. Habeas Corpus, 2. Mandamus, 3. Certiorari, 4. Prohibition, 5. Quo Warranto.
1520:
in nature. The Directive Principles may be classified under the following categories: ideals that the state ought to strive towards achieving; directions for the exercise of legislative and executive power; and rights of the citizens which the State must aim towards securing.
1540:
for men and women, proper working conditions, reduction of the concentration of wealth and means of production from the hands of a few, and distribution of community resources to "subserve the common good". These clauses highlight the Constitutional objectives of building an
1434:
The Fundamental Rights, embodied in Part III of the Constitution, guarantee civil rights to all Indians and prevent the State from encroaching an individual's liberty while simultaneously placing upon it an obligation to protect the citizens' rights from encroachment by
55:
that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the states to its citizens and the duties and the rights of the citizens to the State. These sections are considered vital elements of the constitution, which was developed between 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India.
972:, protection of minorities and administration of tribal areas. Accordingly, the Advisory Committee was constituted in January 1947 with 64 members, and from among these a twelve-member sub-committee on Fundamental Rights was appointed under the chairmanship of
884:
independence movement, which strove to achieve the limits of liberty and social welfare as the goals of an independent Indian state. The development of constitutional rights in India was inspired by historical documents such as England's Bill of Rights, the
1941:
or gender was being jettisoned to preserve the interests of distinct religious communities. The verdict and the legislation remain a source of heated debate, with many citing the issue as a prime example of the poor implementation of Fundamental Rights.
5806:
5096:
968:, commenced its proceedings in December 1946, and completed drafting the Constitution of India by November 1949. According to the Cabinet Mission plan, the Assembly was to have an Advisory Committee to advise it on the nature and extent of
1719:. Supreme court has ruled that these fundamental duties can also help the court to decide the constitutionality of a law passed by the legislature. There is reference to such duties in international instruments such as the
997:. The Directive Principles, which were also drafted by the sub-committee on Fundamental Rights, expounded the socialist precepts of the Indian independence movement, and were inspired by similar principles contained in the
1149:
1749:
To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic, and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
1525:
enforceable in any court of law, declares them to be "fundamental to the governance of the country" and imposes an obligation on the State to apply them in matters of legislation. Thus, they serve to emphasise the
3301:
1515:
instructions that were the aim of social revolution envisaged in India by the Constituent Assembly. The state is expected to keep these principles in mind while framing laws and policies, even though they are
251:
247:
959:
proposed a Constituent Assembly to draft a Constitution for India as part of the process of transfer of power. The Constituent Assembly of India, composed of indirectly elected representatives from the
315:
1503:
The Directive Principles of State Policy, embodied in Part IV of the Constitution, are directions given to the state to guide the establishment of an economic and social democracy, as proposed by the
319:
311:
323:
307:
2111:
The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.
1850:
199:
163:
175:
159:
935:
stated objectives of putting an end to exploitation, providing social security and implementing land reforms. Other new rights proposed by the resolution were the prohibition of State titles,
155:
1468:
case in 1973, the Supreme Court, overruling a previous decision of 1967, held that the Fundamental Rights could be amended, subject to judicial review in case such an amendment violated the
151:
1529:
model of the Constitution and emphasise the positive duty of the state to promote the welfare of the people by affirming social, economic and political justice, as well as to fight
1679:
between the ages of six and fourteen years. The other fundamental duties obligate all citizens to respect the national symbols of India, including the constitution, to cherish its
1956:
also. However the judiciary is failing in this respect by causing inordinate delay considering time of rendering justice in a case arbitrarily is its constitutional liberty.
1878:(Universal Rural Employment Program) was launched in 2001 to attain the objective of providing gainful employment for the rural poor. The program was implemented through the
930:, was constituted in 1928. Its report made a number of recommendations, including proposing guaranteed fundamental rights to all Indians. These rights resembled those of the
5560:
755:
747:
1485:
Fundamental Rights, except Articles 20 and 21, during the period of the emergency. Parliament may also restrict the application of the Fundamental Rights to members of the
4312:
3712:
759:
751:
743:
3187:
1849: 4.77 crore (47.7 million) was released for this purpose. In order to protect scheduled castes and tribes from discrimination, the government enacted the
1695:, abjure violence, and strive towards excellence in all spheres of life. In case of violation of fundamental duties enshrined in the constitution by a citizen including
1601:
and protect them from discrimination and exploitation. Several enactments, including two Constitutional amendments, have been passed to give effect to this provision.
1936:
from her former husband under Indian law applicable for all Indian women. This decision evoked outrage in the Muslim community, which sought the application of the
1765:
To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement;
2094:
The right to property is still a Constitutionally recognised right, but is now contained outside the Part on Fundamental Rights, in Article 300A which states:
647:
1580:. These provisions aim at establishing a socialist state as envisaged in the Preamble. Article 43 also places upon the State the responsibility of promoting
727:
687:
651:
635:
627:
487:
447:
1646:, must also strive for the promotion of international peace and security, and Parliament has been empowered under Article 253 to make laws giving effect to
2055:, for the purposes of the chapters on Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles, includes all authorities within the territory of India. It includes the
1724:
1223:
739:
731:
715:
707:
691:
675:
667:
655:
643:
639:
631:
623:
607:
567:
527:
491:
475:
467:
451:
435:
427:
2915:
2883:
890:
735:
723:
719:
711:
703:
695:
683:
679:
671:
663:
611:
595:
587:
571:
555:
547:
531:
515:
507:
495:
483:
479:
471:
463:
455:
443:
439:
431:
423:
3248:
1768:
Who is a parent or guardian, to provide opportunities for education to his child, or as the case may be, ward between the age of six to fourteen years.
1716:
615:
603:
599:
591:
583:
575:
563:
559:
551:
543:
535:
523:
519:
511:
503:
407:
69:, creed, sex, gender, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The
5953:
5791:
5247:
1536:
Article 39 lays down certain principles of policy to be followed by the State, including providing an adequate means of livelihood for all citizens,
1002:
619:
415:
411:
395:
391:
3702:
3692:
699:
659:
459:
419:
403:
399:
1800:
2033:
1439:
844:
579:
539:
499:
383:
339:
5748:
5169:
3657:
387:
367:
287:
1545:
social order and establishing a welfare state, by bringing about a social revolution assisted by the State, and have been used to support the
1462:
The Fundamental Rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of public interest. In the
1897:, half the seats have been reserved for women. The judiciary has been separated from the executive "in all the states and territories except
371:
355:
347:
291:
271:
1621:
has been introduced in several states, but financial constraints have prevented its full-fledged application. The State is also mandated by
4452:
1446:
They act as limitations on the powers of the legislature and executive, under Article 13, and in case of any violation of these rights the
379:
375:
363:
359:
351:
343:
275:
259:
4950:
4575:
961:
283:
279:
267:
263:
255:
6185:
5720:
5272:
3707:
1489:
and the police, in order to ensure proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline, by a law made under Article 33.
1756:
To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures;
5325:
5142:
5026:
4806:
4498:
65:
are defined in Part III of the Indian Constitution from article 12 to 35 and applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion,
3219:
3135:
1952:
by courts is part of animating judiciary. Rendering prompt justice is the foremost purpose of the constitution as enshrined in the
5796:
5763:
1691:. They also obligate all Indians to promote the spirit of common brotherhood, protect the environment and public property, develop
1238:
5784:
3760:
1643:
1622:
893:. The demand for civil liberties formed an important part of the Indian independence movement, with one of the objectives of the
215:
2933:
5046:
4153:
3930:
3602:
3194:
1979:
1473:
1464:
986:
334:
231:
211:
191:
3574:
3550:
3161:
2975:
2752:
2427:
4940:
4642:
4482:
4467:
4261:
4191:
3528:
3439:
3069:
2958:
1953:
1720:
1598:
1504:
978:
227:
219:
207:
195:
187:
171:
147:
139:
116:
28:
3562:
6132:
6127:
5988:
5801:
5725:
4798:
4462:
3302:"What causes judicial delay? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments"
1083:
223:
203:
183:
167:
143:
135:
1893:. One-third of the total of number of seats have been reserved for women in Panchayats at every level; and in the case of
4816:
4647:
4069:
1937:
1898:
1394:
1179:
837:
179:
131:
5071:
5066:
4925:
4043:
4003:
1921:
1712:
5921:
5041:
4831:
4758:
4444:
4382:
4018:
3509:
3420:
3397:
2067:. It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations, Municipal Boards, District Boards,
1949:
1826:
1671:
1557:
have been enacted by the federal and state governments, in order to ensure equitable distribution of land resources.
1088:
3099:
1808:
5646:
5641:
5634:
5257:
5227:
4332:
4297:
4074:
2890:
1945:
1420:
763:
3274:
6021:
5831:
5656:
5592:
5565:
4811:
4503:
4302:
4246:
2118:
has been defined to include not only legislation made by Parliament and the legislatures of the states, but also
2073:
1890:
1874:
1864:
1055:
1045:
1737:
To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem;
6180:
5931:
5511:
3998:
1793:
906:
830:
91:
5916:
5779:
5541:
5335:
5252:
5091:
4841:
4517:
4477:
4221:
3252:
1498:
956:
867:
780:
70:
5926:
5821:
5501:
5393:
5293:
5212:
4763:
4211:
3967:
2013:
1963:
1708:
1060:
886:
863:
1674:
of citizens were added to the constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the recommendations of the
1584:, and the federal government has, in furtherance of this, established several Boards for the promotion of
6175:
5983:
5673:
5531:
5388:
5019:
5014:
4826:
4372:
4216:
4196:
3925:
3677:
1993:
1206:
1201:
1050:
1014:
60:
1920:
for all citizens has not been achieved owing to widespread opposition from various religious groups and
1630:
302:
6144:
6080:
5617:
5585:
5506:
4985:
4846:
4768:
4637:
4622:
4585:
4472:
4367:
4327:
4084:
4053:
3962:
3640:
3595:
2962:
1134:
1078:
785:
242:
3043:
1862:
of 1948 empowers government to fix minimum wages for people working across the economic spectrum. The
5938:
5678:
5516:
5489:
5418:
5353:
5267:
5239:
5036:
4935:
4632:
4457:
4307:
4119:
4023:
3940:
3735:
3697:
3667:
1369:
977:
them by, December 1948. The drafting of the Fundamental Rights was influenced by the adoption of the
1472:
of the Constitution. The Fundamental Rights can be enhanced, removed or otherwise altered through a
6122:
5607:
5463:
5438:
5207:
4836:
4788:
4778:
4738:
4728:
4362:
4317:
4277:
4251:
4231:
4008:
3957:
3915:
3796:
3780:
2008:
1704:
1634:
1537:
894:
810:
805:
126:
6117:
5710:
5698:
5668:
5330:
5277:
5051:
4821:
4773:
4664:
4627:
4617:
4612:
4357:
4282:
4206:
3682:
3389:
2068:
1886:
1879:
1804:
1700:
1592:
etc., in coordination with the state governments. Article 39A requires the State to provide free
6065:
5705:
5661:
5536:
5468:
5458:
5423:
5061:
5056:
4905:
4718:
4713:
4659:
4580:
4350:
4345:
4322:
4158:
3645:
1456:
1447:
1289:
918:
in 1925, specifically included demands for seven fundamental rights – individual liberty,
3530:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1642:, and federal legislation has been enacted to achieve this objective. The State, according to
6026:
5899:
5884:
5753:
5730:
5448:
5298:
5222:
5174:
5164:
4753:
4701:
4686:
4127:
4048:
3977:
3972:
3765:
3730:
3672:
3588:
2003:
1639:
1549:
of mineral resources as well as public utilities. Further, several legislation pertaining to
1374:
1314:
1174:
1169:
1104:
994:
982:
931:
919:
871:
99:
52:
32:
5811:
5546:
5484:
5453:
5443:
5403:
5398:
5137:
5076:
4930:
4723:
4706:
4183:
1841:
1451:
1413:
1349:
1233:
1144:
1129:
1124:
1114:
8:
6102:
6095:
6090:
5889:
5826:
5816:
5612:
5580:
5551:
4945:
4900:
4864:
4783:
4590:
4567:
4340:
4163:
3935:
3844:
3223:
3139:
3017:
2937:
2060:
2056:
1688:
1486:
1477:
1364:
1344:
1284:
1218:
1119:
923:
1964:
Relationship between the Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties
1740:
To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;
6046:
6031:
5998:
5948:
5911:
5688:
5651:
5521:
5428:
5383:
5378:
5217:
5202:
5181:
5111:
5086:
5031:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4607:
4107:
3982:
3952:
3905:
3872:
3687:
3458:
1917:
1696:
1605:
1577:
1481:
1384:
1379:
1309:
1253:
1211:
1184:
998:
990:
969:
936:
902:
Indian members, political power, and equal terms for bearing arms as British citizens.
815:
1932:, a Muslim woman who had been divorced by her husband in 1978 was entitled to receive
1727:, and Article 51A brings the Indian constitution into conformity with these treaties.
6085:
6075:
6070:
5973:
5958:
5693:
5575:
5570:
5433:
5413:
5408:
5320:
5315:
5132:
5081:
4892:
4691:
4555:
4256:
3910:
3505:
3435:
3416:
3393:
1715:
members, etc., it amounts to contempt of the constitution which is punishable under
1692:
1647:
1530:
1389:
1354:
1339:
1258:
1243:
1191:
1164:
944:
2119:
1928:(1985–86) provoked a political firestorm in India when the Supreme Court ruled that
6013:
5968:
5963:
5863:
5836:
5683:
5494:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5308:
5197:
5152:
4973:
4882:
4654:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4512:
4241:
4201:
4132:
3834:
3662:
3652:
3622:
3381:
3165:
2979:
2749:
1684:
1680:
1626:
1581:
1334:
940:
3077:
6112:
6036:
5978:
5943:
5624:
5602:
5526:
5303:
4427:
4422:
4412:
4405:
4173:
4028:
4013:
3839:
3722:
2756:
2064:
1759:
To develop the scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry and reform;
1573:
1569:
1550:
1546:
1469:
1406:
1359:
1329:
1299:
1294:
1196:
973:
800:
3521:
The Concept of Duty in Asia; African Charter on Human and People's Right of 1981
6139:
6107:
6053:
6003:
5993:
5894:
5715:
5597:
5373:
4508:
4236:
4226:
4038:
3947:
3900:
3895:
3867:
3824:
3819:
3755:
1974:
1925:
1906:
1517:
1324:
1304:
1248:
965:
898:
2081:(encompassing all the authorities in India) has been capitalized and the term
6169:
6041:
5904:
5629:
5147:
5106:
4434:
4390:
4287:
3862:
3801:
3770:
3750:
3745:
3491:
3412:
1663:
1561:
1526:
1319:
1109:
927:
1746:
To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;
1560:
Articles 41–43 mandate the State to endeavour to secure to all citizens the
5157:
5127:
4674:
4137:
3854:
3740:
3479:
1857:
1675:
1508:
1268:
1263:
1228:
1159:
1154:
1139:
1069:
915:
910:
1872:
of 1976 provides for equal pay for equal work for both men and women. The
939:, the abolition of capital punishment and freedom of movement. Drafted by
6058:
5262:
4877:
4872:
4600:
4417:
4400:
4292:
3920:
3887:
3829:
3811:
3775:
3110:
1910:
1618:
1617:
drinks and drugs injurious to health. As a consequence, partial or total
1565:
1554:
1542:
952:
880:
The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles had their origins in the
3278:
1998:
1851:
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
23:
5101:
4993:
4395:
4079:
3877:
1614:
1609:
795:
790:
4595:
2097:
No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law.
1929:
1743:
To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India;
1593:
1512:
1001:. The Fundamental Duties were later added to the Constitution by the
4168:
1811:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4998:
4033:
1902:
1589:
3569:
3557:
3545:
3222:. Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations. Archived from
1030:
107:
2123:
1933:
1753:
To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;
1730:
The fundamental duties noted in the constitution are as follows:
1597:
promote the interests of and work for the economic uplift of the
1658:
3580:
1608:
for all citizens, by eliminating discrepancies between various
1022:
1894:
1846:
1585:
881:
875:
66:
5758:
2884:"PART IV A Fundamental Duties, The Constitution of India"
3434:(13th ed.). Nagpur: Wadhwa & Co. p. 1972.
1913:
having participated in 37 UN peace-keeping operations.
1629:
on modern and scientific lines by improving breeds and
1492:
3109:. Ministry of Rural Development, India. Archived from
4807:
Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)
2916:"The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002"
1868:
provides for the better protection of consumers. The
3518:
2142:, AIR 1973 SC 1461. This was popularly known as the
2126:, notifications, or customs having the force of law.
1840:
countries in 2005, according to the degree to which
1762:
To safeguard public property and to abjure violence;
1725:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
2428:"Constituent Assembly debate on Fundamental Rights"
1853:, prescribing severe punishments for such actions.
4655:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators
1717:Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971
1733:It shall be the duty of every citizen of India —
6167:
3386:The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation
3188:"Seat Reservation for Women in Local Panchayats"
1977:. The Supreme Court, after the judgment in the
1885:A system of elected village councils, known as
897:(INC) being to end discrimination between the
3596:
3138:. Poorest Areas Civil Society. Archived from
3005:Indian History, World Developments and Civics
2641:
2489:Indian History, World Developments and Civics
2184:Indian History, World Developments and Civics
1414:
838:
3486:. New York and London: Harpers and Brothers.
3243:
3241:
1604:Article 44 encourages the State to secure a
1533:and ensure individual dignity, as mandated.
35: – India declaring itself as a country.
3360:
3358:
2866:
2864:
2851:
2849:
2670:
2668:
2571:
2569:
3603:
3589:
3519:O'Flaharty, W.D.; J.D.M., Derrett (1981).
2745:
2743:
2459:
2457:
2051:According to Articles 12 and 36, the term
2032:Fundamental Duty #11 was added after 86th
1476:, passed by a two-thirds majority of each
1421:
1407:
993:in interpreting the Bill of Rights in the
845:
831:
4817:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI)
4697:Fundamental rights, principles and duties
3461:Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty
3409:Introduction to the Constitution of India
3238:
2978:. Dr. Ambedkar Foundation. Archived from
1827:Learn how and when to remove this message
1772:
891:France's Declaration of the Rights of Man
4759:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF)
3355:
2999:
2997:
2861:
2846:
2665:
2566:
2063:, the Government and legislature of the
1657:
22:
5858:
3761:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley
2740:
2454:
909:of 1919, and the rise to prominence of
84:made enforceable by parliamentary law.
6168:
5047:Securities and Exchange Board of India
4154:National Geological Monuments of India
3380:
3337:
3299:
2876:
2587:
2414:
2390:
2378:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2303:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2170:
2071:etc. To avoid confusion with the term
1909:in peace-keeping activities, with the
1465:Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala
987:United Nations Human Rights Commission
5857:
4971:
4847:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW)
4812:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)
4553:
4105:
3620:
3584:
3499:
3478:
2994:
2362:
2360:
1721:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
1653:
1599:scheduled castes and scheduled tribes
1008:
979:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
3429:
3406:
3364:
3349:
3325:
3003:Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005),
2870:
2855:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2575:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2487:Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005),
2475:
2463:
2448:
2402:
2366:
2291:
2279:
2182:Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005),
2129:
2102:
2088:
1776:
1633:. Article 48A mandates the State to
1493:Directive Principles of State Policy
1438:Part III of the Constitution by the
72:Directive Principles of State Policy
45:Directive Principles of State Policy
4842:National Investigation Agency (NIA)
4764:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF)
4453:Autonomous administrative divisions
3504:. New Delhi: S. Chand and Company.
3465:. World Legal Information Institute
3076:. IndianLawInfo.com. Archived from
2045:
13:
4832:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
3450:
3300:Ranjan, Brajesh (25 August 2016).
2357:
1662:Any act of disrespect towards the
16:Rights provided to Indian citizens
14:
6197:
6186:National human rights instruments
5027:Ministry of Commerce and Industry
4769:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP)
4054:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF)
3538:
2959:Index of perception of corruption
3610:
3568:
3556:
3544:
2936:. India Together. Archived from
2136:His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati
2077:, the administrative divisions,
1781:
1029:
106:
4070:History of India (1947–present)
3475:Date of ruling 15 December 1995
3373:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3293:
3267:
3212:
3180:
3154:
3128:
3102:Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
3092:
3062:
3036:
3010:
2968:
2952:
2926:
2908:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2653:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2481:
2469:
2442:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2026:
1950:prompt rendering of the justice
1891:states and territories of India
1875:Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana
1865:Consumer Protection Act of 1986
1631:prohibiting slaughter of cattle
1056:Natural rights and legal rights
1046:Claim rights and liberty rights
951:During the final stages of the
4837:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)
4789:Special Protection Group (SPG)
4779:Railway Protection Force (RPF)
2249:
2237:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2176:
2164:
989:, as well as decisions of the
922:, free expression of opinion,
1:
5932:Engineering colleges in India
5561:Electronics and semiconductor
4774:National Security Guard (NSG)
4518:World Heritage Sites in India
4106:
3432:Shorter Constitution of India
2153:
1499:Directive Principles in India
1084:Economic, social and cultural
957:1946 Cabinet Mission to India
868:Constituent Assembly of India
781:Constituent Assembly of India
4822:Enforcement Directorate (ED)
4643:State legislative assemblies
4554:
4483:States and union territories
4192:Biogeographic classification
3496:; AIR 1978 S.C. 597, (1978).
3411:(15th ed.). New Delhi:
3020:Prevention of Atrocities Act
2158:
2014:Rule according to higher law
1954:Preamble to the Constitution
1625:to organise agriculture and
1380:Self-determination of people
1061:Negative and positive rights
887:United States Bill of Rights
864:Indian Independence Movement
7:
5989:Water supply and sanitation
4972:
4754:Border Security Force (BSF)
4499:National monuments of India
3621:
3484:Liberty in the Modern State
3251:. p. 1. Archived from
3193:. p. 2. Archived from
1994:Fundamental Rights in India
1987:
1880:Panchayati Raj institutions
1807:the claims made and adding
1051:Individual and group rights
1015:Fundamental Rights in India
10:
6202:
5042:Central Statistical Office
4648:State legislative councils
4623:Union Council of Ministers
3220:"India and United Nations"
3162:"73rd Amendment Act, 1992"
2963:Transparency International
1496:
1012:
985:and the activities of the
907:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
861:
857:
786:Constitution bench (India)
6012:
5922:Medical colleges in India
5877:
5873:
5853:
5772:
5741:
5477:
5346:
5286:
5238:
5190:
5120:
5072:Foreign exchange reserves
5067:Foreign direct investment
5037:Economic Advisory Council
5007:
4984:
4980:
4967:
4891:
4863:
4797:
4784:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
4746:
4737:
4682:
4673:
4566:
4562:
4549:
4491:
4443:
4381:
4270:
4182:
4164:Sacred mountains of India
4146:
4118:
4114:
4101:
4062:
3991:
3886:
3853:
3810:
3789:
3736:Indus Valley Civilisation
3721:
3633:
3629:
3616:
3275:"Rule of law index, 2016"
3136:"Panchayati Raj in India"
2108:According to Article 13,
1452:High Courts of the states
937:universal adult franchise
5208:Multi Commodity Exchange
4827:Intelligence Bureau (IB)
3430:Basu, Durga Das (2003).
3407:Basu, Durga Das (1993).
2750:86th Amendment Act, 2002
2019:
2009:Constitutional economics
1916:The implementation of a
1538:equal pay for equal work
1474:constitutional amendment
1038:Theoretical distinctions
895:Indian National Congress
811:Basic structure doctrine
5052:Enforcement Directorate
4513:Indian-origin religions
4504:National parks of India
4313:Highest point by states
4075:Economic liberalisation
3390:Oxford University Press
2934:"Child labour in India"
2755:9 December 2011 at the
2144:Fundamental Rights Case
2034:constitution amendments
1905:." India supported the
1635:protect the environment
6022:Arts and entertainment
5657:Science and technology
5593:Information technology
5273:Government initiatives
4169:Sacred rivers of India
4159:Sacred groves of India
3713:Science and technology
3413:Prentice Hall of India
3072:Equal Remuneration Act
2976:"Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar"
2122:, rules, regulations,
2113:
2099:
1870:Equal Remuneration Act
1773:Criticism and analysis
1667:
1648:international treaties
1480:. The imposition of a
1448:Supreme Court of India
1277:Other groups of rights
36:
6181:Constitution of India
5979:Socio-economic issues
5927:Law colleges in India
5917:Universities in India
5165:Reserve Bank of India
3968:Independence movement
3766:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
2109:
2095:
2004:Human rights in India
1661:
1640:judicial independence
1507:. They set forth the
1097:Rights by beneficiary
995:American Constitution
983:U.N. General Assembly
932:American Constitution
920:freedom of conscience
872:Constitution of India
100:Constitution of India
53:Constitution of India
51:are sections of the
33:Constitution of India
26:
5253:Economic development
5097:Voluntary guidelines
5092:Industrial licensing
4222:Environmental issues
4004:Non-Aligned Movement
3781:Seleucid–Mauryan war
3563:Directive Principles
3502:India's constitution
3500:Pylee, M.V. (1999).
3480:Laski, Harold Joseph
3024:. Human Rights Watch
2896:on 24 September 2014
2551:, pp. 1617–1618
2539:, pp. 1615–1616
2515:, pp. 1647–1649
1970:Directive Principles
1845:2002–2003, a sum of
1664:Indian National Flag
1395:Water and sanitation
5015:Ministry of Finance
4019:Indo-Pakistani wars
3963:Partition of Bengal
3255:on 1 September 2006
2061:Parliament of India
2057:Government of India
1999:Writs in Indian law
1980:Kesavananda Bharati
1938:Muslim personal law
1487:Indian Armed Forces
1478:House of Parliament
1079:Civil and political
924:freedom of assembly
905:The unsatisfactory
6176:Fundamental rights
5984:Standard of living
5674:Telecommunications
5191:Financial services
5112:Atmanirbhar Bharat
5032:Finance Commission
4197:Biosphere reserves
3953:Bengal Renaissance
3941:Commander-in-Chief
3906:East India Company
3575:Fundamental Duties
3551:Fundamental Rights
3340:, pp. 114–115
3306:The Times of India
3249:"Shah Bano legacy"
3200:on 5 February 2007
2843:, pp. 461–462
2795:, pp. 459–460
2783:, pp. 144–145
2725:, pp. 456–457
2713:, pp. 457–458
2662:, pp. 454–456
2638:, pp. 449–450
2626:, pp. 448–449
2602:, pp. 140–142
2563:, pp. 129–130
1918:uniform civil code
1889:covers almost all
1792:possibly contains
1709:parliament members
1687:and assist in its
1672:fundamental duties
1668:
1654:Fundamental Duties
1606:uniform civil code
1582:cottage industries
1578:standard of living
1482:state of emergency
1009:Fundamental Rights
999:Irish Constitution
991:U.S. Supreme Court
970:fundamental rights
816:Uniform civil code
81:Fundamental Duties
62:Fundamental Rights
49:Fundamental Duties
41:Fundamental Rights
37:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6154:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5394:Jammu and Kashmir
5020:Finance ministers
4963:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4951:Women in politics
4926:Political parties
4859:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4665:Chief Secretaries
4638:State governments
4633:Cabinet Secretary
4586:Foreign relations
4545:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4085:COVID-19 pandemic
3958:Political reforms
3573:Works related to
3561:Works related to
3549:Works related to
3494:v. Union of India
3441:978-81-8038-206-2
3382:Austin, Granville
3050:. Helplinelaw.com
3046:Minimum Wages Act
1922:political parties
1899:Jammu and Kashmir
1859:Minimum Wages Act
1837:
1836:
1829:
1794:original research
1713:state legislative
1693:scientific temper
1685:composite culture
1531:income inequality
1457:citizens of India
1431:
1430:
1089:Three generations
962:British provinces
855:
854:
76:passing of laws.
6193:
6118:Physical culture
5939:Ethnic relations
5875:
5874:
5855:
5854:
5837:Mumbai Consensus
5389:Himachal Pradesh
5278:Numbering system
5268:Green revolution
5143:Historical Forex
4982:
4981:
4969:
4968:
4941:Scheduled groups
4744:
4743:
4680:
4679:
4564:
4563:
4551:
4550:
4533:Tourism in India
4528:History of India
4523:Culture of India
4133:Geology of India
4116:
4115:
4103:
4102:
4034:Naxal Insurgency
4029:White Revolution
4024:Green Revolution
3631:
3630:
3618:
3617:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3582:
3581:
3572:
3560:
3548:
3524:
3515:
3487:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3463:; 1995 ICHRL 69"
3445:
3426:
3403:
3368:
3362:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3281:on 29 April 2015
3277:. Archived from
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3164:. Archived from
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3080:on 22 March 2006
3066:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3014:
3008:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2972:
2966:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2889:. Archived from
2888:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2859:
2853:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2747:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2478:, pp. 86–87
2473:
2467:
2461:
2452:
2451:, pp. 78–79
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2381:, pp. 50–51
2376:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2354:, pp. 73–74
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2318:, pp. 62–63
2313:
2307:
2306:, pp. 61–62
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2258:, pp. 56–57
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2222:, pp. 53–54
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2198:, pp. 52–53
2193:
2187:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2147:
2133:
2127:
2106:
2100:
2092:
2086:
2085:is in lowercase.
2049:
2037:
2030:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1809:inline citations
1785:
1784:
1777:
1627:animal husbandry
1574:maternity relief
1443:safeguard them.
1423:
1416:
1409:
1370:Rest and leisure
1033:
1019:
1018:
941:Jawaharlal Nehru
847:
840:
833:
110:
87:
86:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6190:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6151:
6123:Public holidays
6008:
5954:Life expectancy
5869:
5868:
5841:
5768:
5737:
5642:Pharmaceuticals
5473:
5342:
5282:
5248:COVID-19 impact
5234:
5186:
5116:
5003:
4976:
4955:
4887:
4851:
4793:
4733:
4729:District Courts
4669:
4660:Chief Ministers
4558:
4537:
4487:
4439:
4377:
4351:Western coastal
4346:Eastern coastal
4333:Mountain passes
4266:
4252:Protected areas
4178:
4174:Stones of India
4142:
4110:
4089:
4058:
4044:Space programme
4014:Sino-Indian War
4009:Five-Year Plans
3987:
3882:
3849:
3840:Delhi Sultanate
3806:
3797:Middle kingdoms
3790:Middle Kingdoms
3785:
3717:
3625:
3612:
3609:
3541:
3536:
3512:
3468:
3466:
3457:
3453:
3451:Further reading
3448:
3442:
3423:
3415:. p. 475.
3400:
3392:. p. 390.
3376:
3371:
3363:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3229:
3227:
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3142:on 30 July 2007
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2940:on 12 July 2014
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2140:State of Kerala
2134:
2130:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2089:
2065:states of India
2050:
2046:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2022:
1990:
1966:
1833:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1798:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1683:, preserve its
1656:
1576:, and a decent
1570:social security
1551:agrarian reform
1547:nationalisation
1518:non-justiciable
1501:
1495:
1470:basic structure
1427:
1300:Civil liberties
1017:
1011:
974:J. B. Kripalani
966:Princely states
878:
860:
851:
822:
821:
820:
806:Judicial review
801:Concurrent List
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327:
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5819:
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5812:Income Tax Act
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5788:
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5649:
5647:Pulp and paper
5644:
5639:
5638:
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5635:Iron and Steel
5632:
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5605:
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5419:Madhya Pradesh
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
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5354:Andhra Pradesh
5350:
5348:
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5340:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5313:
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5296:
5290:
5288:
5284:
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5275:
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5258:Liberalisation
5255:
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4628:Civil Services
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4618:Prime Minister
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4613:Vice President
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4509:Nature worship
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4478:Municipalities
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4305:
4303:Extreme points
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4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
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4247:National parks
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4214:
4209:
4207:Climate change
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4077:
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4066:
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4057:
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4051:
4046:
4041:
4039:Smiling Buddha
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3995:
3993:
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3916:1857 rebellion
3913:
3908:
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3901:Princely state
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3873:European trade
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3820:Medieval India
3816:
3814:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3756:Yavana Kingdom
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3703:Paper currency
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3643:
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3627:
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3614:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3540:
3539:External links
3537:
3535:
3534:
3527:Article 29 of
3525:
3516:
3510:
3497:
3488:
3476:
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3427:
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3404:
3398:
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3369:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3292:
3266:
3237:
3211:
3179:
3153:
3127:
3116:on 1 July 2007
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2527:, p. 1645
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2024:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1975:social welfare
1965:
1962:
1946:Article 38 (1)
1926:Shah Bano case
1907:United Nations
1887:Panchayati Raj
1835:
1834:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1771:
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1763:
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1701:Vice President
1655:
1652:
1497:Main article:
1494:
1491:
1440:44th Amendment
1429:
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1411:
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1325:Free migration
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1297:
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1013:Main article:
1010:
1007:
1003:42nd Amendment
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774:Related topics
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5852:
5838:
5835:
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5830:
5828:
5827:Insurance Act
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5817:Companies Act
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
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5793:
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5663:
5662:Biotechnology
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5650:
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5566:Entertainment
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5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:Uttar Pradesh
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
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5442:
5440:
5437:
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5407:
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5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5148:Digital rupee
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:Make in India
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5062:Foreign trade
5060:
5058:
5057:External debt
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4719:Chief Justice
4717:
4715:
4714:Supreme Court
4712:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4581:Energy policy
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4548:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:Indo-Gangetic
4339:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4049:The Emergency
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Kushan Empire
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Mahajanapadas
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3594:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3577:at Wikisource
3576:
3571:
3567:
3565:at Wikisource
3564:
3559:
3555:
3553:at Wikisource
3552:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3511:81-219-1907-X
3507:
3503:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3492:Maneka Gandhi
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3464:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3422:81-203-0839-5
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3399:0-19-564959-1
3395:
3391:
3388:. New Delhi:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3367:, p. 466
3366:
3361:
3359:
3352:, p. 444
3351:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3328:, p. 142
3327:
3322:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3226:on 4 May 2006
3225:
3221:
3215:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3168:on 5 May 2003
3167:
3163:
3157:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3112:
3105:
3103:
3095:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3065:
3049:
3047:
3039:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2982:on 5 May 2006
2981:
2977:
2971:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2873:, p. 131
2872:
2867:
2865:
2858:, p. 465
2857:
2852:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2831:, p. 461
2830:
2825:
2819:, p. 145
2818:
2813:
2807:, p. 460
2806:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2777:
2771:, p. 459
2770:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2744:
2737:, p. 457
2736:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2701:, p. 453
2700:
2695:
2689:, p. 144
2688:
2683:
2677:, p. 456
2676:
2671:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2650:, p. 143
2649:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2625:
2620:
2614:, p. 140
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2584:
2578:, p. 137
2577:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2430:. 6 June 2014
2429:
2423:
2417:, p. 114
2416:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2369:, p. 131
2368:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1831:
1828:
1820:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1790:This section
1788:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1610:personal laws
1607:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1562:right to work
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1527:welfare state
1522:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
954:
949:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
928:Motilal Nehru
925:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
877:
873:
869:
865:
848:
843:
841:
836:
834:
829:
828:
826:
825:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
771:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
331:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
299:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
239:
238:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
128:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
113:
109:
105:
104:
101:
98:
97:
93:
89:
88:
85:
82:
77:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
57:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
25:
21:
19:
6103:Martial arts
6027:Architecture
5900:Demographics
5885:Caste system
5862:Society and
5512:Construction
5294:By net worth
5128:Indian rupee
4931:Reservations
4799:Intelligence
4702:Human rights
4696:
4687:Constitution
4445:Subdivisions
4138:Indian Plate
4128:Fossil Parks
4063:Contemporary
3978:World War II
3855:Early Modern
3845:Vijayanagara
3741:Vedic period
3611:India topics
3529:
3520:
3501:
3490:
3483:
3467:. Retrieved
3460:
3431:
3408:
3385:
3374:Bibliography
3345:
3333:
3321:
3311:13 September
3309:. Retrieved
3305:
3295:
3283:. Retrieved
3279:the original
3269:
3259:11 September
3257:. Retrieved
3253:the original
3228:. Retrieved
3224:the original
3214:
3202:. Retrieved
3195:the original
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3166:the original
3156:
3144:. Retrieved
3140:the original
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3111:the original
3101:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3078:the original
3071:
3064:
3052:. Retrieved
3045:
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3019:
3012:
3004:
2984:. Retrieved
2980:the original
2970:
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2938:the original
2928:
2920:India.gov.in
2919:
2910:
2898:. Retrieved
2891:the original
2878:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2590:, p. 75
2583:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2503:, p. 85
2496:
2488:
2483:
2471:
2466:, p. 35
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2422:
2410:
2405:, p. 79
2398:
2393:, p. 51
2386:
2374:
2347:
2342:, p. 73
2335:
2330:, p. 59
2323:
2311:
2299:
2294:, p. 19
2287:
2282:, p. 15
2275:
2270:, p. 57
2263:
2251:
2246:, p. 56
2239:
2234:, p. 54
2227:
2215:
2210:, p. 53
2203:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2173:, p. 50
2166:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2052:
2047:
2028:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1943:
1915:
1884:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1838:
1823:
1817:October 2021
1814:
1791:
1732:
1729:
1676:Swaran Singh
1669:
1615:intoxicating
1603:
1559:
1535:
1523:
1509:humanitarian
1502:
1463:
1461:
1445:
1433:
1432:
1375:Self defense
1365:Reproductive
1070:Human rights
950:
945:Sapru Report
916:Annie Besant
911:M. K. Gandhi
904:
879:
115:
80:
78:
71:
61:
58:
48:
44:
40:
38:
20:
18:
6145:Traditional
5822:Banking Act
5807:SARFESI Act
5721:Electricity
5542:Oil and gas
5532:Electricity
5485:Agriculture
5469:West Bengal
5459:Uttarakhand
5424:Maharashtra
5263:Licence Raj
5218:Black money
5077:Remittances
4921:Nationalism
4906:Citizenship
4739:Enforcement
4724:High Courts
4601:Rajya Sabha
4262:sanctuaries
4212:Earthquakes
4184:Environment
3999:Integration
3973:1943 famine
3921:British Raj
3888:Late modern
3812:Middle Ages
3776:Alchon Huns
3688:Mathematics
3678:Linguistics
3338:Austin 1999
2588:Austin 1999
2415:Austin 1999
2391:Austin 1999
2379:Austin 1999
2352:Austin 1999
2340:Austin 1999
2328:Austin 1999
2316:Austin 1999
2304:Austin 1999
2268:Austin 1999
2256:Austin 1999
2244:Austin 1999
2232:Austin 1999
2220:Austin 1999
2208:Austin 1999
2196:Austin 1999
2171:Austin 1999
1911:Indian Army
1666:is illegal.
1619:prohibition
1566:living wage
1555:land tenure
1543:egalitarian
1350:Development
1290:Association
1185:Transgender
953:British Raj
6170:Categories
6096:television
6086:Literature
5890:Corruption
5613:Television
5581:Healthcare
5502:Automotive
5449:Tamil Nadu
5316:Labour law
5299:Demography
5102:NITI Aayog
5008:Governance
4994:BSE SENSEX
4946:Secularism
4901:Censorship
4692:Penal Code
4591:Parliament
4568:Government
4373:Waterfalls
4217:Ecoregions
4080:Pokhran-II
3878:Bengal War
3693:Metallurgy
2154:References
2120:ordinances
2069:Panchayats
1842:corruption
1801:improve it
1644:Article 51
1623:Article 48
1340:Linguistic
1315:Fair trial
1197:Minorities
1165:Indigenous
862:See also:
796:State List
791:Union List
335:Amendments
303:Appendices
6128:Sculpture
6081:Festivals
6047:Webcomics
5999:Sexuality
5949:Languages
5912:Education
5742:Regulator
5689:Transport
5586:Hospitals
5522:Education
5490:Livestock
5454:Telangana
5444:Rajasthan
5404:Karnataka
5399:Jharkhand
5203:Insurance
5182:Inflation
5087:Subsidies
4986:Companies
4916:Democracy
4911:Elections
4883:Air Force
4608:President
4596:Lok Sabha
4473:Districts
4428:Southeast
4423:Southwest
4413:Northeast
4406:Northwest
4368:Volcanoes
4328:Mountains
4271:Landforms
4108:Geography
3983:Partition
3948:Zamindari
3731:Stone Age
3668:Economics
3653:Astronomy
3634:Overviews
3365:Basu 2003
3350:Basu 2003
3326:Basu 1993
3007:, p. A-45
2871:Basu 1993
2856:Basu 2003
2841:Basu 2003
2829:Basu 2003
2817:Basu 1993
2805:Basu 2003
2793:Basu 2003
2781:Basu 1993
2769:Basu 2003
2735:Basu 2003
2723:Basu 2003
2711:Basu 2003
2699:Basu 2003
2687:Basu 1993
2675:Basu 2003
2660:Basu 2003
2648:Basu 1993
2636:Basu 2003
2624:Basu 2003
2612:Basu 1993
2600:Basu 1993
2576:Basu 1993
2561:Basu 1993
2549:Basu 2003
2537:Basu 2003
2525:Basu 2003
2513:Basu 2003
2501:Basu 1993
2491:, p. A-25
2476:Basu 1993
2464:Basu 2003
2449:Basu 1993
2434:5 October
2403:Basu 1993
2367:Basu 1993
2292:Basu 1993
2280:Basu 1993
2186:, p. A-23
2159:Footnotes
2114:The term
1930:Shah Bano
1805:verifying
1697:President
1594:legal aid
1590:handlooms
1513:socialist
1385:Sexuality
1310:Education
1234:Prisoners
1125:Creditors
1120:Consumers
1005:in 1976.
243:Schedules
6113:Painting
6076:Folklore
6032:Blogging
5974:Religion
5959:Literacy
5694:Aviation
5679:Textiles
5618:Printing
5608:FM Radio
5576:Gambling
5571:Forestry
5507:Chemical
5321:Pensions
5228:National
5170:Governor
5121:Currency
5082:Taxation
4999:NIFTY 50
4936:Scandals
4893:Politics
4865:Military
4576:Agencies
4556:Politics
4492:See also
4308:Glaciers
4257:Wildlife
4147:Heritage
3992:Republic
3926:Railways
3896:Colonial
3868:Marathas
3835:Kakatiya
3723:Ancient
3698:Military
3683:Maritime
3658:Clothing
3641:Timeline
3482:(1930).
3384:(1999).
2900:24 March
2753:Archived
2124:bye laws
2036:in 2002.
1988:See also
1903:Nagaland
1681:heritage
1505:Preamble
1450:and the
1435:society.
1355:Property
1345:Movement
1285:Assembly
1249:Students
1224:Peasants
1219:Patients
1170:Intersex
1135:Disabled
1115:Children
288:Eleventh
117:Preamble
92:a series
90:Part of
29:Preamble
6133:tallest
6054:Cuisine
6014:Culture
5969:Prisons
5964:Poverty
5905:Indians
5878:Society
5864:culture
5684:Tourism
5537:Nuclear
5517:Defence
5495:Fishing
5478:Sectors
5429:Mizoram
5384:Haryana
5379:Gujarat
5309:Poverty
5240:History
5213:Bullion
5198:Banking
5153:Coinage
5138:History
4974:Economy
4747:Federal
4458:Borders
4391:Central
4383:Regions
4363:Valleys
4337:Plains
4318:Islands
4278:Beaches
4242:Geology
4232:Forests
4202:Climate
4120:Geology
3931:Economy
3911:Plassey
3863:Mughals
3825:Hoysala
3751:Mauryas
3663:Coinage
3623:History
3230:29 June
3204:29 June
3172:29 June
3146:29 June
3120:29 June
3104:, 2001"
3084:29 June
3074:, 1976"
3054:29 June
3048:, 1948"
3028:29 June
3022:, 1995"
2986:29 June
2944:27 June
1934:alimony
1799:Please
1705:Speaker
1689:defence
1638:ensure
1335:Housing
1305:Digital
1264:Workers
1254:Victims
1212:Mothers
1207:Fathers
1202:Parents
1155:Fetuses
1150:Farmers
1110:Animals
1105:Accused
981:by the
899:British
858:History
292:Twelfth
272:Seventh
31:of the
6042:Comics
6037:Cinema
5944:Health
5652:Retail
5625:Mining
5603:Cinema
5527:Energy
5439:Punjab
5434:Odisha
5414:Ladakh
5409:Kerala
5347:States
5304:Income
5287:People
5223:Bombay
4468:Cities
4358:Rivers
4293:Desert
4288:Coasts
4283:Canals
3708:Postal
3508:
3469:25 May
3438:
3419:
3396:
3285:3 June
2074:states
2059:, the
1924:. The
1750:women;
1390:Speech
1360:Repair
1330:Health
1295:Asylum
1244:States
1239:Robots
1229:Plants
1160:Humans
1145:Family
1140:Elders
1023:Rights
955:, the
882:Indian
874:, and
276:Eighth
260:Fourth
252:Second
94:on the
6140:Sport
6108:Music
6091:Media
6071:Dress
6066:Dance
6004:Youth
5994:Women
5895:Crime
5785:NCLAT
5773:Other
5749:IRDAI
5731:Power
5726:Water
5716:Roads
5706:Ports
5699:Civil
5669:Space
5598:Media
5547:Solar
5369:Delhi
5364:Bihar
5359:Assam
5158:Paisa
4463:Towns
4418:South
4401:North
4323:Lakes
4237:Flora
4227:Fauna
3802:Chola
3646:Years
3198:(PDF)
3191:(PDF)
3114:(PDF)
3107:(PDF)
2894:(PDF)
2887:(PDF)
2083:state
2079:State
2053:State
2020:Notes
1895:Bihar
1586:khadi
1269:Youth
1259:Women
1175:Kings
876:India
284:Tenth
280:Ninth
268:Sixth
264:Fifth
256:Third
248:First
216:XVIII
127:Parts
67:caste
6059:wine
5832:FEMA
5797:IBBI
5792:BIFR
5780:NCLT
5764:IBBI
5759:SEBI
5711:Rail
5630:Coal
5552:Wind
5326:EPFO
5175:Mint
5133:Sign
4878:Navy
4873:Army
4707:LGBT
4435:West
4396:East
3936:Army
3830:Pala
3673:LGBT
3506:ISBN
3471:2006
3436:ISBN
3417:ISBN
3394:ISBN
3313:2017
3287:2017
3261:2006
3232:2006
3206:2006
3174:2006
3148:2006
3122:2006
3086:2006
3056:2006
3030:2006
2988:2006
2946:2006
2902:2014
2436:2015
1968:The
1944:Per
1901:and
1856:The
1723:and
1670:The
1564:, a
1553:and
1511:and
1320:Food
1180:LGBT
1130:Deaf
964:and
889:and
340:List
232:XXII
212:XVII
200:XIVA
192:XIII
164:VIII
79:The
59:The
47:and
39:The
27:The
5802:IBC
5754:RBI
5374:Goa
5336:PPF
5331:NPS
4675:Law
4511:in
4298:ECZ
2138:v.
2116:law
1847:Rs.
1803:by
1192:Men
764:106
760:105
756:104
752:103
748:102
744:101
740:100
318:∙
316:III
228:XXI
220:XIX
208:XVI
196:XIV
188:XII
176:IXB
172:IXA
160:VII
148:IVA
146:∙
140:III
6172::
3357:^
3304:.
3240:^
2996:^
2918:.
2863:^
2848:^
2742:^
2667:^
2568:^
2456:^
2359:^
1948:,
1882:.
1711:,
1707:,
1703:,
1699:,
1650:.
1588:,
1572:,
1568:,
1459:.
870:,
866:,
762:∙
758:∙
754:∙
750:∙
746:∙
742:∙
738:∙
736:99
734:∙
732:98
730:∙
728:97
726:∙
724:96
722:∙
720:95
718:∙
716:94
714:∙
712:93
710:∙
708:92
706:∙
704:91
702:∙
700:90
698:∙
696:89
694:∙
692:88
690:∙
688:87
686:∙
684:86
682:∙
680:85
678:∙
676:84
674:∙
672:83
670:∙
668:82
666:∙
664:81
662:∙
660:80
658:∙
656:79
654:∙
652:78
650:∙
648:77
646:∙
644:76
642:∙
640:75
638:∙
636:74
634:∙
632:73
630:∙
628:72
626:∙
624:71
622:∙
620:70
618:∙
616:69
614:∙
612:68
610:∙
608:67
606:∙
604:66
602:∙
600:65
598:∙
596:64
594:∙
592:63
590:∙
588:62
586:∙
584:61
582:∙
580:60
578:∙
576:59
574:∙
572:58
570:∙
568:57
566:∙
564:56
562:∙
560:55
558:∙
556:54
554:∙
552:53
550:∙
548:52
546:∙
544:51
542:∙
540:50
538:∙
536:49
534:∙
532:48
530:∙
528:47
526:∙
524:46
522:∙
520:45
518:∙
516:44
514:∙
512:43
510:∙
508:42
506:∙
504:41
502:∙
500:40
498:∙
496:39
494:∙
492:38
490:∙
488:37
486:∙
484:36
482:∙
480:35
478:∙
476:34
474:∙
472:33
470:∙
468:32
466:∙
464:31
462:∙
460:30
458:∙
456:29
454:∙
452:28
450:∙
448:27
446:∙
444:26
442:∙
440:25
438:∙
436:24
434:∙
432:23
430:∙
428:22
426:∙
424:21
422:∙
420:20
418:∙
416:19
414:∙
412:18
410:∙
408:17
406:∙
404:16
402:∙
400:15
398:∙
396:14
394:∙
392:13
390:∙
388:12
386:∙
384:11
382:∙
380:10
378:∙
374:∙
370:∙
366:∙
362:∙
358:∙
354:∙
350:∙
346:∙
342:∙
322:∙
320:IV
314:∙
312:II
310:∙
290:∙
286:∙
278:∙
274:∙
270:∙
262:∙
258:∙
254:∙
250:∙
226:∙
224:XX
222:∙
218:∙
214:∙
210:∙
206:∙
204:XV
202:∙
194:∙
190:∙
186:∙
184:XI
182:∙
178:∙
174:∙
170:∙
168:IX
166:∙
158:∙
156:VI
154:∙
150:∙
144:IV
142:∙
138:∙
136:II
134:∙
43:,
3604:e
3597:t
3590:v
3533:.
3523:.
3514:.
3473:.
3459:"
3444:.
3425:.
3402:.
3315:.
3289:.
3263:.
3234:.
3208:.
3176:.
3150:.
3124:.
3100:"
3088:.
3070:"
3058:.
3044:"
3032:.
3018:"
2990:.
2965:.
2948:.
2922:.
2904:.
2759:.
2438:.
2146:.
1830:)
1824:(
1819:)
1815:(
1797:.
1422:e
1415:t
1408:v
846:e
839:t
832:v
376:9
372:8
368:7
364:6
360:5
356:4
352:3
348:2
344:1
324:V
308:I
180:X
152:V
132:I
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